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NCBI Insights About NCBI About This Blog NCBI Website Mailing Lists NCBI Outreach Events Upcoming activities Learn about webinars, workshops, codeathons, conferences and other events where you can engage with NCBI staff. Searchable events Find upcoming and past events which have links to recordings, teaching materials and websites to help you learn more about NCBI resources. NCBI Insights Archives GenBank Now Supports EGAPx-Based Annotation With the latest release of EGAPx, we’re excited to announce that you can now submit genome assemblies with EGAPx annotations directly to GenBank . We’re making it easier for researchers to share richly annotated eukaryotic genomes, complete with structural and functional features generated by the EGAPx pipeline. What’s new? Easily integrate your EGAPx annotations into GenBank: You can now attach the EGAPx-generated ASN.1 annotation file as part of a submission package. Continue reading “GenBank Now Supports EGAPx-Based Annotation” → NCBI Staff January 14, 2026 Comparative Genomics Resource (CGR) Eukaryote Genome Annotation Pipeline (EGAP) GenBank GenBank Now Supports EGAPx-Based Annotation With the latest release of EGAPx, we’re excited to announce that you can now submit genome assemblies with EGAPx annotations directly to GenBank . We’re making it easier for researchers to share richly annotated eukaryotic genomes, complete with structural and functional features generated by the EGAPx pipeline. What’s new? Easily integrate your EGAPx annotations into GenBank: You can now attach the EGAPx-generated ASN.1 annotation file as part of a submission package. Continue reading “GenBank Now Supports EGAPx-Based Annotation” → NCBI Staff January 14, 2026 Comparative Genomics Resource (CGR) Eukaryote Genome Annotation Pipeline (EGAP) GenBank An Updated Bacterial and Archaeal Reference Genome Collection is Available! Download the updated bacterial and archaeal reference genome collection ! We built this collection of 22,420 genomes by selecting the “best” genome assembly for each species among the 450,000+ prokaryotic genomes in RefSeq . What’s new? One species is represented in this collection for the first time 323 species are represented by a better assembly Six species were removed because of changes in NCBI Taxonomy or uncertainty in their species assignment Continue reading “An Updated Bacterial and Archaeal Reference Genome Collection is Available!” → NCBI Staff January 13, 2026 January 14, 2026 Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) NCBI Taxonomy Nucleotide BLAST (blastn) Prokaryotic genome annotation Reference genome RefSeq An Updated Bacterial and Archaeal Reference Genome Collection is Available! Download the updated bacterial and archaeal reference genome collection ! We built this collection of 22,420 genomes by selecting the “best” genome assembly for each species among the 450,000+ prokaryotic genomes in RefSeq . What’s new? One species is represented in this collection for the first time 323 species are represented by a better assembly Six species were removed because of changes in NCBI Taxonomy or uncertainty in their species assignment Continue reading “An Updated Bacterial and Archaeal Reference Genome Collection is Available!” → NCBI Staff January 13, 2026 January 14, 2026 Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) NCBI Taxonomy Nucleotide BLAST (blastn) Prokaryotic genome annotation Reference genome RefSeq Candidozyma and Cryptococcus Fungal Data now in the Multiple Comparative Genome Viewer (MCGV)! NCBI’s Multiple Comparative Genome Viewer (MCGV) continues to expand available alignments! We are excited to announce the addition of two new fungal datasets: Candidozyma auris and Cryptococcus multigenome sequence alignments. You can now visualize and compare multiple whole genome assemblies for these human pathogens, zooming in on specific genes, tracking evolutionary changes, and identifying critical nucleotide differences across a variety of fungal strains. Continue reading “Candidozyma and Cryptococcus Fungal Data now in the Multiple Comparative Genome Viewer (MCGV)!” → NCBI Staff January 7, 2026 January 8, 2026 Comparative Genomics Resource (CGR) Fungal research Multiple Comparative Genome Viewer (MCGV) Candidozyma and Cryptococcus Fungal Data now in the Multiple Comparative Genome Viewer (MCGV)! NCBI’s Multiple Comparative Genome Viewer (MCGV) continues to expand available alignments! We are excited to announce the addition of two new fungal datasets: Candidozyma auris and Cryptococcus multigenome sequence alignments. You can now visualize and compare multiple whole genome assemblies for these human pathogens, zooming in on specific genes, tracking evolutionary changes, and identifying critical nucleotide differences across a variety of fungal strains. Continue reading “Candidozyma and Cryptococcus Fungal Data now in the Multiple Comparative Genome Viewer (MCGV)!” → NCBI Staff January 7, 2026 January 8, 2026 Comparative Genomics Resource (CGR) Fungal research Multiple Comparative Genome Viewer (MCGV) Coming Soon: Updated PubMed Central (PMC) E-Utilities PubMed Central (PMC) is moving to an updated version of the E-utilities API in early February 2026. This version of E-utilities will use the same technology as the updated PMC website search , which was released in September 2025. This change means search results returned by the updated ESearch E-utility will now match those of the PMC website. Next steps If you manage code that creates PMC E-utility requests, review the changes below to ensure that your code will continue to function after the update. This update only affects E-utility calls when the request specifies the PMC database, &db=pmc. There are no changes to the E-utilities for other databases. Continue reading “Coming Soon: Updated PubMed Central (PMC) E-Utilities” → NCBI Staff January 6, 2026 e-utilities PubMed Central (PMC) Coming Soon: Updated PubMed Central (PMC) E-Utilities PubMed Central (PMC) is moving to an updated version of the E-utilities API in early February 2026. This version of E-utilities will use the same technology as the updated PMC website search , which was released in September 2025. This change means search results returned by the updated ESearch E-utility will now match those of the PMC website. Next steps If you manage code that creates PMC E-utility requests, review the changes below to ensure that your code will continue to function after the update. This update only affects E-utility calls when the request specifies the PMC database, &db=pmc. There are no changes to the E-utilities for other databases. Continue reading “Coming Soon: Updated PubMed Central (PMC) E-Utilities” → NCBI Staff January 6, 2026 e-utilities PubMed Central (PMC) Top Posts of 2025: A Look at the NCBI Insights Blog As we begin a new year, let’s look back at the top viewed NCBI Insights Blog posts of 2025! In case you missed any of these, check them out: Continue reading “Top Posts of 2025: A Look at the NCBI Insights Blog” → NCBI Staff January 5, 2026 Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) ClusteredNR Comparative Genomics Resource (CGR) Multiple Comparative Genome Viewer (MCGV) My Bibliography PubMed Central (PMC) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database (dbSNP) Top Posts of 2025: A Look at the NCBI Insights Blog As we begin a new year, let’s look back at the top viewed NCBI Insights Blog posts of 2025! In case you missed any of these, check them out: Continue reading “Top Posts of 2025: A Look at the NCBI Insights Blog” → NCBI Staff January 5, 2026 Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) ClusteredNR Comparative Genomics Resource (CGR) Multiple Comparative Genome Viewer (MCGV) My Bibliography PubMed Central (PMC) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database (dbSNP) GenBank Release 269.0 GenBank release 269.0 (12/16/2025) is now available on the NCBI FTP site . This release has 49.73 trillion bases and 6.03 billion records. The current release has: 259,677,058 traditional records containing 6,651,459,875,408 base pairs of sequence data 4,540,323,299 WGS records containing 42,125,323,988,215 base pairs of sequence data 1,033,885,396 bulk-oriented TSA records containing 878,730,431,459 base pairs of sequence data 190,904,203 bulk-oriented TLS records containing 78,916,795,339 base pairs of sequence data Continue reading “GenBank Release 269.0” → NCBI Staff December 22, 2025 GenBank GenBank Release 269.0 GenBank release 269.0 (12/16/2025) is now available on the NCBI FTP site . This release has 49.73 trillion bases and 6.03 billion records. The current release has: 259,677,058 traditional records containing 6,651,459,875,408 base pairs of sequence data 4,540,323,299 WGS records containing 42,125,323,988,215 base pairs of sequence data 1,033,885,396 bulk-oriented TSA records containing 878,730,431,459 base pairs of sequence data 190,904,203 bulk-oriented TLS records containing 78,916,795,339 base pairs of sequence data Continue reading “GenBank Release 269.0” → NCBI Staff December 22, 2025 GenBank Upcoming Change in My Bibliography Use of earliest publication date for determining NIH Public Access compliance As shared in the July National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Insights post , NCBI at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) is making ongoing improvements to several offerings to support implementation of the 2024 NIH Public Access Policy . Effective October 1, 2025, My Bibliography will begin using the earliest publication date listed in PubMed records (whether print or electronic) in support of implementation of the 2024 NIH Public Access Policy update, which defines the Official Date of Publication as: “The date on which the Final Published Article is first made available in final, edited form, whether in print or electronic (i.e., online) format.” Continue reading “Upcoming Change in My Bibliography” → NCBI Staff September 8, 2025 Upcoming Change in My Bibliography Use of earliest publication date for determining NIH Public Access compliance As shared in the July National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Insights post , NCBI at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) is making ongoing improvements to several offerings to support implementation of the 2024 NIH Public Access Policy . Effective October 1, 2025, My Bibliography will begin using the earliest publication date listed in PubMed records (whether print or electronic) in support of implementation of the 2024 NIH Public Access Policy update, which defines the Official Date of Publication as: “The date on which the Final Published Article is first made available in final, edited form, whether in print or electronic (i.e., online) format.” Continue reading “Upcoming Change in My Bibliography” → NCBI Staff September 8, 2025 An Updated Bacterial and Archaeal Reference Genome Collection is Available! Download the updated bacterial and archaeal reference genome collection ! We built this collection of 22,082 genomes by selecting the “best” genome assembly for each species among the 440,000+ prokaryotic genomes in RefSeq . What’s new? 28 species are represented in this collection for the first time 228 species are represented by a better assembly Six species were removed because of changes in NCBI Taxonomy or uncertainty in their species assignment Continue reading “An Updated Bacterial and Archaeal Reference Genome Collection is Available!” → NCBI Staff September 2, 2025 Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) NCBI Taxonomy Nucleotide BLAST (blastn) Prokaryotic genome annotation Reference genome RefSeq An Updated Bacterial and Archaeal Reference Genome Collection is Available! Download the updated bacterial and archaeal reference genome collection ! We built this collection of 22,082 genomes by selecting the “best” genome assembly for each species among the 440,000+ prokaryotic genomes in RefSeq . What’s new? 28 species are represented in this collection for the first time 228 species are represented by a better assembly Six species were removed because of changes in NCBI Taxonomy or uncertainty in their species assignment Continue reading “An Updated Bacterial and Archaeal Reference Genome Collection is Available!” → NCBI Staff September 2, 2025 Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) NCBI Taxonomy Nucleotide BLAST (blastn) Prokaryotic genome annotation Reference genome RefSeq GenBank Release 268.0 is Available! GenBank release 268.0 (8/18/2025) is now available on the NCBI FTP site . This release has 47.01 trillion bases and 5.90 billion records. The current release has: 258,320,620 traditional records containing 5,676,067,778,413 base pairs of sequence data 4,441,331,387 WGS records containing 40,390,433,406,298 base pairs of sequence data 1,010,159,820 bulk-oriented TSA records containing 864,483,775,194 base pairs of sequence data 190,505,830 bulk-oriented TLS records containing 78,568,415,110 base pairs of sequence data Continue reading “GenBank Release 268.0 is Available!” → NCBI Staff August 26, 2025 GenBank Release 268.0 is Available! GenBank release 268.0 (8/18/2025) is now available on the NCBI FTP site . This release has 47.01 trillion bases and 5.90 billion records. The current release has: 258,320,620 traditional records containing 5,676,067,778,413 base pairs of sequence data 4,441,331,387 WGS records containing 40,390,433,406,298 base pairs of sequence data 1,010,159,820 bulk-oriented TSA records containing 864,483,775,194 base pairs of sequence data 190,505,830 bulk-oriented TLS records containing 78,568,415,110 base pairs of sequence data Continue reading “GenBank Release 268.0 is Available!” → NCBI Staff August 26, 2025 Upcoming Changes to GenBank Project Lists and Symlinks The volume of GenBank WGS, TSA, and TLS data sets is large and continues to grow rapidly. To help you identify and retrieve newly released data, we began providing symlinks and project list files in the Index of /genbank/daily-nc area approximately 12 years ago. What’s new? As the number of projects and files increases, the current symlink and project list mechanisms have resulted in FTP performance issues when retrieving data. Continue reading “Upcoming Changes to GenBank Project Lists and Symlinks” → NCBI Staff August 20, 2025 GenBank Upcoming Changes to GenBank Project Lists and Symlinks The volume of GenBank WGS, TSA, and TLS data sets is large and continues to grow rapidly. To help you identify and retrieve newly released data, we began providing symlinks and project list files in the Index of /genbank/daily-nc area approximately 12 years ago. What’s new? As the number of projects and files increases, the current symlink and project list mechanisms have resulted in FTP performance issues when retrieving data. Continue reading “Upcoming Changes to GenBank Project Lists and Symlinks” → NCBI Staff August 20, 2025 GenBank Posts navigation Contact NCBI on Twitter Facebook LinkedIn .cls-11, .cls-12 { fill: #737373; } .cls-11 { fill-rule: evenodd; } GitHub .cls-1{fill:#737373;} Connect with NLM .st10 { fill: #FFFFFF; } .st110 { fill: none; stroke: #FFFFFF; stroke-width: 8; stroke-miterlimit: 10; } SM-Facebook Twitter SM-Youtube .st4 { fill: none; stroke: #FFFFFF; stroke-width: 8; stroke-miterlimit: 10; } .st5 { fill: #FFFFFF; } National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 Copyright FOIA Privacy HHS Vulnerability Disclosure Help Accessibility Careers NLM NIH HHS USA.gov Back To Top Connect with NLM .st10 { fill: #FFFFFF; } .st110 { fill: none; stroke: #FFFFFF; stroke-width: 8; stroke-miterlimit: 10; } SM-Facebook Twitter SM-Youtube .st4 { fill: none; stroke: #FFFFFF; stroke-width: 8; stroke-miterlimit: 10; } .st5 { fill: #FFFFFF; } National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 Copyright FOIA Privacy HHS Vulnerability Disclosure Help Accessibility Careers NLM NIH HHS USA.gov
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Glossary 2 Nomination steps 3 Headers 4 Voicing an opinion on an item Toggle Voicing an opinion on an item subsection 4.1 Please do... 4.2 Please do not... 4.1 Please do... 4.2 Please do not... 5 Suggesting updates 6 Structure 7 January 16 12 comments Toggle January 16 subsection 7.1 Sentencing of Yoon Suk Yeol 7.2 RD: Sheila Bernette 7.1 Sentencing of Yoon Suk Yeol 7.2 RD: Sheila Bernette 8 January 15 27 comments Toggle January 15 subsection 8.1 Ongoing: 2026 Internet blackout in Iran 8.1 Ongoing: 2026 Internet blackout in Iran 9 January 14 46 comments Toggle January 14 subsection 9.1 RD: Aroha Awarau 9.2 (Posted) Sikhio train disaster 9.3 Iran massacres blurb 9.1 RD: Aroha Awarau 9.2 (Posted) Sikhio train disaster 9.3 Iran massacres blurb 10 January 13 131 comments Toggle January 13 subsection 10.1 Adelaide Writers' Week boycott 10.2 RD: Brian Wilshire 10.3 RD: David Webb (Hong Kong activist) 10.4 (Closed) RD: Lina Bernardi 10.5 (Ready) RD: Claudette Colvin 10.6 (Ready) RD: Mark Brnovich 10.7 Ongoing: Accompany 2026 Iran massacres with Iran protests, Iranian protests (massacres) 10.8 (Posted) RD: Scott Adams 10.9 RD: Iqbal Athas 10.1 Adelaide Writers' Week boycott 10.2 RD: Brian Wilshire 10.3 RD: David Webb (Hong Kong activist) 10.4 (Closed) RD: Lina Bernardi 10.5 (Ready) RD: Claudette Colvin 10.6 (Ready) RD: Mark Brnovich 10.7 Ongoing: Accompany 2026 Iran massacres with Iran protests, Iranian protests (massacres) 10.8 (Posted) RD: Scott Adams 10.9 RD: Iqbal Athas 11 January 12 3 comments Toggle January 12 subsection 11.1 RD: Mochammad Djamhari 11.2 RD: Alain Orsoni 11.1 RD: Mochammad Djamhari 11.2 RD: Alain Orsoni 12 January 11 56 comments Toggle January 11 subsection 12.1 (Ready) RD: John Wallace (trumpeter) 12.2 RD: Miroslava Pešíková 12.3 Benin election 12.4 RD: Dave Giusti 12.5 (Closed) 83rd Golden Globe Awards 12.6 RD: Richard Codey 12.7 (Ready) RD: Derek Martin 12.8 (Closed) 2025–2026 Iranian protests 12.1 (Ready) RD: John Wallace (trumpeter) 12.2 RD: Miroslava Pešíková 12.3 Benin election 12.4 RD: Dave Giusti 12.5 (Closed) 83rd Golden Globe Awards 12.6 RD: Richard Codey 12.7 (Ready) RD: Derek Martin 12.8 (Closed) 2025–2026 Iranian protests 13 January 10 81 comments Toggle January 10 subsection 13.1 (Ready) RD: Kjersti Scheen 13.2 RD: Erich von Däniken 13.3 (Posted) RD: Włodzimierz Jakubowski 13.4 (Closed) List of Renee Good protests 13.5 RD: Guy Moon 13.6 RD: Yeison Jiménez 13.7 (Posted) RD: Bob Weir 13.8 EU–Mercosur free trade deal 13.9 (Ready) RD: Tina Packer 13.1 (Ready) RD: Kjersti Scheen 13.2 RD: Erich von Däniken 13.3 (Posted) RD: Włodzimierz Jakubowski 13.4 (Closed) List of Renee Good protests 13.5 RD: Guy Moon 13.6 RD: Yeison Jiménez 13.7 (Posted) RD: Bob Weir 13.8 EU–Mercosur free trade deal 13.9 (Ready) RD: Tina Packer 14 January 9 46 comments Toggle January 9 subsection 14.1 RD: Ulf Granberg 14.2 (Posted) RD: Aoi Fujino 14.3 (Ready) RD: Heber Jentzsch 14.4 (Posted) Fall of Aden and dissolution of the STC 14.5 (Closed) Bust of Sir John Gordon 14.6 (Closed) Cloud-9 14.1 RD: Ulf Granberg 14.2 (Posted) RD: Aoi Fujino 14.3 (Ready) RD: Heber Jentzsch 14.4 (Posted) Fall of Aden and dissolution of the STC 14.5 (Closed) Bust of Sir John Gordon 14.6 (Closed) Cloud-9 15 References Wikipedia : In the news/Candidates العربية Авар Беларуская فارسی हिन्दी ქართული मैथिली മലയാളം नेपाली 日本語 Português Русский سنڌي کوردی اردو 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Welcome to In the news . Please read the guidelines . Admin instructions are here . ↓ ↓ Skip to nominations In the news toolbox Error reports Nominations History ( Posts · Nominations ) Discussion General criteria Death criteria Recurring items Admin guide Image protection Current events portal Error reports Nominations History ( Posts · Nominations ) Discussion General criteria Death criteria Recurring items Admin guide Image protection Current events portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e WP:ITN/C WP:ITN/C This page provides a place to discuss new items for inclusion on In the news (ITN), a protected template on the Main Page (see past items in the ITN archives ). Do not report errors in ITN items that are already on the Main Page here— discuss those at the relevant section of WP:ERRORS . This candidates page is integrated with the daily pages of Portal:Current events . A light green header appears under each daily section – it includes transcluded Portal:Current events items for that day. You can discuss ITN candidates under the header. .mw-parser-output .itn-img{float:right;margin-left:0.5em;margin-top:0.2em} Faustin-Archange Touadéra Thirty-two people are killed when a crane falls onto a passenger train in Sikhio district , Thailand. Following a Saudi-led offensive , Yemeni government forces take control of Aden , the capital of the Southern Transitional Council . Faustin-Archange Touadéra (pictured) is re-elected as the president of the Central African Republic . Delcy Rodríguez is sworn in as the interim president of Venezuela following the capture of Nicolás Maduro during United States strikes on the capital . Ongoing : Iranian protests Russo-Ukrainian war timeline Sudanese civil war timeline Recent deaths : Bob Weir Włodzimierz Jakubowski Aoi Fujino Scott Adams Terry Yorath Jim Dennison More current events Nominate an article view — page history — related changes — edit Thirty-two people are killed when a crane falls onto a passenger train in Sikhio district , Thailand. Following a Saudi-led offensive , Yemeni government forces take control of Aden , the capital of the Southern Transitional Council . Faustin-Archange Touadéra (pictured) is re-elected as the president of the Central African Republic . Delcy Rodríguez is sworn in as the interim president of Venezuela following the capture of Nicolás Maduro during United States strikes on the capital . Iranian protests Russo-Ukrainian war timeline timeline Sudanese civil war timeline timeline Bob Weir Włodzimierz Jakubowski Aoi Fujino Scott Adams Terry Yorath Jim Dennison More current events Nominate an article view — page history — related changes — edit Glossary [ edit ] Blurbs are one-sentence summaries of the news story. Altblurbs , labelled alt1 , alt2 , etc., are alternative suggestions to cover the same story. A target article , bolded in text, is the focus of the story. Each blurb must have at least one such article, but you may also link non-target articles. Articles in the Ongoing line describe events getting continuous coverage. The Recent deaths (RD) line includes any living thing whose death was recently announced. Consensus may decide to create a blurb for a recent death. All articles linked in the ITN template must pass our standards of review . They should be up-to-date, demonstrate relevance via good sourcing and have at least an acceptable quality. Nomination steps [ edit ] Make sure the item you want to nominate has an article that meets our minimum requirements and contains reliable coverage of a current event you want to create a blurb about. We will not post about events described in an article that fails our quality standards . Find the correct section below for the date of the event (not the date nominated). Do not add sections for new dates manually – a bot does that for us each day at midnight (UTC). Create a level 4 header with the article name (==== Your article here ====). Add (RD) or (Ongoing) if appropriate. Then paste the {{ ITN candidate }} template with its parameters and fill them in. The news source should be reliable , support your nomination and be in the article. Write your blurb in simple present tense . Below the template, briefly explain why we should post that event. After that, save your edit. Your nomination is ready! You may add {{ ITN note }} to the target article's talk page to let editors know about your nomination. The better your article's quality, the better it covers the event and the wider its perceived significance (see WP:ITNSIGNIF for details), the better your chances of getting the blurb posted. Purge this page to update the cache Headers [ edit ] When the article is ready, updated and there is consensus to post, you can mark the item as (Ready). Remove that wording if you feel the article fails any of these necessary criteria. Admins should always separately verify whether these criteria are met before posting blurbs marked (Ready). For more guidance, check WP:ITN/A . If satisfied, change the header to (Posted). Where there is no consensus, or the article's quality remains poor, change the header to (Closed) or (Not posted). Sometimes, editors ask to retract an already-posted nomination because of a fundamental error or because consensus changed . If you feel the community supports this, remove the item and mark the item as (Pulled). Voicing an opinion on an item [ edit ] Format your comment to contain " support " or " oppose ", and include a rationale for your choice. In particular, address the notability of the event, the quality of the article, and whether it has been updated. Please do... [ edit ] Shortcut WP:ITNCDO WP:ITNCDO Pick an older item to review near the bottom of this page, before the eligibility runs out and the item scrolls off the page and gets abandoned in the archive, unused and forgotten. Review an item even if it has already been reviewed by another user. You may be the first to spot a problem, or the first to confirm that an identified problem was fixed. Piling on the list of " support! " votes will help administrators see what is ready to be posted on the Main Page. Tell about problems in articles if you see them. Be bold and fix them yourself if you know how, or tell others if it's not possible. Please do not... [ edit ] Shortcut WP:ITNCDONT WP:ITNCDONT Add simple " support! " or " oppose! " votes without including your reasons. Similarly, curt replies such as "who?", "meh", or "duh!" are not helpful. A vote without reasoning means little for us , please elaborate yourself. Oppose an item just because the event is only relating to a single country, or failing to relate to one. We post a lot of such content, so these comments are generally unproductive. Accuse other editors of supporting, opposing or nominating due to a personal bias (such as ethnocentrism ). We at ITN do not handle conflicts of interest . Comment on a story without first reading the relevant article(s). Oppose a recurring item here because you disagree with the recurring items criteria. Discuss them here . Use ITN as a forum for your own political or personal beliefs. Such comments are irrelevant to the outcome and are potentially disruptive. Suggesting updates [ edit ] There are two places where you can request corrections to posted items: Anything that does not change the intent of the blurb (spelling, grammar, markup issues, updating death tolls etc.) should be discussed at WP:Errors . Discuss major changes in the blurb's intent or very complex updates as part of the current ITNC nomination. Glossary Blurbs are one-sentence summaries of the news story. Altblurbs , labelled alt1 , alt2 , etc., are alternative suggestions to cover the same story. A target article , bolded in text, is the focus of the story. Each blurb must have at least one such article, but you may also link non-target articles. Altblurbs , labelled alt1 , alt2 , etc., are alternative suggestions to cover the same story. A target article , bolded in text, is the focus of the story. Each blurb must have at least one such article, but you may also link non-target articles. Articles in the Ongoing line describe events getting continuous coverage. The Recent deaths (RD) line includes any living thing whose death was recently announced. Consensus may decide to create a blurb for a recent death. All articles linked in the ITN template must pass our standards of review . They should be up-to-date, demonstrate relevance via good sourcing and have at least an acceptable quality. Nomination steps Make sure the item you want to nominate has an article that meets our minimum requirements and contains reliable coverage of a current event you want to create a blurb about. We will not post about events described in an article that fails our quality standards . Find the correct section below for the date of the event (not the date nominated). Do not add sections for new dates manually – a bot does that for us each day at midnight (UTC). Create a level 4 header with the article name (==== Your article here ====). Add (RD) or (Ongoing) if appropriate. You may add {{ ITN note }} to the target article's talk page to let editors know about your nomination. The better your article's quality, the better it covers the event and the wider its perceived significance (see WP:ITNSIGNIF for details), the better your chances of getting the blurb posted. Purge this page to update the cache Headers When the article is ready, updated and there is consensus to post, you can mark the item as (Ready). Remove that wording if you feel the article fails any of these necessary criteria. Admins should always separately verify whether these criteria are met before posting blurbs marked (Ready). For more guidance, check WP:ITN/A . If satisfied, change the header to (Posted). Where there is no consensus, or the article's quality remains poor, change the header to (Closed) or (Not posted). Sometimes, editors ask to retract an already-posted nomination because of a fundamental error or because consensus changed . If you feel the community supports this, remove the item and mark the item as (Pulled). If satisfied, change the header to (Posted). Where there is no consensus, or the article's quality remains poor, change the header to (Closed) or (Not posted). Sometimes, editors ask to retract an already-posted nomination because of a fundamental error or because consensus changed . If you feel the community supports this, remove the item and mark the item as (Pulled). Voicing an opinion on an item Format your comment to contain " support " or " oppose ", and include a rationale for your choice. In particular, address the notability of the event, the quality of the article, and whether it has been updated. Please do... WP:ITNCDO WP:ITNCDO Pick an older item to review near the bottom of this page, before the eligibility runs out and the item scrolls off the page and gets abandoned in the archive, unused and forgotten. Review an item even if it has already been reviewed by another user. You may be the first to spot a problem, or the first to confirm that an identified problem was fixed. Piling on the list of " support! " votes will help administrators see what is ready to be posted on the Main Page. Tell about problems in articles if you see them. Be bold and fix them yourself if you know how, or tell others if it's not possible. Please do not... WP:ITNCDONT WP:ITNCDONT Add simple " support! " or " oppose! " votes without including your reasons. Similarly, curt replies such as "who?", "meh", or "duh!" are not helpful. A vote without reasoning means little for us , please elaborate yourself. Oppose an item just because the event is only relating to a single country, or failing to relate to one. We post a lot of such content, so these comments are generally unproductive. Accuse other editors of supporting, opposing or nominating due to a personal bias (such as ethnocentrism ). We at ITN do not handle conflicts of interest . Comment on a story without first reading the relevant article(s). Oppose a recurring item here because you disagree with the recurring items criteria. Discuss them here . Use ITN as a forum for your own political or personal beliefs. Such comments are irrelevant to the outcome and are potentially disruptive. Suggesting updates There are two places where you can request corrections to posted items: Anything that does not change the intent of the blurb (spelling, grammar, markup issues, updating death tolls etc.) should be discussed at WP:Errors . Discuss major changes in the blurb's intent or very complex updates as part of the current ITNC nomination. Structure This page contains a section for each day and a sub-section for each nomination. Eight days of current nominations are maintained – older days are archived. To see the size and title of each section, please expand the following section size summary. .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Section sizes Section size for Wikipedia:In the news/Candidates (51 sections) Section name Byte count Prose size (words) Header Total Header Total (Top) 357 357 0 0 Structure 446 446 43 43 January 16 170 170 1 1 Sentencing of Yoon Suk Yeol 3,757 3,757 0 0 RD: Sheila Bernette 715 715 0 0 January 15 123 123 1 1 Ongoing: 2026 Internet blackout in Iran 9,187 9,187 0 0 January 14 122 122 1 1 RD: Aroha Awarau 729 729 0 0 (Posted) Sikhio train disaster 5,029 5,029 1 1 Iran massacres blurb 15,339 15,339 0 0 January 13 123 123 1 1 Adelaide Writers' Week boycott 14,448 14,448 0 0 RD: Brian Wilshire 586 586 0 0 RD: David Webb (Hong Kong activist) 1,442 1,442 0 0 (Closed) RD: Lina Bernardi 1,773 1,773 0 0 (Ready) RD: Claudette Colvin 1,329 1,329 0 0 (Ready) RD: Mark Brnovich 1,323 1,323 0 0 Ongoing: Accompany 2026 Iran massacres with Iran protests, Iranian protests (massacres) 11,097 11,097 0 0 (Posted) RD: Scott Adams 12,741 12,741 0 0 RD: Iqbal Athas 2,589 2,589 0 0 January 12 122 122 1 1 RD: Mochammad Djamhari 769 769 0 0 RD: Alain Orsoni 1,005 1,005 0 0 January 11 123 123 1 1 (Ready) RD: John Wallace (trumpeter) 1,356 1,356 0 0 RD: Miroslava Pešíková 425 425 0 0 Benin election 3,409 3,409 0 0 RD: Dave Giusti 843 843 0 0 (Closed) 83rd Golden Globe Awards 5,845 5,845 0 0 RD: Richard Codey 1,153 1,153 0 0 (Ready) RD: Derek Martin 1,226 1,226 0 0 (Closed) 2025–2026 Iranian protests 8,172 8,172 0 0 January 10 122 122 1 1 (Ready) RD: Kjersti Scheen 902 902 0 0 RD: Erich von Däniken 1,937 1,937 0 0 (Posted) RD: Włodzimierz Jakubowski 1,200 1,200 0 0 (Closed) List of Renee Good protests 7,587 7,587 0 0 RD: Guy Moon 2,090 2,090 0 0 RD: Yeison Jiménez 1,291 1,291 0 0 (Posted) RD: Bob Weir 4,544 4,544 0 0 EU–Mercosur free trade deal 11,162 11,162 0 0 (Ready) RD: Tina Packer 1,800 1,800 0 0 January 9 119 119 1 1 RD: Ulf Granberg 1,323 1,323 0 0 (Posted) RD: Aoi Fujino 816 816 0 0 (Ready) RD: Heber Jentzsch 982 982 0 0 (Posted) Fall of Aden and dissolution of the STC 9,584 9,584 7 7 (Closed) Bust of Sir John Gordon 2,427 2,427 0 0 (Closed) Cloud-9 4,702 4,702 0 0 References 802 802 0 0 Total 161,263 161,263 59 59 Section name Byte count Prose size (words) Header Total Header Total (Top) 357 357 0 0 Structure 446 446 43 43 January 16 170 170 1 1 Sentencing of Yoon Suk Yeol 3,757 3,757 0 0 RD: Sheila Bernette 715 715 0 0 January 15 123 123 1 1 Ongoing: 2026 Internet blackout in Iran 9,187 9,187 0 0 January 14 122 122 1 1 RD: Aroha Awarau 729 729 0 0 (Posted) Sikhio train disaster 5,029 5,029 1 1 Iran massacres blurb 15,339 15,339 0 0 January 13 123 123 1 1 Adelaide Writers' Week boycott 14,448 14,448 0 0 RD: Brian Wilshire 586 586 0 0 RD: David Webb (Hong Kong activist) 1,442 1,442 0 0 (Closed) RD: Lina Bernardi 1,773 1,773 0 0 (Ready) RD: Claudette Colvin 1,329 1,329 0 0 (Ready) RD: Mark Brnovich 1,323 1,323 0 0 Ongoing: Accompany 2026 Iran massacres with Iran protests, Iranian protests (massacres) 11,097 11,097 0 0 (Posted) RD: Scott Adams 12,741 12,741 0 0 RD: Iqbal Athas 2,589 2,589 0 0 January 12 122 122 1 1 RD: Mochammad Djamhari 769 769 0 0 RD: Alain Orsoni 1,005 1,005 0 0 January 11 123 123 1 1 (Ready) RD: John Wallace (trumpeter) 1,356 1,356 0 0 RD: Miroslava Pešíková 425 425 0 0 Benin election 3,409 3,409 0 0 RD: Dave Giusti 843 843 0 0 (Closed) 83rd Golden Globe Awards 5,845 5,845 0 0 RD: Richard Codey 1,153 1,153 0 0 (Ready) RD: Derek Martin 1,226 1,226 0 0 (Closed) 2025–2026 Iranian protests 8,172 8,172 0 0 January 10 122 122 1 1 (Ready) RD: Kjersti Scheen 902 902 0 0 RD: Erich von Däniken 1,937 1,937 0 0 (Posted) RD: Włodzimierz Jakubowski 1,200 1,200 0 0 (Closed) List of Renee Good protests 7,587 7,587 0 0 RD: Guy Moon 2,090 2,090 0 0 RD: Yeison Jiménez 1,291 1,291 0 0 (Posted) RD: Bob Weir 4,544 4,544 0 0 EU–Mercosur free trade deal 11,162 11,162 0 0 (Ready) RD: Tina Packer 1,800 1,800 0 0 January 9 119 119 1 1 RD: Ulf Granberg 1,323 1,323 0 0 (Posted) RD: Aoi Fujino 816 816 0 0 (Ready) RD: Heber Jentzsch 982 982 0 0 (Posted) Fall of Aden and dissolution of the STC 9,584 9,584 7 7 (Closed) Bust of Sir John Gordon 2,427 2,427 0 0 (Closed) Cloud-9 4,702 4,702 0 0 References 802 802 0 0 Total 161,263 161,263 59 59 Discussions of items older than seven days are automatically archived February–March 2005 • April 2005 • May 2005 • June 2005 • July 2005 • August 2005 • September 2005 • October 2005 • November 2005 • December 2005 • January 2006 • February 2006 • March 2006 • April 2006 • May 2006 • June 2006 • July 2006 • August 2006 • September 2006 • October 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0;padding:0.3em;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;border:1px #cef2e0 solid}.mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{background-color:#cef2e0;color:inherit;font-weight:bold}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{background-color:#0b281a}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{background-color:#0b281a}}.mw-parser-output .current-events-title{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-navbar{list-style:none;margin:0;font-size:small}.mw-parser-output .current-events-navbar li{display:inline-block;padding:0 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-content{padding:0 0.3em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-content-heading{margin-top:0.3em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .current-events-more{border-width:2px;font-size:10pt;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav{margin:auto;text-align:center;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav a{display:inline-block;margin:0.5em;padding:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav a>div{font-weight:bold}@media all and (min-width:480px){.mw-parser-output .current-events-heading{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .current-events-title{flex:1}.mw-parser-output .current-events-navbar{flex:0 auto;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav{max-width:22em}.mw-parser-output .current-events-nav a{width:9em}} January 16, 2026 ( 2026-01-16 ) (Friday) edit history watch Business and economy Taiwan–United States relations , Tariffs in the second Trump administration Taiwan and the United States reach a trade agreement that reduces U.S. tariffs on Taiwanese goods from 20 percent to 15 percent. (AFP via France 24) International relations Iran–New Zealand relations , Reactions to the 2025–2026 Iranian protests New Zealand temporarily closes its embassy in Tehran , evacuates its diplomats to Ankara , Turkey , and warns its citizens to leave Iran because of the "deteriorating security situation" resulting from the protests . (AFP via Al Arabiya) Law and crime Arrest of Yoon Suk Yeol A high court in Seoul , South Korea , sentences former president Yoon Suk Yeol to five years in prison for obstructing justice and excluding cabinet members during his 2024 martial law declaration , while acquitting him of document forgery . (AFP via TRT World) (AP) Corruption in Malaysia Malaysian prime minister Anwar Ibrahim temporarily freezes all military and police procurement until compliance rules are met following an anti-corruption probe, while ordering a review and restructuring of the procurement system. (Reuters) edit history watch Business and economy Taiwan–United States relations , Tariffs in the second Trump administration Taiwan and the United States reach a trade agreement that reduces U.S. tariffs on Taiwanese goods from 20 percent to 15 percent. (AFP via France 24) Taiwan and the United States reach a trade agreement that reduces U.S. tariffs on Taiwanese goods from 20 percent to 15 percent. (AFP via France 24) International relations Iran–New Zealand relations , Reactions to the 2025–2026 Iranian protests New Zealand temporarily closes its embassy in Tehran , evacuates its diplomats to Ankara , Turkey , and warns its citizens to leave Iran because of the "deteriorating security situation" resulting from the protests . (AFP via Al Arabiya) New Zealand temporarily closes its embassy in Tehran , evacuates its diplomats to Ankara , Turkey , and warns its citizens to leave Iran because of the "deteriorating security situation" resulting from the protests . (AFP via Al Arabiya) Law and crime Arrest of Yoon Suk Yeol A high court in Seoul , South Korea , sentences former president Yoon Suk Yeol to five years in prison for obstructing justice and excluding cabinet members during his 2024 martial law declaration , while acquitting him of document forgery . (AFP via TRT World) (AP) A high court in Seoul , South Korea , sentences former president Yoon Suk Yeol to five years in prison for obstructing justice and excluding cabinet members during his 2024 martial law declaration , while acquitting him of document forgery . (AFP via TRT World) (AP) Corruption in Malaysia Malaysian prime minister Anwar Ibrahim temporarily freezes all military and police procurement until compliance rules are met following an anti-corruption probe, while ordering a review and restructuring of the procurement system. (Reuters) Malaysian prime minister Anwar Ibrahim temporarily freezes all military and police procurement until compliance rules are met following an anti-corruption probe, while ordering a review and restructuring of the procurement system. (Reuters) Sentencing of Yoon Suk Yeol Nominated by ZKang123 ( talk · give credit ) ZKang123 ( talk · contribs ) 07:07, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support End to the long saga of prosecuting the former president for the illegal action. Well fleshed article. Gotitbro ( talk ) 07:44, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose This has already been posted repeatedly – once for his arrest and twice for his impeachment. Andrew 🐉( talk ) 09:25, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - end of a long and notable saga. Sources looks good. BabbaQ ( talk ) 09:12, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Does someone have a link to when Yoon Suk Yeol was last featured? I would like to compare the article as it existed then with how it exists now, to see if it warrants featuring again. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 09:24, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] In the structure section of this page, there are links to our archives of nominations and postings. I already consulted these to find the previous postings. Andrew 🐉( talk ) 09:28, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] 4 April 2025 looks like last time (when removed as leader). And 1 January 2025 for his arrest. Joseph 2302 ( talk ) 10:10, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Looks like this is the total work we would be newly featuring with this. I don't feel particularly strongly either way. It's solid work overall. I think the update of this week should be a bit more significant before we post it, though. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 11:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose as we already posted something similar about this person. Posting everything that happens for a former leader leads us into the WP:NOTTRUMP issue. Joseph 2302 ( talk ) 10:10, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Not really. He was posted when he was arrested and fully impeached and conviction is the end result of it. With Trump we have have posted arrests, indictments and trial s (impeachments) which should never have been done. Gotitbro ( talk ) 11:18, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] RD: Sheila Bernette Nominated by SheddyDawn ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: English actress and singer SheddyDawn 04:01, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] January 15 Portal:Current events/2026 January 15 January 15, 2026 ( 2026-01-15 ) (Thursday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Operation Southern Spear United States oil blockade during Operation Southern Spear The United States Coast Guard boards and seizes a Guyanese -flagged tanker in the Caribbean Sea that had been sanctioned by the US . ( The Guardian ) Business and economy Frigidaire issues a recall for 330,000 mini-fridges for fire risks, after previously recalling 634,000 last year. (AP) Disasters and accidents At least 19 people are killed and hundreds are evacuated across South Africa in flooding caused by torrential rains in several provinces , including Limpopo and Mpumalanga . (AP) Two people are killed when a construction crane collapses onto the Rama II Road in Samut Sakhon , Thailand , while the Thai government moves to cancel contracts, blacklist the same contractor , and suspend about a dozen of its state projects following a separate crane accident the previous day . (BBC News) (Reuters) At least four people are injured and several buildings collapse following an explosion in the Utrecht city centre in the Netherlands . (NOS in Dutch ) (AFP via Al Arabiya) International relations Denmark–France relations French president Emmanuel Macron announces the deployment of additional military forces to Greenland after a Defense Council meeting. (France 24) Japan–Philippines relations , Territorial disputes in the South China Sea Japan and the Philippines sign a defense pact to mutually allow tax-free provision of ammunition , fuel, food, and other forms of aid. (AP) United Arab Emirates–Yemen relations Faraj Al-Bahsani is dismissed from Yemen 's Presidential Leadership Council , becoming the last United Arab Emirates -backed member to leave the body. ( The New Arab ) Politics and elections 2026 Ugandan general election Ugandans vote to elect their president and 529 members of parliament . (AP) Singaporean prime minister Lawrence Wong rescinds Workers' Party MP Pritam Singh 's position as the de jure Leader of the Opposition . (CNA) Yemeni prime minister Salem Saleh bin Braik resigns as President Rashad al-Alimi appoints Shaea Muhssin as the next prime minister. ( Jerusalem Post ) Science and technology The members of NASA commercial Crew-11 , who had been docked at the International Space Station (ISS) since August 2025, land on Earth one month early following the first-ever medical evacuation from the ISS. (Space) (NPR) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Operation Southern Spear United States oil blockade during Operation Southern Spear The United States Coast Guard boards and seizes a Guyanese -flagged tanker in the Caribbean Sea that had been sanctioned by the US . ( The Guardian ) United States oil blockade during Operation Southern Spear The United States Coast Guard boards and seizes a Guyanese -flagged tanker in the Caribbean Sea that had been sanctioned by the US . ( The Guardian ) The United States Coast Guard boards and seizes a Guyanese -flagged tanker in the Caribbean Sea that had been sanctioned by the US . ( The Guardian ) Business and economy Frigidaire issues a recall for 330,000 mini-fridges for fire risks, after previously recalling 634,000 last year. (AP) Disasters and accidents At least 19 people are killed and hundreds are evacuated across South Africa in flooding caused by torrential rains in several provinces , including Limpopo and Mpumalanga . (AP) Two people are killed when a construction crane collapses onto the Rama II Road in Samut Sakhon , Thailand , while the Thai government moves to cancel contracts, blacklist the same contractor , and suspend about a dozen of its state projects following a separate crane accident the previous day . (BBC News) (Reuters) At least four people are injured and several buildings collapse following an explosion in the Utrecht city centre in the Netherlands . (NOS in Dutch ) (AFP via Al Arabiya) International relations Denmark–France relations French president Emmanuel Macron announces the deployment of additional military forces to Greenland after a Defense Council meeting. (France 24) French president Emmanuel Macron announces the deployment of additional military forces to Greenland after a Defense Council meeting. (France 24) Japan–Philippines relations , Territorial disputes in the South China Sea Japan and the Philippines sign a defense pact to mutually allow tax-free provision of ammunition , fuel, food, and other forms of aid. (AP) Japan and the Philippines sign a defense pact to mutually allow tax-free provision of ammunition , fuel, food, and other forms of aid. (AP) United Arab Emirates–Yemen relations Faraj Al-Bahsani is dismissed from Yemen 's Presidential Leadership Council , becoming the last United Arab Emirates -backed member to leave the body. ( The New Arab ) Faraj Al-Bahsani is dismissed from Yemen 's Presidential Leadership Council , becoming the last United Arab Emirates -backed member to leave the body. ( The New Arab ) Politics and elections 2026 Ugandan general election Ugandans vote to elect their president and 529 members of parliament . (AP) Ugandans vote to elect their president and 529 members of parliament . (AP) Singaporean prime minister Lawrence Wong rescinds Workers' Party MP Pritam Singh 's position as the de jure Leader of the Opposition . (CNA) Yemeni prime minister Salem Saleh bin Braik resigns as President Rashad al-Alimi appoints Shaea Muhssin as the next prime minister. ( Jerusalem Post ) Science and technology The members of NASA commercial Crew-11 , who had been docked at the International Space Station (ISS) since August 2025, land on Earth one month early following the first-ever medical evacuation from the ISS. (Space) (NPR) Ongoing: 2026 Internet blackout in Iran Nominated by Abcmaxx ( talk · give credit ) Created by MelikaShokoufandeh ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Given the longevity of this, propose adding this in brackets to the protests in ongoing as per precedent with notable forks regarding main linked events. We posted for example the US government shutdown so ongoing doesn't have to be limited to timelines, genocides or massacres. Abcmaxx ( talk ) 10:58, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Weak support – Do you think this would be presented as "(blackout)" in the Ongoing section? I think it's a nice idea for a fine article. I have no clue what the line is for something to get a separate wikilink in Ongoing. I could imagine all sorts of articles to make Ongoing this way, but hey, if someone writes a fine article, there's no reason not to feature it. I could imagine wanting something much bulkier for this though. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 11:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I think (Internet blackout) would work as per article title. Abcmaxx ( talk ) 12:16, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Integral part of the protests already in ongoing and by far less significant than the killings of protestors and potential military article. No need to call it out. M asem ( t ) 12:16, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I think it's honest in a way, to feature the article that we as Wikipedia has brought to sufficient quality, even if the other subject would obviously feel more significant. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 12:36, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] It's essentially like five paragraphs after you take out the lede and background. It doesn't need to be a separate article from the protests, and certainly not moving as fast as other elements of the protests. M asem ( t ) 14:18, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support per Maplestrip. Either the one proposed by Maplestrip or Abcmaxx is a good idea. Warm Regards , Miminity ( Talk? ) ( me contribs ) 13:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support on principle , but, even if we know that it is due to quality concerns (and I agree with Maplestrip's vision of it as a form of honesty), it might be confusing for readers to see this linked and not the much higher profiles massacres. Chaotic Enby ( talk · contribs ) 13:48, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support adding in brackets next to the ongoing item on the protests. -- Kiril Simeonovski ( talk ) 13:55, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Internet blackouts (a dime and dozen the world over) are not the most important thing in this. This is also another case of a badly strung out fork when the main article itself not up to par (see also the nom below for the massacre fork). Gotitbro ( talk ) 14:34, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose per Masem and Gotitbro. It's just simply not enough yet and is covered by the other Ongoing. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 14:50, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose covered by Ongoing. Dr Fell ( talk ) 16:20, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose - posting this and not the massacres would be a serious mistake. This on its own is not significant as news. GenevieveDEon ( talk ) 16:46, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] You don't think a major country with a large population blacking out their telecommunications network purposely for eight days is "on its own significant as news"? "Covered by an existing ongoing" is a fine argument, but suggesting that these blackouts don't meet a certain level of "significance" is very bewildering to me. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 07:36, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose - Covered by the other ongoing. Guz13 ( talk ) 18:33, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Weak oppose – I believe this is thoroughly covered by the protests article in "Ongoing", and it does not amount to a blurb-worthy update such as the massacres. Nice4What ( talk · contribs ) – ( Thanks ♥ ) 18:50, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose - covered by current ongoing. No protests then no communications cuts. Seems minor compared to the massacre discussed below - though perhaps that's no longer ongoing. Nfitz ( talk ) 20:28, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose per above, comparatively minor to the massacres blurb/ongoing item being discussed further down. The Kip ( contribs ) 22:16, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Conditional Support per Knightofthewords281. We can add it to the existing ongoing item in parentheses. Flip and Flopped ㋡ 00:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment FYI, the NYT has a couple of articles about this today: Battles Over Truth Rage Online Amid Iran’s Internet Blackout and A Ragtag Network of Activists Is Piercing Iran’s Digital Barricades . The NYT has a group heading for the Iranian unrest which is equivalent to our Ongoing. The categories in that are: Protests in Iran What to Know Timeline Accounts of Brutal Crackdown Internet Access . Andrew 🐉( talk ) 09:12, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] So basically we have it all already covered with our ongoing item. Good. Gotitbro ( talk ) 11:19, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Protests in Iran What to Know Timeline Accounts of Brutal Crackdown Internet Access January 14 Portal:Current events/2026 January 14 January 14, 2026 ( 2026-01-14 ) (Wednesday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Anglophone Crisis Fifteen people, including eight children, are killed by gunmen in a mass shooting in Ndu , Northwest Region , Cameroon . (AP) Armed conflict for control of the favelas Brazilian police kill four Comando Vermelho gang members in a raid in Rio de Janeiro , and seize weapons, ammunition, drugs, camouflage clothing, and radios. A police helicopter is shot at and damaged, injuring one crew member. (AP) 2025–2026 Iranian protests , Kurdish separatism in Iran Armed groups of Iraqi Kurdish fighters, possibly affiliated with the PKK , have allegedly infiltrated the Iranian border . According to reports, they engaged in clashes with IRGC led security forces. (Reuters) (Fox News) Business and economy The price of gold reaches an all-time high of US$4,644.56 per ounce, surpassing December's previous peak of $4,383.76. (Royal Mint) Disasters and accidents 2026 Crans-Montana bar fire The Swiss cantons of Valais and Geneva ban fireworks in indoor venues in the aftermath of the fire at a Crans-Montana nightclub, which killed 40 people. (BBC) 2026 Sikhio train disaster At least 32 people are killed and 66 others are injured when a construction crane falls onto a passing train in Sikhio district , Nakhon Ratchasima province , Thailand . (Sky News) (Reuters) (AP) Health and environment The Copernicus Climate Change Service reports that 2025 ranks as the third-warmest year on record and completes the first three-year period with average global temperatures at least 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels . (AFP via ABS-CBN News) International relations Armenia–Azerbaijan relations Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Azerbaijan releases four Armenian prisoners convicted of offenses linked to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict as part of ongoing post-war normalization efforts between the two states. (Reuters) Denmark–France relations French foreign minister Jean-Noël Barrot announces that France will open a consulate in Greenland in February, signaling its rejection of attempts by the United States to acquire the territory . (AFP via Le Monde ) Travel bans under the Trump administrations The Trump administration of the United States announces that it will suspend the processing of immigrant visas for 75 countries. Tourist and business visas will not be affected. (AFP via Le Monde ) Law and crime Sexual deepfake and illegal content generation on X The Garda Síochána of Ireland confirms that there are 200 active investigations into child sexual abuse material being generated by Grok . (RTÉ) Shootings by U.S. immigration agents in the second Trump administration , Operation Metro Surge A person is shot and injured by a United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement officer in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States. (ABC News) Politics and elections Singapore 's parliament votes to remove Workers' Party leader Pritam Singh as Leader of the Opposition following his conviction for providing false testimony to a parliamentary committee in 2021. (Reuters) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Anglophone Crisis Fifteen people, including eight children, are killed by gunmen in a mass shooting in Ndu , Northwest Region , Cameroon . (AP) Fifteen people, including eight children, are killed by gunmen in a mass shooting in Ndu , Northwest Region , Cameroon . (AP) Armed conflict for control of the favelas Brazilian police kill four Comando Vermelho gang members in a raid in Rio de Janeiro , and seize weapons, ammunition, drugs, camouflage clothing, and radios. A police helicopter is shot at and damaged, injuring one crew member. (AP) Brazilian police kill four Comando Vermelho gang members in a raid in Rio de Janeiro , and seize weapons, ammunition, drugs, camouflage clothing, and radios. A police helicopter is shot at and damaged, injuring one crew member. (AP) 2025–2026 Iranian protests , Kurdish separatism in Iran Armed groups of Iraqi Kurdish fighters, possibly affiliated with the PKK , have allegedly infiltrated the Iranian border . According to reports, they engaged in clashes with IRGC led security forces. (Reuters) (Fox News) Armed groups of Iraqi Kurdish fighters, possibly affiliated with the PKK , have allegedly infiltrated the Iranian border . According to reports, they engaged in clashes with IRGC led security forces. (Reuters) (Fox News) Business and economy The price of gold reaches an all-time high of US$4,644.56 per ounce, surpassing December's previous peak of $4,383.76. (Royal Mint) Disasters and accidents 2026 Crans-Montana bar fire The Swiss cantons of Valais and Geneva ban fireworks in indoor venues in the aftermath of the fire at a Crans-Montana nightclub, which killed 40 people. (BBC) The Swiss cantons of Valais and Geneva ban fireworks in indoor venues in the aftermath of the fire at a Crans-Montana nightclub, which killed 40 people. (BBC) 2026 Sikhio train disaster At least 32 people are killed and 66 others are injured when a construction crane falls onto a passing train in Sikhio district , Nakhon Ratchasima province , Thailand . (Sky News) (Reuters) (AP) At least 32 people are killed and 66 others are injured when a construction crane falls onto a passing train in Sikhio district , Nakhon Ratchasima province , Thailand . (Sky News) (Reuters) (AP) Health and environment The Copernicus Climate Change Service reports that 2025 ranks as the third-warmest year on record and completes the first three-year period with average global temperatures at least 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels . (AFP via ABS-CBN News) International relations Armenia–Azerbaijan relations Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Azerbaijan releases four Armenian prisoners convicted of offenses linked to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict as part of ongoing post-war normalization efforts between the two states. (Reuters) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Azerbaijan releases four Armenian prisoners convicted of offenses linked to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict as part of ongoing post-war normalization efforts between the two states. (Reuters) Azerbaijan releases four Armenian prisoners convicted of offenses linked to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict as part of ongoing post-war normalization efforts between the two states. (Reuters) Denmark–France relations French foreign minister Jean-Noël Barrot announces that France will open a consulate in Greenland in February, signaling its rejection of attempts by the United States to acquire the territory . (AFP via Le Monde ) French foreign minister Jean-Noël Barrot announces that France will open a consulate in Greenland in February, signaling its rejection of attempts by the United States to acquire the territory . (AFP via Le Monde ) Travel bans under the Trump administrations The Trump administration of the United States announces that it will suspend the processing of immigrant visas for 75 countries. Tourist and business visas will not be affected. (AFP via Le Monde ) The Trump administration of the United States announces that it will suspend the processing of immigrant visas for 75 countries. Tourist and business visas will not be affected. (AFP via Le Monde ) Law and crime Sexual deepfake and illegal content generation on X The Garda Síochána of Ireland confirms that there are 200 active investigations into child sexual abuse material being generated by Grok . (RTÉ) The Garda Síochána of Ireland confirms that there are 200 active investigations into child sexual abuse material being generated by Grok . (RTÉ) Shootings by U.S. immigration agents in the second Trump administration , Operation Metro Surge A person is shot and injured by a United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement officer in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States. (ABC News) A person is shot and injured by a United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement officer in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States. (ABC News) Politics and elections Singapore 's parliament votes to remove Workers' Party leader Pritam Singh as Leader of the Opposition following his conviction for providing false testimony to a parliamentary committee in 2021. (Reuters) RD: Aroha Awarau Nominated by Schwede66 ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: New Zealand journalist and playwright. Referencing isn't up to scratch yet. Schwede 66 01:54, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Posted) Sikhio train disaster Nominated by Bloxzge 025 ( talk · give credit ) Created by MrKaraRocks ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Deadly rail disaster resulting in nearly two dozen fatalities, and possibly more. The article is a stub right now, but by the end of the day, it should be greatly expanded. Bloxzge 025 ( talk edits ) 12:05 AM, 14 January 2026 (EST) Support on notability, but wait for more info Train disaster in Thailand are quite rare (despite the antiquated system), and I think the unusual circumstance on what caused it is notable as well. Although there aren't that many info available yet so we should wait until the article is in good shape. — Preceding unsigned comment added by NotKringe ( talk • contribs ) 09:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wait I'm leaning towards support but the article is stubby and we should wait a little bit to see how this progresses. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 13:07, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - article has progressed past a stub, and is in a fit condition to post. Mjroots ( talk ) 15:47, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Rare, highly deadly and in good shape. ArionStar ( talk ) 17:23, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose on notability. One-off disasters are always tragic, but most are better left to the six o'clock news. Dr Fell ( talk ) 19:26, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How is this not notable? cranes don't just fall ontro trains every day. It killed dozens of people, injured many more, and was the deadliest railway accident since 2023. It has receieved international coverage and the article is decently big now, with over 20 sources. Bloxzge 025 ( talk ) 21:09, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] It's an accident; it's a news event. Wikipedia has a place to feature articles like this. ITN is high-value real estate; it shouldn't be dominated by soon-to-be forgotten tragedies, minor sports trophies and micronation election results. Dr Fell ( talk ) 21:18, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] "Soon to be forgotten", certainly not for Thailand. "Micronation elections", WP:ITNR reforms should be discussed there not here. Gotitbro ( talk ) 07:53, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Posted . I don't see any constructive opposition to this. Black Kite (talk) 21:42, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Retroactive support Article is in good condition, and event is notable and interesting. –DMartin ( talk ) 06:09, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Picture The image for this is in question at WP:ERRORS and so ITN is now back with the grinning pic of Faustin-Archange Touadéra , which is not a good look. I've identified another possibility but it needs work. Andrew 🐉( talk ) 10:29, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Iran massacres blurb Nominated by Chorchapu ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Given the large support for a blurb below I've made a formal nomination. Pinging users who supported a blurb, in both discussions below: @ Nice4What , Ad Orientem , TheJoebro64 , Chaotic Enby , Schwede66 , ArionStar , and Tradedia : . Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 01:22, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Just for the record, I commented on the item below as an admin. I neither support this item, nor oppose it; I commented on a suggested process. Schwede 66 01:36, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Notable event that has happened during these protests. The sourcing is good. Guz13 ( talk ) 03:23, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose only because we still do not have a corrobated number. The AP article points this 2,500 number is a claim by activists, which means that's not reliable. We shouldn't post until we have a good reliable source on the ground there give an estimate. M asem ( t ) 05:06, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Multiple Iranian officials confirmed to NYT that there have been at least 3000 deaths. 9ninety ( talk ) 11:33, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I wouldn't trust Iranian officials either here. M asem ( t ) 12:29, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Iranian officials certainly wouldn't exaggerate the number, and 2500-3000 is an astronomically high lower-bound estimate. 9ninety ( talk ) 15:42, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Oppose this on the same grounds as the ongoing below but even more stridently. The proposed blurb should be nowhere near the front page. There is no confirmation for the numbers here. 12,000 is from the Saudi-owned Iran International ; 20,000 is from unnamed activists but is cited to CBS in the article (CBS of course has made no independent verification here). The article then cites 2,000/3,000 to unnamed Iranian officials but these are people speaking off-the-record and this too is misleading as such. Killing of Amirhesam Khodayarifard Killing of Shayan Asadollahi Killing of Reza Moradi Abdolvand Killing of Mohammad Nouri Killing of Saghar Etemadi Killing of the Kadyvrian brothers Killing of Latif Karimi Killing of Reza Ghanbari Support as mentioned below. The immense numbers alone are noteworthy; it is the largest massacre in the nation's contemporary history.-- Ronnnaldo7 ( talk ) 06:10, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support per below (the massacres are a massive development worth highlighting beyond the protests being in "Ongoing"), however the lower estimate of 2,000+ should be used as CBS has been unable to independently verify the 20,000+ claim. Additionally, the use of @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{font-family:Georgia,"DejaVu Serif",serif;color:#008560;quotes:none}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-italic{font-family:inherit;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-marks{quotes:"\"""\""} "regime" might violate WP:NPOV because of its negative connotations — I'd suggest "Iranian government" instead. Suggesting altblurb2 . Nice4What ( talk · contribs ) – ( Thanks ♥ ) 06:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I want to update my !vote to oppose on quality with regards to the massacre-specific article; those tables that take up half the article seem unnecessary, and my attempt to remove them was reverted. It might be better to use the protest article in the blurb, and momentarily remove it from "Ongoing". Nice4What ( talk · contribs ) – ( Thanks ♥ ) 18:08, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support blurb . Numbers are indeed immense, and it's all over news, main topic in top news outlets. BilboBeggins ( talk ) 11:38, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The numbers may indeed be great but no one has any idea what they actually are and I see no correct way to depict those figures on the Main Page without favouring any one source (there is no consensus amongst them). Also the stability of the article is itself questionable with two page moves since the nom itself. Gotitbro ( talk ) 12:41, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support on notability, weak oppose on quality . These are major protests and the death toll is clearly substantial, regardless of which source(s) you believe. This has gone beyond an ongoing item and deserves a blurb. I recommend the blurb just says 'thousands' without being more specific, to avoid debate over which number to use. The article is well sourced, but seems to be a dumping ground for miscellaneous data and information - the table of individual deaths is particularly egregious, but having separate sections for each day is also unnecessary. Convert those sections to prose then I'll fully support. Modest Genius talk 12:45, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment : could we swap the bold and non-bold links? The article on the wider protests is in much better shape. Modest Genius talk 15:04, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Alternative blurb - Per what I wrote below: "Unfortunately, the death toll continues to rise every day". According to these sources, the number is higher than 2,500. [1] [2] MelikaShokoufandeh ( talk ) 13:25, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Those are cited to anonymous or otherwise dubious sources; the 2,500 number is the confirmed number so far. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 14:14, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I know, but because I believe the number is higher, I voted for the option "Between 2,500 and 20,000". MelikaShokoufandeh ( talk ) 14:34, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] MelikaShokoufandeh , what we believe isn't relevant, we just follow reliable sources (see WP:OR ) Kowal2701 ( talk ) 17:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment I think the article could use some work before being added to the front page. I don't think the tables at the bottom make much sense, they are a collection of several news reports and are in no way comprehensive, as such I don't think they should show totals (which are vastly under the lowest death toll estimates). There's also no explanation why pre and post the 8th of Jan are separated. I posed this on the talk page of the article. Salmon Of Ignorance ( talk ) 14:28, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose for now on a wider quality-wide basis. I echo the forking concerns brought up by others, and will concur that in the time it'll take to sort that out (12-48 hours?) we'll likely have a better and more concise figure for killed protestors. By no means do I see this is a trivial event and in my opinion this is the biggest story of 2026 so far, but I understand that it isn't ready for a feature on Wikipedia's front page. Departure– ( talk ) 17:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment lots of reliable speculation that the US is planning on sonething tonight in Iran (Qatar bases cleared, airspace limited, Pentagon pizza index is high). If the US dies strike that's going to be the headline story than the protest casualties. M asem ( t ) 22:22, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Not sure if the Pentagon pizza theory is something to be relied upon. Gotitbro ( talk ) 14:36, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose on quality for now per Departure. Will re-assess depending on what does or doesn’t happen tonight. The Kip ( contribs ) 00:40, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wait/Oppose for now In addition to being featured in the ongoing section, the protests in Iran were already blurbed earlier this month . With that said, I appreciate that large-scale massacres were not the focus of the prior blurb. However, the article is a mess, the precise figures are ambiguous, and the situation is rapidly escalating and unfolding as we speak. I agree with others that we should wait and reassess in the coming days. Flip and Flopped ㋡ 01:26, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question is there an MOS or convention around the naming of such events other than following the lead of RSes? Obviously, this started with "protests" but a large part of the story is (what most sources are calling) the resulting "crackdown" by the regime, including these "massacres" and executions. It seems like using the term protests as the umbrella is incorrect. GreatCaesarsGhost 13:32, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] We could merge the massacres into the protests article and rename it along the lines of 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre (or "protests and crackdown"). 9ninety ( talk ) 14:36, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support adding in brackets next to the ongoing item on the protests. -- Kiril Simeonovski ( talk ) 13:56, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose based on the verifiability and forking issues raised by Gotitbro as well as NPOV issues with the term massacre, which should not be used unless it's the common name (this has been a point of contention on both sides of the I-P debate and I'm surprised to see the term bandied about so freely here). EvansHallBear ( talk ) 18:48, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose - Same reasons as I mentioned last time. In a closed system, especially with an internet blackout, it's impossible to get exact numbers until well after the fact. At this stage, this is the claims of activists, and it can't be verified. We should only be posting objectively proven factual information, not claims which may or may not turn out to be truthful. Harizotoh9 ( talk ) 20:28, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support . Major escalation that cannot be ignored here. A regime that massacres thousands of its own people. As exact numbers are unknown, but the magnitude of the horror is well confirmed, the blurb can be phrased: *thousands* of protesters are killed... Noon ( talk ) 09:13, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] January 13 Portal:Current events/2026 January 13 January 13, 2026 ( 2026-01-13 ) (Tuesday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2026 Iran massacres The U.S.-based non-governmental organization HRAI reports that at least 2,000 people have been killed during nationwide protests in Iran . Meanwhile, independent activist sources contend that the nationwide crackdown has resulted in at least 12,000 to 20,000 people killed. (CBS News) (AP) Insurgency in Chad At least six people are killed, including three soldiers and three attackers, and 12 others are injured, including two other attackers, in clashes between a rebel group and the Chadian National Army in Korbol , Moyen-Chari , Chad. (Africanews) Arts and culture Adelaide Writers' Week boycott Adelaide Writers' Week in Adelaide , Australia , cancels its 2026 festival after director Louise Adler resigned and more than 180 writers withdrew in protest over the board's decision to disinvite Palestinian Australian author Randa Abdel-Fattah . (Reuters) Business and economy 2018–present Argentine monetary crisis Argentina records a 31.5% annual inflation rate in December, the lowest end-year level since 2017, while monthly prices rise 2.8%, driven mainly by transport , housing, and fuel . (AFP via Barron's ) Disasters and accidents At least 38 people are killed when a ferry strikes rocks and sinks on the Niger River in Diré , Tombouctou Region , Mali . (AP) At least 19 people are killed, four are seriously injured and over 30 others are missing following a landslide triggered by hours of heavy rain in Walikale Territory , North Kivu , Democratic Republic of the Congo . (AP) (Prensa Latina) International relations Philippines–United Arab Emirates relations The Philippines and the United Arab Emirates sign a free trade agreement . ( The Star ) Law and crime Mexican drug war , Mexico–Venezuela relations Mexican police arrest six alleged Tren de Aragua members operating in Mexico City on charges of drug trafficking , extortion , and human trafficking . (AP) Politics and elections 2026 Ugandan general election , Human rights in Uganda Uganda orders a nationwide internet shutdown two days before its general election, with the communications regulator directing service providers to suspend access to curb alleged misinformation and incitement . (AFP via Le Monde ) (Al Jazeera) Science and technology Censorship in Venezuela Venezuelans regain access to the social network X after more than a year of blockage under de jure president Nicolás Maduro . (AFP via CP24) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2026 Iran massacres The U.S.-based non-governmental organization HRAI reports that at least 2,000 people have been killed during nationwide protests in Iran . Meanwhile, independent activist sources contend that the nationwide crackdown has resulted in at least 12,000 to 20,000 people killed. (CBS News) (AP) 2026 Iran massacres The U.S.-based non-governmental organization HRAI reports that at least 2,000 people have been killed during nationwide protests in Iran . Meanwhile, independent activist sources contend that the nationwide crackdown has resulted in at least 12,000 to 20,000 people killed. (CBS News) (AP) The U.S.-based non-governmental organization HRAI reports that at least 2,000 people have been killed during nationwide protests in Iran . Meanwhile, independent activist sources contend that the nationwide crackdown has resulted in at least 12,000 to 20,000 people killed. (CBS News) (AP) Insurgency in Chad At least six people are killed, including three soldiers and three attackers, and 12 others are injured, including two other attackers, in clashes between a rebel group and the Chadian National Army in Korbol , Moyen-Chari , Chad. (Africanews) At least six people are killed, including three soldiers and three attackers, and 12 others are injured, including two other attackers, in clashes between a rebel group and the Chadian National Army in Korbol , Moyen-Chari , Chad. (Africanews) Arts and culture Adelaide Writers' Week boycott Adelaide Writers' Week in Adelaide , Australia , cancels its 2026 festival after director Louise Adler resigned and more than 180 writers withdrew in protest over the board's decision to disinvite Palestinian Australian author Randa Abdel-Fattah . (Reuters) Adelaide Writers' Week in Adelaide , Australia , cancels its 2026 festival after director Louise Adler resigned and more than 180 writers withdrew in protest over the board's decision to disinvite Palestinian Australian author Randa Abdel-Fattah . (Reuters) Business and economy 2018–present Argentine monetary crisis Argentina records a 31.5% annual inflation rate in December, the lowest end-year level since 2017, while monthly prices rise 2.8%, driven mainly by transport , housing, and fuel . (AFP via Barron's ) Argentina records a 31.5% annual inflation rate in December, the lowest end-year level since 2017, while monthly prices rise 2.8%, driven mainly by transport , housing, and fuel . (AFP via Barron's ) Disasters and accidents At least 38 people are killed when a ferry strikes rocks and sinks on the Niger River in Diré , Tombouctou Region , Mali . (AP) At least 19 people are killed, four are seriously injured and over 30 others are missing following a landslide triggered by hours of heavy rain in Walikale Territory , North Kivu , Democratic Republic of the Congo . (AP) (Prensa Latina) International relations Philippines–United Arab Emirates relations The Philippines and the United Arab Emirates sign a free trade agreement . ( The Star ) The Philippines and the United Arab Emirates sign a free trade agreement . ( The Star ) Law and crime Mexican drug war , Mexico–Venezuela relations Mexican police arrest six alleged Tren de Aragua members operating in Mexico City on charges of drug trafficking , extortion , and human trafficking . (AP) Mexican police arrest six alleged Tren de Aragua members operating in Mexico City on charges of drug trafficking , extortion , and human trafficking . (AP) Politics and elections 2026 Ugandan general election , Human rights in Uganda Uganda orders a nationwide internet shutdown two days before its general election, with the communications regulator directing service providers to suspend access to curb alleged misinformation and incitement . (AFP via Le Monde ) (Al Jazeera) Uganda orders a nationwide internet shutdown two days before its general election, with the communications regulator directing service providers to suspend access to curb alleged misinformation and incitement . (AFP via Le Monde ) (Al Jazeera) Science and technology Censorship in Venezuela Venezuelans regain access to the social network X after more than a year of blockage under de jure president Nicolás Maduro . (AFP via CP24) Venezuelans regain access to the social network X after more than a year of blockage under de jure president Nicolás Maduro . (AFP via CP24) Adelaide Writers' Week boycott Nominated by Laterthanyouthink ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Locally huge, including political fallout; internationally of significance to debate around arts censorship, relationship to Israel/Gaza war, reaction recent Bondi Beach shootings (event cancelled and new board appointed 13 Jan) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Laterthanyouthink ( talk • contribs ) 23:09, 14 January 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose per Alsor. The Kip ( contribs ) 00:39, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment "after one was disinvited" is too vague and doesn't provide sufficient context to a first-timer reader, blurb needs a substantial rewrite if it were to be even considered. - Mailer Diablo 06:27, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] This is a description of what happened. No other word really fits. The detail is in the article. Laterthanyouthink ( talk ) 08:34, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The alt is probably better for this reason. Salmon Of Ignorance ( talk ) 11:30, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] It's better, but the alt still doesn't capture the summary essence of the controversy. Will welcome revisions to blurb or more alts being put forward. - Mailer Diablo 12:04, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] We don't typically specify the reasons for protests unless the reason itself is a separate notable subject we can link to. We don't need to try to summarize it in three words; there's a whole article people can read. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 12:41, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I was trying to think of an alt but I think it is too difficult to summarise the issue while maintaining NPOV, so I think keeping it concise is better than having it vague. Salmon Of Ignorance ( talk ) 12:53, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Strong support – A well-written, in-depth article about a subject that easily passes WP:ITNSIGNIF that is not in any other way covered. The cancelation on Jan 13 gives us a clear moment for the blurb as well. For completion sake, let me go through ITNSIGNIF: "The length and depth of coverage itself" – Guardian and Al Jazeera have many paragraphs (also btw showing international interest, not that that's a requirement) "The number of unique articles about the topic" – I'm seeing six pages of results for this on Google News, ranging from Australian news websites, art news websites, and Israeli news websites. "The frequency of updates about the topic" – Articles range from six days ago to today, suggesting a longevity that not all news stories have. "The types of news sources reporting the story" – The Independent is another good example here, besides all the above. Alongside the fact that this is a current story, this firmly establishes INTSIGNIF. Article quality is appropriate too. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 08:45, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] And I've just added The Independent - not sure how I missed that before - and a few more. Thanks. Laterthanyouthink ( talk ) 12:38, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Weak Support - 160,000 average attendees, almost 200 invited writers from diverse countries... this cancellation does seem to have international significance (for comparison, the Frankfurt Book Fair is 280k attendees on average). That being said, I'm not really seeing coverage "above the fold" in mainstream news media - not a requirement, I know, but one would think that the politics of this issue would draw more attention than the scientific discoveries that we post. — Chris Woodrich ( talk ) 11:45, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Alt blurb exactly the kind of thing I've been pushing on the talk page . This directly serves ITN's core purpose of encouraging quality updates in the main space. GreatCaesarsGhost 13:13, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Strong Oppose on notability per Alsor. There's nothing of lasting encyclopaedic value or impact here, and nothing of interest or utility to readers to justify featuring on the homepage. Further from WP:ITNSIGNIF than any nom I can recall. The target article should be a candidate for AfD, and the story, such as it is, compressed into a sentence or two and folded into the primary article for the festival itself. Dr Fell ( talk ) 16:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] It is far too big to include in the festival article - and its ramifications fall outside both Writers' Week and the Adelaide Festival (which btw is one of the most notable arts festivals in the world - the biggest in Australia, as is WW). It's also about arts censorship, freedom of speech, post-Gaza war fallout, etc. And an article attracting 5,500 views is hardly a candidate for deletion. YouR opposition also appears to fall into WP:ITNCDONT . Laterthanyouthink ( talk ) 23:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] It would've been more encyclopedically "clean" if this had been part of the festival's article, and it would've been nice if this incident caused the festival's article to be greatly improved too. But to go as far as that the article should be merged away as per WP:NOTNEWS is a bit far. We have well over a week of international publications covering this boycott. If that doesn't meet both Wikipedia's inclusion criteria and ITNSIGNIF, then I think we would have to crack down on news stories way harder. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 08:57, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose . We wouldn't even consider posting this if it went ahead as normal, so why should we post when it doesn't happen? Lots of events get cancelled for a variety of different reasons. Previous editions of this event don't even have articles, just 1-3 sentences in Adelaide Writers' Week . The article on this year's boycott is impressively detailed - longer than the broader event article - but I'm not seeing anything that would have long term impact or rises to the significance of an ITN blurb. Modest Genius talk 19:49, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] See my comment in response to Dr Fell above. Articles about festivals typically tell you about the history and purpose of the festival, perhaps list some notable appearances, etc. The significance of this one is the crisis it has precipitated locally as well as the broader implications, which have been widely reported, as noted. Laterthanyouthink ( talk ) 23:21, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] RD: Brian Wilshire Nominated by Happily888 ( talk · give credit ) Happily888 ( talk ) 17:24, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose On quality of article. Govvy ( talk ) 18:23, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] RD: David Webb (Hong Kong activist) Nominated by Feminist ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Article updated. feminist🩸 ( talk ) 04:33, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Article quality is sufficient; I'm not worried about the too-short lead. QuicoleJR ( talk ) 16:58, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Weak support I am not sure he is really that notable, however the article looks complete and in good order. Govvy ( talk ) 18:26, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Decent quality. OhanaUnited Talk page 01:57, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Looks ready. Thriley ( talk ) 13:42, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Closed) RD: Lina Bernardi The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Nominated by Chorchapu ( talk · give credit ) Not ready – Article is two-sentences long and cites only one source (which reports her death). A bare minimum amount of work should have been done before nominating such a short article. I question if this article even passes WP:GNG ; note that her article on Italian Wikipedia is very short as well. Nice4What ( talk · contribs ) – ( Thanks ♥ ) 06:34, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Ready) RD: Claudette Colvin Nominated by Natg 19 ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Overall good shape. Natg 19 ( talk ) 01:42, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support – Article looks ready. Nice4What ( talk · contribs ) – ( Thanks ♥ ) 06:06, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support – Article appears well-sourced and in good shape. Funcrunch ( talk ) 22:36, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Ready Good quality article. –DMartin ( talk ) 00:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Ready) RD: Mark Brnovich Nominated by TDKR Chicago 101 ( talk · give credit ) Updated by Normantas Bataitis ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Article updated and well sourced -- TDKR Chicago 101 ( talk ) 22:08, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Article quality is sufficient, one "unreliable source" tag is not enough to prevent posting. QuicoleJR ( talk ) 22:28, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support – Article is in good shape Nice4What ( talk · contribs ) – ( Thanks ♥ ) 06:41, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Ready Sufficient quality. –DMartin ( talk ) 00:22, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Ongoing: Accompany 2026 Iran massacres with Iran protests, Iranian protests (massacres) Nominated by CastleFort1 ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Sources provided report an increasing amount of casualties in the Iran massacres. HRANA placed estimates at 2,000 dead while medical reports per CBS placed the death toll between 12,000 and 20,000. Quality of the article appears sufficient, and the one CN tag attached to a protester name can be easily resolved because there is a reference placed nearby. CastleFort1 ( talk ) 18:35, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support If not as an ongoing, this should be blurbed. These are the worst in the country ever and have captured unrelenting international attention for weeks. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 18:55, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Much like any contentious item at ongoing, but especially so for a sub item of an already listed one, this would require excellent and widespread verification. Which as anyone can tell is simply not the case here. As this is a very novel spinoff of an established article I cannot support the nom for all these reasons given. Gotitbro ( talk ) 19:08, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The article is also woefully failing NPOV. The lead of 2026 Iran massacres says (in wikivoice) "estimates of the total number of protesters killed since the beginning of the protests are in the range of 12,000–20,000". These figures are then cited to Iran International (12,000) and unnamed activists (20,000). This should be nowhere near the Main Page. Gotitbro ( talk ) 19:52, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I have attempted to temper down some of the exceptional claims/figures but still doubt its overall quality. We should really wait for better sources to come out if any attempt to blurb or put it to ongoing is to be made. For instance, Iran International is apparently linked to Saudi Arabia. Not the most impartial of assessors in this dispute ( Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war ). Gotitbro ( talk ) 20:28, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support blurb This is significant enough in its own right that I think it merits a blurb. - Ad Orientem ( talk ) 20:55, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support blurb . It's already the largest massacre in the state's modern history per the reports and casualties are rapidly increasing day by day. A watershed event like this definitely warrants a blurb. JOE BRO 64 21:11, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - the numbers massacred are astronomical for a peacetime non-race/ethnic-related massacre. We are into Tiananmen Square Massacre territory here - I struggle to think of a similar example in the last 40 years. Nfitz ( talk ) 22:19, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support blurb on notability, frightening development. Oppose on quality , the article is mostly a series of proseline and tables, and, for example, that massive table of individual deaths isn't needed. Chaotic Enby ( talk · contribs ) 22:47, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] It would seem prudent to have a separate nomination for a blurb. That way, we get a blurb, or several, that we can discuss. And we may get a target article that is different to what we've got. Schwede 66 23:19, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support blub and as "Ongoing" Significant death toll. ArionStar ( talk ) 00:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support per above. The immense numbers alone are noteworthy; it is the largest massacre in the nation's contemporary history.-- Ronnnaldo7 ( talk ) 06:07, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support as Ongoing due to high significance. The point shouldn't be about how much truth is available, but how much content is verifiable that would benefit the reader. CNC ( talk ) 22:21, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support blub and as "Ongoing" Per all of the above. And for those concerned over the reliability of the number of people massacred - the Iran International report of 12,000 (killed on 8-9 January alone) is based on "information received from a source close to the Supreme National Security Council; two sources in the presidential office; accounts from several sources within the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps in the cities of Mashhad, Kermanshah, and Isfahan; testimonies from eyewitnesses and families of those killed; field reports; data linked to medical centers; and information provided by doctors and nurses in various cities," and is corroborated by CBS, considered a reliable source, independent sources. MelikaShokoufandeh ( talk ) 09:34, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment Given that there is now a separate nomination for a blurb, the !votes under this nomination heading are now a little bit of a mess. Are those who only supported a blurb presumed by implication to oppose ongoing? Flip and Flopped ㋡ 01:30, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Posted) RD: Scott Adams Nominated by Masem ( talk · give credit ) Updated by TDKR Chicago 101 ( talk · give credit ), Engineerchange ( talk · give credit ), DarkStarHarry ( talk · give credit ), Marcus Markup ( talk · give credit ) and Jahaza ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Creator of the Dilbert comic. Note that due to recent political views I anticipate some possible contention in the comments, let's please not go there M asem ( t ) 15:53, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Quality seems good except for the unreferenced publication section. – Muboshgu ( talk ) 16:19, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Most of those should be able to be sourced with an ISBN number, but not all of them. M asem ( t ) 16:22, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I've added a bunch of them, but there's a bunch more to do if someone else could work on them. Jahaza ( talk ) 17:47, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I think I got them all now. @ Muboshgu please review. Jahaza ( talk ) 06:03, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Masem , I think it should be good to go now. Jahaza ( talk ) 06:06, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yup, looks like thats all be ISBNed, blue-linked or sourced. Should be ready now. M asem ( t ) 12:29, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - I have literally busted sutures reading his strips in the 90s as they were WAY too close to workplace absurdity/reality. Article is of sufficient quality for RD. CoatCheck ( talk ) 16:26, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - Article is well sourced and the author is well known. Guz13 ( talk ) 16:52, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Blurb Adams was a multifaceted influence. His cartoon adorns office doors worldwide. His political messaging has been indispensable to the current administration. His most interesting book, God's Debris , was vital to the resurgence of the philosophy of Pandeism . Hyperbolick ( talk ) 17:39, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose blurb does not have the documented legacy suggested here. Divert was popular but that doesn't equate to being a major figure. And the political issues are definitely not elements influential to the current admin. M asem ( t ) 17:42, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I don't think so; he's certainly not at the level as to be blurbable. Nowhere near a "transformative figure" in any way except a narrow niche of comics. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 17:42, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yeah, this understates how huge Dilbert was in the early 90s. Jahaza ( talk ) 17:47, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] That said, oppose blurb as unnecessary. Jahaza ( talk ) 18:10, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose blurb I left my comment above but I'll formally register my !vote. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 17:43, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support RD Article is solid and well sourced. Article is IMO ready for posting. Oppose blurb Adams was a significant figure, but nowhere near the level of importance we typically look for when considering a blurb. - Ad Orientem ( talk ) 17:45, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Blurb - simply not that transformative or significant. I would be interestingly phrased though - the national media here lead with his racism . Nfitz ( talk ) 18:01, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose blurb : I feel like this is obvious. Adams does not meet the standard of a major figure. I do support RD (when ready) as the quality is (almost) there (APART from the unsourced publications section which needs more ISBNs). -- The Robot Parade 18:21, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support blurb ITN has posted the image of Faustin-Archange Touadéra for 7 straight days now. It's like ITN is run by Wally . Andrew 🐉( talk ) 18:25, 13 January 2026 (UTC) ( edit conflict ) [ reply ] What does that photo have to do with whether this pro-white person is blurbed? @ Andrew Davidson ? Nfitz ( talk ) 18:29, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Not at all a reason to post a blurb. M asem ( t ) 18:29, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Just because it's a slow news week doesn't mean we should lower our expectations for blurbs. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 18:31, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How long are you going to keep using that argument? It's completely useless and contributes nothing. I can't believe you still don't understand. Alsor97 ( talk ) 19:00, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The numbers are in now and the subject was the top read article on Wikipedia yesterday. Faustin-Archange Touadéra's readership was comparatively insignificant with less than 1% of Adams'. ITN's dogged determination to keep running such stale stuff is the sort of dysfunction that Adams satirised so well. He was a best-seller. ITN isn't. Andrew 🐉( talk ) 08:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Another argument you use that you have been told a thousand times is useless. You should seriously consider your contribution in this space. Alsor97 ( talk ) 10:48, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I’ve seen repeated questions of why Andrew posts the statistics that he does and that it is not helpful in the ITN space, but the only Talk page comments I’ve seen bring it up have been quickly dismissed. At what point does ANI need to get involved here? Ghost Stalker ( Got a present for ya! / Mission Log ) 12:06, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Not just stale – ITN regularly blurbs content of no interest to readers. Dr Fell ( talk ) 20:26, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Indeed. Another day on and Scott Adams is holding up well -- top read for a second day and almost a million total views now. ITN has blurbed the Thai train story instead but that seems to have dropped out of the news quickly and only has 12K views for the day... Andrew 🐉( talk ) 14:50, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose on quality Publications still needs work done. Oppose blurb as nothing in the article (such as a legacy section) really highlights how Adams was influential/impactful in his field. -- TDKR Chicago 101 ( talk ) 18:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ TDKR Chicago 101 please review updated publications section. Jahaza ( talk ) 06:04, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Blurb, Support RD . Article may indeed need some work, but it's definitely sufficient for an RD. I oppose the blurb mainly because I don't think he was that influential. Oppose RD for now; orange tag on his publications section. Oppose blurb . Yes, Dilbert is common in North America, but he was not a transformational figure. — Chris Woodrich ( talk ) 19:37, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Crisco 1492 please review publications section. Yellow tag removed, citations and isbns added, some titles corrected. Jahaza ( talk ) 06:05, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support RD . Struck my oppose. Publications section is much better. — Chris Woodrich ( talk ) 11:49, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose blurb Giant trout to those supporting a blurb, media coverage aside what if anything qualifies this RD as blurbable (especially if we discount recent controversies) is what I would ask. About RD: read the article a while ago and it looked fine to me but quite the delve into controversial coverage whether that is a facet of his career or editor misjudgment I cannot tell. Gotitbro ( talk ) 21:51, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The controversy bit seems to be crucial to his biography - the first I personally heard of him was him getting cancelled in the papers, and it's been a major turning point in his career. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 23:55, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support but not to the blurb. Unless it's Joanne Rowling.-- ZKang123 ( talk · contribs ) 00:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] At this rate nothing is going to show up at all. Support RD at the very least, prominent cartoonist that used to be on the same level as Peanuts and Calvin and Hobbes. - Mailer Diablo 02:43, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support RD The article is of sufficient quality and I see no reason to oppose listing as a recent death. -- The SandDoctor Talk 06:24, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Posted as RD. Chaotic Enby ( talk · contribs ) 13:10, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] RD: Iqbal Athas Nominated by Natg 19 ( talk · give credit ) Natg 19 ( talk ) 07:28, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment Is the birth year cited? Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 14:21, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The source given is an article from May 11, 2000 which refers to him as 55 years old. This would actually mean he was born in either 1945 or 1944. Salmon Of Ignorance ( talk ) 15:24, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The way to deal with this properly is to use the Template:Age as of date Template:Birth based on age as of date in the body of the article, and then put the reference immediately behind it. Stops you from having to guess what ref #1 actually verifies. Schwede 66 23:15, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Sorry, correct template is now shown. If nobody can be bothered attending to the issue, then I'll do it myself. But that also means that I won't be posting the item to the main page. Schwede 66 02:30, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I added the template to the lede and infobox. Salmon Of Ignorance ( talk ) 08:55, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] January 12 Portal:Current events/2026 January 12 January 12, 2026 ( 2026-01-12 ) (Monday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Palestinian internal political violence The Israeli -backed militant organization Counter-Terrorism Strike Force says it has assassinated Mahmoud Al-Astal, head of a Hamas -run police unit in Khan Yunis , Gaza Strip . (Reuters) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa A roadside bomb targeting a police vehicle kills six officers near the Afghan border in northwestern Pakistan . (AP) Myanmar civil war , Bangladesh–Myanmar relations Bangladesh detains 53 Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army members that crossed into Bangladesh amid fighting with the Arakan Army in Rakhine State , Myanmar . (AFP via The Straits Times ) Sudanese civil war A Rapid Support Forces missile strike kills ten civilians and wounds nine others in Singa , Sennar State , Sudan . (AA) Business and economy Spanish property bubble Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez issues a decree that tightens rent regulations by limiting short-term rentals and offering full tax refunds to landlords who renew contracts without rent increases, as the country faces a housing shortfall of about 500,000 homes and average rents that have doubled over the past decade. (Reuters) Disasters and accidents One person is killed and 35 others are injured in a meteotsunami at several beaches in Argentina . ( People ) Health and environment Climate change in Morocco A seven-year drought ends in Morocco after a 95 percent increase in winter rainfall compared with 2025 was recorded. (Reuters) International relations Somalia–United Arab Emirates relations Constitutional crisis in Somalia Cabinets of the Federal Government of Somalia claim to repel the United Arab Emirates from operating in the ports of Berbera , Bosaso , and Kismayo for their support of Somaliland . The Somaliland, Puntland , and Jubaland governments subsequently dismiss the decision. (Middle East Eye) (Dawan Africa) (The New Arab) Law and crime Cambodia–South Korea relations , Scam centers in Cambodia Cambodian and South Korean police arrest 26 suspects accused of impersonation scams and sexual exploitation that allegedly defrauded 165 South Korean victims of about ₩26.7 billion (US$18.25 million), with authorities set to extradite the suspects to South Korea . (Reuters) Corruption in Georgia Former Georgian prime minister Irakli Garibashvili pleads guilty to large-scale money-laundering charges and receives a five-year prison sentence and a ₾ 1-million (US$371,829) fine after investigators seize about $6.5 million in cash during raids on his residence. (Reuters) Corruption in Poland , Hungary–Poland relations Former Polish justice minister Zbigniew Ziobro receives political asylum in Hungary while Polish prosecutors investigate him on 26 counts related to alleged misuse of a crime victims fund and other abuses of office under the first Morawiecki cabinet . ( The Guardian ) Corsican conflict Former National Liberation Front of Corsica leader Alain Orsoni is assassinated by a gunman at his mother's funeral in Vero, Corse-du-Sud , Corsica , France . (Reuters) War on drugs Swedish police seize three tonnes of cocaine found in a shipping container from South America at the Port of Helsingborg , making it the country 's single-largest seizure of the illegal drug . (Reuters) Spanish police , in coordination with the UK National Crime Agency and the US DEA , seize 10 tonnes of cocaine hidden among a cargo of salt on a cargo ship off the Canary Islands . It is the country 's largest ever seizure of drugs at sea. Thirteen people on board the vessel are arrested. ( The Guardian ) Venezuela releases between 41 and 116 political prisoners who were detained due to acts associated with civil disobedience the constitutional order. (Al Jazeera) Science and technology Criticism of Twitter The United Kingdom 's Ofcom opens an investigation into X over complaints about the creation of deepfake sexualised images by its chatbot Grok . (RTÉ) Meta reports that it has shut down over 544,000 accounts of users under the age of 16 on Facebook , Instagram , and Threads in response to Australian social media age restrictions . (DW) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Palestinian internal political violence The Israeli -backed militant organization Counter-Terrorism Strike Force says it has assassinated Mahmoud Al-Astal, head of a Hamas -run police unit in Khan Yunis , Gaza Strip . (Reuters) Palestinian internal political violence The Israeli -backed militant organization Counter-Terrorism Strike Force says it has assassinated Mahmoud Al-Astal, head of a Hamas -run police unit in Khan Yunis , Gaza Strip . (Reuters) The Israeli -backed militant organization Counter-Terrorism Strike Force says it has assassinated Mahmoud Al-Astal, head of a Hamas -run police unit in Khan Yunis , Gaza Strip . (Reuters) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa A roadside bomb targeting a police vehicle kills six officers near the Afghan border in northwestern Pakistan . (AP) A roadside bomb targeting a police vehicle kills six officers near the Afghan border in northwestern Pakistan . (AP) Myanmar civil war , Bangladesh–Myanmar relations Bangladesh detains 53 Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army members that crossed into Bangladesh amid fighting with the Arakan Army in Rakhine State , Myanmar . (AFP via The Straits Times ) Bangladesh detains 53 Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army members that crossed into Bangladesh amid fighting with the Arakan Army in Rakhine State , Myanmar . (AFP via The Straits Times ) Sudanese civil war A Rapid Support Forces missile strike kills ten civilians and wounds nine others in Singa , Sennar State , Sudan . (AA) A Rapid Support Forces missile strike kills ten civilians and wounds nine others in Singa , Sennar State , Sudan . (AA) Business and economy Spanish property bubble Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez issues a decree that tightens rent regulations by limiting short-term rentals and offering full tax refunds to landlords who renew contracts without rent increases, as the country faces a housing shortfall of about 500,000 homes and average rents that have doubled over the past decade. (Reuters) Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez issues a decree that tightens rent regulations by limiting short-term rentals and offering full tax refunds to landlords who renew contracts without rent increases, as the country faces a housing shortfall of about 500,000 homes and average rents that have doubled over the past decade. (Reuters) Disasters and accidents One person is killed and 35 others are injured in a meteotsunami at several beaches in Argentina . ( People ) Health and environment Climate change in Morocco A seven-year drought ends in Morocco after a 95 percent increase in winter rainfall compared with 2025 was recorded. (Reuters) A seven-year drought ends in Morocco after a 95 percent increase in winter rainfall compared with 2025 was recorded. (Reuters) International relations Somalia–United Arab Emirates relations Constitutional crisis in Somalia Cabinets of the Federal Government of Somalia claim to repel the United Arab Emirates from operating in the ports of Berbera , Bosaso , and Kismayo for their support of Somaliland . The Somaliland, Puntland , and Jubaland governments subsequently dismiss the decision. (Middle East Eye) (Dawan Africa) (The New Arab) Constitutional crisis in Somalia Cabinets of the Federal Government of Somalia claim to repel the United Arab Emirates from operating in the ports of Berbera , Bosaso , and Kismayo for their support of Somaliland . The Somaliland, Puntland , and Jubaland governments subsequently dismiss the decision. (Middle East Eye) (Dawan Africa) (The New Arab) Cabinets of the Federal Government of Somalia claim to repel the United Arab Emirates from operating in the ports of Berbera , Bosaso , and Kismayo for their support of Somaliland . The Somaliland, Puntland , and Jubaland governments subsequently dismiss the decision. (Middle East Eye) (Dawan Africa) (The New Arab) Law and crime Cambodia–South Korea relations , Scam centers in Cambodia Cambodian and South Korean police arrest 26 suspects accused of impersonation scams and sexual exploitation that allegedly defrauded 165 South Korean victims of about ₩26.7 billion (US$18.25 million), with authorities set to extradite the suspects to South Korea . (Reuters) Cambodian and South Korean police arrest 26 suspects accused of impersonation scams and sexual exploitation that allegedly defrauded 165 South Korean victims of about ₩26.7 billion (US$18.25 million), with authorities set to extradite the suspects to South Korea . (Reuters) Corruption in Georgia Former Georgian prime minister Irakli Garibashvili pleads guilty to large-scale money-laundering charges and receives a five-year prison sentence and a ₾ 1-million (US$371,829) fine after investigators seize about $6.5 million in cash during raids on his residence. (Reuters) Former Georgian prime minister Irakli Garibashvili pleads guilty to large-scale money-laundering charges and receives a five-year prison sentence and a ₾ 1-million (US$371,829) fine after investigators seize about $6.5 million in cash during raids on his residence. (Reuters) Corruption in Poland , Hungary–Poland relations Former Polish justice minister Zbigniew Ziobro receives political asylum in Hungary while Polish prosecutors investigate him on 26 counts related to alleged misuse of a crime victims fund and other abuses of office under the first Morawiecki cabinet . ( The Guardian ) Former Polish justice minister Zbigniew Ziobro receives political asylum in Hungary while Polish prosecutors investigate him on 26 counts related to alleged misuse of a crime victims fund and other abuses of office under the first Morawiecki cabinet . ( The Guardian ) Corsican conflict Former National Liberation Front of Corsica leader Alain Orsoni is assassinated by a gunman at his mother's funeral in Vero, Corse-du-Sud , Corsica , France . (Reuters) Former National Liberation Front of Corsica leader Alain Orsoni is assassinated by a gunman at his mother's funeral in Vero, Corse-du-Sud , Corsica , France . (Reuters) War on drugs Swedish police seize three tonnes of cocaine found in a shipping container from South America at the Port of Helsingborg , making it the country 's single-largest seizure of the illegal drug . (Reuters) Spanish police , in coordination with the UK National Crime Agency and the US DEA , seize 10 tonnes of cocaine hidden among a cargo of salt on a cargo ship off the Canary Islands . It is the country 's largest ever seizure of drugs at sea. Thirteen people on board the vessel are arrested. ( The Guardian ) Swedish police seize three tonnes of cocaine found in a shipping container from South America at the Port of Helsingborg , making it the country 's single-largest seizure of the illegal drug . (Reuters) Spanish police , in coordination with the UK National Crime Agency and the US DEA , seize 10 tonnes of cocaine hidden among a cargo of salt on a cargo ship off the Canary Islands . It is the country 's largest ever seizure of drugs at sea. Thirteen people on board the vessel are arrested. ( The Guardian ) Venezuela releases between 41 and 116 political prisoners who were detained due to acts associated with civil disobedience the constitutional order. (Al Jazeera) Science and technology Criticism of Twitter The United Kingdom 's Ofcom opens an investigation into X over complaints about the creation of deepfake sexualised images by its chatbot Grok . (RTÉ) The United Kingdom 's Ofcom opens an investigation into X over complaints about the creation of deepfake sexualised images by its chatbot Grok . (RTÉ) Meta reports that it has shut down over 544,000 accounts of users under the age of 16 on Facebook , Instagram , and Threads in response to Australian social media age restrictions . (DW) RD: Mochammad Djamhari Nominated by Onegreatjoke ( talk · give credit ) Updated by Faldi00 ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Article looks good. Onegreatjoke ( talk ) 19:16, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] RD: Alain Orsoni Nominated by Natg 19 ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Needs work still. Natg 19 ( talk ) 07:26, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose on Quality . Interesting guy, interesting death, but entirely too much unsourced content at the moment. :/ Commandant Quacks-a-lot ( talk ) 20:18, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] January 11 Portal:Current events/2026 January 11 January 11, 2026 ( 2026-01-11 ) (Sunday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Syrian conflict SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes January 2026 Aleppo clashes The Syrian Democratic Forces withdraw from Aleppo following negotiations with the Syrian transitional government . (Al Jazeera) Russo-Ukrainian war Attacks in Russia during the Russo-Ukrainian war A woman is killed and around a dozen residential buildings are damaged in an overnight Ukrainian drone attack on Voronezh , Russia . (Reuters) Russian attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war At least four people are killed and 20 others are injured in overnight Russian drone attacks across Ukraine . (Euronews) 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2026 Los Angeles ramming attack Two people are injured in a suspected vehicle-ramming attack when a U-Haul truck strikes multiple people during an anti-Iranian government protest in Los Angeles , California , United States , after protesters strike the vehicle with hands and flags. No one is hospitalized after the incident. (BNO News) Non-governmental organization HRAI verifies the deaths of 483 protesters and 47 security personnel in Iran since the start of the protests. (Sky News) (Reuters) Amidst the ongoing internet blackout , the Iranian government successfully shuts down the Starlink internet for the first time. ( The Times of Israel ) Sudanese civil war Sudanese prime minister Kamil Idris announces that the government will return to the capital of Khartoum after previously operating out of Port Sudan for much of the conflict. (Al Jazeera) Arts and culture 83rd Golden Globe Awards At this year's Golden Globe Awards , Hamnet and One Battle After Another win Best Dramatic and Best Comedic or Musical Film , respectively, while The Pitt and The Studio win Best Drama and Best Comedy or Musical in television, respectively. ( Los Angeles Times ) Business and economy China–Egypt relations , Foreign relations of Norway Egypt signs renewable energy agreements worth US$ 1.8 billion with China and Norway . (Al Arabiya) Disasters and accidents 2025–26 Australian bushfire season One person is killed and at least 300 properties are destroyed by wildfires across Victoria and New South Wales , Australia . A state of emergency is declared in Victoria with thousands of firefighters and more than 70 aircraft deployed to combat the fires. (BBC News) Eight people are killed and 12 others are injured in an explosion during wedding festivities at a house in Islamabad , Pakistan . ( Dawn ) The death toll from avalanches in the French Alps over the weekend rises to six as three more skiers are killed. (AFP via South China Morning Post ) Four people are killed and five others are injured after two cars collide head-on in Bolton , Greater Manchester , United Kingdom . (BBC News) Law and crime Three inmates are killed and 14 others are injured, including a corrections officer, in a prison fight at the Washington State Prison in Davisboro, Georgia , United States. (AP) Politics and elections 2025–26 Myanmar general election Citizens of Myanmar vote in the second phase to elect the nation's bicameral legislature . One more phase of voting is expected in late January. (AP) 2026 Beninese parliamentary election Citizens in Benin vote to elect the 109 members of the National Assembly more than one month after a thwarted coup attempt . (RFI) Sports 2026 United Cup In tennis , Poland win their first United Cup title after defeating Switzerland 2–1 in the final at the Ken Rosewall Arena in Sydney , Australia. (Reuters) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Syrian conflict SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes January 2026 Aleppo clashes The Syrian Democratic Forces withdraw from Aleppo following negotiations with the Syrian transitional government . (Al Jazeera) SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes January 2026 Aleppo clashes The Syrian Democratic Forces withdraw from Aleppo following negotiations with the Syrian transitional government . (Al Jazeera) January 2026 Aleppo clashes The Syrian Democratic Forces withdraw from Aleppo following negotiations with the Syrian transitional government . (Al Jazeera) The Syrian Democratic Forces withdraw from Aleppo following negotiations with the Syrian transitional government . (Al Jazeera) Russo-Ukrainian war Attacks in Russia during the Russo-Ukrainian war A woman is killed and around a dozen residential buildings are damaged in an overnight Ukrainian drone attack on Voronezh , Russia . (Reuters) Russian attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war At least four people are killed and 20 others are injured in overnight Russian drone attacks across Ukraine . (Euronews) Attacks in Russia during the Russo-Ukrainian war A woman is killed and around a dozen residential buildings are damaged in an overnight Ukrainian drone attack on Voronezh , Russia . (Reuters) A woman is killed and around a dozen residential buildings are damaged in an overnight Ukrainian drone attack on Voronezh , Russia . (Reuters) Russian attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war At least four people are killed and 20 others are injured in overnight Russian drone attacks across Ukraine . (Euronews) At least four people are killed and 20 others are injured in overnight Russian drone attacks across Ukraine . (Euronews) 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2026 Los Angeles ramming attack Two people are injured in a suspected vehicle-ramming attack when a U-Haul truck strikes multiple people during an anti-Iranian government protest in Los Angeles , California , United States , after protesters strike the vehicle with hands and flags. No one is hospitalized after the incident. (BNO News) Non-governmental organization HRAI verifies the deaths of 483 protesters and 47 security personnel in Iran since the start of the protests. (Sky News) (Reuters) Amidst the ongoing internet blackout , the Iranian government successfully shuts down the Starlink internet for the first time. ( The Times of Israel ) 2026 Los Angeles ramming attack Two people are injured in a suspected vehicle-ramming attack when a U-Haul truck strikes multiple people during an anti-Iranian government protest in Los Angeles , California , United States , after protesters strike the vehicle with hands and flags. No one is hospitalized after the incident. (BNO News) Two people are injured in a suspected vehicle-ramming attack when a U-Haul truck strikes multiple people during an anti-Iranian government protest in Los Angeles , California , United States , after protesters strike the vehicle with hands and flags. No one is hospitalized after the incident. (BNO News) Non-governmental organization HRAI verifies the deaths of 483 protesters and 47 security personnel in Iran since the start of the protests. (Sky News) (Reuters) Amidst the ongoing internet blackout , the Iranian government successfully shuts down the Starlink internet for the first time. ( The Times of Israel ) Sudanese civil war Sudanese prime minister Kamil Idris announces that the government will return to the capital of Khartoum after previously operating out of Port Sudan for much of the conflict. (Al Jazeera) Sudanese prime minister Kamil Idris announces that the government will return to the capital of Khartoum after previously operating out of Port Sudan for much of the conflict. (Al Jazeera) Arts and culture 83rd Golden Globe Awards At this year's Golden Globe Awards , Hamnet and One Battle After Another win Best Dramatic and Best Comedic or Musical Film , respectively, while The Pitt and The Studio win Best Drama and Best Comedy or Musical in television, respectively. ( Los Angeles Times ) At this year's Golden Globe Awards , Hamnet and One Battle After Another win Best Dramatic and Best Comedic or Musical Film , respectively, while The Pitt and The Studio win Best Drama and Best Comedy or Musical in television, respectively. ( Los Angeles Times ) Business and economy China–Egypt relations , Foreign relations of Norway Egypt signs renewable energy agreements worth US$ 1.8 billion with China and Norway . (Al Arabiya) Egypt signs renewable energy agreements worth US$ 1.8 billion with China and Norway . (Al Arabiya) Disasters and accidents 2025–26 Australian bushfire season One person is killed and at least 300 properties are destroyed by wildfires across Victoria and New South Wales , Australia . A state of emergency is declared in Victoria with thousands of firefighters and more than 70 aircraft deployed to combat the fires. (BBC News) One person is killed and at least 300 properties are destroyed by wildfires across Victoria and New South Wales , Australia . A state of emergency is declared in Victoria with thousands of firefighters and more than 70 aircraft deployed to combat the fires. (BBC News) Eight people are killed and 12 others are injured in an explosion during wedding festivities at a house in Islamabad , Pakistan . ( Dawn ) The death toll from avalanches in the French Alps over the weekend rises to six as three more skiers are killed. (AFP via South China Morning Post ) Four people are killed and five others are injured after two cars collide head-on in Bolton , Greater Manchester , United Kingdom . (BBC News) Law and crime Three inmates are killed and 14 others are injured, including a corrections officer, in a prison fight at the Washington State Prison in Davisboro, Georgia , United States. (AP) Politics and elections 2025–26 Myanmar general election Citizens of Myanmar vote in the second phase to elect the nation's bicameral legislature . One more phase of voting is expected in late January. (AP) Citizens of Myanmar vote in the second phase to elect the nation's bicameral legislature . One more phase of voting is expected in late January. (AP) 2026 Beninese parliamentary election Citizens in Benin vote to elect the 109 members of the National Assembly more than one month after a thwarted coup attempt . (RFI) Citizens in Benin vote to elect the 109 members of the National Assembly more than one month after a thwarted coup attempt . (RFI) Sports 2026 United Cup In tennis , Poland win their first United Cup title after defeating Switzerland 2–1 in the final at the Ken Rosewall Arena in Sydney , Australia. (Reuters) In tennis , Poland win their first United Cup title after defeating Switzerland 2–1 in the final at the Ken Rosewall Arena in Sydney , Australia. (Reuters) (Ready) RD: John Wallace (trumpeter) Updated and nominated by Gerda Arendt ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Scottish trumpeter who came from brass band tradition, became principal trumpet of the Philharmonia Orchestra for 19 years, founded his own band simultaneously, became principal of the Scottish Conservatoire, influential in education, historic instruments, you name it. Most elder readers will have seen him (but not know it) as solo trumpeter in the telecast of the wedding of Prince Charles and Diana. The sources were mostly there, but not much detail taken from them. -- Gerda Arendt ( talk ) 20:50, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support It may not be the best article but it passes the requirements. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 23:10, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - RD ready. Sourcing looks good. BabbaQ ( talk ) 12:03, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] RD: Miroslava Pešíková Created and nominated by BabbaQ ( talk · give credit ) BabbaQ ( talk ) 13:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Benin election Nominated by Chorchapu ( talk · give credit ) Updated by CastleFort1 ( talk · give credit ) Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 18:34, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] oppose/wait till results then post Otto ( talk ) 19:09, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Not ready , there are no results in the article yet. This nomination is premature - articles are supposed to be updated before beginning an ITN nomination. Modest Genius talk 20:06, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] RD: Dave Giusti Nominated by Muboshgu ( talk · give credit ) – Muboshgu ( talk ) 18:12, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Closed) 83rd Golden Globe Awards The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Nominated by ArionStar ( talk · give credit ) Oppose Wagner Moura was not the first Brazilian to win a Golden Globe as, for example, there was Walter Salles in 1998. Andrew 🐉( talk ) 08:29, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Blurb mentions he is first to win in that specific category, not overall. jolielover♥ talk 09:03, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose not significant enough, especially when narrowed down to one category. I would support an alternate blurb, like At the 83rd Golden Globe Awards , xyz won Best Picture to highlight the biggest award that night. jolielover♥ talk 09:05, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose blurb as written - to be blunt “first [nationality] to win a Golden Globe in [x category]” is not ITN material. Not opposed to blurbing the Golden Globes in general, however, and would have to consider other proposed blurbs. The Kip ( contribs ) 09:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] SNOW Quite obviously (and blatantly) not worth posting and not going to be posted. "Person becomes first from X country to win Y award at Z award show" is many layers of cruft below ITN. -- Kicking222 ( talk ) 10:46, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Golden Globes have always been considered secondary for both the Oscars and Emmys for US film and television, and the diffusion of categories makes it very subjective as to what wins to feature (compared to both Oscars and Emmys where its far easier to tell). And focusing the blurb on one specific win because it is the first X from country Y to win is very much not significant for ITN. M asem ( t ) 12:21, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose the nominated blurb as trivial (it might work at DYK if the article qualifies there). More broadly, I understand we stopped posting the Golden Globes some time ago, and I don't see anything unusual about this year that should change that. Modest Genius talk 16:38, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] RD: Richard Codey Nominated by Thriley ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: The governor of New Jersey from 2004 to 2006. Thriley ( talk ) 15:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Cabinet and Legacy sections are unsourced. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 19:46, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Legacy portion fixed. Bremps ... 04:38, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Ready) RD: Derek Martin Updated and nominated by ItsShandog ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: English actor best known for playing Charlie Slater in EastEnders . ItsShandog ( talk ) 15:46, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - Good sourcing. Ready.-- BabbaQ ( talk ) 12:01, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Closed) 2025–2026 Iranian protests The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Nominated by Abcmaxx ( talk · give credit ) Oppose The protests themselves were already blurbed earlier this month, on January 2 . However, due to a busy news cycle, it was off by January 4. In addition, Globetrotter30 seems to have nominated the bolded article, Deaths during the 2025–2026 Iranian protests , for deletion, although I don't quite yet see a corresponding entry at AfD. Flip and Flopped ㋡ 14:51, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Also, the protests are at ongoing. Yes, they have gotten significantly more violent but there's likely going to be a more significant point-of-no-return event in the future that would be a good reason to post a blurb while the ongoing is present. M asem ( t ) 15:02, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support With 2000 people killed, this deserves a separate blurb. Tradedia talk 18:39, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] It got one earlier in January though, just without reference to a specific number of people killed. Flip and Flopped ㋡ 02:05, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yes, but the number killed is the important part here. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 02:12, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support per Tradedia, the highest number of casualties since 1988. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 19:42, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose - this is at ongoing already. This is why we have ongoing, so we don't need to debate the reposts of ongoing major news events. Nfitz ( talk ) 21:54, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose we already posted the same blurb, and this is also listed at ongoing. We should not keep posting the same blurb. Natg 19 ( talk ) 04:27, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose per Natg 19. DonDragonWilson99 ( talk ) 07:16, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Ongoing and not a significantly new blurb (merely an addendum to one which has already rolled off). Gotitbro ( talk ) 07:25, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose as we’ve got the ongoing item. The Kip ( contribs ) 09:44, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] January 10 Portal:Current events/2026 January 10 January 10, 2026 ( 2026-01-10 ) (Saturday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Syrian conflict SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes January 2026 Aleppo clashes A kamikaze drone of unknown origin strikes a governate building in Aleppo , Syria , while government officials were holding a conference inside, a day after the government declared a ceasefire in the city. (Al Jazeera) Operation Hawkeye Strike The United States military launches airstrikes against Islamic State targets in Syria . (Sky News) (Fox News) Crisis in Venezuela , War on drugs , United States–Venezuela relations 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela The U.S. State Department urges Americans to leave Venezuela immediately, following reports that Colectivos were targeting them. ( The Guardian ) Disasters and accidents 2026 Binaliw landslide The death toll from a garbage landslide in Cebu City , Philippines , rises to at least four, while 12 of about 50 buried sanitation workers are rescued. (AFP via Arab News ) 2026 Paipa Piper PA-31 crash Six people are killed, including musician Yeison Jiménez , when a Piper PA-31 Navajo crashes in Paipa , Boyacá Department , Colombia . (BNO News) International relations Argentina–Brazil relations , Argentina–Venezuela relations , International reactions to the 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela Brazil returns responsibility to Argentina for its diplomatic representation and custody of the Argentine embassy in Venezuela after overseeing the mission in Caracas since 2024 following the expulsion of Argentine diplomats under the Nicolás Maduro administration . (Reuters) Politics and elections 2025 Egyptian parliamentary election Egypt 's National Elections Authority finalizes the remaining 49 parliamentary seats, confirming that President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 's allies retain the two-thirds supermajority needed to amend the constitution , while opposition parties and independents hold about 158 of 568 elected seats. (Reuters) Nicaragua–United States relations Nicaragua releases dozens of prisoners after the United States publicly demanded the release of more than 60 political prisoners . (Al Jazeera) 2025 Honduran general election The Chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Honduran Armed Forces Héctor Valerio informs that the already confirmed election results and the transfer of power would be guaranteed despite President Xiomara Castro 's decree demanding a recount of the results. ( Tiempo ) Science and technology Pornography Act Indonesia suspends access to the Grok chatbot over concerns about the generation of pornographic content and summons representatives of its developer, xAI , for investigation. (Reuters) Sports 2025–26 FA Cup Macclesfield 2–1 Crystal Palace In association football , National League North team Macclesfield beat the FA Cup defending champions Crystal Palace 2–1, in statistically the biggest upset in the competition's 155-year history . (BBC Sport) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Syrian conflict SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes January 2026 Aleppo clashes A kamikaze drone of unknown origin strikes a governate building in Aleppo , Syria , while government officials were holding a conference inside, a day after the government declared a ceasefire in the city. (Al Jazeera) Operation Hawkeye Strike The United States military launches airstrikes against Islamic State targets in Syria . (Sky News) (Fox News) SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes January 2026 Aleppo clashes A kamikaze drone of unknown origin strikes a governate building in Aleppo , Syria , while government officials were holding a conference inside, a day after the government declared a ceasefire in the city. (Al Jazeera) January 2026 Aleppo clashes A kamikaze drone of unknown origin strikes a governate building in Aleppo , Syria , while government officials were holding a conference inside, a day after the government declared a ceasefire in the city. (Al Jazeera) A kamikaze drone of unknown origin strikes a governate building in Aleppo , Syria , while government officials were holding a conference inside, a day after the government declared a ceasefire in the city. (Al Jazeera) Operation Hawkeye Strike The United States military launches airstrikes against Islamic State targets in Syria . (Sky News) (Fox News) The United States military launches airstrikes against Islamic State targets in Syria . (Sky News) (Fox News) Crisis in Venezuela , War on drugs , United States–Venezuela relations 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela The U.S. State Department urges Americans to leave Venezuela immediately, following reports that Colectivos were targeting them. ( The Guardian ) 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela The U.S. State Department urges Americans to leave Venezuela immediately, following reports that Colectivos were targeting them. ( The Guardian ) The U.S. State Department urges Americans to leave Venezuela immediately, following reports that Colectivos were targeting them. ( The Guardian ) Disasters and accidents 2026 Binaliw landslide The death toll from a garbage landslide in Cebu City , Philippines , rises to at least four, while 12 of about 50 buried sanitation workers are rescued. (AFP via Arab News ) The death toll from a garbage landslide in Cebu City , Philippines , rises to at least four, while 12 of about 50 buried sanitation workers are rescued. (AFP via Arab News ) 2026 Paipa Piper PA-31 crash Six people are killed, including musician Yeison Jiménez , when a Piper PA-31 Navajo crashes in Paipa , Boyacá Department , Colombia . (BNO News) Six people are killed, including musician Yeison Jiménez , when a Piper PA-31 Navajo crashes in Paipa , Boyacá Department , Colombia . (BNO News) International relations Argentina–Brazil relations , Argentina–Venezuela relations , International reactions to the 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela Brazil returns responsibility to Argentina for its diplomatic representation and custody of the Argentine embassy in Venezuela after overseeing the mission in Caracas since 2024 following the expulsion of Argentine diplomats under the Nicolás Maduro administration . (Reuters) Brazil returns responsibility to Argentina for its diplomatic representation and custody of the Argentine embassy in Venezuela after overseeing the mission in Caracas since 2024 following the expulsion of Argentine diplomats under the Nicolás Maduro administration . (Reuters) Politics and elections 2025 Egyptian parliamentary election Egypt 's National Elections Authority finalizes the remaining 49 parliamentary seats, confirming that President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 's allies retain the two-thirds supermajority needed to amend the constitution , while opposition parties and independents hold about 158 of 568 elected seats. (Reuters) Egypt 's National Elections Authority finalizes the remaining 49 parliamentary seats, confirming that President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi 's allies retain the two-thirds supermajority needed to amend the constitution , while opposition parties and independents hold about 158 of 568 elected seats. (Reuters) Nicaragua–United States relations Nicaragua releases dozens of prisoners after the United States publicly demanded the release of more than 60 political prisoners . (Al Jazeera) Nicaragua releases dozens of prisoners after the United States publicly demanded the release of more than 60 political prisoners . (Al Jazeera) 2025 Honduran general election The Chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Honduran Armed Forces Héctor Valerio informs that the already confirmed election results and the transfer of power would be guaranteed despite President Xiomara Castro 's decree demanding a recount of the results. ( Tiempo ) The Chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Honduran Armed Forces Héctor Valerio informs that the already confirmed election results and the transfer of power would be guaranteed despite President Xiomara Castro 's decree demanding a recount of the results. ( Tiempo ) Science and technology Pornography Act Indonesia suspends access to the Grok chatbot over concerns about the generation of pornographic content and summons representatives of its developer, xAI , for investigation. (Reuters) Indonesia suspends access to the Grok chatbot over concerns about the generation of pornographic content and summons representatives of its developer, xAI , for investigation. (Reuters) Sports 2025–26 FA Cup Macclesfield 2–1 Crystal Palace In association football , National League North team Macclesfield beat the FA Cup defending champions Crystal Palace 2–1, in statistically the biggest upset in the competition's 155-year history . (BBC Sport) Macclesfield 2–1 Crystal Palace In association football , National League North team Macclesfield beat the FA Cup defending champions Crystal Palace 2–1, in statistically the biggest upset in the competition's 155-year history . (BBC Sport) In association football , National League North team Macclesfield beat the FA Cup defending champions Crystal Palace 2–1, in statistically the biggest upset in the competition's 155-year history . (BBC Sport) (Ready) RD: Kjersti Scheen Nominated by ~2026-32723-4 ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Writer and illustrator. ~2026-32723-4 ( talk ) 22:59, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - no issues. Ready.-- BabbaQ ( talk ) 09:08, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] RD: Erich von Däniken Nominated by Vpab15 ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Very influential in the fields of pseudohistory and pseudoarchaeology. Article in relatively good shape. Vpab15 ( talk ) 14:08, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support : Along with Graham Hancock , the key figure in modern pseudohistory and pseudoarchaeology.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦ (talk to me) 15:41, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] A reminder that RD !votes should be based on the quality of the article, as all figures with a Wikipedia article are presumed important enough to post. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 17:12, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose The article is actually in poor shape, lacking balance, citations and key aspects of his life such as his marriage. Andrew 🐉( talk ) 16:46, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Article is poorly sourced, especially about his early claims of "alien astronauts." In many paragraphs, no citations and is poorly written.-- Abebenjoe ( talk ) 23:29, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Posted) RD: Włodzimierz Jakubowski Created and nominated by Abcmaxx ( talk · give credit ) Updated by KibolLP ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Lech Poznań legend. Plenty of sources in the article, large potential to expand further. Abcmaxx ( talk ) 13:26, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support: Short but well-sourced. aaronneallucas ( talk ) 23:26, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Date and place of birth are unreferenced in the infobox. This information should be found in the body, along with references. Schwede 66 02:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Schwede66 : this has been fixed, should be good to post now? Abcmaxx ( talk ) 10:16, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ Schwede66 : this has been fixed, should be good to post now? Abcmaxx ( talk ) 10:16, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Posted Schwede 66 14:23, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Closed) List of Renee Good protests The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Nominated by Mlb96 ( talk · give credit ) Oppose on quality. Though protests have been growing in number, the linked article is not good enough for the mainpage, with no analysis or reactions sections. Natg 19 ( talk ) 04:47, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Strong oppose on notability for now. The larger-scale protests I suggested might occur on the previous nom haven't occurred, and it seems they're focused on Minneapolis, New York, and Portland. I, for one, am surprised there's absolutely no mentions of demonstrations in Chicago (given they had the first ICE shootings). These seem to be overall wide in scope but not too large in scale, smaller than the No Kings protests over the summer that themselves didn't wind up being posted on these same grounds. Support but slight oppose on qaulity - Lots of users said they would support posting the shooting itself if protests on this scale happended also quite notable. JaxsonR ( talk ) 06:17, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment undoubtedly notable but the article needs further expansion for promotion. aaronneallucas ( talk ) 07:47, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Qualified support , with the caveat that, while this seems highly notable to me, I'm not sure how much it is in the mainstream(Though I suspect is is significant). –DMartin ( talk ) 08:10, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose - protest singers singing protest songs. Protests against ICE have been going on for months now. If necessary put "Rise of US Fascism" as an ongoing. Nfitz ( talk ) 08:32, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose not the only place in the world to have protests. No evidence WP:ITNSIGNIF has been met- if this wasn't the US, it probably wouldn't even have been nominated because of this lack of significance. WP:NOTTRUMP . Joseph 2302 ( talk ) 09:26, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Strong oppose on notability !! DonDragonWilson99 ( talk ) 09:31, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] @ DonDragonWilson99 : can you please state your rationale? Abcmaxx ( talk ) 13:49, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose at present. No doubt this issue will come up again, depending on how quickly the US descends into full-blown fascism, but we're not there ... yet. Black Kite (talk) 10:17, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose I have to repeat what I said the last time this was nominated . This is run-of-the-mill US domestic stuff, not really having a worldwide impact. The C of E God Save the King! ( talk ) 11:28, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose on notability even taking into account the widespread nature, a list article isn't really an acceptable standard of quality for ITN; there should at least be a Renee Good protests article, with a list article as its WP:FORK at most if needed. Oppose on notability Like the No Kings protests, these are small, mostly confined to a few areas, and no discernible impact; a few people waving placards is routine in most capital cities across the world on the weekend. The Iranian protests may topple a regime; the Serbian anti-government protests were 10% of the population and have lasted for months continously; the George Floyd protests were much more impactful and widespread. These are more akin to Russian anti-war protests; they happen, but are limited to a few individuals and with no chance of any meaningful change. Abcmaxx ( talk ) 13:47, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Weak oppose The protests are certainly growing in scale, but this isn't anywhere near as close to the scale of comparators like the George Floyd protests or the Gaza war protests at universities . Unlike either the George Floyd or Gaza protests, there also isn't a strong international component to this - still localized to the USA. In the absence of international b breadth of protesting, I would say the domestic protests need to be really huge, consequential, and widespread to be notable, more akin to the 2025–2026 Iranian protests . The Renee Good protests are still localized to the United States and are relatively contained, for now. Flip and Flopped ㋡ 15:01, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose We're not at the point where these have become more a major issue like with the George Floyd ones; they have been all peaceful at this point. It still could turn to be a major problem and so worth watching. M asem ( t ) 15:03, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] RD: Guy Moon Nominated by Bloxzge 025 ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: American composer who worked on popular animated shows such as The Fairly OddParents , Danny Phantom and Johnny Test . Bloxzge 025 ( talk ) 11:14, 10 January 2026 (EST) Oppose due to insufficient sourcing. QuicoleJR ( talk ) 13:50, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose unreferenced filmography. jolielover♥ talk 09:06, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment Better now, would really appreciate someone tracking down a source that says he was born in Fort Atkinson. Bremps ... 04:56, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose : Awful loss. Article's filmography is currently unsourced. I may try to tackle sourcing it in two days, so keep an eye out just in case. -- The Robot Parade 18:16, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The article is correctly marked as a stub. We don't post stubs. Schwede 66 23:10, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] RD: Yeison Jiménez Updated and nominated by El Rolo Ueeqee ( talk · give credit ) Created by Cbl62 ( talk · give credit ) Updated by Jkaharper ( talk · give credit ) Sr. Knowthing ¿señor? 03:24, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Article quality is sufficient. QuicoleJR ( talk ) 13:49, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Doesn't meet WP:ITNQUALITY 's minimally comprehensive overview . The " Career " section has only three sentences, while the lead says "publishing eight albums and writing 70 songs ... Blu Radio crediting him with the revitalization of the genre".— Bagumba ( talk ) 07:32, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Posted) RD: Bob Weir Nominated by Thriley ( talk · give credit ) Updated by Carlstak ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: American musician and songwriter. A founding member of the Grateful Dead . Thriley ( talk ) 00:48, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Weak oppose rather thin on citations but otherwise looks fine. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 16:27, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Now Support Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 02:46, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Bob Weir was a founding member of a globally impactful band and it doesn't seem like there are any showstopper issues with the page, so it's strange that it hasn't been included as a Recent Death yet. ~2026-25342-8 ( talk ) 00:17, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] A reminder that RDs should be reviewed based on the quality of the article, not notability, as all people with an article are presumed important enough to post. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 00:41, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The page has 98 references, far more than some other Recent Death articles. The death is verified and footnoted. Article is certainly long and detailed enough. Are there any actual issues with article quality that would prevent this from being a Recent Death? Cfiler ( talk ) 02:40, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Doesn't look like it (I'll now change my !vote actually) but I'm just reminding them of the RD procedures for the future. Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 02:45, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] This was the top read article two days ago as the subject was quite famous. This works against them at ITN because either there is a big fight over posting a simple blurb or it gets bogged down in bureaucratic demands for sources for their long list of awards and works. If you want timely and complete information then you're better off at Deaths in 2026 . Andrew 🐉( talk ) 08:56, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Very surprised this hasn't at least been floated as a blurb but other localized events have received extensive comment. Wikipedia has effectively become Reddit. CoatCheck ( talk ) 05:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Discography needs sourcing per WP:ITNQUALITY : .mw-parser-output .talkquote{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#eaf8f4;border-left:3px solid #008560;padding:0 .8em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .talkquote-by,.mw-parser-output .talkquote-source{margin-left:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .skin-vector-2022 .talkquote>:last-child{padding-bottom:0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .talkquote{background-color:#0d261f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .talkquote{background-color:#0d261f}} Lists of awards and honors, bibliographies and filmographies and the like should have clear sources — Bagumba ( talk ) 08:19, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] All the entries in his discography are links to their own Wikipedia pages that DO have references. It seems like the discography has sourcing to me. Cfiler ( talk ) 05:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Per the WP:CIRCULAR policy: Do not use articles from Wikipedia (whether English Wikipedia or Wikipedias in other languages) as sources, since Wikipedia is a user-generated source ... Content from a Wikipedia article is not considered reliable unless it is backed up by citing reliable sources. Confirm that these sources support the content, then use them directly. — Bagumba ( talk ) 07:47, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Strike. Seems resolved per talk:Bob Weir § Discography references? — Bagumba ( talk ) 18:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Lists of awards and honors, bibliographies and filmographies and the like should have clear sources Lists of awards and honors, bibliographies and filmographies and the like should have clear sources Do not use articles from Wikipedia (whether English Wikipedia or Wikipedias in other languages) as sources, since Wikipedia is a user-generated source ... Content from a Wikipedia article is not considered reliable unless it is backed up by citing reliable sources. Confirm that these sources support the content, then use them directly. Do not use articles from Wikipedia (whether English Wikipedia or Wikipedias in other languages) as sources, since Wikipedia is a user-generated source ... Content from a Wikipedia article is not considered reliable unless it is backed up by citing reliable sources. Confirm that these sources support the content, then use them directly. Posted — Bagumba ( talk ) 17:54, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] EU–Mercosur free trade deal Nominated by Andrew Davidson ( talk · give credit ) Updated by Victor R de Oliveira ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Negotiations for this have been protracted and the further formalities and implementation will take time too. But this seems to be a major milestone which is in the news. Andrew 🐉( talk ) 08:43, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] comment the page alone for the agreement is more detailed than any other Wikipedia page not about a person place or thing that I have read in my entire history across several accounts and devices on Wikipedia and if this is so controversial I would not personally add this but I would take suggestions from other users including you Andrew — Preceding unsigned comment added by Edc5657 ( talk • contribs ) 04:03, 10 January 2026 (UTC) WP:SOCKSTRIKE . Joseph 2302 ( talk ) 17:24, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wait Until it has been approved by the European Parliament. Its consent is also needed. Earliest possible vote is during the session that starts 19 January. Yakikaki ( talk ) 10:28, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] then this would be stale by the time that they vote on it so let's wait Edc5657 ( talk ) — Preceding undated comment added 13:33, 10 January 2026 (UTC) WP:SOCKSTRIKE . Joseph 2302 ( talk ) 11:21, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Strong oppose and close per others, with no prejudice against reopening when the agreement is set in stone. It not only hasn't come into effect but is not guaranteed to go through yet, though I would support on notability when it does go through later on. Departure– ( talk ) 17:04, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose per others. Wait until the agreement is confirmed and comes into effect. Natg 19 ( talk ) 19:19, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Off topic and POINTy Oppose it should be clear by now that American stuff is the main thing posted here, and this isn't US Focused enough to meet the ITN American bias. Joseph 2302 ( talk ) 21:28, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Huh?? Natg 19 ( talk ) 21:30, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] If you have grievances, I respectfully ask you to bring those up on the talk page or on any other relevant discussion instead of making a WP:POINTy !vote. Departure– ( talk ) 21:42, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] it's no different to so many of the pro-US nonsense votes here that get accepted as fact and not nonsensical. Joseph 2302 ( talk ) 21:57, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose it should be clear by now that American stuff is the main thing posted here, and this isn't US Focused enough to meet the ITN American bias. Joseph 2302 ( talk ) 21:28, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Seems of reasonable importance, but change "approve" to "advance" to avoid confusion. If we keep rejecting promotions, the ITN section is going to grow stale. There's no reason we can't promote things like this to ITN more than once for different reasons. aaronneallucas ( talk ) 03:27, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The Southern Transitional Council's secretary-general announces its dissolution after Yemeni government forces capture Aden. The Southern Transitional Council seizes most of southern Yemen from the Yemeni government. In Yemen, separatists from the Southern Transitional Council seize government buildings in Aden... Wait Until fully ratified by both parties, once the word "proposed" is removed from the first sentence I will support . –DMartin ( talk ) 08:12, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support posting now as per Andrew. It's in the news now. Khuft ( talk ) 13:13, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support for an agreement that took 25 years to get to this stage this is an appropriate time to post. It is in the news now, if this gets nominated at another, later, stage then I can foresee there being a lot votes opposing due to the news being stale; administrative tasks are not as notable as the agreement itself. Abcmaxx ( talk ) 13:36, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support As it is in the news now. The ratification may or may not be widely reported upon by news sources in the future and I agree with Abcmaxx that it could effectively be seen as stale when renominated again later; it makes sense to post now when the news is fresh. Flip and Flopped ㋡ 15:03, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment There's a tangible possibility that the European Parliament does not in fact approve it. Posting it now would therefore, whatever other argument about there currently being a lot of noise around it, be premature in my view. I'm all in favour of posting it if it is actually adopted, though. Yakikaki ( talk ) 20:58, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support – Significant regional development, sustained worldwide coverage. No problems with the article. 5225 C ( talk • contributions ) 23:17, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wait for final ratification. This isn't the final step, the treaty hasn't even been signed yet, and approval by the EU parliament is not a guaranteed formality. Also, the blurb is a mess that won't make sense to most readers. Modest Genius talk 16:41, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support The time is now. This is when the media coverage is at its maximum. The media decided to go now and we should do the same. It is not up to us to decide when is the "right time" to talk about it. Tradedia talk 17:39, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] If I see this right, the current status is discussed in the lead of the article only; it is absent from the body. That's a major failing; I intended to read up on the finer details (e.g. what does it mean that the agreement still needs to be approved by the European Parliament, and is that expected to happen before or after the signing ceremony? Hence, I conclude that the target article isn't ready. Schwede 66 23:09, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Ready) RD: Tina Packer Nominated by Miraclepine ( talk · give credit ) Updated by Jkaharper ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Founder of Shakespeare & Company . Filmography needs sourcing though. Struck that out since the filmography's now fully sourced. ミラP @ Miraclepine 23:28, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support I'd prefer if the awards were sourced, but there's only two of them, so it's a minor enough issue to where I'm still willing to support. QuicoleJR ( talk ) 13:56, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Lead sentence comment It's bizare. It says she was born "Christine R Packer" [7] . Is that suggesting her MOS:LEGALNAME was changed to "Christina Packer", or should "Christine R Packer" be listed first and bolded? Note that the source for "Christine R Packer" says "Births Dec 1938", but her WP bio says she was born 28 September 1938. Her legal name and birthdate needs to be resolved.— Bagumba ( talk ) 07:21, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - no issues that are preventing RD. BabbaQ ( talk ) 09:07, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] January 9 Portal:Current events/2026 January 9 January 9, 2026 ( 2026-01-09 ) (Friday) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Syrian conflict SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes January 2026 Aleppo clashes The Syrian defense ministry declares a ceasefire in the Ashrafiyah , Bani Zeid, and Sheikh Maqsood districts of Aleppo after several days of armed conflict between government forces and the Kurdish -led Syrian Democratic Forces that killed at least 21 people. (AFP via Arab News ) Operation Southern Spear United States oil blockade during Operation Southern Spear The United States military seizes a Timor-Leste -flagged oil tanker in the Caribbean Sea , marking the fifth tanker seized as part of the blockade. ( The Guardian ) ( The Patriot-News ) Russo-Ukrainian war Kyiv strikes , Russian attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war Russian drone and missile strikes on Kyiv , Ukraine , kill four people and wound 28 others after several high-rise apartment buildings are targeted. The Qatari embassy is also damaged in the strikes. (Euronews) Russia strikes Lviv in western Ukraine with its Oreshnik intermediate-range ballistic missile , reportedly targeting a critical infrastructure site. (BBC News) Yemeni civil war 2025 Southern Yemen offensive , Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war A Southern Transitional Council (STC) delegation in Riyadh announces the group's dissolution following widespread territorial losses to the Saudi -backed Yemeni government . The STC rejects the announcement, saying the announcement was made under duress. ( The New Arab ) Business and economy EU–Mercosur Association Agreement Twenty-one of the 27 countries of the European Union approve a trade deal with Mercosur , which will create "the world's largest free trade area " after 25 years of talks. The deal is expected to be formally signed in Paraguay in the near future. ( Politico ) Disasters and accidents Fourteen people are killed and over 30 others are injured after a bus plunges into a gorge near Nahan , Himachal Pradesh , India . ( Hindustan Times ) Nine people are killed and 10 are injured after a bus crashes between Kano and Maiduguri in Borno State , Nigeria . ( Daily Post ) Law and crime 2026 Cedarbluff shootings At least six people are killed in spree shootings at three locations across Cedarbluff , Mississippi , United States. A 24-year-old man is taken into custody and charged with murder . (AP via CTV News) Politics and elections 2025 Honduran general election The National Congress of Honduras approves a recount of the votes cast in the November 2025 election, which is subsequently approved by President Xiomara Castro 's decree. (CNN in Spanish ) ( Bloomberg ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Syrian conflict SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes January 2026 Aleppo clashes The Syrian defense ministry declares a ceasefire in the Ashrafiyah , Bani Zeid, and Sheikh Maqsood districts of Aleppo after several days of armed conflict between government forces and the Kurdish -led Syrian Democratic Forces that killed at least 21 people. (AFP via Arab News ) SDF–Syrian transitional government clashes January 2026 Aleppo clashes The Syrian defense ministry declares a ceasefire in the Ashrafiyah , Bani Zeid, and Sheikh Maqsood districts of Aleppo after several days of armed conflict between government forces and the Kurdish -led Syrian Democratic Forces that killed at least 21 people. (AFP via Arab News ) January 2026 Aleppo clashes The Syrian defense ministry declares a ceasefire in the Ashrafiyah , Bani Zeid, and Sheikh Maqsood districts of Aleppo after several days of armed conflict between government forces and the Kurdish -led Syrian Democratic Forces that killed at least 21 people. (AFP via Arab News ) The Syrian defense ministry declares a ceasefire in the Ashrafiyah , Bani Zeid, and Sheikh Maqsood districts of Aleppo after several days of armed conflict between government forces and the Kurdish -led Syrian Democratic Forces that killed at least 21 people. (AFP via Arab News ) Operation Southern Spear United States oil blockade during Operation Southern Spear The United States military seizes a Timor-Leste -flagged oil tanker in the Caribbean Sea , marking the fifth tanker seized as part of the blockade. ( The Guardian ) ( The Patriot-News ) United States oil blockade during Operation Southern Spear The United States military seizes a Timor-Leste -flagged oil tanker in the Caribbean Sea , marking the fifth tanker seized as part of the blockade. ( The Guardian ) ( The Patriot-News ) The United States military seizes a Timor-Leste -flagged oil tanker in the Caribbean Sea , marking the fifth tanker seized as part of the blockade. ( The Guardian ) ( The Patriot-News ) Russo-Ukrainian war Kyiv strikes , Russian attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war Russian drone and missile strikes on Kyiv , Ukraine , kill four people and wound 28 others after several high-rise apartment buildings are targeted. The Qatari embassy is also damaged in the strikes. (Euronews) Russia strikes Lviv in western Ukraine with its Oreshnik intermediate-range ballistic missile , reportedly targeting a critical infrastructure site. (BBC News) Kyiv strikes , Russian attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war Russian drone and missile strikes on Kyiv , Ukraine , kill four people and wound 28 others after several high-rise apartment buildings are targeted. The Qatari embassy is also damaged in the strikes. (Euronews) Russia strikes Lviv in western Ukraine with its Oreshnik intermediate-range ballistic missile , reportedly targeting a critical infrastructure site. (BBC News) Russian drone and missile strikes on Kyiv , Ukraine , kill four people and wound 28 others after several high-rise apartment buildings are targeted. The Qatari embassy is also damaged in the strikes. (Euronews) Russia strikes Lviv in western Ukraine with its Oreshnik intermediate-range ballistic missile , reportedly targeting a critical infrastructure site. (BBC News) Yemeni civil war 2025 Southern Yemen offensive , Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war A Southern Transitional Council (STC) delegation in Riyadh announces the group's dissolution following widespread territorial losses to the Saudi -backed Yemeni government . The STC rejects the announcement, saying the announcement was made under duress. ( The New Arab ) 2025 Southern Yemen offensive , Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war A Southern Transitional Council (STC) delegation in Riyadh announces the group's dissolution following widespread territorial losses to the Saudi -backed Yemeni government . The STC rejects the announcement, saying the announcement was made under duress. ( The New Arab ) A Southern Transitional Council (STC) delegation in Riyadh announces the group's dissolution following widespread territorial losses to the Saudi -backed Yemeni government . The STC rejects the announcement, saying the announcement was made under duress. ( The New Arab ) Business and economy EU–Mercosur Association Agreement Twenty-one of the 27 countries of the European Union approve a trade deal with Mercosur , which will create "the world's largest free trade area " after 25 years of talks. The deal is expected to be formally signed in Paraguay in the near future. ( Politico ) Twenty-one of the 27 countries of the European Union approve a trade deal with Mercosur , which will create "the world's largest free trade area " after 25 years of talks. The deal is expected to be formally signed in Paraguay in the near future. ( Politico ) Disasters and accidents Fourteen people are killed and over 30 others are injured after a bus plunges into a gorge near Nahan , Himachal Pradesh , India . ( Hindustan Times ) Nine people are killed and 10 are injured after a bus crashes between Kano and Maiduguri in Borno State , Nigeria . ( Daily Post ) Law and crime 2026 Cedarbluff shootings At least six people are killed in spree shootings at three locations across Cedarbluff , Mississippi , United States. A 24-year-old man is taken into custody and charged with murder . (AP via CTV News) At least six people are killed in spree shootings at three locations across Cedarbluff , Mississippi , United States. A 24-year-old man is taken into custody and charged with murder . (AP via CTV News) Politics and elections 2025 Honduran general election The National Congress of Honduras approves a recount of the votes cast in the November 2025 election, which is subsequently approved by President Xiomara Castro 's decree. (CNN in Spanish ) ( Bloomberg ) The National Congress of Honduras approves a recount of the votes cast in the November 2025 election, which is subsequently approved by President Xiomara Castro 's decree. (CNN in Spanish ) ( Bloomberg ) RD: Ulf Granberg Nominated by BabbaQ ( talk · give credit ) Created by Thief-River-Faller ( talk · give credit ) Updated by Thief-River-Faller ( talk · give credit ) and BabbaQ ( talk · give credit ) BabbaQ ( talk ) 21:03, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose Article is a stub. QuicoleJR ( talk ) 22:31, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Posted) RD: Aoi Fujino Nominated by Miraclepine ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Gravure idol. Death announced on this date. ミラP @ Miraclepine 19:50, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Article quality is sufficient. QuicoleJR ( talk ) 22:32, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Posted – Schwede 66 02:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Ready) RD: Heber Jentzsch Nominated by Dmartin969 ( talk · give credit ) Created by Entheta ( talk · give credit ) –DMartin ( talk ) 07:48, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - fully sourced. Long enough. Ready. BabbaQ ( talk ) 09:35, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment: Are they any additional sources for the death outside of Tony Ortega's blog? Spencer T• C 03:41, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Posted) Fall of Aden and dissolution of the STC Nominated by Chaotic Enby ( talk · give credit ) Created by Chorchapu ( talk · give credit ) Nominator's comments: Split from #Aidarus al-Zoubaidi dismissed from Yemen's presidential council due to the much broader scope of events. Chaotic Enby ( talk · contribs ) 10:28, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support on significance , neutral on quality - this is clearly a huge story, and it may be that the military narrative would do better in its own article, but I am not committed to that position, nor am I sufficiently well-informed to say how it should be done. GenevieveDEon ( talk ) 10:43, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support altblurb. This is a major development in a long-running civil war. The article is in good shape and has been updated. Alt 1 is clearer and more concise; however I don't think the section link is a good idea for readers coming from the main page. Linking to the top of the article would be better. Modest Genius talk 13:25, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - the capture of a million+ population city is huge news. Redlinks appear to be resolved. Nfitz ( talk ) 16:31, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Huge development in a long ongoing conflict Normalman101 ( talk ) 19:04, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support - well obvious. Per all above already. BabbaQ ( talk ) 19:23, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support Alt2 Per all above. I agree with including the dissolution and using Chaotic's language, given it is contested. Flip and Flopped ㋡ 20:49, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Support , obvious global significance. Either blurb seems fine. Joe ( talk ) 00:29, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Comment I've made an article for the battle itself; Battle of Aden (2026) . Chorchapu ( talk | edits ) 07:02, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Not every event needs a separate article covering it, particularly here that its understanding the capture in the context of the larger conflict. M asem ( t ) 13:19, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Posted Alt2, but linking to the nominated article. If there's a desire for changing the target article, please discuss this here. Schwede 66 20:00, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The situation seems chaotic as the headlines I'm seeing now include: Yemen’s main separatist group now denies it is disbanding Yemeni southern separatists in Riyadh announce disputed disbanding of STC Thousands rally in support of Yemen's main separatist group As the matter seems to be swinging to and fro, we should avoid being too definite about what's going on. Andrew 🐉( talk ) 20:26, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yemen’s main separatist group now denies it is disbanding Yemeni southern separatists in Riyadh announce disputed disbanding of STC Thousands rally in support of Yemen's main separatist group @ Schwede66 : The situation is more complex. The STC leaders that were not part of the Riyadh delegation deny that the group has been dissolved and insist that statement was made under duress. I'm surprised no one noted this before. Cheers! Southern Yemen separatists call foul as 'detained' delegation in Riyadh announce STC dissolution UAE-backed Yemeni Southern Transitional Council denies disbandment rumors Yemen's STC denies dissolution, demands release of detained delegation in Riyadh Goodposts ( talk ) 23:34, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Changed to original blurb , as that seems factual and is undisputed. Schwede 66 23:51, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Closed) Bust of Sir John Gordon The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Updated and nominated by ChrysGalley ( talk · give credit ) Created by No Swan So Fine ( talk · give credit ) Comment It's an interesting story but the ban is only for a year and so the ending is still uncertain. Looking for wider coverage, I find that the Smithsonian covered it in 2024 and so it's somewhat stale. Andrew 🐉( talk ) 10:43, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I think the eventual sale would be the natural point for featuring an article like this. Discovery (if we existed in 1990) could've been another moment for featuring, but this temporary block is just a small part of the longer story. ~ Maplestrip/Mable ( chat ) 16:05, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Oppose and snow close This has no snowball chance in hell... Tradedia talk 16:11, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] (Closed) Cloud-9 The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Nominated by Andrew Davidson ( talk · give credit ) Created by Luizpuodzius ( talk · give credit ) Oppose as stale and strong oppose on quality . This object was discovered in 2023 and the Hubble results were published last November . Quite why NASA & ESA have only now put out a press release about it is unclear - perhaps there was a related talk at the American Astronomical Society conference? Regardless, this is old news, and the article is a micro-stub that hasn't been updated. Articles should be updated before they are nominated for ITN. Modest Genius talk 13:16, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Aha, it was the subject of one of 32 press conferences held at the AAS meeting, talking about the paper from November. Modest Genius talk 13:36, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Both articles are tiny. I would suggest merging them into one. Harizotoh9 ( talk ) 16:05, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] References Nominators often include links to external websites and other references in discussions on this page. It is usually best to provide such links using the inline URL syntax [ rather than using <ref></ref> tags , because that keeps all the relevant information in the same place as the nomination without having to jump to this section, and facilitates the archiving process. For the times when <ref></ref> tags are being used, here are their contents: v t e Main Page and featured content v t e Main Page topics Errors Administrator instructions Main Page alternatives FAQ Editing Design Queue Yesterday Tomorrow History Wikipedia languages Sister projects Sandbox April Fools' Day Don't delete! Errors Administrator instructions Administrator instructions Main Page alternatives FAQ Editing Design Queue Yesterday Tomorrow Yesterday Tomorrow History Wikipedia languages Sister projects Sandbox April Fools' Day Don't delete! 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WP:FA WP:FA v t e Featured content: Featured articles ← Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Featured article candidates (FAC): Featured article criteria Featured article log Featured article statistics Featured article review (FAR): Archived FARs Former featured articles Unreviewed featured articles/2020 Today's featured article (TFA) : This month's queue About Today's featured article Recent TFAs and statistics Current TFA requests Potential TFA requests TFA oddities Most viewed TFAs Featured articles yet to appear as TFA Script to track TFA recent changes Featured article tools: Mentoring for FAC Nominators of featured articles promoted Recent changes to featured articles Random featured article Biographies are in sub-topics according to the larger topics Art, architecture, and archaeology (bios) Biology (bios) Business, economics, and finance Chemistry and mineralogy Computing Culture and society Education Engineering and technology Food and drink Geography and places Geology and geophysics Health and medicine Heraldry, honours, and vexillology History (bios) Language and linguistics Law (bios) Literature and theatre (bios) Mathematics (bios) Media (bios) Meteorology Music (bios) Philosophy and psychology (bios) Physics and astronomy (bios) Politics and government (bios) Religion, mysticism and mythology (bios) Royalty and nobility (bios) Sport and recreation (bios) Transport (bios) Video gaming (bios) Warfare (bios) Read a random featured article Today's featured article: Batman Returns Art, architecture, and archaeology Archaeology Acra (fortress) – Ai-Khanoum – Aineta aryballos – Barkhale Camp – Benty Grange hanging bowl – Benty Grange helmet – Beulé Gate – Bonn–Oberkassel dog – Cefnllys Castle – Chestnuts Long Barrow – Chetro Ketl – Coffin Stone – Coldrum Long Barrow – Combe Hill, East Sussex – Corleck Head – Corp Naomh – Cross Temple, Fangshan – Egyptian temple – Emesa helmet – Fir Clump Stone Circle – Freston causewayed enclosure – Gevninge helmet fragment – Great Wilbraham (causewayed enclosure) – Greece runestones – Guandimiao – Guilden Morden boar – Horncastle boar's head – Hoxne Hoard – Knap Hill – Kronan (ship) – Lindow Man – Maiden Castle, Dorset – Mary Rose – Maya stelae – Norton Priory – Offham Hill – Nine Stones, Winterbourne Abbas – Palmyra – Pioneer Helmet – Porlock Stone Circle – Pyramid of Neferirkare – Pyramid of Nyuserre – Pyramid of Sahure – Pyramid of Unas – Quiriguá – Roman temple of Bziza – Rosetta Stone – Royal necropolis of Byblos – Saxe–Goldstein hypothesis – Shorwell helmet – Smythe's Megalith – Takalik Abaj – Temple of Apollo Palatinus – Temple of Eshmun – Tomb of Kha and Merit – The Trundle – Vasa (ship) – Whitehawk Camp – Withypool Stone Circle (59 articles) Architecture 1 Wall Street – 20 Exchange Place – 23 Wall Street – 40 Wall Street – 55 Wall Street – 70 Pine Street – 270 Park Avenue (1960–2021) – 330 West 42nd Street – 550 Madison Avenue – 1271 Avenue of the Americas – Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House – American Bank Note Company Printing Plant – Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State – Art Deco architecture of New York City – Belton House – Biblioteca Marciana – Blakeney Chapel – Bodiam Castle – Boot Monument – Bramall Hall – Bramshill House – Brougham Castle – Bruce Castle – Buckingham Palace – Buckton Castle – Buildings of Jesus College, Oxford – Buildings of Nuffield College, Oxford – Capon Chapel – Castell Coch – Castle – Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Moscow) – Catherine de' Medici's building projects – CBS Building – Ceilings of the Natural History Museum, London – Chartwell – Citigroup Center – Clemuel Ricketts Mansion – Construction of Rockefeller Center – Cragside – Cullen House – Daily News Building – Denbies – Duffield Memorial – Elgin Cathedral – Exelon Pavilions – Felix M. 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Pei – Kyriakos Pittakis – Minnie Pwerle – Ludwig Ross – Jacob van Ruisdael – Martin Rundkvist – Edmund Sharpe – Constance Stokes – John Thirtle – Tom Thomson – George Vincent (painter) – Alan Wace – Mortimer Wheeler – Nigel Williams (conservator) – Rudolf Wolters – John Michael Wright (62 articles) Biology Archaea – Bacteria – Bone Wars – Cooperative pulling paradigm – Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event – DNA – DNA nanotechnology – Ediacaran biota – Evolution – Fauna of Scotland – Fertilisation of Orchids – Flight feather – Flora of Madagascar – Flower – Genetics – History of biology – History of evolutionary thought – Immune system – Introduction to viruses – Lemurs of Madagascar (book) – Major urinary proteins – Metabolism – On the Origin of Species – Phagocyte – Preening – RNA interference – Rotating locomotion in living systems – Serpin – Toothcomb – Virus – Wells and Wellington affair (31 articles) Fungi Agaricus deserticola – Albatrellus subrubescens – Amanita bisporigera – 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menziesii – Banksia oblongifolia – Banksia paludosa – Banksia petiolaris – Banksia prionotes – Banksia scabrella – Banksia sceptrum – Banksia serrata – Banksia sessilis – Banksia speciosa – Banksia sphaerocarpa – Banksia spinulosa – Banksia telmatiaea – Banksia verticillata – Banksia violacea – Brachychiton rupestris – Cucurbita – Dracophyllum fiordense – Drosera regia – Epacris impressa – Ficus aurea – Ficus macrophylla – Ficus obliqua – Ficus rubiginosa – Grevillea juniperina – Hypericum sechmenii – Isopogon anemonifolius – Isopogon anethifolius – Lambertia formosa – Metrosideros bartlettii – Persoonia lanceolata – Persoonia levis – Persoonia linearis – Persoonia terminalis – Pinguicula moranensis – Salvia yangii – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum – Telopea oreades – Telopea speciosissima – Telopea truncata – Verbascum thapsus – Xerochrysum bracteatum (68 articles) Animals Mammals and stem mammals African striped weasel – Akodon spegazzinii – Alcathoe bat – Alpine ibex – Ambondro mahabo – 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White stork – White swamphen – White-bellied sea eagle – White-breasted nuthatch – White-eyed river martin – White-headed fruit dove – White-naped xenopsaris – White-necked rockfowl – White-rumped swallow – White-winged fairywren – Willie wagtail – Wood stork – Yellow-faced honeyeater – Yellowhammer – Yellow-tailed black cockatoo – Zapata rail – Zino's petrel (216 articles) Non-avian dinosaurs Achelousaurus – Acrocanthosaurus – Albertosaurus – Allosaurus – Amargasaurus – Ankylosaurus – Apatosaurus – Archaeopteryx – Argentinosaurus – Atrociraptor – Bajadasaurus – Baryonyx – Brachiosaurus – Carnotaurus – Ceratosaurus – Cetiosauriscus – Compsognathus – Daspletosaurus – Deinocheirus – Deinonychus – Dilophosaurus – Diodorus scytobrachion – Diplodocus – Dinosaur – Dromaeosauroides – Duriavenator – Edmontosaurus – Edmontosaurus mummy AMNH 5060 – Gallimimus – Giganotosaurus – Gorgosaurus – Herrerasaurus – Heterodontosaurus – Ichthyovenator – Iguanodon – Irritator – Kosmoceratops – Lambeosaurus 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black snake – Smooth newt – Thalassodromeus – Triturus – Turtle (36 articles) Fish American paddlefish – Clownfish – Cretoxyrhina – Cutthroat trout – Electric eel – Goblin shark – Manta ray – Megalodon – Oceanic whitetip shark – Pacific blue-eye – Pallid sturgeon – Pigeye shark – Porbeagle – Queen angelfish – Rainbow trout – Silky shark – Smooth toadfish – Teleost – Trichogenes claviger (19 articles) Invertebrates Aleeta – Alicella – Ant – Apororhynchus – Australiformis – Banded sugar ant – Bivalvia – Chrysiridia rhipheus – Coccinellidae – Gigantorhynchus – Grasshopper – Heptamegacanthus – Isopoda – Jaekelopterus – Laevistrombus canarium – Leech – Mantis – Macrobdella decora – Mayfly – Megalograptus – Megarachne – Millipede – Nothomyrmecia – Octopus – Onychopterella – Opifex fuscus – Ovalipes catharus – Parasitic ant – Pseudastacus – Redback spider – Scorpion – Starfish – Tabanidae – Thopha saccata (34 articles) Biology biographies Mary Anning – Anna Blackburne – Margaret Sibella Brown 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" – Whitechapel murders – Wife selling (English custom) – The World Without Us – Zong massacre (65 articles) Clothing and fashion Armadillo shoe – Bäckadräkten – The Birds (collection) – Black Christian Siriano gown of Billy Porter – The Dance of the Twisted Bull – Eye (collection) – The Girl Who Lived in the Tree – The Hunger (collection) – Illusion of Kate Moss – Inuit clothing – Irere (collection) – Jack the Ripper Stalks His Victims – Joan (collection) – Neptune (collection) – Nihilism (collection) – The Overlook (collection) – Oyster dress – Pantheon ad Lucem – Scanners (collection) – Taxi Driver (collection) – Voss (collection) – What a Merry-Go-Round – The Widows of Culloden (23 articles) Culture and society biographies Leelah Alcorn – Hadji Ali – Anna Anderson – Marshall Applewhite – Biddenden Maids – William D. 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Hindman – Robert Howard Hodgkin – Lou Henry Hoover – James Humphreys (pornographer) – Irataba – Frank Jenner – Jianwen Emperor – Joan of Arc – Ernest Joyce – David Kelly (weapons expert) – Pari Khan Khanum – Shen Kuo – Elizabeth Lyon (criminal) – Aeneas Mackintosh – Elizabeth Maitland, Duchess of Lauderdale – Malcolm X – Clements Markham – Ezra Meeker – Menkauhor Kaiu – Margaret Macpherson Grant – Lope Martín – Harry McNish – Merenre Nemtyemsaf I – Meurig ab Arthfael – Khalid al-Mihdhar – Thomas de la More – Benjamin Morrell – Mukhtar al-Thaqafi – R. A. B. Mynors – Fridtjof Nansen – Francis Nash – Andrea Navagero – Elizabeth Needham – Hugh de Neville – Nguyễn Chánh Thi – Roger Norreis – Nynetjer – Mary Margaret O'Reilly – Edward Oxford – Rosa Parks – Thomas Percy (Gunpowder Plot) – Phan Đình Phùng – Phan Xích Long – Fall of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence – Jean Baptiste Point du Sable – Qalaherriaq – William F. Raynolds – L. D. Reynolds – Robert de Umfraville – Woodes Rogers – Ambrose Rookwood – Edith Roosevelt – Louis Rwagasore – John/Eleanor Rykener – Omayra Sánchez – Robert Falcon Scott – Laura Secord – Ernest Shackleton – Wail al-Shehri – John Sherman – Shigi Qutuqu – Sabrina Sidney – Samantha Smith – Tarrare – Thomas the Slav – Mother Solomon – Jean-François de Surville – Tecumseh – Corry Tendeloo – Thurisind – James Tod – Tolui – Ignace Tonené – John Treloar (museum administrator) – Francis Tresham – Stephen Trigg – Harry R. Truman – Harriet Tubman – Dick Turpin – Urse d'Abetot – Userkare – Giovanni Villani – Jovan Vladimir – Khalid ibn al-Walid – Francis Walsingham – Zeng Laishun – Zhou Tong (archer) – Nikita Zotov – Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi (153 articles) Language and linguistics Bæddel and bædling – Bengali language movement – Black American Sign Language – Chinese characters – Chinese classifier – Communication – Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts – Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Levantine Arabic – Mayan languages – Nizaa language – Pronunciation of GIF – Sentence spacing – Weise's law (14 articles) Language biographies Lilias Armstrong – Caroline Brady (philologist) – Ove Jørgensen (3 articles) Law 2017–2018 Bergen County eruv controversy – Abdication of Edward VIII – Afroyim v. Rusk – Ashford v Thornton – Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd – Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy – British National (Overseas) – Chandler's Ford shooting – City of Champaign v. Madigan – Coinage Act of 1873 – Coinage Act of 1965 – Court of Chancery – Death of Ian Tomlinson – Eastbourne manslaughter – Ex parte Crow Dog – Gray's Inn – Greek case – Heffernan v. City of Paterson – Horse Protection Act of 1970 – Illinois Public Access Opinion 16-006 – Irish nationality law – Israeli citizenship law – Jena Six – Killing of James Ashley – LaRouche criminal trials – Law school of Berytus – Maltese nationality law – Marshalsea – Menominee Tribe of Indians v. United States – Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident – Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty – Murder of Leigh Leigh – Murder of Joanna Yeates – New Zealand nationality law – Nuremberg trials – Ordinances of 1311 – Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. – Pendle witches – Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v Hart – Regents of the University of California v. Bakke – Samlesbury witches – Saxbe fix – Schmerber v. California – Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia – Sega v. Accolade – Shooting of Stephen Waldorf – Shostakovich v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. – Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders – Tichborne case – United States v. Kagama – United States v. Lara – United States v. Progressive, Inc. – United States v. Washington – United States v. Wong Kim Ark – Voting Rights Act of 1965 – Washington v. Texas (56 articles) Law biographies Raymond Pace Alexander – Richard Barre – Cora Agnes Benneson – Will P. Brady – Elizabeth Canning – Melville Fuller – Ronnie Lee Gardner – Robert Garran – William Garrow – Robert Goff, Baron Goff of Chieveley – Learned Hand – Disappearance of Natalee Holloway – Mathew Charles Lamb – Kenesaw Mountain Landis – Albert Pierrepoint – Wiley Rutledge – Henry W. Sawyer – Antonin Scalia – Elliott Fitch Shepard – Melford Stevenson (20 articles) Literature and theatre Ace Books – Algemeyne Entsiklopedye – American Writers – Anactoria – Ancient Egyptian literature – Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication – Beowulf and Middle-earth – Black Hours, Morgan MS 493 – Dark Archives – The Diamond Smugglers – Drapier's Letters – Dreamsnake – Hemming's Cartulary – Hermeneutic style – A History of British Fishes – A History of the Birds of Europe – Homeric Hymns – Hoysala literature – Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots – Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men – Liber Eliensis – Mars in fiction – Mesklin – Nature fakers controversy – Ormulum – Pilgrim at Tinker Creek – Reception history of Jane Austen – La Salute è in voi – Shakespeare authorship question – The Story of Miss Moppet – The Structure of Literature – Sun in fiction – Thrilling Cities – Venus in fiction – Vijayanagara literature in Kannada – The Voices of Morebath – Walt Whitman's lectures on Abraham Lincoln – Western Chalukya literature in Kannada – When Megan Went Away (40 articles) Autobiographies and memoirs All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes – The Autobiography of Malcolm X – Fun Home – Gather Together in My Name – The Heart of a Woman – History of a Six Weeks' Tour – I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings – A Journey (memoir) – Mom & Me & Mom – Night (memoir) – Rambles in Germany and Italy – Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry like Christmas – A Song Flung Up to Heaven – David Suzuki: The Autobiography – Themes in Maya Angelou's autobiographies – True at First Light – A Voyage Round the World (17 articles) Magazines and comics The All-Story Magazine – Amazing Stories – Amazing Stories Quarterly – Analog Science Fiction and Fact – Analytical Review – Archie vs. Predator – Argosy (magazine) – Ashcan comic – Asimov's Science Fiction – Astonishing Stories – Authentic Science Fiction – Battle Birds – Beyond Fantasy Fiction – The Black Cat (US magazine) – Cosmic Stories and Stirring Science Stories – The Covent-Garden Journal – "A Death in the Family" (comics) – Dime Mystery Magazine – Doc Savage (magazine) – Dream of the Rarebit Fiend – Eagle (British comics) – Famous Fantastic Mysteries – Fantastic (magazine) – Fantastic Adventures – Fantastic Novels – Fantastic Universe – Fantasy Book – Future Science Fiction and Science Fiction Stories – G-8 and His Battle Aces – Galaxy Science Fiction – The Heart of Thomas – Ghost Stories (magazine) – History of U.S. science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950 – If (magazine) – Imagination (magazine) – Imaginative Tales – Infinity Science Fiction – John Raymond science fiction magazines – Kaze to Ki no Uta – The Ladies' Journal – Lazarus (comics) – Louis Riel (comics) – The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction – Marvel Science Stories – Marvel Tales and Unusual Stories – Munsey's Magazine – Nebula Science Fiction – New Worlds (magazine) – Oriental Stories – Other Worlds, Universe Science Fiction, and Science Stories – Planet Stories – Revival (comics) – Roy of the Rovers – Satellite Science Fiction – Saturn (magazine) – School Rumble – Science Fantasy (magazine) – Science Fiction Adventures (1956 magazine) – Science Fiction Monthly – Science-Fiction Plus – Science Fiction Quarterly – Scientific Detective Monthly – Scoops (magazine) – The Shadow (magazine) – Shojo Beat – " Sinestro Corps War " – The Spider (magazine) – Startling Stories – Stucky (fandom) – Super-Science Fiction – Super Science Stories – Tales of Wonder (magazine) – The Thrill Book – Tintin in the Congo – Tintin in the Land of the Soviets – Tintin in Tibet – Tokyo Mew Mew – Tomorrow Speculative Fiction – The True Record – Uncanny Tales (Canadian pulp magazine) – Unknown (magazine) – Venture Science Fiction – Watchmen – Weird Tales – Wonder Stories (85 articles) Newspapers and print journalism Illustrated Daily News – Street newspaper – Sunderland Echo – " Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus " (4 articles) Novels, including graphic novels A Beautiful Crime – Bone Sharps, Cowboys, and Thunder Lizards – Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang (novel) – The Bread-Winners – Brother Jonathan (novel) – Burger's Daughter – Candide – Casino Royale (novel) – Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang – A Christmas Carol – Colonel Sun – A Contract with God – The Coral Island – Cousin Bette – Diamonds Are Forever (novel) – The Diary of a Nobody – Dr. No (novel) – Dracula – Drama dari Krakatau – El Señor Presidente – The Fade Out – Farseer trilogy – The Fountainhead – From Russia, with Love (novel) – The Fox and the Hound (novel) – The General in His Labyrinth – Gods' Man – Goldfinger (novel) – The Good Terrorist – The Great Gatsby – The Green Child – A Handful of Dust – Halo: Contact Harvest – The Halo Graphic Novel – Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book – The Historian – The Hunger Games – I Never Liked You – Irish Thoroughbred – Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell – La Peau de chagrin – Lad, A Dog – The Left Hand of Darkness – Live and Let Die (novel) – Logan (novel) – Louis Lambert (novel) – Madman's Drum – The Man in the Moone – The Man with the Golden Gun (novel) – Maus – The Monster (novella) – Moonraker (novel) – On Her Majesty's Secret Service (novel) – The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold – Paradises Lost – Pattern Recognition (novel) – The Penelopiad – Père Goriot – The Phantom Tollbooth – The Playboy – The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H. – Rachel Dyer – Raptor Red – The Red Badge of Courage – Seventy-Six (novel) – The Snow Queen (Kernaghan novel) – Southern Cross (wordless novel) – The Spy Who Loved Me (novel) – Starship Troopers – The Sun Also Rises – The Temple at Thatch – Thunderball (novel) – The Time Traveler's Wife – Through the Looking-Glass – To Kill a Mockingbird – Uncle Tom's Cabin – Vision in White – A Wizard of Earthsea – Wordless novel – You Only Live Twice (novel) – Z. Marcas (81 articles) Poetry Astronomica (Manilius) – Brothers Poem – Cento Vergilianus de laudibus Christi – Imagism – The Lucy poems – " O Captain! My Captain! " – " Ode on a Grecian Urn " – " Ode on Indolence " – Poetry of Maya Angelou – " The Raven " – Sair Tjerita Siti Akbari – Sir Gawain and the Green Knight – " This Dust Was Once the Man " – " To Autumn " – "Ulysses" (poem) – Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln (16 articles) Short stories " Big Two-Hearted River " – " The Day Before the Revolution " – For Your Eyes Only (short story collection) – In Our Time (short story collection) – " Indian Camp " – Octopussy and The Living Daylights – " The Open Boat " (7 articles) Theatre Allah jang Palsoe – Allegro (musical) – The Author's Farce – The Bat (play) – Black Slave's Cry to Heaven – The Blue Flame (play) – Carousel (musical) – Creatures of Impulse – Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1887 play) – The Demi-Virgin – Flower Drum Song – Hamlet – Harris Theater (Chicago) – His Majesty's Theatre, London – The Importance of Being Earnest – The King and I – New Amsterdam Theatre – Night of January 16th – Peking opera – Pipe Dream (musical) – Proserpine (play) – The Relapse – Romeo and Juliet – South Pacific (musical) – The Unconquered (1940 play) – A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant (26 articles) Fictional characters (literature and theatre) Allen Walker – Baron Munchausen – Black Widow (Natasha Romanova) – Goodman Beaver – Iron Man – Kenneth Widmerpool – Melaka Fray – Mr. Dooley – Naruto Uzumaki – Satsu ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) (10 articles) Biographies (literature and theatre) Lazarus Aaronson – Chinua Achebe – Maya Angelou – Daisy Bacon – Ann Bannon – Natalie Clifford Barney – Arnold Bennett – Enid Blyton – R. V. C. Bodley – Neville Cardus – Ian Carmichael – Rachel Carson – Colin Robert Chase – Colley Cibber – Brunette Coleman – Corinna – Noël Coward – John Day (printer) – Len Deighton – Du Fu – Early life of Samuel Johnson – Isabelle Eberhardt – Edmund Evans – Georges Feydeau – Ian Fleming – Mary Fortune – Fuzuli (poet) – Stella Gibbons – William Gibson – W. S. Gilbert – Lady Gregory – George Griffith – Joseph Grimaldi – Rufus Wilmot Griswold – John Richard Clark Hall – Amir Hamzah – Kent Haruf – H.D. – Ernest Hemingway – George Herriman – Georgette Heyer – Stanley Holloway – Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. – E. W. Hornung – Ludwig Ferdinand Huber – Israel the Grammarian – Joehana – Joseph Johnson (publisher) – Samuel Johnson – James Joyce – Franz Kafka – Lat – Ursula K. Le Guin – John Silva Meehan – John Le Mesurier – Dan Leno – Lie Kim Hok – Little Tich – Marie Lloyd – James Russell Lowell – Nigel Kneale – H. C. McNeile – Olivia Manning – Francis Marrash – Master Juba – Frank Matcham – W. Somerset Maugham – Nancy Mitford – John Neal – Laurence Olivier – George Robey – Murasaki Shikibu – Philitas of Cos – Harold Pinter – Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe – Ezra Pound – Adelaide Anne Procter – Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo – Ion Heliade Rădulescu – Talbot Baines Reed – Ralph Richardson – Robert Roberts (writer) – Dorothy L. Sayers – Olivia Shakespear – William Shakespeare – George Bernard Shaw – Mary Shelley – Mary Martha Sherwood – Asylum confinement of Christopher Smart – John Gould Stephenson – John Millington Synge – William Beach Thomas – J. R. R. Tolkien – Kurt Vonnegut – Hugh Walpole – Evelyn Waugh – Nathaniel Parker Willis – P. G. Wodehouse – Mary Wollstonecraft – W. B. Yeats (100 articles) Mathematics 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + ⋯ – Affine symmetric group – Algebra – Euclidean algorithm – Group (mathematics) – Logarithm – Parity of zero – Pi – Problem of Apollonius – Quine–Putnam indispensability argument (10 articles) Biographies of mathematicians Archimedes – Georg Cantor – Leonhard Euler – Robert Hues – Émile Lemoine – Emery Molyneux – Emmy Noether – Marian Rejewski – Edward Wright (9 articles) Media 1937 Fox vault fire – Flywheel, Shyster, and Flywheel – Format of Sesame Street – " From the Doctor to My Son Thomas " – Grey's Anatomy season 17 – History of Sesame Street – Homicide: Life on the Street season 1 – Homicide: Life on the Street season 2 – It's That Man Again – KARE (TV) – KCPQ – KEXP – Kinetoscope – KNXV-TV – Lost: Missing Pieces – Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh – Mutual Broadcasting System – Naruto – noitulovE – Oriental Film – Paramount Television Network – Parks and Recreation season 1 – Planet of the Apes – The Political Cesspool – RKO Pictures – Round the Horne – Sesame Street international co-productions – Sesame Street research – Sesame Workshop – Smallville season 1 – South Park season 13 – Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner – Supernatural season 1 – Supernatural season 2 – Treehouse of Horror – True Detective season 1 – Union Films – WBPX-TV – WINC (AM) – WSNS-TV – WWJ-TV – The Yankee (42 articles) Films ? (2011 film) – Air Mata Iboe – Aitraaz – Aliens (film) – American Beauty (1999 film) – Anbe Sivam – Andha Naal – Asmara Moerni – Atlantis: The Lost Empire – Baby Driver – Back to the Future – Bad Times at the El Royale – Barton Fink – Batman Returns – The Beautician and the Beast – Bezhin Meadow – Blackrock (film) – Blade Runner – Boys Don't Cry (1999 film) – The Boys from Baghdad High – Branded to Kill – Bride of Frankenstein – The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari – Cannibal Holocaust – The Carpet from Bagdad – Casablanca (film) – Casino Royale (2006 film) – The Cat and the Canary (1927 film) – Chandralekha (1948 film) – Changeling (film) – Conan the Barbarian (1982 film) – A Cure for Pokeritis – The Dark Knight – Departures (2008 film) – Diary of a Camper – Die Hard – Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge – Djaoeh Dimata – Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story – Dredd – Dustbin Baby (film) – Eega – El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie – The Empire Strikes Back – Enthiran – Eraserhead – Evita (1996 film) – The Fifth Element – Fight Club – Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within – The FP – Frank's Cock – Frozen 2 – Fuck (2005 film) – Gagak Item – Gertie the Dinosaur – The Getaway (1972 film) – Gemini (2002 film) – Ghostbusters – Ghostbusters II – The Grand Budapest Hotel – Greed (1924 film) – Groundhog Day (film) – Happier Than Ever: A Love Letter to Los Angeles – Harta Berdarah – Hellraiser: Judgment – High and Low (1963 film) – Hoodwinked! – Hotel Chevalier – How a Mosquito Operates – How Brown Saw the Baseball Game – The Human Centipede (First Sequence) – Into Temptation (film) – It Is the Law – It's Elementary: Talking About Gay Issues in School – Jaws (film) – John Wick (film) – Kahaani – Kalidas (film) – Kal Ho Naa Ho – Katsudō Shashin – Kedok Ketawa – Keechaka Vadham – KPop Demon Hunters – Lage Raho Munna Bhai – Latter Days – The Legend of Bhagat Singh – Life's Shop Window – Little Miss Sunshine – Little Nemo (1911 film) – Loev – The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) – Lord of the Universe – Lost in Translation (film) – Manhunter (film) – Margarita with a Straw – Mayabazar – Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins – Mereka Bilang, Saya Monyet! – Mind Meld – Mission: Impossible – Fallout – Mom and Dad (1945 film) – Mother India – Mughal-e-Azam – Mulholland Drive (film) – The Mummy (1999 film) – Nil Battey Sannata – Not My Responsibility – Not One Less – October 1 (film) – On the Job – Overdrawn at the Memory Bank – Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman – Paint Drying – Panggilan Darah – Parinda – Pather Panchali – Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI – Persuasion (1995 film) – Pride & Prejudice (2005 film) – Prometheus (2012 film) – Pulgasari – Raiders of the Lost Ark – Resident Evil: Apocalypse – The Revolution Will Not Be Televised (film) – Rob-B-Hood – RoboCop – Ruma Maida – Saving Private Ryan – Sense and Sensibility (1995 film) – The Shawshank Redemption – She Shoulda Said No! – Sherlock Holmes Baffled – Sholay – Si Ronda – Si Tjonat – The Simpsons Movie – The Sinking of the Lusitania – Soeara Berbisa – Sorga Ka Toedjoe – Soultaker (film) – Squirm – Starship Troopers (film) – Star Trek: First Contact – Star Trek Generations – Star Trek: The Motion Picture – Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan – Star Trek III: The Search for Spock – Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home – Star Trek V: The Final Frontier – Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country – St. Elmo (1914 film) – Subway Sadie – Taare Zameen Par – Tank Girl (film) – Tender Mercies – Tenebrae (film) – Terang Boelan – Terminator 2: Judgment Day – The Thing (1982 film) – Tjioeng Wanara – Total Recall (1990 film) – Trading Places – Troika (1969 film) – Tropic Thunder – The Turn of the Screw – U2 3D – Uncle David – Waiting (2015 film) – Whisky Galore! (1949 film) – The Whistleblower – Witchfinder General (film) – Yan Ruisheng – Zodiac (film) – Zombie Nightmare (175 articles) Television shows Abby (TV series) – Adventure Time – The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. – All Souls (TV series) – The American Bible Challenge – Blue's Clues – Bluey (TV series) – Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons – Chains of Love (TV series) – The Chase (American game show) – Cold Feet – Dark Angel (American TV series) – Ed, Edd n Eddy – The Emperor's New School – Eve (American TV series) – Family Trade – Greed (game show) – Hannah Montana – Head over Heels (American TV series) – High School Musical: The Musical: The Series – Horrible Histories (2009 TV series) – House (TV series) – Joking Apart – Kampung Boy (TV series) – Katie Joplin – Lady Blue (TV series) – Last of the Summer Wine – Love, Inc. (TV series) – The Masked Singer (American TV series) – Meerkat Manor – Mercy Point – The Million Second Quiz – One of the Boys (1989 TV series) – Our Friends in the North – The Power of Nightmares – Press Gang – Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series) – Quatermass II – Quatermass and the Pit – The Random Years – The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest – Revolutionary Girl Utena – Sesame Street – Shannen Says – The Simpsons – Sonic X – Swift Justice – Temperatures Rising – Thunderbirds (TV series) – Veronica Clare – Wizards of Waverly Place (51 articles) Episodes of television "200" ( Stargate SG-1 ) – " Abyssinia, Henry " – "All Hell Breaks Loose" ( Supernatural ) – " all things " – " Barge of the Dead " – "The Beginning of the End" ( Lost ) – "The Bill" (Inside No. 9) – "The Body" ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) – " A Canterlot Wedding " – " Cape Feare " – " Cartman Gets an Anal Probe " – " The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson " – " Confirmed Dead " – "Damien" ( South Park ) – " Deadalive " – " Deer Lady " – " Death on the Rock " – " Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King? " – "Donald Trump" ( Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ) – "Doomsday" ( Doctor Who ) – "Deep Throat" ( The X-Files ) – "Episode 2" ( Twin Peaks ) – "Episode 14" ( Twin Peaks ) – "Faces" ( Star Trek: Voyager ) – "Favorite Son" ( Star Trek: Voyager ) – "Fresh Blood" ( Supernatural ) – "Gender Bender" ( The X-Files ) – "Give Peace a Chance" ( Grey's Anatomy ) – " Goodbyeee " – "Greatest Hits" ( Lost ) – " Hell Is Other Robots " – "Home" ( The X-Files ) – " Homer's Enemy " – " Homer's Phobia " – "Ice" ( The X-Files ) – " Janet(s) " – "Last Gasp" ( Inside No. 9 ) – " The Last Temptation of Krust " – " Lisa the Skeptic " – " Lisa the Vegetarian " – " The Man Trap " – " Meet Kevin Johnson " – "Mother and Child Reunion" ( Degrassi: The Next Generation ) – "Mother's Day" ( Rugrats ) – " Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo " – " A Nice Day for a Posh Wedding " – "Nightswimming" ( Awake ) – " No Such Thing as Vampires " – " North by North Quahog " – "Once More, with Feeling" ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) – " The One Where Michael Leaves " – " The Other Woman ( Lost ) " – "Over There" ( Fringe ) – "Partners in Crime" ( Doctor Who ) – "Pilot" ( House ) – "Pilot" ( Parks and Recreation ) – "Pilot" ( Smallville ) – "Pilot" ( Supernatural ) – "No Rest for the Wicked" ( Supernatural ) – " The Post-Modern Prometheus " – "Premiere" ( The O.C. ) – " A Quiet Night In " – " Rejoined " – "The Riddle of the Sphinx" ( Inside No. 9 ) – " Road to the Multiverse " – " A Rugrats Chanukah " – " A Rugrats Kwanzaa " – " San Junipero " – "Sardines" ( Inside No. 9 ) – "Say Hello to My Little Friend" ( Awake ) – "The Shape of Things to Come" ( Lost ) – " Sisters at Heart " – " The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati " – " SLAPP Suits " – " Space Seed " – "Squeeze" ( The X-Files ) – " Stark Raving Dad " – " Starvin' Marvin " – " The Stolen Earth " – " A Streetcar Named Marge " – "Subway" ( Homicide: Life on the Street ) – "Terms of Endearment" ( The X-Files ) – " These Are the Voyages... " – "Through the Looking Glass" ( Lost ) – "Triangle" ( The X-Files ) – "The Truth" ( The X-Files ) – "The Unnatural" ( The X-Files ) – "Volcano" ( South Park ) – " Weight Gain 4000 " – "What Is and What Should Never Be" ( Supernatural ) – " X-Cops " – " Yesterday's Enterprise " – " You Only Move Twice " (93 articles) Media fictional characters Melanie Barnett – C. J. Cregg – Sadie Harris – Chad Harris-Crane – Kes ( Star Trek ) – Todd Manning – Russell family ( Passions ) – Eve Russell – Simone Russell – Bart Simpson – Homer Simpson – Khan Noonien Singh – Michael Tritter – Tasha Yar – Yeti ( Doctor Who ) (15 articles) Media biographies Amy Adams – Ben Affleck – Ike Altgens – Angel Aquino – Andjar Asmara – James T. Aubrey – Kroger Babb – Vidya Balan – Christian Bale – Eric Bana – Joseph Barbera – John Barrymore – Alia Bhatt – Harriet Bosse – Ed Bradley – Rudolph Cartier – Nancy Cartwright – Charlie Chaplin – Jessica Chastain – Priyanka Chopra – Bradley Cooper – Gary Cooper – Russell T Davies – Leonardo DiCaprio – Walt Disney – D. Djajakusuma – Steve Dodd – Kirsten Dunst – Etika – George Formby – George Formby Sr – John Gielgud – Mckenna Grace – Jake Gyllenhaal – Maggie Gyllenhaal – William Hanna – Phil Hartman – Anne Hathaway – Ethan Hawke – Katharine Hepburn – Philip Seymour Hoffman – Tom Holland – Michael Hordern – Kenneth Horne – Nicholas Hoult – Josh Hutcherson – Oscar Isaac – Hattie Jacques – Peter Jennings – Scarlett Johansson – Angelina Jolie – Katrina Kaif – Dimple Kapadia – Kareena Kapoor Khan – Sonam Kapoor – Shah Rukh Khan – Kalki Koechlin – Angela Lansbury – Brie Larson – Jennifer Lawrence – Vivien Leigh – Dolly de Leon – Angel Locsin – Jacobus Anthonie Meessen – Marilyn Monroe – Julianne Moore – Rani Mukerji – Cillian Murphy – Sydney Newman – Christopher Nolan – John Oliver – Deepika Padukone – Robert Pattinson – Freida Pinto – Brad Pitt – Chris Pratt – Kangana Ranaut – Roekiah – Hrithik Roshan – Judy Ann Santos – Peter Sellers – Shefali Shah – Sebastian Shaw (actor) – Josette Simon – Red Skelton – Liza Soberano – Aaron Sorkin – Rod Steiger – Emma Stone – Terry-Thomas – Jack L. Warner – Emma Watson – Michelle Williams (actress) – Kate Winslet – Reese Witherspoon – Catherine Zeta-Jones – Preity Zinta (97 articles) Meteorology and climate Cirrus cloud – Eye (cyclone) – Climate change (3 articles) Seasons 1850 Atlantic hurricane season – 1911 Atlantic hurricane season – 1933 Atlantic hurricane season – 1941 Atlantic hurricane season – 1950 Atlantic hurricane season – 1983 Atlantic hurricane season – 1988 Atlantic hurricane season – 1991 Atlantic hurricane season – 1994 Atlantic hurricane season – 1995 Pacific hurricane season – 1998 Pacific hurricane season – 2001–02 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season – 2002 Atlantic hurricane season – 2002 Pacific typhoon season – 2003 Atlantic hurricane season – 2003 Pacific hurricane season – 2005 Atlantic hurricane season – 2006 Atlantic hurricane season – 2006 Pacific hurricane season – 2007 Atlantic hurricane season – 2013 Atlantic hurricane season (21 articles) Storms 1896 Cedar Keys hurricane – 1910 Cuba hurricane – 1916 Texas hurricane – 1928 Okeechobee hurricane – 1941 Florida hurricane – 1944 Cuba–Florida hurricane – 1991 Perfect Storm – 1999 Sydney hailstorm – 2000 Sri Lanka cyclone – 2003 Sri Lanka cyclone – 2005 Azores subtropical storm – Christmas 1994 nor'easter – Cyclone Ada – Cyclone Althea – Cyclone Berguitta – Cyclone Chapala – Cyclone Dumazile – Cyclone Elita – Cyclone Gonu – Cyclone Joy – Cyclone Orson – Cyclone Raja – Cyclone Rewa – Cyclone Waka – December 1969 nor'easter – Effects of Hurricane Georges in Louisiana – Effects of Hurricane Isabel in North Carolina – Great Lakes Storm of 1913 – Greensburg tornado – Hurricane Alex (2016) – Hurricane Andrew – Hurricane Bob (1985) – Hurricane Bret – Hurricane Carmen – Hurricane Carol – Hurricane Charley (1986) – Hurricane Cindy (2005) – Hurricane Claudette (2003) – Hurricane Connie – Hurricane Daniel (2006) – Hurricane Debbie (1961) – Hurricane Dennis – Hurricane Diane – Hurricane Dog (1950) – Hurricane Edith (1971) – Hurricane Elena – Hurricane Eloise – Hurricane Emily (1993) – Hurricane Erika (1997) – Hurricane Erika (2003) – Hurricane Fabian – Hurricane Fay – Hurricane Fred (2015) – Hurricane Gert – Hurricane Ginger – Hurricane Gonzalo – Hurricane Gordon (2006) – Hurricane Grace (1991) – Hurricane Guillermo (1997) – Hurricane Hattie – Hurricane Hazel – Hurricane Hilary – Hurricane Humberto (2019) – Hurricane Iniki – Hurricane Ioke – Hurricane Irene (2005) – Hurricane Iris – Hurricane Isis (1998) – Hurricane Ismael – Hurricane John (1994) – Hurricane John (2006) – Hurricane Juan (1985) – Hurricane Kate (1985) – Hurricane Kenna – Hurricane Kiko (1989) – Hurricane Kyle (2002) – Hurricane Lane (2006) – Hurricane Lane (2018) – Hurricane Linda (1997) – Hurricane Lenny – Hurricane Leslie (2018) – Hurricane Marie (2014) – Hurricane Nadine – Hurricane Nate (2005) – Hurricane Olivia (2018) – Hurricane Ophelia (2005) – Hurricane Rick (2009) – Hurricane Rosa (2018) – Hurricane Sergio (2018) – Hurricane Vince – Hurricane Walaka – Hurricane Willa – Meteorological history of Hurricane Dorian – Meteorological history of Hurricane Gordon – Meteorological history of Hurricane Patricia – Meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma – Racer's hurricane – Subtropical Storm Andrea (2007) – Tropical Depression Nineteen-E (2018) – Tropical Depression Ten (2007) – Tropical Storm Alberto (2006) – Tropical Storm Barry (2001) – Tropical Storm Barry (2007) – Tropical Storm Bill (2003) – Tropical Storm Bonnie (2004) – Tropical Storm Brenda (1960) – Tropical Storm Carlotta (2018) – Tropical Storm Carrie (1972) – Tropical Storm Chantal (2001) – Tropical Storm Cindy (1993) – Tropical Storm Edouard (2002) – Tropical Storm Faxai (2007) – Tropical Storm Gabrielle (2007) – Tropical Storm Hanna (2002) – Tropical Storm Henri (2003) – Tropical Storm Hermine (1998) – Tropical Storm Hernan (2020) – Tropical Storm Ileana (2018) – Tropical Storm Keith (1988) – Tropical Storm Kiko (2007) – Tropical Storm Marco (1990) – Tropical Storm Marco (2008) – Tropical Storm Nicole (2010) – Tropical Storm Vamei – Tropical Storm Vicente (2018) – Tropical Storm Zelda (1991) – Typhoon Chataan – Typhoon Gay – Typhoon Gay (1992) – Typhoon Maemi – Typhoon Nabi – Typhoon Omar – Typhoon Paka – Typhoon Pongsona – Typhoon Rusa – Typhoon Sudal – Typhoon Tip (137 articles) Music Album covers of Blue Note Records – The Breeders Tour 2014 – Carillon – Choral symphony – Concerto delle donne – Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies – Elderly Instruments – English National Opera – Freedom (concert) – Handel's lost Hamburg operas – Killing of Meredith Hunter – The Kinks' 1965 US tour – Leningrad première of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 7 – Lost operas by Claudio Monteverdi – Mozart family grand tour – Music for a Time of War – New wave of British heavy metal – Nine Inch Nails live performances – R2K: The Concert – Rhinemaidens – Roland TR-808 – The Royal Opera – Shoom – Taiko – Viking metal – Zoo TV Tour (26 articles) Classical music works Agrippina (opera) – Appalachian Spring – The Bartered Bride – Blood on the Floor (Turnage) – Carmen – A Child of Our Time – Christ lag in Todes Banden , BWV 4 – Der 100. Psalm – Die Zeit, die Tag und Jahre macht , BWV 134a – Easter Oratorio – Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! , BWV 172 – Falstaff (opera) – The Firebird – Gianni Schicchi – Gott der Herr ist Sonn und Schild, BWV 79 – H.M.S. Pinafore – Ich will den Kreuzstab gerne tragen , BWV 56 – Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria – Jesu, meine Freude , BWV 227 – Jesus nahm zu sich die Zwölfe , BWV 22 – Komm, du süße Todesstunde , BWV 161 – L'Ange de Nisida – L'Arianna – L'incoronazione di Poppea – L'Orfeo – Les pêcheurs de perles – Lieutenant Kijé (Prokofiev) – Me and Juliet – Messiah (Handel) – Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin , BWV 125 – Nixon in China – Noye's Fludde – O heilges Geist- und Wasserbad , BWV 165 – The Oceanides – Orpheus in the Underworld – Piano Concerto No. 24 (Mozart) – Piano music of Gabriel Fauré – Piano Sonata No. 31 (Beethoven) – Requiem (Reger) – The Rite of Spring – Rinaldo (opera) – Saxophone Sonata (Creston) – Sei pezzi per pianoforte – Short Symphony – Sonatas and Interludes – Symphonic poems (Liszt) – Symphony No. 3 (Górecki) – Symphony No. 4 (Mahler) – Symphony No. 8 (Mahler) – Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius) – Thespis (opera) – Tosca – Trial by Jury – Unser Mund sei voll Lachens , BWV 110 – Vespro della Beata Vergine – Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern , BWV 1 (56 articles) Albums 3 of Hearts (album) – 4 (Beyoncé album) – 1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?) – 1989 (album) – Aaliyah (album) – Achtung Baby – Aftermath (Rolling Stones album) – Agharta (album) – Alicia (album) – All Money Is Legal – Almost There (album) – Amarte Es un Placer (album) – ...And Justice for All (album) – Anodyne (album) – Are You Experienced – Aries (album) – Arular – The Basement Tapes – Be Here Now (album) – Blackstar (album) – Bleed American – Blonde on Blonde – Blood Sugar Sex Magik – Body Count (album) – Born in the U.S.A. – Born to Run – By the Way – Christ Illusion – The Concert in Central Park – Confusion (album) – Control (Janet Jackson album) – A Crow Looked at Me – Cut the Crap – The Dark Side of the Moon – Darkness on the Edge of Town – Diorama (Silverchair album) – Disintegration (The Cure album) – Dookie – Doolittle (album) – Dream Days at the Hotel Existence – E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (album) – The Ecstatic – Electra Heart – Eternal Blue (album) – Evermore – Everywhere at the End of Time – Fantasy Black Channel – Faryl – Fearless (Taylor Swift album) – Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 – The Final Cut (album) – The First Vision – Fôrça Bruta – Formula, Vol. 1 – Freak Out! – The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan – Ghosts I–IV – God Hates Us All – Good Girl Gone Bad – Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded – Guitar Songs – Halo 3 Original Soundtrack – Heaven Upside Down – Here Is Mariah Carey – Hex Enduction Hour – Hey Y'all – Highway 61 Revisited – Ho Ho Ho (album) – Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) – Homework (Daft Punk album) – House of Music – Hunky Dory – The Idiot (album) – Illinois (Sufjan Stevens album) – In Rainbows – Intimacy (Bloc Party album) – In Utero – Is This It – It Was Hot, We Stayed in the Water – Kala (album) – Kids See Ghosts (album) – Kill 'Em All – Laborintus II (album) – Late Registration – Lions (album) – Love. Angel. Music. Baby. – Love It to Death – Loveless (album) – Low (David Bowie album) – Made in the Dark – Manos Arriba – Marquee Moon – Master of Puppets – Matangi (album) – Maxinquaye – Maya (M.I.A. album) – Misterioso (Thelonious Monk album) – A Momentary Lapse of Reason – Mother's Milk (album) – Nebraska (album) – New York Dolls (album) – The Next Day – Niandra LaDes and Usually Just a T-Shirt – No Depression (album) – No Line on the Horizon – Odyssey Number Five – Of Human Feelings – OK Computer – One Hot Minute – Over the Rainbow (Connie Talbot album) – The Pale Emperor – Pinkerton (album) – Pod (The Breeders album) – Pru (album) – Red (Taylor Swift album) – Reign in Blood – Remain in Light – Rhythm Killers – Ride the Lightning – The River (Bruce Springsteen album) – Rock Steady (album) – Romance (Luis Miguel album) – Romances (Luis Miguel album) – Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall – Rumours (album) – The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman – Segundo Romance – Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band – Silent Alarm – Sky Blue Sky – Slay Tracks: 1933–1969 – Smiley Smile – Song of Innocence – Sons of Soul – South of Heaven – Speak Now – Spiderland – Still Reigning – Supernature (Goldfrapp album) – Surfer Rosa – Takin' It Back – Taylor Swift (album) – Tell All Your Friends – Thank You (Meghan Trainor album) – This Side of the Moon – This Year's Model – Thriller (album) – Timeless (Meghan Trainor album) – Title (album) – Title (EP) – Title TK – Too Much Too Soon (album) – Tragic Kingdom – Treat Myself – A Very Trainor Christmas – Virtual Self (EP) – Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) – The Way I See It – A Weekend in the City – Weird Faith – When You Get a Little Lonely – Windswept Adan – Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd album) – Worlds (Porter Robinson album) – Xx (The xx album) (165 articles) Songs " 4 Minutes " – "The 1975" (song) – "Alejandro" (song) – " All About That Bass " – " All-American Bitch " – " Amazing Grace " – "Angel of Death" (Slayer song) – "Baby Boy" (Beyoncé song) – "Bad Blood" (Taylor Swift song) – " Bad Romance " – " Ballad of a Homeschooled Girl " – " Bale Out " – "Big Boys" (song) – " Blank Space " – " Blindfold Me " – "Breakdown" (Mariah Carey song) – "Butterfly" (Mariah Carey song) – " Can I Get It " – "Candy" (Foxy Brown song) – " Can't Get You Out of My Head " – "Can't Let Go" (Mariah Carey song) – " Can't Catch Me Now " – " Christmas Tree Farm " – "City of Angels" (Thirty Seconds to Mars song) – " City of Blinding Lights " – "Clown" (Mariah Carey song) – " Cross Road Blues " – "Cry Me a River" (Justin Timberlake song) – " Dance in the Dark " – " Dance the Night " – " Dear Future Husband " – "Déjà Vu" (Beyoncé song) – "Deja Vu" (Olivia Rodrigo song) – "Delicate" (Taylor Swift song) – " Despre tine " – "Diamonds" (Rihanna song) – "Don't Say You Love Me" (M2M song) – "Don't Stop the Music" (Rihanna song) – " Dragostea din tei " – " Drake Would Love Me " – " Easy on Me " – "Forever" (Mariah Carey song) – " Eyes of the Insane " – "Feather" (song) – "Fearless" (Taylor Swift song) – " Forever & Always " – " Fuck the Millennium " – "Gento" (song) – "Ghost in the Machine" (song) – " Get Him Back! " – " Habits (Stay High) " – "Halo" (Beyoncé song) – "Here We Go Again" (Ray Charles song) – "Hey Baby" (No Doubt song) – " Hey Jude " – " Hey Stephen " – "Holidays" (Meghan Trainor song) – "Hot Sugar" (song) – " How You Get the Girl " – " I Don't Remember " – " I Don't Wanna Cry " – " I Drink Wine " – " I'm God " – " I Got That " – "I'm Goin' Down" – "Imagine" (song) – "I Need You" (Paris Hilton song) – " Irreplaceable " – " Life on Mars? " – " It's a Wrap " – " I've Just Seen a Face " – "Jihad" (song) – "Just like Heaven" (The Cure song) – "Labyrinth" (Taylor Swift song) – " La Isla Bonita " – " Laundromat " – " Lavender Haze " – " Lights Up " – " Like a Rolling Stone " – " Like I'm Gonna Lose You " – " Lips Are Movin " – " The Long and Winding Road " – " Love Is Embarrassing " – "Love Story" (Taylor Swift song) – " Love the Way You Lie " – "Made You Look" (Meghan Trainor song) – "Mean" (song) – "Me Too" (Meghan Trainor song) – "Mindful" (song) – " Missing My Baby " – "Mother" (Meghan Trainor song) – " Mothers of the Disappeared " – "My Happiness" (Powderfinger song) – " My Little Love " – "My Man" (Tamar Braxton song) – National anthem of Russia – "Never Forget You" (Mariah Carey song) – "New Romantics" (song) – "No" (Meghan Trainor song) – " No Me Queda Más " – " No Panties " – "Not in Love" (Crystal Castles song) – " Nothing to My Name " – "Obsessed" (Olivia Rodrigo song) – "The One" (Tamar Braxton song) – "One Tree Hill" (song) – " On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away " – "Open Arms" (SZA song) – " Our Song " – "Outside" (Mariah Carey song) – " Out of the Woods " – " Paint It Black " – " Paranoid Android " – " Photograph of Mary " – "Push the Button" (Sugababes song) – " R U Professional " – "Rehab" (Rihanna song) – "Running Out of Time" (song) – "S&M" (song) – " Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands " – " Say Say Say " – " Shake It Off " – "Shine" (Gwen Stefani song) – " Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) " – "Slug" (song) – " Smells Like Teen Spirit " – " Smoking on My Ex Pack " – "Something" (Beatles song) – " Sound and Vision " – "Speechless" (Lady Gaga song) – "Speechless" (Michael Jackson song) – " Spinning Around " – "State of Grace" (song) – "Streets" (song) – "Style" (Taylor Swift song) – "Sweetheart" (Rainy Davis song) – "Talk That Talk" (Rihanna song) – " Talking to Yourself " – " Teardrops on My Guitar " – "Telephone" (song) – " This Charming Man " – "Tim McGraw" (song) – "Title" (song) – "To Be Loved" (Adele song) – "Today" (The Smashing Pumpkins song) – " Touch Me I'm Sick " – " Under the Bridge " – "Vanishing" (song) – "Village Green" (song) – " Watching the River Flow " – " Water Under the Bridge " – " We Are the World " – "Welcome to New York" (song) – " What'd I Say " – " What You Waiting For? " – "White Horse" (Taylor Swift song) – " Wildest Dreams " – "The World Is Not Enough" (song) – " You Belong with Me " – " Your Girl " – " Your Power " – " You're Not Sorry " (162 articles) Music biographies Individuals Aaliyah – Charles-Valentin Alkan – Walter Bache – John Barbirolli – Arnold Bax – Thomas Beecham – Bix Beiderbecke – William Sterndale Bennett – Hector Berlioz – David Berman (musician) – Beyoncé – Georges Bizet – Pierre Boulez – Adrian Boult – David Bowie – Benjamin Britten – Alan Bush – Mariah Carey – Cher – Frédéric Chopin – Chrisye – Rebecca Clarke (composer) – Claude Debussy – Frederick Delius – DJ AM – Nick Drake – Bob Dylan – Edward Elgar – Gabriel Fauré – Kathleen Ferrier – Rakoto Frah – Lady Gaga – Vince Gill – Rachelle Ann Go – Percy Grainger – Ayumi Hamasaki – George Harrison – Jimi Hendrix – Canadian drug charges and trial of Jimi Hendrix – Death of Jimi Hendrix – Susanna Hoffs – Gustav Holst – Imogen Holst – Janet Jackson – Michael Jackson – Mick Jagger – Eusèbe Jaojoby – Ken "Snakehips" Johnson – Andrew Johnston (singer) – Jane Joseph – Josquin des Prez – Maynard James Keenan – Albert Ketèlbey – Otto Klemperer – Kyla (Filipino singer) – Leah LaBelle – John Lennon – Kellie Loder – Lorde – Courtney Love – Steve Lukather – Witold Lutosławski – Gustav Mahler – Miriam Makeba – Margaret (singer) – Jules Massenet – Paul McCartney – Felix Mendelssohn – André Messager – Olivier Messiaen – Pierre Monteux – Claudio Monteverdi – Mozart in Italy – Ram Narayan – Carl Nielsen – The Notorious B.I.G. – Jacques Offenbach – Leo Ornstein – Osbert Parsley – Katy Perry – Francis Poulenc – Elvis Presley – Angeline Quinto – Maurice Ravel – Rihanna – Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov – Gioachino Rossini – Camille Saint-Saëns – Robert Schumann – Bedřich Smetana – Faryl Smith – Georg Solti – Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji – Adele Spitzeder – Jo Stafford – Charles Villiers Stanford – Ringo Starr – Gwen Stefani – Igor Stravinsky – Arthur Sullivan – Taylor Swift – Tōru Takemitsu – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Michael Tippett – Meghan Trainor – Randy Travis – Ralph Vaughan Williams – Artemy Vedel – Regine Velasquez – Cosima Wagner – Richard Wagner – William Walton – Peter Warlock – Henry Wood – Frank Zappa (115 articles) Groups Alice in Chains – Audioslave – The Beatles – Ben&Ben – BTS – Damageplan – Fightin' Texas Aggie Band – Five Go Down to the Sea? – Godsmack – Hi-5 (Australian group) – Jamiroquai – Joy Division – The Kinks – Megadeth – Meshuggah – Metallica – Neutral Milk Hotel – Nine Inch Nails – Nirvana (band) – Opeth – Pearl Jam – Pink Floyd – Pixies (band) – Powderfinger – Radiohead – R.E.M. – Sex Pistols – Silverchair – The Smashing Pumpkins – Stereolab – Strapping Young Lad – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five – Tool (band) – U2 – Uncle Tupelo – The Wiggles – Wilco (38 articles) Philosophy and psychology Aesthetics – Birthday-number effect – Confirmation bias – Epistemology – Ethics – Existence – "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" – Getting It: The Psychology of est – Hedonism – An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory – Logic – Metaphysics – Mind – Name-letter effect – Nihilism – Philosophy – Political Animals and Animal Politics – Throffer – Value theory – A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (20 articles) Philosophy and psychology biographies Eric A. Havelock – Leucippus – Zhang Jingsheng – William S. Sadler (4 articles) Physics and astronomy AdS/CFT correspondence – Definition of planet – Electron – Formation and evolution of the Solar System – General relativity – History of Mars observation – Hubble Space Telescope – Introduction to general relativity – Island of stability – Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector – M-theory – Main sequence – Mirror symmetry (string theory) – Nebular hypothesis – Quark – Redshift – Speed of light – Toronto Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory – Virgo interferometer (19 articles) Astronomical objects and other space entities 243 Ida – Andromeda (constellation) – Antlia – Apus – Ariel (moon) – Aries (constellation) – Asteroid belt – Atmosphere of Jupiter – Auriga – Barnard's Star – Betelgeuse – Caelum – Callisto (moon) – Canis Major – Canis Minor – Capella – Cat's Eye Nebula – Ceres (dwarf planet) – Circinus – Comet Hale–Bopp – Comet Hyakutake – Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 – Corona Australis – Corona Borealis – Corvus (constellation) – Crater (constellation) – Cygnus X-1 – Earth – Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990 – Enceladus – Epsilon Eridani – Eris (dwarf planet) – Eta Carinae – Europa (moon) – Galaxy – Gamma-ray burst – Ganymede (moon) – Globular cluster – GRB 970228 – GRB 970508 – Grus (constellation) – H II region – Halley's Comet – Haumea – Herbig–Haro object – Horologium (constellation) – Hubble Deep Field – Hydrus – IK Pegasi – Io (moon) – Jupiter trojan – Kreutz sungrazer – Kuiper belt – Leo Minor – Lynx (constellation) – Magnetosphere of Jupiter – Makemake – Mars – Mensa (constellation) – Mercury (planet) – Messier 87 – Microscopium – Moon – Musca – Neptune – Norma (constellation) – Oberon (moon) – Oort cloud – Pavo (constellation) – Perseus (constellation) – Phoenix (constellation) – Pictor – Planet – Planet Nine – Planets beyond Neptune – Pluto – Proxima Centauri – Pyxis – Rigel – Rings of Jupiter – Rings of Neptune – Rings of Uranus – Sagitta – Saturn – Scattered disc – Sedna (dwarf planet) – Serpens – Sirius – Solar eclipse – Solar System – SOLRAD 1 – SOLRAD 2 – Star – Sun – Supernova – Tau Ceti – Telescopium – Titan (moon) – Titania (moon) – TRAPPIST-1 – Triangulum – Triangulum Australe – Triton (moon) – Tucana – Umbriel – Uranus – Ursa Minor – Vega – Venus – Volcanism on Io – White dwarf (111 articles) Physics and astronomy biographies Buzz Aldrin – Neil Armstrong – Niels Bohr – Frank Borman – James Chadwick – Michael Collins (astronaut) – Gordon Cooper – Jürgen Ehlers – Enrico Fermi – Richard Feynman – Anna Lee Fisher – Eunice Newton Foote – Ben Gascoigne – Josiah Willard Gibbs – Otto Hahn – Johannes Kepler – George Koval – Jim Lovell – Shannon Lucid – Ulf Merbold – Mark Oliphant – Lise Meitner – Mercury Seven – NASA Astronaut Group 2 – Gerard K. O'Neill – J. Robert Oppenheimer – Oppenheimer security clearance hearing – Isidor Rabi – Judith Resnik – Sally Ride – David Scott – Rhea Seddon – Louis Slotin – Kathryn D. Sullivan – Alfred Worden – John Young (astronaut) – Zhang Heng (37 articles) Politics and government 1867 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania – 1880 Democratic National Convention – 1880 Greenback National Convention – 1880 Republican National Convention – 1898 United States Senate elections in Ohio – 1899 Kentucky gubernatorial election – 1899 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania – January 1908 Irish representative peer election – 1927 Chicago mayoral election – 1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt – 1946 California's 12th congressional district election – 1950 United States Senate election in California – 1951 Philadelphia municipal election – 1955 State of Vietnam referendum – 1957 Canadian federal election – 1975 Australian constitutional crisis – 2009 New York's 20th congressional district special election – 1964 Illinois House of Representatives election – 2010 United States Senate Democratic primary election in Pennsylvania – 2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election – 2020 Missouri Amendment 2 – Act of Accord – Atlanta Compromise – Ba Congress – Balfour Declaration – Boroughitis – Bring Us Together – John Edward Brownlee sex scandal – William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign – Checkers speech – Cross of Gold speech – "Daisy" (advertisement) – Draft Eisenhower movement – Gateway Protection Programme – Government of the Han dynasty – Governor of Kentucky – First inauguration of Barack Obama – William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign – League of Nations – The May Pamphlet – William McKinley 1896 presidential campaign – Ministerial by-election – Ngo Dinh Diem presidential visit to Australia – New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal – " On the Mindless Menace of Violence " – Operation Sandwedge – Ostend Manifesto – Overman Committee – Parliament of 1327 – Political philosophy – Profumo affair – Privy Council (United Kingdom) – Referendum Party – Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign – Rudd Concession – Strom Thurmond filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 – Thaddeus McCotter 2012 presidential campaign – Thorpe affair – Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign – Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng – A Vindication of the Rights of Men – Why Marx Was Right (62 articles) Politics and government biographies John Adair – John Adams – Samuel Adams – Spiro Agnew – Nadezhda Alliluyeva – Yasser Arafat – Carlos Castillo Armas – Chester A. Arthur – Alexandre Banza – Alben W. Barkley – Thomas F. Bayard – Hugh Beadle – Louis H. Bean – J. C. W. Beckham – John J. Beckley – Judah P. Benjamin – Steve Biko – Luke P. Blackburn – Barthélemy Boganda – Jean Bolikango – Margaret Bondfield – William Borah – Horatio Bottomley – William O'Connell Bradley – Bessie Braddock – John C. Breckinridge – Political career of John C. Breckinridge – John Y. Brown (politician, born 1835) – John Edward Brownlee as Attorney General of Alberta – Stanley Bruce – Simon Bolivar Buckner – Morgan Bulkeley – Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy – John C. Calhoun – Simon Cameron – Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná – Neville Chamberlain – Happy Chandler – Murray Chotiner – Grover Cleveland – Jane Cobden – Martha Layne Collins – Bert Combs – Calvin Coolidge – Grace Coolidge – John Sherman Cooper – Richard Cordray – Jack Critchley – John J. Crittenden – S. O. Davies – Jefferson Davis – Bill Denny – Phoolan Devi – John Diefenbaker – Benjamin Disraeli – Alec Douglas-Home – Neal Dow – Tom Driberg – Don Dunstan – Early life and military career of John McCain – William Hayden English – Millard Fillmore – Ernie Fletcher – Joseph B. Foraker – Wendell Ford – James A. Garfield – Emma Goldman – Horace Greeley – Herbert Greenfield – Frank Hague – Mark Hanna – Warren G. Harding – Benjamin Harrison – John Hay – Rutherford B. Hayes – John L. Helm – Patrick Henry – Garret Hobart – Margaret Lea Houston – C. D. Howe – Andrew Jackson – Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Andrew Johnson – Keen Johnson – Jomo Kenyatta – Nikita Khrushchev – Ruby Laffoon – Nestor Lakoba – Franklin Knight Lane – George Lansbury – Vladimir Lenin – Leopold Report – Albert Levitt – David Lewis (Canadian politician) – Li Rui – Marcel Lihau – Abraham Lincoln – Huey Long – Luo Yixiu – Angus Lewis Macdonald – John A. Macdonald – Gregor MacGregor – William Lyon Mackenzie – James Madison – Nelson Mandela – Thomas R. Marshall – Evelyn Mase – George Mason – John McCain – James B. McCreary – William McKinley – Simonie Michael – Harvey Milk – Edwin P. Morrow – Socrates Nelson – Ngô Đình Cẩn – Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ – Pat Nixon – Richard Nixon – Louie Nunn – Sergo Ordzhonikidze – José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco – Paul E. Patton – Franklin Peale – Franklin Pierce – Józef Piłsudski – Gabriel Pleydell – Thomas Playford IV – James K. Polk – Premiership of John Edward Brownlee – Matthew Quay – Vidkun Quisling – Rainilaiarivony – Norodom Ranariddh – Samuel J. Randall – Ronald Reagan – Richard Gavin Reid – Louis Riel – Ernest Roberts (Australian politician) – John Rolph – George W. Romney – Mitt Romney – Rise of Neville Chamberlain – Juan Manuel de Rosas – Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell – Alexander Cameron Rutherford – Charles Scott (governor) – Jason Sendwe – William H. Seward – Solomon P. Sharp – Isaac Shelby – Arthur Sifton – Sjafruddin Prawiranegara – Addie Viola Smith – Albert Speer – Augustus Owsley Stanley – Thaddeus Stevens – Charles Stewart (premier) – Sumitro Djojohadikusumo – William Howard Taft – James Thompson (surveyor) – Jeremy Thorpe – Benjamin Tillman – John Tonkin – Harry S. Truman – Liz Truss – Irakli Tsereteli – George Tucker (author) – John Tyler – John Tyndall (far-right activist) – Fakih Usman – Jerry Voorhis – George Washington – George Washington and slavery – James B. Weaver – Lawrence Wetherby – Beverly White – Thomas White (Australian politician) – Gough Whitlam – William Wilberforce – Ellen Wilkinson – Wendell Willkie (182 articles) Religion, mysticism and mythology 2012 phenomenon – The Age of Reason – Ahalya – Ancient Egyptian deities – Anekantavada – Apocalypse of Peter – Augustinian theodicy – Badnjak (Serbian) – Beth Hamedrash Hagodol – Blue men of the Minch – Bonshō – Cardinal-nephew – Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes – Congregation Beth Elohim – Dali (goddess) – English Benedictine Reform – First Roumanian-American Congregation – Free and Candid Disquisitions – Ganesha – Gospel of the Ebionites – Gregorian mission – Hathor – Heathenry (new religious movement) – Intelligent design – Iravan – Isis – JC's Girls – Kelpie – Kharijites – Mysteries of Isis – Netley Abbey – Ninety-five Theses – Nuckelavee – Oran fatwa – Orion (mythology) – Orphic Hymns – Osiris myth – Our Lady of Perpetual Exemption – Palo (religion) – Priestley Riots – Problem of religious language – Prosperity theology – Qibla – Rastafari – St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao – Santería – Sursock bronze – Ten Commandments in Catholic theology – Temple Israel (Memphis, Tennessee) – Temple Sinai (Oakland, California) – Westminster Assembly – Vampire – Vithoba – Xenu (54 articles) Religion, mysticism and mythology biographies Ælfheah of Canterbury – Alexander of Lincoln – Asser – Augustine of Canterbury – Baldwin of Forde – John W. 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– Odaenathus – Óengus I – Offa of Mercia – Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia – Andreas Palaiologos – Pedro I of Brazil – Pedro II of Brazil – Penda of Mercia – Pepi I Meryre – Philip I Philadelphus – Ramesses VI – Ranavalona I – Ranavalona III – Rani of Jhansi – Raymond III, Count of Tripoli – Raynald of Châtillon – Rhys ap Gruffydd – Richard II of England – William de Ros, 6th Baron Ros – Sadruddin Aga Khan – Sahure – Lady Saigō – Salih ibn Mirdas – Teresa Sampsonia – Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Sayf al-Dawla – Seleucus VI Epiphanes – Domenico Selvo – Sennacherib – Shepseskaf – Shepseskare – Sheshi – Shunzhi Emperor – Simeon I of Bulgaria – Siward, Earl of Northumbria – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham – Stephen I of Hungary – Stephen, King of England – Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany – Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik – Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies – Thekla (daughter of Theophilos) – Theodore II Laskaris – Theodosius III – Tiberius III – Unas – Userkaf – Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine – Queen Victoria – Wallis Simpson – Wiglaf of Mercia – Wihtred of Kent – William III of England – William IV – William the Conqueror – Prince William, Duke of Gloucester – Wulfhere of Mercia – Władysław II Jagiełło – Yazid I – Yusuf I of Granada – Alexander II Zabinas – Zenobia (212 articles) Sport and recreation Association football 1873 FA Cup final – 1876 FA Cup final – 1876 Scotland v Wales football match – 1878 FA Cup final – 1883 FA Cup final – 1894–95 New Brompton F.C. season – 1905–06 New Brompton F.C. season – 1906–07 New Brompton F.C. season – 1907–08 New Brompton F.C. season – 1911–12 New Brompton F.C. season – 1912–13 Gillingham F.C. season – 1913–14 Gillingham F.C. season – 1914 FA Cup final – 1914–15 Gillingham F.C. season – 1919–20 Gillingham F.C. season – 1920–21 Burnley F.C. season – 1920–21 Cardiff City F.C. season – 1920–21 Gillingham F.C. season – 1921–22 Cardiff City F.C. season – 1923 FA Cup final – 1924–25 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(182 articles) Baseball 1912 suspension of Ty Cobb – 1926 World Series – 2004 World Series – 2009 World Series – Baseball – Brooklyn Dodgers 1, Boston Braves 1 (26 innings) – First Horizon Park – Herschel Greer Stadium – History of the Nashville Sounds – History of the New York Yankees – Nashville Sounds – Orel Hershiser's scoreless innings streak – Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932) – Posting system – Riders Field – Youngstown Ohio Works (16 articles) Boat race Jesus College Boat Club (Oxford) – The Boat Race 1993 – The Boat Race 2003 – The Boat Race 2012 – The Boat Races 2015 – The Boat Races 2016 – The Boat Races 2017 – The Boat Race 2018 – The Boat Race 2019 – The Boat Race 2020 – The Boat Race 2021 – The Boat Race 2022 (12 articles) Cricket First Test, 1948 Ashes series – Second Test, 1948 Ashes series – Third Test, 1948 Ashes series – Fourth Test, 1948 Ashes series – Fifth Test, 1948 Ashes series – 2003 Cricket World Cup final – 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup final – 2010 Twenty20 Cup final – Adelaide leak – Bodyline – D'Oliveira affair – John the bookmaker controversy – Leg before wicket – Somerset County Cricket Club in 1891 – Somerset County Cricket Club in 2009 – Van Diemen's Land v Port Phillip, 1851 – West Indian cricket team in England in 1988 – Worcestershire v Somerset, 1979 – Yorkshire captaincy affair of 1927 (19 articles) Cue sports 1927 World Snooker Championship – 1980 World Snooker Championship – 1981 World Snooker Championship – 1982 World Snooker Championship – 1983 World Snooker Championship – 1984 World Snooker Championship – 1985 World Snooker Championship – 1985 World Snooker Championship final – 1986 World Snooker Championship – 1987 World Snooker Championship – 1988 World Snooker Championship – 1989 World Snooker Championship – 2002 World Snooker Championship – 2007 World Cup of Pool – 2014 World Snooker Championship – 2015 World Snooker Championship – 2016 World Snooker Championship – 2017 World Snooker Championship – 2018 World Snooker Championship – 2019 World Snooker Championship – 2019 Champion of Champions – 2019 Tour Championship – 2019 WPA World Ten-ball Championship – 2020 World Snooker Championship – 2020 Masters (snooker) – 2020 Tour Championship – 2021 British Open – 2021 Masters (snooker) – 2021 Tour Championship – 2021 World Snooker Championship – 2022 Hong Kong Masters – 2022 Masters (snooker) – 2022 Tour Championship – 2022 Welsh Open (snooker) – 2022 World Snooker Championship – 2023 World Snooker Championship – Snooker (37 articles) Cycling 1962 Tour de France – 1985 Tour de France – 1987 Giro d'Italia – 1988 Giro d'Italia – 1989 Tour de France – 2009 Giro d'Italia – 2012 Tour de France – 2015 Vuelta a España – Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's individual road race – Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's individual road race (10 articles) Equestrianism American Pharoah – Barbara L – Calgary Stampede – California Chrome – Chariot racing – Chicado V – Easy Jet (horse) – Fleetwood Park Racetrack – Go Man Go – Jersey Act – Lightning Bar – Miss Meyers – Mucho Macho Man – Oxbow (horse) – Secretariat (horse) – Shergar – Thunder (mascot) (17 articles) Gridiron football 1921 Centre vs. Harvard football game – 1924 Rose Bowl – 1998 NFC Championship Game – 2000 Sugar Bowl – 2003 Insight Bowl – 2005 ACC Championship Game – 2005 Sugar Bowl – 2005 Texas Longhorns football team – 2006 Chick-fil-A Bowl – 2006 Gator Bowl – 2007 ACC Championship Game – 2007 Appalachian State vs. Michigan football game – 2007 USC Trojans football team – 2008 ACC Championship Game – 2008 Humanitarian Bowl – 2008 Orange Bowl – 2009 International Bowl – 2009 Orange Bowl – 2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl – Carolina Panthers – Heidi Game – History of American football – History of the New York Jets – Packers sweep (24 articles) Hockey Calgary Flames – Fighting in ice hockey – History of the Montreal Canadiens – History of the National Hockey League (1917–1942) – History of the National 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Elizabeth Way – Richmond Bridge, London – Ridge Route – Sonestown Covered Bridge – State Route 74 (New York–Vermont) – State Route 343 (New York−Connecticut) – Sweet Track – U.S. Route 2 in Michigan – U.S. Route 8 – U.S. Route 16 in Michigan – U.S. Route 23 in Michigan – U.S. Route 25 in Michigan – U.S. Route 30 in Iowa – U.S. Route 31 in Michigan – U.S. Route 34 in Iowa – U.S. Route 40 Alternate (Keysers Ridge–Cumberland, Maryland) – U.S. Route 41 Business (Marquette, Michigan) – U.S. Route 41 in Michigan – U.S. Route 45 in Michigan – U.S. Route 50 in Nevada – U.S. Route 101 – U.S. Route 113 – U.S. Route 131 – U.S. Route 141 – U.S. Route 491 – Utah State Route 128 – Vauxhall Bridge – Wandsworth Bridge – Washington State Route 520 – Washington State Route 522 (120 articles) Cars, trucks and vans Aston Martin DB9 – Aston Martin DB11 – Aston Martin Rapide – Aston Martin Vanquish (2012) – Ferrari FF – General Motors companion make program – Holden Commodore (VE) – Lagonda Taraf – Sunbeam Tiger – Tesla Model S – Winter service vehicle (11 articles) Transport biographies Sophie Blanchard – Lester Brain – Fairfax Harrison – Frank Pick – Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield – Vesna Vulović (6 articles) Video gaming 4X – Capcom Five – Development of The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion – Development of Grand Theft Auto V (4 articles) Video game companies Accolade, Inc. – Namco – Rockstar North – Rockstar San Diego – Sega – Thatgamecompany – Toys for Bob (7 articles) Video game series Crazy Taxi – Donkey Kong – Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy – Final Fantasy – God of War (franchise) – Mana (series) – Paper Mario – Persona (series) – Sonic the Hedgehog (9 articles) Individual games 1960s–1970s Colossal Cave Adventure – Computer Space – Space Invaders – Spacewar! – Zork (5 articles) 1980s Alleyway (video game) – Knight Lore – Lost Luggage (video game) – Maniac Mansion – Marble Madness – Ninja Gaiden (NES video game) – Sabre Wulf – Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels (8 articles) 1990s 1080° Snowboarding – Blast Corps – Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars – Burning Rangers – Commander Keen in Invasion of the Vorticons – Daytona USA – Donkey Kong 64 – Donkey Kong Country – Donkey Kong Land – Doom (1993 video game) – Drowned God – Fallout (video game) – Final Fantasy Tactics – Final Fantasy VI – Final Fantasy VII – Final Fantasy VIII – Flight Unlimited – Flight Unlimited II – Flight Unlimited III – Grim Fandango – Homeworld – Jumping Flash! – Killer Instinct Gold – Knuckles' Chaotix – Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver – The Legend of Dragoon – The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening – The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time – Midtown Madness – Mischief Makers – Myst – Nights into Dreams – Panzer Dragoon Saga – Pathways into Darkness – Phantasmagoria (video game) – Planescape: Torment – Populous: The Beginning – Radical Dreamers – Resident Evil 2 – Riven – Secret of Mana – Sinistar: Unleashed – Sonic Adventure – Sonic the Hedgehog 2 – Sonic Spinball – Star Control 3 – Star Wars: Rogue Squadron – Super Mario 64 – Super Mario All-Stars – Super Mario World – System Shock – System Shock 2 – Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri – Trials of Mana – Turok: Dinosaur Hunter – Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss – Wipeout 3 – Wolfenstein 3D (58 articles) 2000–2004 Anachronox – Bejeweled (video game) – Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Wrath of the Darkhul King – Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow – Cave Story – Deathrow (video game) – Devil May Cry (video game) – Defense of the Ancients – Drakengard (video game) – Dungeon Siege – The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind – Empires: Dawn of the Modern World – F-Zero GX – Final Fantasy IX – Final Fantasy X – Final Fantasy X-2 – Final Fantasy XI – Giants: Citizen Kabuto – Golden Sun (video game) – Halo 2 – Ico – Iridion 3D – Katamari Damacy – Kingdom Hearts (video game) – Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories – The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask – The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages – Mario Power Tennis – Metroid Prime – Metroid Prime 2: Echoes – Myst III: Exile – Myst IV: Revelation – Perfect Dark – Pokémon Channel – Sacrifice (video game) – Silent Hill 4: The Room – The Simpsons: Hit & Run – Spyro: Year of the Dragon – Star Wars Episode I: Battle for Naboo – Super Smash Bros. Melee – Thief II – Tony Hawk's Underground – Uru: Ages Beyond Myst – Vagrant Story – Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines – Vampire: The Masquerade – Redemption (46 articles) 2005–2009 Aquaria (video game) – Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts & Bolts – Batman: Arkham Asylum – The Beatles: Rock Band – Castlevania: Dawn of Sorrow – Children of Mana – Cloud (video game) – Conan (2007 video game) – Crackdown (video game) – Crush (video game) – The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion – Final Fantasy XII – Final Fantasy XIII – Flow (video game) – Flower (video game) – God of War (2005 video game) – God of War II – God of War: Betrayal – God of War: Chains of Olympus – Gravity Bone – Guitar Hero (video game) – Half-Life 2: Episode One – Half-Life 2: Lost Coast – Halo 3 – Halo 3: ODST – Halo Wars – Killer7 – Kingdom Hearts II – League of Legends – Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures – Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy – The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II – Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games – Mario Party DS – Metroid Prime 3: Corruption – Myst V: End of Ages – New Super Mario Bros. – Nights: Journey of Dreams – Ōkami – Plants vs. Zombies (video game) – Portal (video game) – Resident Evil 5 – Shadow of the Colossus – Shadow the Hedgehog (video game) – The Simpsons Game – Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 video game) – Super Columbine Massacre RPG! – Super Mario Galaxy – Super Smash Bros. Brawl – Tales of Monkey Island – Tatsunoko vs. Capcom – Wii Sports – The World Ends with You (53 articles) 2010s Bastion (video game) – Batman: Arkham City – BioShock 2 – BioShock 2: Minerva's Den – Call of Duty: Modern Warfare Remastered – Dishonored – Doom (2016 video game) – Fallout 4: Far Harbor – Fez (video game) – Final Fantasy Type-0 – Final Fantasy XIII-2 – Five Nights at Freddy's (video game) – Five Nights at Freddy's: Help Wanted – Flotilla (video game) – Freedom Planet – God of War III – God of War: Ascension – God of War: Ghost of Sparta – Grand Theft Auto V – Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary – Halo: Reach – Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number – Infinity Blade – Islanders (video game) – Islands: Non-Places – Journey (2012 video game) – Katana Zero – Kingdom Two Crowns – The Last of Us (video game) – Limbo (video game) – Mario Party: The Top 100 – Marvel's Spider-Man (video game) – Mass Effect 2 – Monaco: What's Yours Is Mine – OneShot – Outer Wilds – Oxenfree – Paper Mario: Color Splash – Proteus (video game) – Rare Replay – Shovel Knight Showdown – Smash Hit – Sonic After the Sequel – South Park: The Stick of Truth – Super Meat Boy – Terraria – Thirty Flights of Loving – Untitled Goose Game – Wipeout 2048 – Yoshi's New Island – Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward (51 articles) 2020s The Dark Pictures Anthology: House of Ashes – The Longing – Paper Mario: The Origami King – The Suicide of Rachel Foster – Teardown (video game) – Tunic (video game) (6 articles) Cancelled Pirates of the Caribbean: Armada of the Damned – Sam & Max: Freelance Police – Sonic X-treme – StarCraft: Ghost (4 articles) Video game systems 32X – Magnavox Odyssey – Master System – Menacer – Nintendo DSi – PlayStation (console) – Sega CD – Sega Genesis – Sega Saturn – Wii (10 articles) Video game fictional characters Arbiter ( Halo ) – Characters of Final Fantasy VIII – Donkey Kong (character) – Flood ( Halo ) – Lightning ( Final Fantasy ) – Master Chief ( Halo ) – Kim Kitsuragi – MissingNo. – Raichu – Chris Redfield – Claire Redfield – Tidus – Ur-Quan – Jill Valentine – Ethan Winters – Ada Wong (16 articles) Video gaming biographies Satoru Iwata – Roberta Williams (2 articles) Warfare Air Board (Australia) – Allied logistics in the Southern France campaign – American logistics in the Normandy campaign – American logistics in the Northern France campaign – American logistics in the Western Allied invasion of Germany – American services and supply in the Siegfried Line campaign – American transportation in the Siegfried Line campaign – Arch of Remembrance – Blockhaus d'Éperlecques – British logistics in the Normandy campaign – British logistics in the Siegfried Line campaign – British logistics in the Western Allied invasion of Germany – British nuclear weapons and the Falklands War – Canadian National Vimy Memorial – The Cenotaph – Civil Service Rifles War Memorial – Coalhouse Fort – Commissioner Government – Devon County War Memorial – Duckport Canal – English invasion of Scotland (1400) – Foreign volunteers in the Rhodesian Security Forces – Fort Concho – Fort Dobbs (North Carolina) – Fort Southerland – Fort Ticonderoga – Fort Yellowstone – Fortress of Mimoyecques – Grant's Canal – Great Western Railway War Memorial – Hanford Engineer Works – Hove War Memorial – If Day – INTERFET logistics – La Coupole – Lancashire Fusiliers War Memorial – London and North Western Railway War Memorial – Manchester Cenotaph – MAUD Committee – Mells War Memorial – Midland Railway War Memorial – Midshipman – The Motherland Calls – Northampton War Memorial – North Eastern Railway War Memorial – Norwich War Memorial – Portsmouth War Memorial – Operation Matterhorn logistics – Rochdale Cenotaph – Royal Artillery Memorial – Royal Naval Division War Memorial – South American dreadnought race – Southampton Cenotaph – Southend-on-Sea War Memorial – Spalding War Memorial – Temporary gentlemen – Tower Hill Memorial – United States war plans (1945–1950) – " We Can Do It! " – York City War Memorial (60 articles) Military equipment AI Mark IV radar – Akutan Zero – AMX-30 – AMX-30E – Boeing C-17 Globemaster III in Australian service – Boeing CH-47 Chinook in Australian service – Cannon – Hawker Hurricane in Yugoslav service – Helicopter 66 – Hemmema – Horses in World War I – IFF Mark II – Leopard 2E – Lince (tank) – Lockheed C-130 Hercules in Australian service – M113 armoured personnel carriers in Australian service – M249 Squad Automatic Weapon – Mark XIV bomb sight – McDonnell Douglas A-4G Skyhawk – McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II – McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet in Australian service – McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II – McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in Australian service – McDonnell Douglas Phantom in UK service – McDonnell XF-85 Goblin – Mk VII Tetrarch light tank – Montreal Laboratory – Nike-X – Northrop YF-23 – Panzer I – Project Waler – Project Y – Radar, Gun Laying, Mk. I and Mk. II – Rheinmetall Rh-120 – Rogožarski IK-3 – Seri Rambai – Silverplate – SM U-66 – Tanks in the Spanish Army – Tanque Argentino Mediano – Verdeja – Vultee Vengeance in Australian service (42 articles) Military ships 250t-class torpedo boat – AHS Centaur – Alaska -class cruiser – Almirante Latorre -class battleship – Albona -class minelayer – Amagi -class battlecruiser – Andrea Doria -class battleship – ARA Moreno – ARA Rivadavia – Battleship – Bayern -class battleship – Beograd -class destroyer – Borodino -class battlecruiser – Brandenburg -class battleship – Braunschweig -class battleship – Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes – Brazilian battleship São Paulo – Brazilian cruiser Bahia – Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre – Chilean cruiser Esmeralda (1883) – Conte di Cavour -class battleship – Courageous -class aircraft carrier – Courageous -class battlecruiser – CSS Baltic – CSS General Earl Van Dorn – Derfflinger -class battlecruiser – Design 1047 battlecruiser – Design A-150 battleship – Deutschland -class battleship – Dreadnought – Dutch 1913 battleship proposal – Ersatz Yorck -class battlecruiser – Francesco Caracciolo -class battleship – French battleship Bouvet – French battleship Brennus – French battleship Bretagne – French battleship Courbet – French battleship France – French battleship Gaulois – French battleship Iéna – French battleship Jauréguiberry – French battleship Jean Bart (1911) – French battleship Suffren – Fuji -class battleship – Fusō -class battleship – Galeb -class minelayer – German battleship Bismarck – German battleship Tirpitz – German destroyer Z39 – German torpedo boat Albatros – Greek battleship Salamis – Helgoland -class battleship – HMAS Australia (1911) – HMS Agincourt (1913) – HMS Aigle (1801) – HMS Alceste (1806) – HMS Argus (I49) – HMS Ark Royal (91) – HMS Beaulieu – HMS Bellerophon (1786) – HMS Bulwark (1899) – HMS Calliope (1884) – HMS Cardiff (D108) – HMS Collingwood (1908) – HMS Courageous (50) – HMS Eagle (1918) – HMS Emerald (1795) – HMS Endeavour – HMS Erin – HMS Formidable (67) – HMS Furious (47) – HMS Hermes (95) – HMS Hood – HMS Illustrious (87) – HMS Indefatigable (1909) – HMS Indefatigable (R10) – HMS Levant (1758) – HMS Lion (1910) – HMAS Melbourne (R21) – HMS Nairana (1917) – HMS Neptune (1909) – HMS New Zealand (1911) – HMS Pearl (1762) – HMS Princess Royal (1911) – HMS Queen Mary – HMS Ramillies (07) – HMS Roebuck (1774) – HMS Royal Oak (08) – HMS Speedy (1782) – HMS St Vincent (1908) – HMS Temeraire (1798) – HMS Tiger (1913) – HMS Vanguard (1909) – HMS Vanguard (23) – HMS Warrior (1860) – Indiana -class battleship – INS Vikrant (1961) – Jadran (training ship) – Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi – Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū – Japanese aircraft carrier Hiyō – Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō – Japanese aircraft carrier Jun'yō – Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga – Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō – Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano – Japanese battleship Asahi – Japanese battleship Fusō – Japanese battleship Haruna – Japanese battleship Hyūga – Japanese battleship Ise – Japanese battleship Musashi – Japanese battleship Mutsu – Japanese battleship Nagato – Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū – Japanese battleship Tosa – Japanese battleship Yamato – Japanese battleship Yamashiro – Japanese battleship Yashima – Kaiman -class torpedo boat – Kaiser -class battleship – Kaiser Friedrich III -class battleship – König -class battleship – L 20e α-class battleship – Liberté -class battleship – Lion -class battlecruiser – Lion -class battleship – Lyon -class battleship – Mackensen -class battlecruiser – Mahan -class destroyer – Minas Geraes -class battleship – Moltke -class battlecruiser – Montana -class battleship – Nagato -class battleship – Nassau -class battleship – Normandie -class battleship – North Carolina -class battleship – Pennsylvania -class battleship – Peresvet -class battleship – Petropavlovsk -class battleship – Prinz Adalbert -class cruiser – République -class battleship – Rivadavia -class battleship – Roon-class cruiser – Russian battleship Dvenadsat Apostolov – Russian battleship Oslyabya – Russian battleship Poltava (1894) – Russian battleship Peresvet – Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (1894) – Russian battleship Pobeda – Russian battleship Potemkin – Russian battleship Retvizan – Russian battleship Rostislav – Russian battleship Sevastopol (1895) – Russian battleship Slava – Schichau -class torpedo boat – Shōkaku -class aircraft carrier – SMS Baden – SMS Bayern (1915) – SMS Blücher – SMS Brandenburg – SMS Braunschweig – SMS Derfflinger – SMS Deutschland (1904) – SMS Dresden (1907) – SMS Elsass – SMS Emden – SMS Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand – SMS Friedrich Carl – SMS Friedrich der Grosse (1911) – SMS Fürst Bismarck – SMS Gneisenau – SMS Goeben – SMS Grosser Kurfürst (1913) – SMS Hannover – SMS Helgoland (1909) – SMS Hessen – SMS Hindenburg – Hrabri -class submarine – SMS Kaiser – SMS Kaiser Barbarossa – SMS Kaiser Friedrich III – SMS Kaiser Karl der Grosse – SMS Kaiser Wilhelm II – SMS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse – SMS Kaiserin – USS Kearsarge (BB-5) – SMS König – SMS König Albert – SMS Königsberg (1905) – SMS Körös – SMS Kronprinz (1914) – SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm – SMS Lothringen – SMS Lützow – SMS Markgraf – SMS Mecklenburg – SMS Moltke – SMS Nassau – SMS Niobe – SMS Nymphe – USS Oberrender – SMS Oldenburg – SMS Ostfriesland – SMS Pommern – SMS Posen – SMS Preussen (1903) – SMS Preussischer Adler – SMS Prinz Adalbert (1901) – SMS Prinzregent Luitpold – SMS Rheinland – SMS Roon – SMS Scharnhorst – SMS Schlesien – SMS Schleswig-Holstein – SMS Schwaben – SMS Seydlitz – SMS Thüringen – SMS Von der Tann – SMS Weissenburg – SMS Westfalen – SMS Wettin – SMS Wittelsbach – SMS Wörth – SMS Yorck – SMS Zähringen – South Carolina -class battleship – Sovetsky Soyuz -class battleship – Soviet destroyer Nezamozhnik – Spanish battleship Alfonso XIII – St Vincent -class battleship – Tosa -class battleship – U-1 -class submarine (Austria-Hungary) – Uskok-class torpedo boat – USS Arizona – USS Chesapeake (1799) – USS Connecticut (BB-18) – USS Congress (1799) – USS Constitution – USS Illinois (BB-65) – USS Indiana (BB-1) – USS Iowa (BB-61) – USS Lexington (CV2) – USS Marmora (1862) – USS Massachusetts (BB-2) – USS Missouri (BB-63) – USS New Ironsides – USS New Jersey (BB-62) – USS Nevada (BB-36) – USS Orizaba – USS President – USS Princess Matoika – USS Romeo – USS Saratoga (CV-3) – USS Siboney (ID-2999) – USS Varuna (1861) – USS West Bridge – Wittelsbach -class battleship – Yamato -class battleship – Yugoslav destroyer Beograd – Yugoslav destroyer Dubrovnik – Yugoslav destroyer Ljubljana – Yugoslav destroyer Zagreb – Yugoslav gunboat Beli Orao – Yugoslav minelayer Zmaj – Yugoslav monitor Drava – Yugoslav monitor Sava – Yugoslav monitor Vardar – Yugoslav submarine Hrabri – Yugoslav submarine Mališan – Yugoslav submarine Nebojša – Yugoslav torpedo boat T1 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T2 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T3 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T4 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T5 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T6 – Yugoslav torpedo boat T7 (278 articles) Military units 1st Cavalry Division (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) – 1st Missouri Field Battery – 1st Provisional Marine Brigade – 2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom) – 2nd Red Banner Army – 4th Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) – 4th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate) – 4th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment – 6th Massachusetts Militia Regiment – 7th Army (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) – 8th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate) – 13th Airborne Division (United States) – 13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate) – 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) – 15th Tank Corps – 18th Infantry Division (United Kingdom) – 21st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment – 22nd Massachusetts Infantry Regiment – 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg – 23rd (Northumbrian) Division – 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian) – 24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Karstjäger – 27th Infantry Division Savska – 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division – 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division – 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division – 68th New York Infantry Regiment – 70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom) – 509th Composite Group – 766th Independent Infantry Regiment (North Korea) – Armed Forces Special Weapons Project – Army of Sambre and Meuse – Australian Air Corps – Australian Defence Force – Byzantine navy – Central Africa Regiment – Divisional Cavalry Regiment (New Zealand) – Eastern Area Command (RAAF) – Gloucestershire Regiment – History of the Office of the Inspector General of the United States Army – Landis's Missouri Battery – Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment – Nichols's Missouri Cavalry Regiment – No. 1 Aircraft Depot RAAF – No. 1 Flying Training School RAAF – No. 1 Wing RAAF – No. 2 Operational Conversion Unit RAAF – No. 1 Squadron RAAF – No. 33 Squadron RAAF – No. 34 Squadron RAAF – No. 36 Squadron RAAF – No. 37 Squadron RAAF – No. 38 Squadron RAAF – No. 77 Squadron RAAF – No. 79 Squadron RAAF – No. 90 Wing RAAF – No. 91 Wing RAAF – No. 450 Squadron RAAF – North-Eastern Area Command – North-Western Area Command – RAAF area commands – RAF Northolt – RAF Uxbridge – Royal Gloucestershire Hussars – Second Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom – Slayback's Missouri Cavalry Regiment – Territorial Force – Timor-Leste Defence Force – WAVES – Western Area Command (RAAF) – Yeomanry Cavalry (71 articles) Wars, battles and events 1678 Kediri campaign – 1940 Brocklesby mid-air collision – 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash – 1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident – 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack – 1994 Black Hawk shootdown incident – 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident – Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806) – Action at Sihayo's kraal – Action of 1 August 1801 – Action of 1 January 1800 – Action of 13 January 1797 – Actions along the Matanikau – Admiralty Islands campaign – Air Rhodesia Flight 825 – Alsos Mission – Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) – Anglo-Zanzibar War – Air raids on Japan – Allied logistics in the Kokoda Track campaign – Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II – Anbar campaign (2003–2011) – Attack on Sydney Harbour – Australia in World War II – Australian contribution to the Battle of Normandy – Axis naval activity in Australian waters – Battle for Henderson Field – Battle of Adys – Battle of Agua Dulce – Battle of Albuera – Battle of Arawe – Battle of Arkansas Post – Battle of Arras (1917) – Battle of Auberoche – Battle of Azaz (1030) – Battle of Babylon Hill – Battle of the Bagradas River (240 BC) – Battle of the Bagradas River (255 BC) – Battle of Bardia – Battle of Barnet – Battle of Barrosa – Battle of Bergerac – Battle of Bicocca – Battle of Big Black River Bridge – Battle of the Bismarck Sea – Battle of Blanchetaque – Battle of Blenheim – Battle of Bosworth Field – Battle of Bronkhorstspruit – Battle of Byram's Ford – Battle of Caen (1346) – Battle of Caishi – Battle of Calais – Battle of Cane Hill – Battle of Cape Ecnomus – Battle of Cape Esperance – Battle of Concepción – Battle of Crécy – Battle of the Defile – Battle of Drepana – Battle of Dunbar (1650) – Battle of Dupplin Moor – Battle of Dürenstein – Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081) – Battle of Edson's Ridge – Battle of Glasgow, Missouri – Battle of Goliad – Battle of Gonzales – Battle of Goodenough Island – Battle of Grand Gulf – Battle of Grand Port – Battle of the Great Plains – Battle of Groix – Battle of Halidon Hill – Battle of Halmyros – Battle of Hastings – Battle of Helena – Battle of Heraklion – Battle of Hochkirch – Battle of Inverkeithing – Battle of Jackson – Battle of Kaiapit – Battle of Kalavrye – Battle of Khafji – Battle of Köse Dağ – Battle of Kunersdorf – Battle of Labuan – Battle of Lagos – Battle of Lake Providence – Battle of Lake Trasimene – Battle of Lalakaon – Battle of Leuthen – Battle of Lipantitlán – Battle of Lissa (1811) – Battle of Little Blue River – Battle of Malvern Hill – Battle of Marais des Cygnes – Battle of Marshall's Elm – Battle of Midway – Battle of Milne Bay – Battle of Morlaix – Battle of Morotai – Battle of Musa Qala – Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse – Battle of Neville's Cross – Battle of New Carthage – Battle of Öland – Battle of Oroscopa – Battle of Osan – Battle of Panormus – Battle of Plum Point Bend – Battle of Poison Spring – Battle of Poitiers – Battle of Pontvallain – Battle of Powick Bridge – Battle of Preston (1648) – Battle of Prokhorovka – Battle of Pulo Aura – Battle of Quebec (1775) – Battle of Radzymin (1920) – Battle of Ramillies – Battle of Raymond – Battle of Red Cliffs – Battle of Rennell Island – Battle of Rethymno – Battle of Rossbach – Battle of Saint-Malo – Battle of Saipan – Battle of San Patricio – Battle of Saseno – Battle of Savo Island – Battle of Schliengen – Battle of Settepozzi – Battle of Sio – Battle of Sluys – Battle of St. Charles – Battle of Taejon – Battle of Tassafaronga – Battle of Tinian – Battle of the Aegates – Battle of the Alamo – Battle of the Cedars – Battle of the Coral Sea – Battle of the Eastern Solomons – Battle of the Gebora – Battle of the Nile – Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands – Battle of the Saw – Battle of the Tenaru – Battle of the Trebia – Battle of Ticinus – Battle of Ticonderoga (1759) – Battle of Tippecanoe – Battle of Tory Island – Battle of Towton – Battle of Trapani – Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo – Battle of Utica (203 BC) – Battle of Valcour Island – Battle of Verrières Ridge – Battle of Villers-Bocage – Battle of Vimy Ridge – Battle of Vrbanja Bridge – Battle of Vukovar – Battle of Warsaw (1705) – Battle of Winterthur – Battle of Winwick – Battle of Zama – Black Friday (1945) – Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355 – Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356 – Bombing of Obersalzberg – Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945) – Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945) – Bombing of Yawata (June 1944) – Boshin War – Bougainville counterattack – British logistics in the Falklands War – British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War – British nuclear tests at Maralinga – Burnt Candlemas – Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 – Capture of Fort Ticonderoga – Capture of Sedalia – Capture of Wakefield – Carlson's patrol – Caspian expeditions of the Rus' – Chaplain–Medic massacre – Cologne War – Convoy GP55 – Crawford expedition – Crécy campaign – D-Day naval deceptions – Edward III's Breton campaign – English invasion of Scotland (1385) – Falaise pocket – Fall of Kampala – Fatimid conquest of Egypt – First Battle of Dernancourt – First Battle of Newtonia – First Jewish–Roman War – First Punic War – First Silesian War – Gascon campaign of 1345 – German bombing of Belgrade – German invasion of Greece – German–Yugoslav Partisan negotiations – Glorious First of June – Grass Fight – Guadalcanal campaign – Gudovac massacre – Hamilcar's defeat of Spendius and Autaritus – Hill 303 massacre – The Holocaust in Slovakia – Huế chemical attacks – Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347 – Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories – Initial campaign of the Breton Civil War – Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942) – Italian War of 1521–1526 – Italian War of 1542–1546 – Jin–Song wars – Koli Point action – Kragujevac massacre – Krulak–Mendenhall mission – Lancaster's chevauchée of 1346 – Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356 – Landing at Nadzab – Siegfried Lederer's escape from Auschwitz – Lochry's Defeat – Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines – Matanikau Offensive – May Revolution – Mercenary War – Morotai Mutiny – Naval Battle of Guadalcanal – Operation Berlin (Atlantic) – Operation Brevity – Operation Camargue – Operation Catechism – Operation Charnwood – Operation Cobra – Operation Copperhead – Operation Crossroads – Operation Epsom – Operation Flavius – Operation Goodwood (naval) – Operation Grandslam – Operation Hardboiled – Operation Hurricane – Operation Infinite Reach – Operation Inmate – Operation Ironside – Operation Ke – Operation Kikusui I – Operation Kita – Operation Mascot – Operation Mincemeat – Operation Obviate – Operation Pamphlet – Operation Paravane – Operation Perch – Operation Sportpalast – Operation Teardrop – Operation Title – Operation Tractable – Operation Uranus – Operation Varsity – Pontiac's War – Port Chicago disaster – Punic Wars – Raid at Cabanatuan – Razing of Friesoythe – Relief of Douglas MacArthur – Rhine campaign of 1796 – Roman withdrawal from Africa (255 BC) – Russian occupations of Beirut – Rwandan Civil War – Sack of Amorium – Second Battle of Cape Finisterre – Second Battle of Independence – Second Battle of Newtonia – Second Fitna – Second Ostend Raid – Second Punic War – Second Silesian War – Second War of Scottish Independence – Siege of Aiguillon – Siege of Baghdad – Siege of Berwick (1333) – Siege of Brest (1342) – Siege of Breteuil – Siege of Bukhara – Siege of Calais (1346–1347) – Siege of Constantinople (674–678) – Siege of Constantinople (717–718) – Siege of Godesberg – Siege of Guînes (1352) – Siege of Lilybaeum (250–241 BC) – Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430) – Siege of Tunis (Mercenary War) – Sieges of Berwick (1355 and 1356) – Sieges of Taunton – Silesian Wars – South China Sea raid – Southern Rhodesia in World War I – Steele's Greenville expedition – Take Ichi convoy – Third Punic War – Third Silesian War – Treaty of Lutatius – Truce of Calais – Truce of Malestroit – Uruguayan War – USS Constellation vs La Vengeance – USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente – USS Iowa turret explosion – Van Buren raid – War of the Bavarian Succession – War of the Fifth Coalition – War of the League of Cambrai – Weardale campaign – Western Australian emergency of March 1944 – Winter War – Zaian War – Zungeni Mountain skirmish (326 articles) Warfare biographies Wilfred Arthur – Ibn al-Ash'ath – William Anderson (RAAF officer) – Ba Cụt – Peter Badcoe – Ivan Bagramyan – Thomas 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact and aftermath Toggle Impact and aftermath subsection 3.1 Mexico 3.2 United States 3.1 Mexico 3.2 United States 4 Distinctions and intensity forecasts 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Hurricane Rick (2009) Deutsch Español Français Português Simple English Tagalog Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Hurricane Rick near peak intensity south of Mexico, on October 17 Meteorological history Formed October 15, 2009 Dissipated October 21, 2009 Category 5 major hurricane 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 180 mph (285 km/h) Lowest pressure 906 mbar ( hPa ); 26.75 inHg Overall effects Fatalities 3 direct, 1 indirect Damage $14.6 million (2009 USD ) Areas affected .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Michoacán Oaxaca Baja California Sur Sinaloa Sonora Durango Southern United States Michoacán Oaxaca Baja California Sur Sinaloa Sonora Durango Southern United States IBTrACS Part of the 2009 Pacific hurricane season Hurricane Rick was the third-most intense Pacific hurricane on record and the second-most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2009, only behind Typhoon Nida . Developing off the southern coast of Mexico on October 15, Rick traversed an area with favorable environmental conditions, favoring rapid intensification , allowing it to become a hurricane within 24 hours of being declared a tropical depression. An eye began to form during the afternoon of October 16; once fully formed, the storm underwent another period of rapid strengthening. During the afternoon of October 17, the storm attained Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale . Several hours later, Rick attained its peak intensity as the third-strongest Pacific hurricane on record with winds of 180 mph (290 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 906 mbar (hPa; 26.75 inHg ). After maintaining this intensity for several hours, Rick began to weaken in response to a combination of an eyewall replacement cycle and increasing wind shear. By October 19, the storm was downgraded to a Category 3 hurricane and the following day to a tropical storm. The long-anticipated northeast turn took place near the end of this phase, also accompanied by a brief decrease in forward motion. On October 21, Rick quickly moved northeast, brushing the tip of Baja California Sur before making landfall near Mazatlán with winds of 60 mph (97 km/h; 52 kn). Several hours after moving inland, the final advisory from the NHC was issued as the storm weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated. Prior to landfall, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) initially forecast Rick to make landfall in southern Baja California as a high-end Category 2 hurricane, prompting hurricane watches. Officials ordered several hundred residents to evacuate from low-lying areas, although tropical storm warnings replaced the hurricane watches after the storm had weakened. Overall, the damage from Rick was significantly less than initially anticipated. In Mexico, three people were killed by the storm, one in Oaxaca and two in Baja California Sur. Meteorological history Hurricane Rick originated from a strong tropical wave that moved off the west coast of Africa on October 3, 2009. Convective activity was initially sparse as the system tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean. By October 8, an area of low pressure developed within the disturbance wave and convection increased. The low eventually moved over South America and dissipated on October 11. The wave, however, remained well-defined and continued westward, entering the Pacific Ocean on October 12. [ 1 ] By the morning of October 15, the wave began to regain convection and eventually spawned a new area of low pressure roughly 475 mi (764 km; 413 nmi) south-southwest of Puerto Ángel, Mexico . [ 2 ] By the afternoon, the NHC reported that the system had become increasingly organized and was likely to develop into a tropical depression later that day. [ 3 ] Around 11:00 am PDT (1800 UTC ), the NHC declared that the low had developed into a tropical depression, the 20th of the 2009 Pacific hurricane season . [ 1 ] [ 4 ] The storm featured well-developed outflow in all directions. Environmental conditions consisting of low wind shear , high moisture content and above average sea surface temperatures in the path of the system were exceptionally favorable for rapid development . Additionally, the storm was being steered through this region by a low- to mid-level ridge over Mexico. [ 5 ] Six hours after being declared a depression, the system quickly intensified into a tropical storm, at which time it was given the name Rick. [ 6 ] Deep convection, an early indication of an eye forming, had begun wrapping around the center of the system. [ 7 ] Early on October 16, a ragged eyewall began to develop and several hours later, [ 8 ] Rick intensified into a Category 1 hurricane with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). [ 9 ] The rapid intensification was fueled by waters of 30 °C (86 °F), several degrees above average. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] By the evening of October 16, microwave satellite imagery depicted a well-defined eye; however, this feature was not present on infrared images. Despite this, the NHC upgraded Rick to a Category 2 hurricane with winds now reaching 100 mph (160 km/h). [ 11 ] Early the next morning, the storm intensified into a major hurricane , a storm that ranks as a Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale . The eye was clearly visible on satellite images and deep, very cold convection surrounded it, signifying a powerful cyclone. [ 12 ] Less than 40 minutes after this upgrade, the NHC issued a special advisory stating that Rick had further strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane. [ 13 ] Continuing to gain strength, Rick attained winds of 145 mph (235 km/h) several hours later on October 17. A possible outer eyewall, a second eye larger than the first that often forms at the beginning of an eyewall replacement cycle , was noted at this time. [ 14 ] The eye of the storm became very well-defined and nearly cloud free, measuring roughly 11.5 mi (18.5 km; 10.0 nmi) in diameter. In addition to the rapid intensification, Rick was also growing in size. [ 15 ] By the afternoon hours, tropical storm-force winds extended up to 155 mi (249 km; 135 nmi) from the center of the storm, with a maximum gale diameter of 300 mi (483 km; 261 nmi). [ 16 ] At 3:10 pm PDT (2210 UTC), the NHC issued its second special advisory for Rick, this time stating that the storm had become a Category 5 hurricane, the first in the basin since Hurricane Kenna in 2002 . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Around 8:00 pm PDT (0300 UTC on October 18), Rick attained its peak intensity as the third-strongest Pacific hurricane on record. Maximum sustained winds in the eyewall reached an estimated 180 mph (290 km/h) and the barometric pressure is estimated to have bottomed out at 906 mbar (906.00 hPa ; 26.75 inHg ). The pressure was not directly measured by Hurricane Hunter aircraft because the storm was too far from land at the time. Lixion Avila , a senior hurricane specialist at the NHC, described Rick's satellite presentation at this time as "spectacular." [ 19 ] Rick maintained its peak intensity for roughly two hours between 7:00 pm and 9:00 pm PDT (0200 and 0400 UTC) on October 17, before it began to weaken in response to an eyewall replacement cycle and increasing wind shear. [ 20 ] Throughout the day, deep convection around the eye warmed slightly and a combination of dry air and wind shear restrained the extent of the storms' outflow to the west. The combination of these factors imparted steady weakening. [ 21 ] Later that day, Rick began to turn towards the northwest as the subtropical ridge north of the system began to weaken. [ 22 ] Early on October 19, Rick degraded to a Category 3 hurricane as it began its approach to the southern end of the Baja California peninsula . [ 23 ] Wind shear and dry air quickly entered the core of the system, with the eye disappearing from satellite imagery later that morning. [ 1 ] [ 24 ] During the evening of October 19, the center of Rick became devoid of convective activity, resulting in the NHC downgrading it to a tropical storm. According to meteorologists at the NHC, the weakening was "...almost as fast as it strengthened several days ago." [ 25 ] The first Hurricane Hunter reconnaissance mission into the storm took place during the afternoon of October 20. During the mission, sustained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h; 56 kn) and a surface pressure of 990 mbar (990.00 hPa; 29.23 inHg) were recorded. [ 26 ] Several hours after this, convection rapidly increased, with a large area of deep convection developing northeast of the center of circulation; however, this was not associated with intensification. [ 27 ] Around 7:00 am PDT (1400 UTC) on October 21. Tropical Storm Rick made landfall near Mazatlán with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). [ 1 ] [ 28 ] Following landfall, the storm rapidly weakened to a tropical depression [ 29 ] and roughly seven hours after moving inland, the surface circulation of Rick dissipated over the high terrain of Mexico. [ 30 ] Preparations Officials in Oaxaca shut down beaches and warned people not to venture out into the water. Residents were advised of potentially heavy rainfall. [ 31 ] Along coastal areas of Mexico, specifically around Acapulco , officials closed ports to small crafts due to rough seas. [ 32 ] Residents around the city were also warned about the possibility of mudslides from heavy rain associated with the cyclone's outer bands . [ 33 ] Upon Rick's intensification to a Category 4 hurricane, officials in Mexico raised the alert level in Guerrero , Jalisco and Michoacán to severe. [ 34 ] In Sonora , the local government placed 14 municipalities under a blue alert, the pre-storm phase; [ 35 ] the alert was upgraded to a yellow alert for the municipalities of Álamos, Benito Juárez, Navojoa, Etchojoa and Huatabampo on October 18. [ 36 ] Early on October 19, the Government of Mexico issued a hurricane watch for areas of Baja California Sur between Santa Fe and San Evaristo. [ 1 ] Following the issuance of the watch, authorities in the region began planning to open shelters and begin evacuating residents from low-lying areas. [ 37 ] Later that day, the watch was replaced by a tropical storm warning as Rick weakened to a tropical storm. By October 20, a new tropical storm watch was issued for mainland Mexico for areas between El Roblito and Altata. [ 1 ] Shortly after, officials had opened nine shelters in the region; however, schools remained open until further notice. [ 38 ] Later in the day, the tropical storm warning for Baja California was discontinued while the watch for mainland Mexico was upgraded to a warning. This warning was later discontinued on October 21 as Rick dissipated over the mountains of Mexico. [ 1 ] Several cruises were affected by the storm throughout southern Baja California. The Carnival Splendor made a sudden docking as the storm formed and delayed its arrival in Cabo San Lucas by several days. The Carnival Spirit , scheduled to dock in Acapulco on October 21, delayed its arrival until October 22. The Sapphire Princess rescheduled its course, remaining near San Francisco, California , for several additional days instead of traveling south. The Norwegian Star skipped its planned docking in Cabo San Lucas and remained at sea until the passage of Rick. Other cruises affected by the storm include Radiance of the Seas , Mariner of the Seas , MS Veendam and MS Statendam . [ 39 ] Impact and aftermath Mexico Schools throughout southern Sinaloa were closed for two days beginning on October 21 due to the arrival of Tropical Storm Rick. Residents in low-lying areas were urged to evacuate due to both storm surge and fresh water flooding from the anticipated 3 to 6 in (76 to 152 mm) of rain. [ 40 ] Although several hundred miles from land, wind gusts up to 40 mph (65 km/h) were felt along coastal areas in Mazatlán . [ 41 ] Near the coast of Oaxaca , large seas capsized a boat carrying three people. Two of the passengers were rescued; however, the third was found dead. [ 42 ] Large swells killed one person along the southern end of Baja California Sur on October 19. [ 43 ] Another fatality took place in the same region after a boy was swept away from an eroded beach. [ 44 ] Roughly 320 people near Cabo San Lucas were evacuated due to the threat of flooding. Reports near the city also indicated that there was structural damage and significant traffic issues from rain-induced mudslides. [ 45 ] In Mazatlán, near where Rick made landfall, high winds downed trees and signs, leaving numerous residents without power. Heavy rain was also reported during the passage of the storm. [ 46 ] Throughout Mexico, damage from Rick amounted to 192 million pesos ($14.6 million USD ). [ 47 ] On December 29, the Government of Mexico allocated 381 million pesos (US$29.6 million) to assist in recovery from both Hurricanes Jimena and Rick. [ 48 ] United States Although no longer a tropical cyclone, remnant moisture from Rick enhanced a strong cold front over the Great Plains of the United States. Severe thunderstorms occurred over parts of the southern states, with at least three tornadoes touching down in Louisiana. Further north, the complex brought heavy rainfall to the northeast and parts of southern Canada. In Louisiana , the storm system spawned seven tornadoes, two of which were ranked as EF-1 . [ 49 ] One of these tornadoes damaged more than 10 structures, destroyed a grain silo, flipped a tractor trailer and left numerous residents without power. [ 50 ] In all, the tornadoes left nearly $1 million in losses and injured one person. [ 49 ] In Texas, the remnants of Rick produced torrential rainfall, peaking at 9.34 in (237 mm) within a concentrated area. Meteorologists did not anticipate the severity of the precipitation in this area. [ 51 ] One person was killed after being swept away in her Jeep on a flooded roadway. Several homes were also flooded during the event and an estimated 300 homes were left without power. Following the floods, numerous roads were closed and some schools had delayed openings. [ 51 ] Throughout the state, flood damage amounted to $690,000, with most of this being in Travis County . [ 49 ] Heavy rainfall in Louisiana contributed to widespread flooding that resulted in the closure of several major highways. [ 52 ] In Union Parish , rainfall exceeding 6 in (150 mm) led to flash flooding that inundated several homes and a local school, inflicting over $100,000 in damage. [ 53 ] Distinctions and intensity forecasts Most intense Pacific hurricanes [ 54 ] Rank Hurricane Season Pressure hPa inHg 1 Patricia 2015 872 25.75 2 Linda 1997 902 26.64 3 Rick 2009 906 26.76 4 Kenna 2002 913 26.96 5 Ava 1973 915 27.02 Ioke 2006 7 Marie 2014 918 27.11 Odile 9 Guillermo 1997 919 27.14 10 Gilma 1994 920 27.17 Listing is only for tropical cyclones in the Pacific Ocean north of the equator and east of the International Dateline On October 17, Hurricane Rick was classified a Category 5 hurricane, becoming the first in the eastern Pacific basin since Hurricane Kenna in 2002 and the first east of the International Date Line since Hurricane Ioke in 2006 . [ 17 ] The storm also became the thirteenth cyclone of this intensity east of the International Date Line since official records in the Eastern Pacific began in 1949. [ 18 ] Shortly after being upgraded to Category 5 status, Rick attained its peak intensity with winds of 180 mph (290 km/h; 156 kn) and a barometric pressure of 906 mbar (906.00 hPa ; 26.75 inHg ), [ 55 ] making it the second-strongest hurricane ever recorded in the East Pacific, surpassing Kenna. Only Hurricane Linda of 1997 was stronger than Rick, with minimum pressure of 902 mbar (902 hPa; 26.6 inHg). [ 18 ] Hurricane Patricia in 2015 later far surpassed both Rick and Linda, attaining a pressure of 872 mbar (hPa; 25.75 inHg). [ 56 ] It also became the second storm in the basin to have sustained winds of 180 mph (290 km/h; 156 kn) or higher, the first being Linda with 185 mph (298 km/h; 161 kn) winds. [ 18 ] [ 55 ] Patricia surpassed both with 215 mph (346 km/h; 187 kn) winds. Upon being declared a tropical depression on October 15, computer forecasting models already anticipated the likelihood of rapid intensification due to the unusually favorable environmental conditions ahead of the system. The Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model (HWRF) showed the storm attaining a minimum pressure below 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg), [ 5 ] an intensity not attained by any Eastern Pacific hurricane on record at the time. [ 18 ] The Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) rapid intensification index, a storm's probability of intensifying by 35 mph (56 km/h; 30 kn) or more within 24 hours, was set at 60%. [ 5 ] This percentage quickly increased to 82% several hours later, 11 times higher than the sample mean. The official forecast from the NHC by their second advisory stated that Rick would become a Category 4 hurricane by October 19; however, they mentioned that due to the favorable environment, the storm could intensify faster than forecast. [ 7 ] Once Rick had become a Category 2 storm on October 16, the NHC increased their forecast peak intensity to 145 mph (233 km/h; 126 kn), a mid-range Category 4 hurricane. [ 11 ] The first mention of Rick possibly becoming a Category 5 hurricane was in the seventh discussion released by the NHC on October 17. In their advisory, it was noted that the storm had a 10% chance of reaching this intensity within 36 hours. [ 12 ] Several hours after this advisory was released, a special update advisory was issued. This new advisory placed the peak intensity of Rick just below Category 5 status, with maximum winds of 155 mph (249 km/h; 135 kn). [ 57 ] It was not until the late morning hours of October 17 that the NHC officially anticipated the storm to attain Category 5 status. [ 14 ] Upon attaining winds of 180 mph (290 km/h; 156 kn), Rick was forecast to peak with winds of 185 mph (298 km/h; 161 kn), which would have tied the record (at the time) intensity set by Hurricane Linda. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal Timeline of the 2009 Pacific hurricane season List of the most intense tropical cyclones Other tropical cyclones named Rick References ^ a b c d e f g h .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} John P. Cangialosi and Lixion A. Avila (December 3, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Tropical Cyclone Report" ( PDF ) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved December 14, 2009 . ^ Eric S. Blake (October 15, 2009). "Tropical Weather Outlook" . National Hurricane Center ( FTP ) . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . [ dead ftp link ] (To view documents see Help:FTP ) ^ John P. Cangialosi; Jack L. Beven (October 15, 2009). "Tropical Weather Outlook" . National Hurricane Center ( FTP ) . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . [ dead ftp link ] (To view documents see Help:FTP ) ^ Jack L. Beven (October 15, 2009). "Tropical Depression Twenty-E Public Advisory One" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ a b c Jack L. Beven (October 15, 2009). "Tropical Depression Twenty-E Discussion One" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ Eric S. Blake (October 15, 2009). "Tropical Storm Rick Public Advisory Two" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ a b Eric S. Blake (October 15, 2009). "Tropical Storm Rick Discussion Two" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ John P. Cangialosi; Michael J. Brennan (October 16, 2009). "Tropical Storm Rick Discussion Three" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ Chris W. Landsea; Jack L. Beven (October 16, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Public Advisory Four" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ Chris W. Landsea; Jack L. Beven (October 16, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Discussion Four" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ a b Lixion A. Avila (October 16, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Discussion Six" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ a b John P. Cangialosi; Michael J. Brennan (October 17, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Discussion Seven" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ John P. Cangialosi; Michael J. Brennan (October 17, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Tropical Cyclone Update" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ a b Jack L. Beven (October 17, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Discussion Nine" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ Jack L. Beven (October 17, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Discussion Ten" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ Jack L. Beven (October 17, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Forecast Advisory Ten" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ a b Lixion A. Avila; Robbie J. Berg (October 17, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Tropical Cyclone Update" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ a b c d e f Hurricane Research Division (2011). "Eastern Pacific Best Tracks, 1949–2010" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 27, 2011 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ a b Lixion A. Avila (October 17, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Discussion Eleven" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ David P. Roberts; Michael J. Brennan (October 18, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Discussion Thirteen" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 19, 2009 . ^ Michael J. Brennan (October 18, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Discussion Fourteen" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 19, 2009 . ^ Robbie J. Berg (October 18, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Discussion Fifteen" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 19, 2009 . ^ Richard J. Pasch (October 19, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Discussion Sixteen" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 19, 2009 . ^ Michael J. Brennan (October 19, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Discussion Seventeen" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ Robbie J. Berg; Michael J. Brennan (October 19, 2009). "Tropical Storm Rick Discussion Nineteen" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ John P. Cangialosi; Lixion A. Avila (October 20, 2009). "Tropical Storm Rick Discussion Twenty-Two" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ Eric S. Blake; Daniel P. Brown (October 20, 2009). "Tropical Storm Rick Discussion Twenty-Three" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ John P. Cangialosi; Lixion A. Avila (October 21, 2009). "Tropical Storm Rick Public Advisory Twenty-Five" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ John P. Cangialosi; Lixion A. Avila (October 21, 2009). "Tropical Depression Rick Public Advisory Twenty-Five A" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ John Cangialosi and Daniel Brown (October 21, 2009). "Tropical Depression Rick Discussion Twenty-Six (Final)" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ "Emiten alerta por huracán Rick en zona costera; Oaxaca sin riesgo" . Ciudadania-Express (in Spanish). October 16, 2009 . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ "Hurricane Rick builds to Category 5" . The Oklahoman . Associated Press. October 18, 2009. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014 . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ "Rick avanza como huracán de categoría cinco frente a México" (in Spanish). Associated Press. October 18, 2009. Archived from the original on October 19, 2009 . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ Staff Writer (October 17, 2009). "Huracán Rick provocará lluvias intensas" . El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 2, 2014 . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ Ulises Gutiérrez and Javier Valdez (October 18, 2009). "Rick llega a categoría 5; amaga costas del Pacífico" . La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 21, 2009 . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ Sebastian Moreno (October 18, 2009). "Declaran alerta amarilla en cinco municipios de Sonora por 'Rick' " . El Imparcial (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 21, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-10-19 . ^ "Weakening Rick threatens Baja California resorts" . The Denver Post . Associated Press. October 19, 2009 . Retrieved October 19, 2009 . ^ "Esperan en BCS diluvio por tormenta tropical Rick" . Notimex (in Spanish). October 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014 . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ Staff Writer (October 20, 2009). "No longer a hurricane, Rick still causing trouble for cruise ships near Mexico" . USAToday . Retrieved October 20, 2009 . ^ Catherine E. Shoichet (October 21, 2009). "Tropical storm threatens floods, slides in Mexico" . Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024 . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ "Situación meteorológica actual del ciclón tropical" (in Spanish). La Comisión Federal de Electricidad. October 18, 2009. Archived from the original on September 5, 2009 . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ "Alerta en Los Cabos por la tormenta Rick" . La Jordana (in Spanish). October 21, 2009 . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ Susy Buchanan (October 19, 2009). "Hurricane Rick kills man, nears Mexico coast" . Reuters . Archived from the original on October 23, 2009 . Retrieved October 20, 2009 . ^ Pete Thomas (October 21, 2009). "Cabo San Lucas bids farewell to Tropical Storm Rick, which caused minimal damage" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ "La tormenta tropical 'Rick' toca tierra en el noroeste mexicano" . La Prensa (in Spanish). Agence France-Presse. October 21, 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012 . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ Guillermo Arias (Associated Press) (October 21, 2009). "Tropical storm hits Mexican resort, topples trees" . San Diego Union Tribune . Retrieved October 21, 2009 . ^ "Características e Impacto Socioeconòmico de los Principales Desastres Ocurridos en la República Mexicana en el Año 2009" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres. October 2010. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 2, 2014 . Retrieved August 22, 2011 . ^ El Periódico de México (December 29, 2009). "Veracruz, de los estados que más recibieron recursos del Fonden" . Crónica del Poder (in Spanish) . Retrieved January 5, 2010 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ a b c Stuart Hinson (2010). "NCDC Storm Events Database" . National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on August 14, 2008 . Retrieved January 21, 2010 . ^ "Tornado sweeps through southwest Louisiana" . USAToday . Associated Press. October 22, 2009 . Retrieved October 24, 2009 . ^ a b Geoff West (October 23, 2009). "Storm saturates area, delays schools" . Burnet Bulletin . Highland Lakes Newspapers. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024 . Retrieved October 24, 2009 . ^ Stuart Hinson (2010). "Louisiana Event Report: Flash Flood" . National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012 . Retrieved January 21, 2010 . ^ Stuart Hinson (2010). "Louisiana Event Report: Flash Flood" . National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012 . Retrieved January 21, 2010 . ^ National Hurricane Center ; Hurricane Research Division ; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023" . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. A guide on how to read the database is available here . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . ^ a b Lixion A. Avila (October 17, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Public Advisory Eleven" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . ^ Richard J. Pasch (October 23, 2015). Hurricane Patricia Discussion Number 14 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 23, 2015 . ^ John P. Cangialosi; Jack L. Beven (October 17, 2009). "Hurricane Rick Special Discussion Eight" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 18, 2009 . External links The National Hurricane Center's advisory archive for Rick The National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Rick Hurricane Rick a powerful Category 5 storm .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Category 5 Pacific hurricanes v t e 1950s Patsy (1959) Patsy (1959) 1970s Ava (1973) Ava (1973) 1990s Emilia (1994) Gilma (1994) John (1994) Guillermo (1997) Linda (1997) Emilia (1994) Gilma (1994) John (1994) Guillermo (1997) Linda (1997) 2000s Elida (2002) Hernan (2002) Kenna (2002) Ioke (2006) Rick (2009) Elida (2002) Hernan (2002) Kenna (2002) Ioke (2006) Rick (2009) 2010s Celia (2010) Marie (2014) Patricia (2015) Lane (2018) Walaka (2018) Willa (2018) Celia (2010) Marie (2014) Patricia (2015) Lane (2018) Walaka (2018) Willa (2018) 2020s Jova (2023) Otis (2023) Kristy (2024) Jova (2023) Otis (2023) Kristy (2024) Category Tropical cyclones portal Category Tropical cyclones portal v t e Tropical cyclones of the 2009 Pacific hurricane season v t e Timeline Timeline TD One-E 1 Andres TS Blanca 2 Carlos TS Dolores TS Lana TS Enrique 4 Felicia TD Nine-E TS Maka 3 Guillermo TS Hilda TS Ignacio 4 Jimena TD Two-C TS Kevin 1 Linda TS Marty TS Nora TS Olaf TS Patricia 5 Rick 3 Neki Category Category 2009 Pacific hurricane season Category 5 Pacific hurricanes Pacific hurricanes in Mexico October 2009 in North America October 2009 in Oceania Tropical cyclones in 2009 Articles with dead FTP links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Source attribution Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Commons category link is on Wikidata Featured articles This page was last edited on 25 November 2025, at 01:41 (UTC) . 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Primeros pasos Ayuda Contacto Sahura Sahura (que significa «El que está cerca de Ra ») fue un faraón del Antiguo Egipto y el segundo gobernante de la Quinta Dinastía . Reinó durante unos 12 o 14 años a principios del siglo XXV a. C. entre 2487 a. C. y 2473 a. C., durante el período del Imperio Antiguo . Se considera que su reinado marca el punto álgido político y cultural de la Quinta Dinastía. Probablemente era el hijo de su predecesor Userkaf con la reina Neferhetepes II , y a su vez fue sucedido por su hijo Neferirkara Kakai . Durante su gobierno, Egipto estableció importantes relaciones comerciales con la costa levantina . Envió varias expediciones navales a la costa del actual Líbano para adquirir madera de cedro, esclavos y artículos exóticos. Su reinado pudo haber sido testigo del florecimiento de la armada egipcia, que incluía una flota de alta mar, así como barcos de regatas especializados. Fue objeto de un culto funerario , cuyas ofrendas de alimentos fueron proporcionadas inicialmente por fincas agrícolas establecidas durante su reinado. Este culto oficial patrocinado por el estado perduró hasta el final del Imperio Antiguo. Posteriormente, durante el período del Imperio Medio , recibió veneración como una figura ancestral real, pero su culto ya no tenía sacerdotes dedicados. Durante el Imperio Nuevo , se equiparó a Sahura con una forma de la diosa Sejmet por razones desconocidas. El culto a «Sejmet de Sahura» tenía sacerdotes y atraía visitantes de todo Egipto a su templo. Este culto inusual, que se llegó a celebrar mucho más allá de Abusir, persistió hasta el final del período ptolemaico casi 2500 años después de la muerte de Sahura. Leer Todos los artículos destacados Candidatos Rock Believer Jacques Lacan The Look of Love Unión aduanera austro-germana La unión aduanera austro-germana fue un proyecto diseñado por Alemania y Austria en 1930 y 1931 y presentado públicamente el 31 de marzo de 1931 que preveía la eliminación de aranceles entre los dos países. Finalmente fallido, el plan se justificó como parte de los esfuerzos de recuperación económica europea durante la Gran Depresión , aunque para los países que se opusieron a este objetivo —en especial, Francia y Checoslovaquia —, se trataba de un primer paso para la unión política de los dos países, a la que se oponían rotundamente. Leer Todos los artículos buenos Candidatos Iván Esratsimir Accipiter nisus Richard de Dover Recurso del día Ojiblanco japonés en Sakai, Osaka El anteojito japonés ( Zosterops japonicus ), también conocido como ojiblanco japonés o mejiro (メジロ, 目白), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Zosteropidae . Su área de distribución incluye gran parte del este de Asia . Está muy extendido por Japón y es considerado una de las especies de aves más dominantes, por lo que su representación en el arte japonés es muy común. 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Hacker News new | past | comments | ask | show | jobs | submit login Hacker News new | past | comments | ask | show | jobs | submit login 31. What a Programmer Does (1967) [pdf] ( computerhistory.org ) 78 points by nz 13 hours ago | hide | 9 comments 32. Aviator (YC S21) is hiring to build multiplayer AI coding platform ( ycombinator.com ) 15 hours ago | hide 33. Supply Chain Vuln Compromised Core AWS GitHub Repos & Threatened the AWS Console ( wiz.io ) 130 points by uvuv 18 hours ago | hide | 28 comments 34. Show HN: Timberlogs – Drop-in structured logging for TypeScript 9 points by enaboapps 5 hours ago | hide | 6 comments 35. Ask HN: Share your personal website 868 points by susam 1 day ago | hide | 2254 comments 36. 25 Years of Wikipedia ( wikipedia25.org ) 521 points by easton 22 hours ago | hide | 409 comments 37. Show HN: Gambit, an open-source agent harness for building reliable AI agents ( github.com/bolt-foundry ) 72 points by randall 11 hours ago | hide | 15 comments 38. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Biased writing 2 Local bias 3 Assuming the "obvious" 4 English language 5 Other points 6 Other areas where POV comes into play 7 Pseudonyms 8 See also 9 Footnotes Wikipedia : Describing points of view Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This is an explanatory essay about the Wikipedia:Neutral point of view and Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not § Opinion pieces policies . This page provides additional information about concepts in the page(s) it supplements. This page is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines as it has not been thoroughly vetted by the community . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcut .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:OPINION WP:OPINION WP:OPINION WP:OPINION At Wikipedia, points of view ( POVs ) – cognitive perspectives – are often essential to articles which treat controversial subjects. Wikipedia's official " Neutral Point of View " (NPOV) policy does not mean that all the POVs of all the Wikipedia editors have to be represented. Rather, the article should represent the POVs of the main scholars and specialists who have produced reliable sources on the issue. An article which clearly, accurately, and fairly describes all the major, verifiable points of view will – by definition – be in accordance with Wikipedia's NPOV policy. Each POV should be clearly labeled and described, so readers know: Who advocates the point of view What their arguments are (supporting evidence, reasoning, etc.) Biased writing A Wikipedian contributor might be unaware that their writing is biased, if they harbor (possibly not fully aware of it ) assumptions about the popular opinion of one's area, country, culture, language, ethnicity, etc. Generally, this comes out in one of several ways: Writing from your local perspective on non-local pages Excessive assumption of local readership when writing about a topic specific to your locality And, of course, opinion and bias Of course any article can be "unbalanced" because contributors have more knowledge of, or are more interested in, particular aspects of a subject than in other aspects. This is not "wrong", but making such an article more balanced is encouraged. For example, suppose there is an article about highways that is mostly about the US. A German who encounters this should not complain about Americocentrism, but alter the article to approach the subject from a wider perspective: what can be said about highways in general, that applies worldwide? Begin the article with this, and then discuss the specific variations in different countries. All articles are (ideally) completely dominated by a sane, adult human perspective. That does not count as bias. It would be just plain silly to protest that an article about bone cancer is biased because it is only told from the patient/doctor perspective and we are not told what bone cancer has to say on the subject. Cancer cells do not have thoughts, so any attempt to include their perspective would only be inventive. Such perspectives are sometimes allowed . If a credible expert has tried to explain, say, human–cat relationship from a cat perspective, a summary of this might make a good addition to an article about domestic cats. Likewise, it might be interesting to read how severe schizophrenics view people without mental health problems in an article about severe health problems. However, you cannot demand that such an addition is necessary for NPOV. Local bias The English Wikipedia is almost inherently biased towards readers and speakers of English . English is the de facto primary language in the United Kingdom , the United States of America , Canada and other nations , and will naturally attract disproportionately more English Wikipedia editors from those nations than they represent in the world population. Additionally, English is widely accepted as a second language and a lingua franca across the globe. All of this reinforces the need for English Wikipedia articles to be written for a diverse and international audience. Some simple mistakes due to local bias: Using the names of seasons to date a particular event, e.g. the album was released in Spring 2001 . Seasons happen at different times in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres; spring in Canada is autumn in Australia. However, in many contexts ( Gregorian calendar , Julian calendar , etc.), the year starts at the same time worldwide, so this particular bias can be remedied by using terms such as "early 2001", "mid-2001", "late 2001", etc . Terms such as overseas , abroad , in this country , or nationwide where no nation is clearly implied. However, certain terms such as "offshore" may be understood in a legal context to reference any jurisdiction which is separate from a citizenship , place of incorporation or other primary jurisdiction; this usage is particularly common in taxation and financial regulation. References to national or local laws without mentioning the appropriate jurisdiction. In articles not directly pertaining to the United States, for instance, terms such "Miranda rights" are likely to be misunderstood or simply irrelevant. Some core laws that govern key aspects of society are ubiquitous and found in most countries (such as a constitution ), but the actual and specific content will likely be different. References to local customs, such as holidays, that assume the reader shares an understanding of the reference. Independence Day in the United States (July 4) and Bastille Day in France (14 July) are not widely celebrated outside those nations and some historically associated areas. If in doubt, use the exact date. Changing articles en masse from one dialect of English to another, where the subject is not specific to a locality. For instance, if an article on philosophy is already written with British spellings such as centre , changing them to American spellings such as center is unnecessary; or vice versa. Such changes, especially when done en masse , are a blatant violation of the Manual of Style's guideline which encourages editors to retain the established variety of English . This behavior may be considered disruptive or even politically motivated . However, that guideline does allow individual articles to switch varieties if it is determined that: the article subject has strong ties to a certain Anglophone nation; the article subject is or was known to use a certain variety of English, or; a consensus has been formed in favor of changing the established variety of English in an article to a different one. However, that guideline does allow individual articles to switch varieties if it is determined that: the article subject has strong ties to a certain Anglophone nation; the article subject is or was known to use a certain variety of English, or; a consensus has been formed in favor of changing the established variety of English in an article to a different one. Assuming the "obvious" Something else that you need to watch out for are "obvious" facts which are not necessarily obvious to people from other areas. Examples include the level of support a political movement has or does not have (and particularly referring to "major parties" in a nation without linking an explanation of which parties these are – which may not be obvious to foreign readers), the names of the movements, demographic facts, geographic facts. English language WP:EPOV WP:EPOV Also, be careful to avoid an English-speaking Point of View . Although country-specific and similar POVs are often easy to spot, this can be harder to spot. While there is a strong argument to simply present history and politics in English the way they have always been presented in that language, there's a much stronger argument for sticking to a neutral point of view, and avoiding reports of long-standing English cultural assumptions as fact. For one thing, there are many people in Ireland , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Caribbean nations such as the Cayman Islands , etc. who speak English as a first language, who do not share these. In South America , the EU , Russia , India , China , etc. many people learn English very early, often simultaneously with another tongue. It is simply wrong to believe that everyone reading an article in English will understand UK or US cultural assumptions or find it non-controversial to make certain statements or use certain terms: Vocabulary – Simple English articles are available for those learning, or with poor mastery of, English. In the main English Wikipedia, there is still a need to avoid professional jargon and to keep language as simple and direct as the accurate treatment of the subject permits. Unusual or unfamiliar usages need to be briefly disambiguated; sometimes a single modifier suffices: "The scientist Marie Curie...". Names or dates of conflicts used in English-speaking sources sometimes poorly match those used in some other culture; it's critical to get the dates right for the context, and include as many alternative terms as necessary. The extent of this obviously depends on the context of the article. For example, "George VI was King of Britain during World War II (1939–1945)" but "Stalin was head of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War (World War II) from 1941 to 1945". [ 1 ] Assuming that the term " British " includes the peoples of former British Colonies. Accounts of conflicts and their outcomes, providing the interpretation of the side most English-speaking nations supported. Statements that a territory was "discovered" or "settled" when in fact it was visited or colonized . It is better to write " Balboa was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean" than "Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean". Other points Other key points to watch for when adapting material from country-specific sources: Spelling: see Wikipedia:Manual of Style for current recommendations on English spelling. Names of conflicts used in your locality (the US, UK, etc.) may not be the same as those on the list of wars , and may reflect a local viewpoint. Avoid biased comments about other countries. This rule, of course, applies in all directions. Units of measure – Use the units that are most appropriate to the context and, where appropriate, place an alternative form in parenthesis right after the units (for example, an article on a mountain in the United States should have its elevation given in feet with the approximate number of meters given right after). However, always use the measured form first and leave the converted form in parentheses (otherwise you are introducing error in the numbers!). The converted form should also not have more significant figures than the measured form (this gives a false impression of precision). Other areas where POV comes into play In addition to language and geographic issues, it is important to avoid other types of assumptions or biases about people. Some examples of biases to avoid are: Heteronormativity , namely assuming all people are heterosexual. Examples include assuming that any sexual activity carries a pregnancy risk, assuming that a child lives with their biological father and mother, or assuming that dating involves people of different genders. Referring to people with disabilities using marginalizing terms, such as referring to people as "patients" when not specifically describing the routine of a hospital. Writing about people solely from the perspective of someone who perceives those people as a "problem". For instance, Wikipedia articles about mental conditions such as autism or social conditions such as homelessness should not be written from the perspective of those who want such people to go away. Referring to people's lives or actions in terms of the problems or opinions of those who disapprove of them. When writing something such as "the park has had a lot of problems with the homeless", consider that these "homeless" are people and would not want to be described this way. An improvement might be something such as "struggling to manage the conflicting interests of their constituents, park officials changed certain rules after renovation, e.g. closing the park to overnight camping". A good rule of thumb in avoiding POV is to never refer to someone in a way you would not want to see used to refer to yourself or a loved one. Pseudonyms In articles about works of art, games, TV series and other subjects without estimable values, Wiki editors will often try to pass on POV opinions by writing under a pseudonym, e.g., "some fans think the New York Yankees are the greatest baseball team ever". Unless you can provide a survey, a review or any similar type of source for your praise, it does not belong in a Wikipedia article. The correct way to phrase the sentence would be: "The Yankees are Major League Baseball 's most successful franchise with 27 World Series championships". See also Wikipedia:Be neutral in form Wikipedia:Content forking Wikipedia:Controversial articles Wikipedia:Don't teach the controversy (that phrase doesn't mean what you think it means) Wikipedia:How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle Wikipedia:List of controversial issues Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ Wikipedia:Neutrality of sources Wikipedia:NPOV dispute Wikipedia:POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields (essay) Wikipedia:Systemic bias Footnotes ^ Since most readers will be more familiar with the term 'World War II' than 'Great Patriotic War' it is probably better to explain the usage, even in articles about the Soviet Union. Wikipedia supplemental pages Wikipedia essays about neutrality This page was last edited on 10 September 2025, at 17:07 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Qualification Toggle Qualification subsection 1.1 Qualified teams 1.1 Qualified teams 2 Venues 3 Schedule 4 Draw 5 Match officials 6 Match ball 7 Squads 8 Group stage Toggle Group stage subsection 8.1 Tiebreakers 8.2 Group A 8.3 Group B 8.1 Tiebreakers 8.2 Group A 8.3 Group B 9 Knockout stage Toggle Knockout stage subsection 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Semi-finals 9.3 Third place play-off 9.4 Final 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Semi-finals 9.3 Third place play-off 9.4 Final 10 Awards 11 Statistics Toggle Statistics subsection 11.1 Goalscorers 11.2 Tournament ranking 11.1 Goalscorers 11.2 Tournament ranking 12 Prize money 13 Ticketing 14 Sponsorship 15 Broadcasting rights 16 Logistics 17 References 18 External links 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Кубок конфедераций FIFA 2017 Kubok konfederatsiy FIFA 2017 Tournament details Host country Russia Dates 17 June – 2 July Teams 8 (from 6 confederations) Venue 4 (in 4 host cities) Final positions Champions Germany (1st title) Runners-up Chile Third place Portugal Fourth place Mexico Tournament statistics Matches played 16 Goals scored 43 (2.69 per match) Attendance 628,304 (39,269 per match) Top scorer(s) Leon Goretzka Lars Stindl Timo Werner (3 goals each) Best player Julian Draxler Best goalkeeper Claudio Bravo Fair play award Germany ← 2013 The 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup was the tenth and final edition of the FIFA Confederations Cup , a quadrennial international men's football tournament organised by FIFA . It was held in Russia , from 17 June to 2 July 2017, as a prelude to the 2018 FIFA World Cup . [ 1 ] Russia was announced as the host on 2 December 2010 after the country was awarded the hosting rights of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . [ 2 ] The matches were played in four stadiums in four cities: Saint Petersburg , Moscow , Kazan , and Sochi . It was the only time Russia hosted the tournament and the third time the Confederations Cup was held in the European continent. As hosts, Russia qualified automatically for the tournament; they were joined by the six winners of the FIFA confederation championships and the 2014 FIFA World Cup champions, Germany . The final tournament was played in two stages: a group stage and a latter knockout stage. In the group stage, each team played three games in a group of four, with the winners and runners-up from each group advancing to the knockout stage. In the knockout stage, the four teams competed in single-elimination matches, beginning with the semi-finals and ending with the final match of the tournament. A third-place match was played between the two losing semi-finalist teams. The final match was also attended by young participants of the international children's social programme Football for Friendship from 64 countries. The defending champions, Brazil , who won the previous three Confederations Cups ( 2005 , 2009 , 2013 ), failed to qualify for the first time since 1995 following their loss on penalties to Paraguay in the quarter-finals of the 2015 Copa América . 2015 AFC Asian Cup winners Australia became the first team to qualify from multiple confederations, having previously represented the OFC in 1997 , 2001 and 2005 . This was the only Confederations Cup to feature the video assistant referee (VAR). World champions Germany won their only Confederations Cup title following a 1–0 win over Chile in the final . [ 3 ] This was the last Confederations Cup held before being folded by FIFA in order to make way for the FIFA Club World Cup expansion, along with the 2021 FIFA Arab Cup . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Qualification The eight competing teams were the host nation, the reigning FIFA World Cup champions, and the six holders of the FIFA confederation championships . If any team qualified for multiple berths (such as, if the World Cup champions also won their continental championship), the next best-placed team from their continental championship would have qualified. After Russia secured a spot in the tournament as the hosts, Germany were the first team to qualify via competition, after winning the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. The final match saw the Germans clinch the country's fourth world title through a 1–0 extra-time win against Argentina . Australia were the next team to qualify after beating South Korea 2–1 after extra time, in the 2015 AFC Asian Cup Final . This victory marked Australia's first Asian Cup win since their move from the Oceania Football Confederation (OFC) in 2006. It was also the first time a team had become champions of two confederations, following Australia's four OFC Nations Cup titles. Chile were the fourth team to secure a spot at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup after defeating Argentina 4–1 on a penalty shoot-out following a 0–0 draw after extra time, in the 2015 Copa América Final . As 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions, Mexico's qualifying path saw them face 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States in the 2015 CONCACAF Cup play-off match. The new format, in which the two most recent CONCACAF Gold Cup winners compete to decide the representative team of CONCACAF, was won by Mexico 3–2 after extra time. New Zealand were the sixth team to qualify for the tournament after defeating Papua New Guinea 4–2 on a penalty shoot-out following a 0–0 draw after extra time, in the 2016 OFC Nations Cup Final . Portugal were the seventh team to qualify, after defeating host nation France 1–0 after extra time, in the UEFA Euro 2016 Final . The 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winning team, Cameroon , took the eighth and final spot with their 2–1 win against Egypt in the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Final . [ 6 ] This was the first time in FIFA Confederations Cup history that three national teams from any single confederation (Russia, Germany and Portugal from UEFA ) participated in the tournament. Qualified teams The following teams qualified for the tournament. Country Confederation Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in tournament [ 7 ] Russia UEFA Hosts 2 December 2010 0 (debut) Germany UEFA 2014 FIFA World Cup winners 13 July 2014 2 ( 1999 , 2005 ) Australia AFC [ 8 ] 2015 AFC Asian Cup winners 31 January 2015 3 ( 1997 , 2001 , 2005 ) Chile CONMEBOL 2015 Copa América winners 4 July 2015 0 (debut) Mexico CONCACAF CONCACAF Cup winners 10 October 2015 6 ( 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2001 , 2005 , 2013 ) New Zealand OFC 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners 11 June 2016 3 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2009 ) Portugal UEFA UEFA Euro 2016 winners 10 July 2016 0 (debut) Cameroon CAF 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners 5 February 2017 2 ( 2001 , 2003 ) Venues Four cities served as the venues for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] All four venues were also among the 12 used for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . On 8 October 2015, FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament. [ 11 ] Saint Petersburg .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Moscow Saint Petersburg Kazan Sochi class=notpageimage| Location of the host cities of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. Moscow Krestovsky Stadium (Saint Petersburg Stadium) Otkritie Arena (Spartak Stadium) Capacity: 68,134 Capacity: 45,360 Kazan Sochi Kazan Arena Fisht Olympic Stadium (Fisht Stadium) Capacity: 45,379 Capacity: 47,659 Schedule The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 (without kick-off times, which were confirmed later). [ 12 ] Russia was placed in position A1 in the group stage and played in the opening match against New Zealand at the Zenit Arena in Saint Petersburg on 17 June. The distribution of the knockout stage matches was as follows: [ 13 ] The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg hosted the final on 2 July. The Kazan Arena in Kazan hosted the first semi-final on 28 June. The Fisht Olympic Stadium in Sochi hosted the second semi-final on 29 June. The Otkritie Arena in Moscow hosted the third place match on 2 July. Draw The draw took place on 26 November 2016, 18:00 MSK ( UTC+3 ), at the Tennis Academy in Kazan . [ 14 ] For the draw, the eight teams were allocated to two pots. Pot 1 contained hosts Russia and the three highest-ranked teams in the November 2016 edition of the FIFA World Rankings (shown in parentheses below): [ 15 ] Germany , Chile , and Portugal . Pot 2 contained the remaining four teams: Mexico , Australia , New Zealand and the winners of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations (whose identity was not known at the time of the draw and regardless of their identity could not be among the three highest-ranked participating teams), [ 16 ] which was won by Cameroon on 5 February 2017 to complete the line-up. [ 17 ] The eight teams were drawn into two groups of four with each group containing two teams from Pot 1 and two teams from Pot 2. During the draw procedure, teams were drawn into alternating groups (Group A, then Group B, repeating) and assigned a position within the group by drawing another ball. As hosts, Russia were automatically assigned to Position A1 in the draw. Since there were three teams from Europe, one of the two groups was certain to contain two teams from the same confederation (Russia and Portugal), the first time this happened in a FIFA Confederations Cup. [ 18 ] Pot 1 Pot 2 Russia (55; hosts) [ A ] Germany (3) Chile (4) Portugal (8) Russia (55; hosts) [ A ] Germany (3) Chile (4) Portugal (8) Mexico (18) Australia (48) Cameroon (65) New Zealand (110) Mexico (18) Australia (48) Cameroon (65) New Zealand (110) ^ Assigned to A1 Match officials A total of 9 refereeing trios (a referee and two assistant referees), 1 support referee, and 8 video assistant referees were appointed for the tournament. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Confederation Referee Assistant referees Support referee Video assistant referee AFC Fahad Al-Mirdasi Abdullah Al-Shalawi Mohammed Al-Abakry – Ravshan Irmatov Alireza Faghani Reza Sokhandan Mohammadreza Mansouri CAF Bakary Gassama Jean-Claude Birumushahu Marwa Range – Malang Diedhiou CONCACAF Mark Geiger Joe Fletcher Charles Justin Morgante – Jair Marrufo CONMEBOL Néstor Pitana Hernán Maidana Juan Pablo Belatti – Enrique Cáceres Sandro Ricci Wilmar Roldán Alexander Guzman Cristian De La Cruz OFC – – Abdelkader Zitouni – UEFA Milorad Mažić Milovan Ristić Dalibor Đurđević – Artur Soares Dias Ovidiu Hațegan Clément Turpin Gianluca Rocchi Elenito Di Liberatore Mauro Tonolini Damir Skomina Jure Praprotnik Robert Vukan Match ball The official match ball for the Cup was produced by Adidas and was named "Krasava", [ 21 ] which is a Russian slang word for "beautiful" or "awesome". Squads Each team had to name a preliminary squad of 30 players. From the preliminary squad, the team had to name a final squad of 23 players (three of whom must be goalkeepers) by the FIFA deadline. Players in the final squad could be replaced due to serious injury up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team's first match, where the replacement players did not need to be in the preliminary squad. [ 22 ] The official squads were announced by FIFA on 8 June 2017. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Group stage All times are local, MSK ( UTC+3 ). [ 25 ] Tiebreakers The top two teams of each group advanced to the semi-finals. The rankings of teams in each group were determined as follows (regulations Article 19.6): [ 22 ] points obtained in all group matches; goal difference in all group matches; number of goals scored in all group matches; If two or more teams were equal on the basis of the above three criteria, their rankings were determined as follows: points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned; fair play points first yellow card: minus 1 point; indirect red card (second yellow card): minus 3 points; direct red card: minus 4 points; yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points; first yellow card: minus 1 point; indirect red card (second yellow card): minus 3 points; direct red card: minus 4 points; yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee. Group A Pos Team .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Portugal 3 2 1 0 7 2 +5 7 Advance to knockout stage 2 Mexico 3 2 1 0 6 4 +2 7 3 Russia (H) 3 1 0 2 3 3 0 3 4 New Zealand 3 0 0 3 1 8 −7 0 Russia 2–0 New Zealand .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Boxall .mw-parser-output .fb-goal>span{} 31' ( o.g. ) Smolov 69' Boxall .mw-parser-output .fb-goal>span{} 31' ( o.g. ) Smolov 69' Report Portugal 2–2 Mexico Quaresma 34' Cédric 86' Quaresma 34' Cédric 86' Report Hernández 42' Moreno 90+1' Hernández 42' Moreno 90+1' Russia 0–1 Portugal Report Ronaldo 8' Mexico 2–1 New Zealand Jiménez 54' Peralta 72' Jiménez 54' Peralta 72' Report Wood 42' Mexico 2–1 Russia Araujo 30' Lozano 52' Araujo 30' Lozano 52' Report Samedov 25' New Zealand 0–4 Portugal Report Ronaldo 33' ( pen. ) B. Silva 37' A. Silva 80' Nani 90+1' Ronaldo 33' ( pen. ) B. Silva 37' A. Silva 80' Nani 90+1' Group B Pos Team v t e v t e Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Germany 3 2 1 0 7 4 +3 7 Advance to knockout stage 2 Chile 3 1 2 0 4 2 +2 5 3 Australia 3 0 2 1 4 5 −1 2 4 Cameroon 3 0 1 2 2 6 −4 1 Cameroon 0–2 Chile Report Vidal 81' Vargas 90+1' Vidal 81' Vargas 90+1' Australia 2–3 Germany Rogic 41' Juric 56' Rogic 41' Juric 56' Report Stindl 5' Draxler 44' ( pen. ) Goretzka 48' Stindl 5' Draxler 44' ( pen. ) Goretzka 48' Cameroon 1–1 Australia Zambo Anguissa 45+1' Report Milligan 60' ( pen. ) Germany 1–1 Chile Stindl 41' Report Sánchez 6' Germany 3–1 Cameroon Demirbay 48' Werner 66' , 81' Demirbay 48' Werner 66' , 81' Report Aboubakar 78' Chile 1–1 Australia Rodríguez 67' Report Troisi 42' Knockout stage In the knockout stage, if a match was level at the end of normal playing time, extra time was played (two periods of 15 minutes each), where each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution . If still tied after extra time, the match was decided by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winners. [ 22 ] Bracket Semi-finals Final 28 June — Kazan Portugal 0 (0) 2 July — Saint Petersburg Chile ( p ) 0 (3) Chile 0 29 June — Sochi Germany 1 Germany 4 Mexico 1 Third place play-off 2 July — Moscow Portugal ( a.e.t. ) 2 Mexico 1 Semi-finals Portugal 0–0 ( a.e.t. ) Chile Report Penalties Quaresma Moutinho Nani Quaresma Moutinho Nani 0–3 Vidal Aránguiz Sánchez Vidal Aránguiz Sánchez Germany 4–1 Mexico Goretzka 6' , 8' Werner 59' Younes 90+1' Goretzka 6' , 8' Werner 59' Younes 90+1' Report Fabián 89' Third place play-off Portugal 2–1 ( a.e.t. ) Mexico Pepe 90+1' Adrien 104' ( pen. ) Pepe 90+1' Adrien 104' ( pen. ) Report Neto 54' ( o.g. ) Final Chile 0–1 Germany Report Stindl 20' Awards The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament. [ 26 ] The player awards were all sponsored by Adidas . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Julian Draxler Alexis Sánchez Leon Goretzka Golden Boot Silver Boot [ 27 ] Timo Werner Leon Goretzka Lars Stindl 3 goals, 2 assists 3 goals, 0 assists Golden Glove Claudio Bravo FIFA Fair Play Trophy Germany Additionally, FIFA.com shortlisted six goals so that football fans could vote on the tournaments' best. [ 28 ] The poll closed on 10 July. Hyundai Goal of the Tournament Goalscorer Opponent Score Round Marco Fabián Germany 3– 1 Semi-finals Statistics Goalscorers There were 43 goals scored in 16 matches, for an average of 2.69 goals per match. 3 goals Leon Goretzka Lars Stindl Timo Werner 2 goals Cristiano Ronaldo 1 goal Tomi Juric Mark Milligan Tom Rogic James Troisi Vincent Aboubakar André-Frank Zambo Anguissa Martín Rodríguez Alexis Sánchez Eduardo Vargas Arturo Vidal Kerem Demirbay Julian Draxler Amin Younes Néstor Araujo Marco Fabián Javier Hernández Raúl Jiménez Hirving Lozano Héctor Moreno Oribe Peralta Chris Wood Adrien Silva Cédric Nani Pepe Ricardo Quaresma André Silva Bernardo Silva Aleksandr Samedov Fyodor Smolov 1 own goal Michael Boxall (against Russia) Luís Neto (against Mexico) Source: FIFA [ 29 ] Tournament ranking Per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. Pos Grp Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Final result 1 B Germany 5 4 1 0 12 5 +7 13 Champions 2 B Chile 5 1 3 1 4 3 +1 6 Runners-up 3 A Portugal 5 3 2 0 9 3 +6 11 Third place 4 A Mexico 5 2 1 2 8 10 −2 7 Fourth place 5 A Russia (H) 3 1 0 2 3 3 0 3 Eliminated in group stage 6 B Australia 3 0 2 1 4 5 −1 2 7 B Cameroon 3 0 1 2 2 6 −4 1 8 A New Zealand 3 0 0 3 1 8 −7 0 Prize money Based on final position, teams received prize money from FIFA. [ 31 ] Competition stage Final position Prize money (US dollars) Final Winners $5,000,000 Runners-up $4,500,000 Match for third place Third place $3,500,000 Fourth place $3,000,000 Group stage Fifth to eighth place $2,000,000 Ticketing Tickets were distributed in four stages: pre-sale for holders of Visa cards, random draw, first-come first-served, and last-minute sales. [ 32 ] Sponsorship FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors European supporters .mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}} Adidas [ 33 ] Coca-Cola [ 34 ] Gazprom [ 35 ] Hyundai – Kia [ 36 ] Qatar Airways [ 37 ] Visa [ 38 ] Wanda Group [ 39 ] Adidas [ 33 ] Coca-Cola [ 34 ] Gazprom [ 35 ] Hyundai – Kia [ 36 ] Adidas [ 33 ] Coca-Cola [ 34 ] Gazprom [ 35 ] Hyundai – Kia [ 36 ] Qatar Airways [ 37 ] Visa [ 38 ] Wanda Group [ 39 ] Qatar Airways [ 37 ] Visa [ 38 ] Wanda Group [ 39 ] Anheuser-Busch InBev [ 40 ] Hisense [ 41 ] McDonald's [ 42 ] Vivo [ 43 ] Anheuser-Busch InBev [ 40 ] Hisense [ 41 ] McDonald's [ 42 ] Vivo [ 43 ] Alfa-Bank [ 44 ] Alfa-Bank [ 44 ] Broadcasting rights Territory Broadcaster Ref. Albania RTSH [ 45 ] Argentina TyC , DirecTV [ 45 ] Armenia ARMTV [ 45 ] Australia SBS , Optus Sport [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Austria ORF [ 45 ] Azerbaijan Idman Azerbaijan , İTV [ 45 ] Belarus BTRC [ 45 ] Belgium VRT , RTBF [ 45 ] Bolivia Unitel , Red Uno , DirecTV [ 45 ] Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT [ 45 ] Brazil Globo , SporTV , Band [ 45 ] Brunei Astro [ 45 ] Bulgaria BNT [ 45 ] Canada RDS , TSN [ 45 ] Chile Canal 13 , TVN , Mega , DirecTV [ 45 ] China Tencent Sports [ 47 ] Colombia Caracol TV , RCN TV , DirecTV [ 45 ] Costa Rica Teletica , Sky [ 45 ] Croatia HRT [ 45 ] Cyprus CyBC [ 45 ] Czech Republic ČT [ 45 ] Denmark DR , TV 2 [ 45 ] Ecuador RTS [ 45 ] El Salvador TCS , Sky [ 45 ] Estonia ERR [ 45 ] Faroe Islands DR [ 45 ] Finland Yle [ 48 ] France TF1 , SFR Sport [ 45 ] [ 49 ] Germany ARD , ZDF [ 45 ] Georgia GPB [ 45 ] Greece ERT [ 45 ] Greenland DR , TV 2 [ 45 ] Guatemala TVA, Sky [ 45 ] Honduras Televicentro , Sky [ 45 ] Hong Kong LeSports [ 45 ] Hungary MTVA [ 45 ] Iceland RÚV [ 45 ] India Sony Pictures Networks [ 45 ] Indonesia RTV (terrestrial), OrangeTV [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Ireland RTÉ [ 45 ] Israel KAN [ 45 ] Italy Sky [ 52 ] Japan Fuji TV , NHK [ 45 ] Kosovo RTK [ 45 ] Latvia LTV [ 45 ] Liechtenstein SRG SSR [ 45 ] Lithuania LRT [ 45 ] Macau TDM [ 53 ] Malaysia Astro [ 45 ] Malta PBS [ 45 ] MENA [ note 1 ] beIN Sports [ 45 ] Mexico Televisa , TV Azteca [ 45 ] Moldova TRM [ 45 ] Montenegro RTCG [ 45 ] Nepal Sony Pictures Networks [ 45 ] Netherlands NOS [ 45 ] New Zealand Prime , Sky Sport [ 54 ] [ 45 ] [ 55 ] Nicaragua Ratensa [ 45 ] Norway NRK , TV 2 [ 45 ] Pakistan Sony Pictures Networks [ 45 ] Panama Corporación Medcom, Televisora Nacional, Sky [ 45 ] Paraguay TyC [ 45 ] Peru Latina Televisión , DirecTV [ 45 ] Philippines ABS-CBN [ 45 ] Poland TVP [ 45 ] Portugal RTP [ 45 ] [ 56 ] Puerto Rico Telemundo Puerto Rico , Punto 2 [ 57 ] Romania TVR [ 45 ] Russia Channel One , Match TV [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Serbia RTS [ 45 ] Slovenia RTVSLO [ 45 ] South Africa SABC , SuperSport [ 60 ] South Korea KBS , MBC , SBS [ 45 ] Spain GOL [ 61 ] Sub-Saharan Africa [ note 2 ] SuperSport , Star Times [ 45 ] Sweden SVT [ 45 ] Switzerland SRG SSR [ 45 ] Taiwan ELTA TV [ 62 ] Tajikistan TV Varzish [ 45 ] Thailand Channel 3 [ 63 ] Turkey TRT [ 45 ] United Kingdom ITV [ note 3 ] [ 45 ] United States Fox , Telemundo [ 45 ] Uruguay Monte Carlo TV , Canal 10 , Teledoce , TyC [ 45 ] Venezuela Meridiano Televisión , Venevisión [ 45 ] ^ excludes Israel ^ excludes South Africa ^ ITV did not broadcast the third-place match Logistics Free travel via additional trains travelling between host cities during the sporting events were provided to spectators holding match tickets or documents granting access to the match, along with FAN ID. [ 64 ] FAN IDs were issued to all spectators of the FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 for access to a stadium. FAN ID gave the opportunity to use free transport services on the match days in the cities hosting the sports events. The foreign citizens, who come to the Russian Federation as spectators of the FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 matches, could use their FAN IDs for multiple visa-free entry into and exit from the Russian Federation upon presentation of valid identity documents that are recognized as such by the Russian Federation, during the period that started ten days before the date of the first match and ended ten days after the date of the last match of the FIFA Confederations Cup 2017. [ 65 ] In 2015, the Russian Ministry of Sport and Local Organising Committee launched a website aimed at providing coverage of the preparation process ahead of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 FIFA World Cup . [ 66 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ethics: Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018/2022 FIFA World Cup bidding process" . 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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: Are Your Reasoning Models Reasoning or Guessing? A Mechanistic Analysis of Hierarchical Reasoning Models Abstract: Hierarchical reasoning model (HRM) achieves extraordinary performance on various reasoning tasks, significantly outperforming large language model-based reasoners. To understand the strengths and potential failure modes of HRM, we conduct a mechanistic study on its reasoning patterns and find three surprising facts: (a) Failure of extremely simple puzzles, e.g., HRM can fail on a puzzle with only one unknown cell. We attribute this failure to the violation of the fixed point property, a fundamental assumption of HRM. (b) "Grokking" dynamics in reasoning steps, i.e., the answer is not improved uniformly, but instead there is a critical reasoning step that suddenly makes the answer correct; (c) Existence of multiple fixed points. HRM "guesses" the first fixed point, which could be incorrect, and gets trapped there for a while or forever. All facts imply that HRM appears to be "guessing" instead of "reasoning". Leveraging this "guessing" picture, we propose three strategies to scale HRM's guesses: data augmentation (scaling the quality of guesses), input perturbation (scaling the number of guesses by leveraging inference randomness), and model bootstrapping (scaling the number of guesses by leveraging training randomness). On the practical side, by combining all methods, we develop Augmented HRM, boosting accuracy on Sudoku-Extreme from 54.5% to 96.9%. On the scientific side, our analysis provides new insights into how reasoning models "reason". Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) ; Machine Learning (cs.LG) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10679 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10679v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Storyline 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Recording 3.2 Style 3.1 Recording 3.2 Style 4 Releases 5 Reception 6 Musical and film versions 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 References 11 External links The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman Studio album by Sparks Released August 14, 2009 Studio Hollywood American (Hollywood, California) Radio Drama (Stockholm, Sweden) [ 1 ] Genre Radio musical pop opera [ 2 ] Radio musical pop opera [ 2 ] Length 64 : 32 Label Lil' Beethoven (English) SR (Swedish) Lil' Beethoven (English) SR (Swedish) Sparks chronology Exotic Creatures of the Deep (2008) The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman (2009) Two Hands, One Mouth: Live in Europe (2013) Exotic Creatures of the Deep (2008) The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman (2009) Two Hands, One Mouth: Live in Europe (2013) The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman is the 22nd studio album by American rock group Sparks , released in August 2009. The duo's first work in the radio musical genre, the album is built around an imaginary visit to Hollywood by Swedish film director Ingmar Bergman in the mid-1950s. Its storyline focuses on the divides between European and American culture, between art and commerce. Unlike other Sparks albums, the work is conceived as a single piece, to be listened to as a whole, rather than a collection of stand-alone songs. The work was commissioned by Sveriges Radio Radioteatern, the radio drama department of Sweden's national radio broadcaster. First released in the Swedish broadcast version in August 2009, with an English-language version following in November 2009, it features a cast of Swedish and American actors and a variety of musical styles ranging from opera to vaudeville and pop . The album's recording was a collaborative effort – while the music and English vocals were recorded by Sparks in the United States, the album's Swedish vocals were recorded by Sveriges Radio in Stockholm, and then sent to the Maels via an FTP server . The album and its ambitious dramatic concept received favorable reviews and spawned both a live show and plans to turn it into a film. Background Sparks produced the album, their first in this genre, after it was commissioned as a radio musical by Sweden's national broadcasting service, Sveriges Radio . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The project was proposed to Sparks by Marie Wennersten of SR Radioteatern, the station's radio drama department. Wennersten had become a Sparks fan after watching the duo perform in Sweden in 2004: "I had never seen such energy and love from the audience. I thought the Södra Theatre was going to take off and fly away. I wrote to the Sparks fansite and thanked them for the experience." [ 5 ] Wennersten subsequently travelled to Los Angeles as a journalist, to attend and report on another Sparks concert. [ 5 ] By that time, the idea of a collaboration had formed in her mind: "I always dreamed of dragging them into the radio world." [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Wennersten contacted Sparks when Jasenko Selimovic, the head of SR Radioteatern, decided that the station would produce a number of new musicals. [ 6 ] She thought Sparks would be suitable for the format: "They are a bit extravagant; they have a larger-than-life quality, and above all, they make music that is colorful enough for it not to feel like you miss a visual component." [ 6 ] Sparks were initially somewhat surprised by the invitation to write a musical for Swedish radio, and were hesitant to take on the project. [ 6 ] However, after several months of persuasive effort from Wennersten, via e-mail and telephone, they decided to accept the challenge. [ 7 ] "We originally thought of it as a side project between albums, but once we started working on it, it took on a bigger life," Sparks have said. [ 8 ] "As Americans we have almost abandoned radio drama and it was truly exhilarating for us to work in a medium where the imagination of the listener is so integral a part of the work. Aside from our love of Bergman, we have a love of Orson Welles and his use of the medium of radio was something that inspired us in this work." [ 9 ] Sveriges Radio stipulated that the work had to include a Swedish element. [ 10 ] Singer Russell Mael told The National , "At first, we obviously thought of cars and Ikea. I'm joking. But the more profound, more lasting idea – being the film fans we are – was Ingmar Bergman. So we hit upon a fantasy situation of him going to Hollywood, which is obviously a lot more universal, too." [ 10 ] Before starting work on the musical, the Mael brothers decided to refresh their memories by looking at Bergman's films again. [ 11 ] "We were both really big film fans in university. At that time unless you only liked foreign film, and hated American ones, you weren't cool", Ron Mael told The Times . [ 12 ] "There was a real kind of seriousness to [Bergman]. He actually addressed big things and was able to frame those in really pure, cinematic ways. Now those things are seen as being kind of pretentious. Everyone wants to be seen as though they don't care about the big issues." [ 12 ] Commenting on the suitability of Bergman as the topic of a musical, Russell Mael told a Swedish newspaper, "In a way, he is the least appropriate person for a musical. We like the absurdity of it all. He was such a deep, intense person and the vast majority of his films are about really deep topics. But we did not want to ridicule him, we wanted to do something respectful that Bergman would have been able to appreciate." [ 11 ] In writing a musical about film making in Hollywood, Sparks were also informed by their own past film projects. [ 12 ] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, they had spent six years trying to get their film Mai, the Psychic Girl produced. [ 12 ] Based on a Japanese manga series, the film was at one time supposed to be directed by Tim Burton . Although the music had been completed, the film failed to materialize, an experience that colored their portrayal of the studio head in The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman . [ 12 ] Earlier, Sparks had worked with French director Jacques Tati on Confusion , another film project that remained uncompleted. [ 12 ] Having had numerous meetings with Tati over the course of a year, they were aware that, like other great European directors, Tati had been wooed by Hollywood: "He showed me a letter from Paramount", Ron Mael recalled. "He said: 'Oooh! They take me to Hollywood and they have a limousine for me.' But it was kind of mocking of the whole similar situation to our fantasy Bergman thing. He could see Hollywood for what it was." [ 12 ] Sveriges Radio gave Sparks free rein to develop the project: "Once we got the basic concept approved, we were able to work according to our own ideas. SR asked us to be as faithful to our own vision as possible." [ 13 ] In the end, Sparks felt it had been "a perfect project. It forced us out of our comfort zone. And it has proved to be a safer way to achieve creative success than any other in the history of Sparks." [ 11 ] Storyline The musical's storyline explores the divisions between art and commerce and between European and American culture, dichotomies that have also shaped much of Sparks' own career. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Described as a "dark fairy tale" by Stephen Dalton in The Times – " The Wizard of Oz meets The Truman Show , with a light sprinkling of Life On Mars " – it is based on imaginary events in the career of Swedish film director Ingmar Bergman. [ 15 ] The story is set in the mid-1950s, shortly after Bergman's award win at the 1956 Cannes Film Festival for Smiles of a Summer Night . [ 15 ] After his return to Stockholm , Bergman feels compelled to go to a cinema and watch a Hollywood blockbuster movie. [ 14 ] [ 16 ] As he exits the cinema, he inexplicably finds himself transported to Hollywood, where a limo driver is waiting to take him to a film studio. [ 14 ] [ 16 ] The studio's executives, who give Bergman a lavish welcome, are desperate to entice him to stay in Hollywood and make movies for them, the American way: "We're not hicks, but we must deliver kicks." [ 14 ] [ 15 ] The studio bosses have booked a hotel room for Bergman, complete with a "Hollywood Welcoming Committee" – a hooker they hope will persuade him to accept their offer – and a limo shuttles Bergman from meeting to meeting. [ 17 ] Visiting "The Studio Commissary", he is brought face to face with the many European directors who went to make films in Hollywood: Billy Wilder , Fritz Lang , F. W. Murnau , Jacques Tourneur , Josef von Sternberg , and Alfred Hitchcock , all apparently happy to work in Hollywood: "Alfred Hitchcock, bless his soul, there chomping on a dinner roll, The Man Who Knew Too Much done twice, in Hollywood, done twice as nice". [ 14 ] Bergman is tempted by the prospect of secure funding for his film projects and feels he "must not be hasty" in rejecting the proposal. [ 13 ] [ 15 ] The story develops into a Kafkaesque nightmare as Bergman, besieged by autograph hunters, finally decides that Hollywood is not for him. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Unable to get an international line to call Sweden, he tries to escape on foot, pursued by hotel staff, police cars and helicopters "like an actor in a bad, big-budget Hollywood action film". [ 14 ] [ 15 ] He evades his captors and reaches the seashore, where he prays for deliverance and at last meets the angelic figure of Greta Garbo , who guides him "home to somewhere monochrome, but somewhere you will be a certain kind of free". [ 14 ] A circular plot device concludes and resolves the fantasy. [ 14 ] Production Recording A cast of Swedish and American actors contributed to the recording. [ 3 ] While Sparks recorded the music in the United States, Wennersten oversaw the recording of the Swedish voice artists in Stockholm . [ 11 ] [ 18 ] Translation of the lyrics was also handled in Sweden: "Since I do not speak Swedish, I will never know how they managed," Russell Mael said, expressing his appreciation for the efforts of everyone involved to translate the tone and spirit of the Maels' original text into Swedish lyrics. [ 13 ] Sparks and Wennersten communicated mainly via an FTP server , with Sparks sending Wennersten their musical material, and Wennersten sending the edited Swedish voice recordings back to Sparks. [ 18 ] Sparks were very pleased with the results of the collaboration and the fact that Swedish actor Jonas Malmsjö , playing Bergman, had starred in several Bergman productions, enabling him to bring this personal experience to his portrayal of Bergman. [ 11 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Style The album mixes a variety of musical styles, from classical piano and opera, with full orchestral backing, to polka , vaudeville , jazz , pop and rock , and features both song and spoken-word elements. [ 3 ] [ 14 ] [ 21 ] Singer Russell Mael's falsetto vocals remain a prominent feature, while Ron Mael makes his vocal debut in the roles of the limo driver and Hollywood tour guide. [ 16 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Besides Jonas Malmsjö providing Bergman's voice, Elin Klinga , one of Bergman's favorite actresses in the latter stages of his career, appears in the role of Greta Garbo. [ 11 ] [ 18 ] [ 23 ] Sparks drummer Tammy Glover appears as The Hollywood Welcoming Committee, while opera singer Rebecca Sjöwall plays a Hollywood actress. [ 21 ] [ 24 ] Structurally, the album is not a collection of stand-alone songs, but a 64-minute piece of music composed of 24 plot-driven subsections. [ 3 ] [ 22 ] The music references the band's own discography at various points, evoking echoes of their earlier records – "sly winks to fans, each with their favourite era of Sparks in mind". [ 16 ] The BBC review stated that the album was "steeped in the same arch humour and orchestral sweep that guided the likes of 2006's Hello Young Lovers and last year's Exotic Creatures of The Deep ", blending "jaunty songs and rib-tickling tangents with a coherent narrative". [ 3 ] Releases The Swedish broadcast version of the musical, containing both Swedish and English lyrics, had its world première on 14 August 2009, when it was performed at a special event in Stockholm's Södra Theatre and broadcast on Sveriges Radio's P1 channel. [ 5 ] An exclusive edition of 1,000 CDs was released by SR Records, the Sveriges Radio record label, at the same time. [ 25 ] The band later released an English version of the work on their own Lil' Beethoven label, initially only available as a double vinyl and digital download. [ 16 ] BBC 6 Music and presenter Stuart Maconie hosted the English version's première in London on 28 October 2009, followed by a Q&A session with the Mael brothers. [ 8 ] In 2022, a remaster of the English album was issued on double vinyl, CD and digital as part of the "21st Century Sparks" collection on BMG . [ 26 ] It entered the UK Independent Albums Chart at no. 7 [ 27 ] and the UK Vinyl Albums top 40 at 36. Reception Review scores Source Rating BBC (favourable) [ 3 ] PopMatters [ 16 ] Record Collector [ 22 ] Svenska Dagbladet [ 28 ] The Guardian [ 17 ] The Independent [ 14 ] The Times [ 15 ] The Word (favourable) [ 29 ] Mojo [ 30 ] Zero Music Magazine [ 31 ] The album has been well received by critics. [ 32 ] Simon Price in The Independent called it "an engrossing and enriching piece" when listened to as a whole. [ 33 ] Craig Carson in PopMatters commented that the Sparks' "wry humor and willingness to experiment with different formats continue to stretch the limits of pop music in ways many other acts simply do not attempt. The band continually seem able and willing to explore just about anything – they remain musicians blessedly apart from the herd." [ 16 ] Daryl Easlea, writing for Record Collector , commented in a similar vein: "Only Sparks could do this. A 64-minute 24-song cycle commissioned for Swedish radio about Ingmar Bergman. [...] Obscure, of course – delightfully warm, naturally; it underlines Sparks' greatness and importance." [ 22 ] Commenting on the portrayal of Bergman, Easlea stated, "Swedish actor Malmsjö plays Bergman with all the appropriate detached paranoia"; he concluded his review by awarding the album a full five stars. [ 22 ] The Times said it was "a very Sparksian undertaking – painstaking and slightly ludicrous – to make a musical about an art-house film director, with a very complicated plot, for the radio (even Rick Wakeman's King Arthur on Ice had something to look at)." It said the orchestral arrangements by Ron Mael were "great, actually, recalling the skyscraper bustle of Bernstein and the triumphant fanfares of Michael Nyman", and stated that "the central concept – pursue your own idea of art, regardless of whether anyone will buy it – seems to be their rule of thumb, too. And you can't knock that." [ 21 ] The review by Stephen Dalton, also in The Times , found the "modernist musical backdrop" dominated by "electro-orchestral fragments" "less seductive" and, "despite plenty of arch and witty lyrics", regretted the scarcity of "memorable melodies or fully realised songs". [ 15 ] Dalton concluded that the work was "not wholly successful, perhaps, but still an alluringly barmy and glamorous affair", and a "fascinating folly from two enduringly inventive oddballs". [ 15 ] The BBC review stated fans hoping for "a fresh suite of crisp new Sparks songs" might be disappointed because "there are no tunes without the tale attached", but added that "luckily, the tale is a good one": the story of Hollywood corruption "is told masterfully, and builds to a dramatic conclusion that both condemns Hollywood and satirises its conventions with rapier-sharp wit." [ 3 ] Dave Simpson in The Guardian said the piece, "best experienced as a whole", was "not an idle fantasy, and emerges as a fascinating and powerful discourse on the struggle between art and commerce, and the destructive power of celebrity", calling the musical "a bold, major work – as compelling and original as anything in their sporadically brilliant career." [ 17 ] David Quantick in The Word commented that "musically, Seduction is awe-inspiring in the way the Maels perfectly meld their current style – intense, repetitive beats and melodies (there's even a bit of squelching techno here) and caustic, snappy lyrics – with the demands of an actual musical." [ 29 ] He called the album an "amazing record", a "commissioned piece that not only does what it's been asked to do, but transcends the brief and creates a genuinely exciting piece of music in its own right." [ 29 ] Andy Gill in The Independent gave The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman a maximum rating of five stars and included the record among his 20 albums of the year: "Sharply scripted, with that sly, knowing touch so typical of Sparks, it's also scored with scrupulous intelligence, the arrangements drawing on a range of apt influences, from Kurt Weill to jazz, pop and rock, and the orchestrations ingeniously duplicitous, wistful and sinister, as the action dictates. It may well turn out to be the pinnacle of Sparks' career, and certainly has an ambition well beyond the usual remit of popular culture." [ 14 ] [ 34 ] Musical and film versions Sparks said in October 2009 that they were planning to turn the album into a live show and were in talks with Canadian film director Guy Maddin about a film version of the musical. [ 8 ] They confirmed in a September 2010 interview on Michael Silverblatt 's Bookworm show that Maddin and actor Jason Schwartzman were on board, and that they were in the process of seeking funding for the project. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] The world premiere of the live musical took place on June 25 at the 2011 Los Angeles Film Festival , starring Ron and Russell Mael from Sparks, Maddin, Finnish actor Peter Franzén as Bergman, Ann Magnuson as Greta Garbo , with Rebecca Sjöwall , Katie Puckrik , and Tammy Glover reprising their roles from the album. Other actors included Nina Sallinen, Jacob Sidney, Dean Menta , and Sal Viscuso. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Showcased at the festival to attract investor interest in the film project, the performance at the John Anson Ford Amphitheatre featured Maddin reading stage directions from the film's screenplay. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 41 ] In 2017, the Mael Brothers said they had discussed developing the musical as an animated feature film with director Joseph Wallace , who created the music video for their track " Edith Piaf (Said It Better Than Me) ". [ 42 ] Russell Mael mentioned the idea again in a 2020 The Quietus interview, saying that the puppet animation format might be very beautiful and lend itself to portraying the story's fantastical, action-based finale. [ 43 ] He added that working with the narrative format of The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman had led them to write the Annette musical, which by then had turned into an actual film directed by Leos Carax , starring Adam Driver and Marion Cotillard – a development Sparks were very happy about. [ 43 ] In the liner notes to the 2022 re-issue, Ron Mael restated their ambition to make a stop motion feature with Wallace, adding: "The use of "widescreen and technicolor" as descriptions of a purely aural work are terms we would now like to apply in a more literal way to a film. Here's hoping." [ 44 ] Track listing All tracks are written by Ron Mael and Russell Mael. No. Title Length 1. "1956 Cannes Film Festival" 1:56 2. "'I Am Ingmar Bergman'" 3:09 3. "Limo Driver (Welcome to Hollywood)" 3:08 4. "'Here He Is Now'" 1:19 5. "'Mr. Bergman, How Are You?'" 4:28 6. "'He'll Come 'Round'" 1:44 7. "En Route to the Beverly Hills Hotel" 1:56 8. "Hollywood Welcoming Committee" 2:36 9. "'I've Got to Contact Sweden'" 2:41 10. "The Studio Commissary" 3:08 11. "'I Must Not Be Hasty'" 1:47 12. "'Quiet on the Set'" 1:06 13. "'Why Do You Take That Tone with Me?'" 2:52 14. "Pleasant Hotel Staff" 0:55 15. "Hollywood Tour Bus" 1:34 16. "Autograph Hounds" 2:20 17. "Bergman Ponders Escape" 2:25 18. "'We've Got to Turn Him 'Round'" 2:37 19. "Escape (Part 1)" 4:14 20. "Escape (Part 2)" 5:59 21. "'Oh, My God'" 2:59 22. "Garbo Sings" 3:48 23. "Almost a Hollywood Ending" 2:13 24. "'He's Home'" 3:38 Total length: 64:32 Note: The digital downloads were released as single tracks with a duration of 64:32 (Swedish broadcast version) and 64:33 (English version). Personnel Cast [ 1 ] Russell Mael – studio chief; policeman 1 and 2 Ron Mael – limo driver; Hollywood tour guide Marcus Blake – autograph hound; Woody Tammy Glover – Hollywood Welcoming Committee; Gerry Saskia Husberg – interpreter Elin Klinga – Greta Garbo Marie-Chantal Long – Cannes Film Festival announcer Jonas Malmsjö – Ingmar Bergman Steve McDonald – hotel concierge Steven Nistor – hotel doorman Katie Puckrik – hotel operator Rebecca Sjöwall – Hollywood starlet Jim Wilson – first A.D.; autograph hound Russell Mael – studio chief; policeman 1 and 2 Ron Mael – limo driver; Hollywood tour guide Marcus Blake – autograph hound; Woody Tammy Glover – Hollywood Welcoming Committee; Gerry Saskia Husberg – interpreter Elin Klinga – Greta Garbo Marie-Chantal Long – Cannes Film Festival announcer Jonas Malmsjö – Ingmar Bergman Steve McDonald – hotel concierge Steven Nistor – hotel doorman Katie Puckrik – hotel operator Rebecca Sjöwall – Hollywood starlet Jim Wilson – first A.D.; autograph hound Musicians [ 1 ] Ron Mael – keyboard Russell Mael – vocals Jim Wilson – guitar Dean Menta – guitar Marcus Blake – bass Tammy Glover – drums Steven Nistor – drums SR production staff [ 7 ] [ 25 ] Marie Wennersten – producer and director for Swedish recording Magnus Lindman – translations Sabina von Greyerz – SR Records project manager Musicians [ 1 ] Ron Mael – keyboard Russell Mael – vocals Jim Wilson – guitar Dean Menta – guitar Marcus Blake – bass Tammy Glover – drums Steven Nistor – drums SR production staff [ 7 ] [ 25 ] Marie Wennersten – producer and director for Swedish recording Magnus Lindman – translations Sabina von Greyerz – SR Records project manager Charts Chart (2022) Peak position Scottish Albums ( OCC ) [ 45 ] 17 UK Independent Albums ( OCC ) [ 46 ] 7 References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Sparks Official Website" . Discography section, Credits for The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman . 2009 . Retrieved January 1, 2010 . ^ Beaumont, Mark (December 21, 2014). "Sparks review – return of the kooks in kimonos" . The Guardian . Retrieved December 22, 2014 . ^ a b c d e f g Pattison, Louis (November 2, 2009). "The story of a maverick creative force – remind you of anyone?" . BBC Review . BBC . Retrieved December 28, 2009 . ^ Sloan, Billy (September 13, 2009). "Sparks fly in new musical" . Sunday Mail (Scotland) . Retrieved December 29, 2009 . ^ a b c d Cullberg, Jonas (August 14, 2009). "Bergman dyker upp i musikal" . Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish) . Retrieved April 23, 2010 . ^ a b c d Ekman, Klas (May 8, 2009). "Bergman gör musikaldebut" . Fokus (in Swedish) . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ a b Staff (May 8, 2009). "Radioteatern, Sveriges Radio, presenterar: "The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman" en radiomusikal av Sparks" (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ a b c Davies, Rodrigo (October 29, 2009). "Sparks' radio musical – The Mael brothers plan to turn latest album into a live show and film" . BBC. Archived from the original on December 26, 2009 . Retrieved December 30, 2009 . ^ Staff (May 19, 2009). "Sparks to Write Radio Musical" . Uncut . Retrieved August 13, 2016 . ^ a b East, Ben (November 7, 2009). "Flashes of inspiration" . The National . Retrieved March 28, 2010 . ^ a b c d e f Staff (August 10, 2009). "Sparks vill göra film om Bergman" . Norrköpings Tidningar (in Swedish) . Retrieved April 17, 2010 . ^ a b c d e f g Galliano, Joseph (October 30, 2009). "Striking Sparks with Bergman – The Mael brothers' new album takes a poke at Hollywood" . The Times . Archived from the original on June 15, 2011 . Retrieved April 24, 2010 . ^ a b c Staff (August 13, 2009). "Sparks låter Bergman sjunga ut" . Sydsvenskan (in Swedish). Archived from the original on September 30, 2012 . Retrieved April 18, 2010 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gill, Andy (October 30, 2009). "Album: Sparks, The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman (Lil' Beethoven)" . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 18, 2022 . Retrieved December 28, 2009 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dalton, Stephen (November 27, 2009). "Sparks: The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman. The 22nd studio album by Ron and Russell Mael is their most ambitious so far – an alluringly barmy and glamorous affair" . The Times . Archived from the original on June 15, 2011 . Retrieved April 19, 2010 . ^ a b c d e f g h Carson, Craig (October 23, 2009). "The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman Review" . PopMatters . Retrieved November 25, 2009 . ^ a b c Simpson, Dave (November 27, 2009). "Sparks: The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman" . The Guardian . Retrieved December 28, 2009 . ^ a b c Wennersten, Marie. "The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman av Sparks" . Radioteatern (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012 . Retrieved April 18, 2010 . ^ Brantley, Ben (June 22, 2001). "THEATER REVIEW; Strindberg's Eerie World Of Lost Souls" . The New York Times . Retrieved December 30, 2009 . ^ Brantley, Ben (June 12, 2003). "THEATER REVIEW; Bergman Reimagines Ibsen's Haunted Widow" . The New York Times . Retrieved December 30, 2009 . ^ a b c d Staff (November 28, 2009). "Sparks: The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman" . The Times . Retrieved December 28, 2009 . [ dead link ] ^ a b c d e Easlea, Daryl. "Works of art can also work" . Record Collector . Retrieved November 25, 2009 . ^ "Elin Klinga" . Ingmar Bergman Face To Face . Ingmar Bergman Foundation. Archived from the original on October 7, 2009 . Retrieved December 30, 2009 . ^ "Rebecca Sjöwall Official Website – Biography" . Retrieved January 1, 2010 . ^ a b Staff (August 12, 2009). "Pressinformation" (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio . Retrieved April 18, 2010 . ^ Sparks - The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman , May 27, 2022 , retrieved June 7, 2022 ^ "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50 | Official Charts Company" . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved June 7, 2022 . ^ Backman, Dan (August 26, 2009). "The seduction of Ingmar Bergman – Sparks" . Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish) . Retrieved April 23, 2010 . ^ a b c Quantick, David (December 2009). "This One Will Ron and Ron" . The Word . p. 94. Archived from the original on November 10, 2009 . Retrieved April 27, 2010 . ^ "Sparks – The Seduction Of Ingmar Bergman" . Sparks Official Website . Retrieved December 30, 2014 . ^ Svensson, Hans-Olof. "Sparks – The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman" . Zero Music Magazine (in Swedish). Archived from the original on July 20, 2011 . Retrieved April 23, 2010 . ^ Staff (December 1, 2009). "Sparks' Bergman Musical a Success" . Ingmar Bergman Face to Face . Ingmar Bergman Foundation. Archived from the original on October 7, 2009 . Retrieved April 23, 2010 . ^ Price, Simon (November 15, 2009). "Album: Sparks, The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman, (Lil Beethoven Records)" . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 18, 2022 . Retrieved December 29, 2009 . ^ Gill, Andy (December 11, 2009). "Andy Gill – The music to my year" . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 18, 2022 . Retrieved January 1, 2010 . ^ Silverblatt, Michael (September 2, 2010). "Bookworm: Paul Muldoon and special guests, Sparks" . KCRW. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011 . Retrieved September 16, 2010 . ^ Staff (September 6, 2010). "Sparks reveal plans for film based on their musical The Seduction Of Ingmar Bergman" . music-News.com . Retrieved September 16, 2010 . ^ a b Staff (May 3, 2011). "2011 Los Angeles Film Festival Announced First Round of Film Selections" . Film Threat . Archived from the original on May 6, 2011 . Retrieved May 7, 2011 . ^ a b Rose, Lisa (April 29, 2011). "Groundbreaking rock band Sparks remains influential, 40 years after debut album" . New Jersey On-Line / The Star-Ledger . Retrieved May 11, 2011 . ^ "Rebecca Sjöwall Official Website – Schedule" . Archived from the original on July 15, 2011 . Retrieved May 11, 2011 . ^ "LA Film Festival Sizzle Reel – Cast of LA Film Festival performance" . theseductionofingmarbergman.com . 2012 . Retrieved August 17, 2013 . ^ Weinkauf, Gregory (July 1, 2011). "The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman: Sparks and Guy Maddin Get Saucy With the Swede" . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 23, 2011 . ^ Read-Challen, Holly (September 16, 2017). "Joyous nonsense and sly jokes: Sparks on new album Hippopotamus and upcoming musical film" . thelineofbestfit.com . Retrieved October 3, 2019 . ^ a b Price, Simon (May 19, 2020). "The Strange World Of... Sparks" . The Quietus . Retrieved August 10, 2020 . ^ Sparks - The Seduction Of Ingmar Bergman liner notes , April 29, 2022 , retrieved January 7, 2023 ^ " Official Scottish Albums Chart on 3/6/2022 – Top 100 ". Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 4, 2022. ^ " Official Independent Albums Chart on 3/6/2022 – Top 50 ". Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 4, 2022. External links Official website The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman on Sparks's MySpace blog Speech by Russell Mael after the Stockholm première on 14 August 2009 on YouTube (2 parts) Interview with Sparks on the movie project and upcoming musical performance at the LA Film Festival, Warner Brothers .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sparks v t e Ron Mael Russell Mael Jim Mankey Earle Mankey Martin Gordon Adrian Fisher Norman "Dinky" Diamond Leslie Bohem David Kendrick Tammy Glover Dean Menta Ron Mael Russell Mael Jim Mankey Earle Mankey Martin Gordon Adrian Fisher Norman "Dinky" Diamond Leslie Bohem David Kendrick Tammy Glover Dean Menta Studio albums Halfnelson/Sparks A Woofer in Tweeter's Clothing Kimono My House Propaganda Indiscreet Big Beat Introducing Sparks Nº 1 in Heaven Terminal Jive Whomp That Sucker Angst in My Pants In Outer Space Pulling Rabbits Out of a Hat Music That You Can Dance To Interior Design Gratuitous Sax & Senseless Violins Plagiarism Balls Lil' Beethoven Hello Young Lovers Exotic Creatures of the Deep The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman FFS as FFS , with Franz Ferdinand Hippopotamus A Steady Drip, Drip, Drip The Girl Is Crying in Her Latte Mad! Halfnelson/Sparks A Woofer in Tweeter's Clothing Kimono My House Propaganda Indiscreet Big Beat Introducing Sparks Nº 1 in Heaven Terminal Jive Whomp That Sucker Angst in My Pants In Outer Space Pulling Rabbits Out of a Hat Music That You Can Dance To Interior Design Gratuitous Sax & Senseless Violins Plagiarism Balls Lil' Beethoven Hello Young Lovers Exotic Creatures of the Deep The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman FFS as FFS , with Franz Ferdinand as FFS , with Franz Ferdinand Hippopotamus A Steady Drip, Drip, Drip The Girl Is Crying in Her Latte Mad! Extended plays Madder! Madder! Live albums Two Hands, One Mouth: Live in Europe Two Hands, One Mouth: Live in Europe Singles " This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us " " Amateur Hour " " Never Turn Your Back on Mother Earth " " I Want to Hold Your Hand " " The Number One Song in Heaven " " Beat the Clock " " When I'm with You " " I Predict " " Cool Places " " With All My Might " " When Do I Get to Sing 'My Way' " " When I Kiss You (I Hear Charlie Parker Playing) " " Now That I Own the BBC " " Dick Around " " This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us " " Amateur Hour " " Never Turn Your Back on Mother Earth " " I Want to Hold Your Hand " " The Number One Song in Heaven " " Beat the Clock " " When I'm with You " " I Predict " " Cool Places " " With All My Might " " When Do I Get to Sing 'My Way' " " When I Kiss You (I Hear Charlie Parker Playing) " " Now That I Own the BBC " " Dick Around " Films The Sparks Brothers Annette soundtracks The Sparks Brothers Annette soundtracks soundtracks Related Sparks Spectacular Gleaming Spires Noël Is There More to Life Than Dancing? Telex Sex Les Rita Mitsouko Marc & Robert Gorillaz The Mountain Sparks Spectacular Gleaming Spires Noël Is There More to Life Than Dancing? Is There More to Life Than Dancing? Telex Sex Sex Les Rita Mitsouko Marc & Robert Marc & Robert Gorillaz The Mountain The Mountain Discography v t e Ingmar Bergman v t e Filmography Stage productions Accolades Filmography Stage productions Accolades Films directed Crisis (1946) It Rains on Our Love (1946) A Ship Bound for India (1947) Music in Darkness (1948) Port of Call (1948) Prison (1949) Thirst (1949) To Joy (1950) This Can't Happen Here (1950) Summer Interlude (1951) Secrets of Women (1952) Summer with Monika (1953) Sawdust and Tinsel (1953) A Lesson in Love (1954) Dreams (1955) Smiles of a Summer Night (1955) The Seventh Seal (1957) Wild Strawberries (1957) Brink of Life (1958) The Magician (1958) The Virgin Spring (1960) The Devil's Eye (1960) Through a Glass Darkly (1961) Winter Light (1963) The Silence (1963) All These Women (1964) Persona (1966) Hour of the Wolf (1968) Shame (1968) The Rite (1969) The Passion of Anna (1969) The Touch (1971) Cries and Whispers (1972) Scenes from a Marriage (1973) The Magic Flute (1975) Face to Face (1976) The Serpent's Egg (1977) Autumn Sonata (1978) From the Life of the Marionettes (1980) Fanny and Alexander (1982) After the Rehearsal (1984) The Blessed Ones (1986) In the Presence of a Clown (1997) Saraband (2003) Crisis (1946) It Rains on Our Love (1946) A Ship Bound for India (1947) Music in Darkness (1948) Port of Call (1948) Prison (1949) Thirst (1949) To Joy (1950) This Can't Happen Here (1950) Summer Interlude (1951) Secrets of Women (1952) Summer with Monika (1953) Sawdust and Tinsel (1953) A Lesson in Love (1954) Dreams (1955) Smiles of a Summer Night (1955) The Seventh Seal (1957) Wild Strawberries (1957) Brink of Life (1958) The Magician (1958) The Virgin Spring (1960) The Devil's Eye (1960) Through a Glass Darkly (1961) Winter Light (1963) The Silence (1963) All These Women (1964) Persona (1966) Hour of the Wolf (1968) Shame (1968) The Rite (1969) The Passion of Anna (1969) The Touch (1971) Cries and Whispers (1972) Scenes from a Marriage (1973) The Magic Flute (1975) Face to Face (1976) The Serpent's Egg (1977) Autumn Sonata (1978) From the Life of the Marionettes (1980) Fanny and Alexander (1982) After the Rehearsal (1984) The Blessed Ones (1986) In the Presence of a Clown (1997) Saraband (2003) Films written Torment (1944) Woman Without a Face (1947) Eva (1948) While the City Sleeps (1950) Divorced (1951) Last Pair Out (1956) The Pleasure Garden (1961) The Lie (1970) The Best Intentions (1992) Sunday's Children (1992) Private Confessions (1996) Faithless (2000) Torment (1944) Woman Without a Face (1947) Eva (1948) While the City Sleeps (1950) Divorced (1951) Last Pair Out (1956) The Pleasure Garden (1961) The Lie (1970) The Best Intentions (1992) Sunday's Children (1992) Private Confessions (1996) Faithless (2000) Documentaries Fårö Document (1970) The Making of Fanny and Alexander (1984) Fårö Document (1970) The Making of Fanny and Alexander (1984) Short films "Daniel" in Stimulantia (1967) Karin's Face (1986) "Daniel" in Stimulantia (1967) Karin's Face (1986) Television theatre Mr. Sleeman Is Coming (1957) The Venetian (1958) Rabies (1958) The Image Makers (2000) Mr. Sleeman Is Coming (1957) The Venetian (1958) Rabies (1958) The Image Makers (2000) Related topics Bergman Week Ingmar Bergman Makes a Movie The Dove The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman Ingmar Bergman Award Ingmar Bergman's Cinema Bergman Week Ingmar Bergman Makes a Movie The Dove The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman Ingmar Bergman Award Ingmar Bergman's Cinema Family Erik Bergman (father) Dag Bergman (brother) Margareta Bergman (sister) Eva Bergman (daughter) Mats Bergman (son) Anna Bergman (daughter) Daniel Bergman (son) Linn Ullmann (daughter) Erik Bergman (father) Dag Bergman (brother) Margareta Bergman (sister) Eva Bergman (daughter) Mats Bergman (son) Anna Bergman (daughter) Daniel Bergman (son) Linn Ullmann (daughter) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz release group 2009 albums Sparks (band) albums 2000s concept albums 2009 radio dramas Swedish radio dramas 2009 musicals Ingmar Bergman Rock operas CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2024 Use mdy dates from March 2025 Use American English from August 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Album chart usages for Scotland Album chart called without artist Album chart called without album Album chart usages for UKIndependent Featured articles This page was last edited on 15 September 2025, at 15:55 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 3 Women in Congress 4 Role Toggle Role subsection 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 5 Structure Toggle Structure subsection 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 6 Procedures Toggle Procedures subsection 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 7 Public interaction Toggle Public interaction subsection 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 8 Privileges Toggle Privileges subsection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links United States Congress Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This article has multiple issues. 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Find sources: "United States Congress" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) United States Congress 119th Congress Coat of arms of the United States Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4, 1789 (236 years ago) ( 1789-03-04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation Leadership President of the Senate JD Vance ( R ) since January 20, 2025 ( 2025-01-20 ) President pro tempore of the Senate Chuck Grassley ( R ) since January 3, 2025 ( 2025-01-03 ) Speaker of the House Mike Johnson ( R ) since October 25, 2023 ( 2023-10-25 ) Structure Seats .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Majority (53) .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] House of Representatives political groups Majority (218) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Elections Last Senate election November 5, 2024 Last House of Representatives election November 5, 2024 Next Senate election November 3, 2026 Next House of Representatives election November 3, 2026 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington, D.C. United States of America Website congress .gov Constitution United States Constitution , Article I The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States . It is a bicameral legislature, including a lower body , the U.S. House of Representatives , and an upper body , the U.S. Senate . They both meet in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Members of Congress are chosen through direct election , [ b ] though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor 's appointment. Congress has a total of 535 voting members, a figure which includes 100 senators and 435 representatives ; the House of Representatives has 6 additional non-voting members . The vice president of the United States , as president of the Senate, has a vote in the Senate only when there is a tie. [ 2 ] Congress [ c ] convenes for a two-year term (a Congress), commencing every other January. Each Congress is usually split into two sessions, one for each year. Elections are held every even-numbered year on Election Day . The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established that there be 435 representatives, and the Uniform Congressional District Act requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies or districts . It is also required that the congressional districts be apportioned among states by population every ten years using the U.S. census results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states. Article One of the U.S. Constitution requires that members of Congress be at least 25 years old for the House and at least 30 years old for the U.S. Senate, be a U.S. citizen for seven years for the House and nine years for the Senate, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times. Congress was created by the U.S. Constitution 's First Article and first met in 1789 , replacing the Congress of the Confederation in its legislative function. Although not legally mandated, in practice members of Congress since the late 19th century are typically affiliated with one of the two major parties , the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , and only rarely with a third party or independents affiliated with no party. Members can also switch parties at any time, though this is uncommon. Overview Article One of the United States Constitution states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process – legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. The Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue -raising bills. [ citation needed ] The House initiates and decides impeachment while the Senate votes on conviction and removal of office for impeachment cases. [ 4 ] A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be removed from office. [ 4 ] The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years; the current one, the 119th Congress , began on January 3, 2025, and will end on January 3, 2027. Since the adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the Congress has started and ended at noon on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, while members of the House of Representatives are commonly referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. [ citation needed ] Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the "historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom" and insisted it was a "driving force in American government" [ 5 ] and a "remarkably resilient institution". [ 6 ] Congress is the "heart and soul of our democracy", according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that "legislators remain ghosts in America's historical imagination." One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. [ 7 ] Several academics described Congress: Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux. [ 8 ] In recent times, the American South and West have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more women and minorities . [ 8 ] While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change, the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so-called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . [ 7 ] The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap: local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state's at-large representation to the federal government by senators . [ citation needed ] Most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent. [ 9 ] The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives, which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . [ 10 ] Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government. [ citation needed ] History 18th century The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies . [ 11 ] On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the "United States of America". The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty [ 12 ] and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two-chamber or bicameral Congress. [ 15 ] Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state. [ 16 ] The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments. [ 17 ] A compromise plan, the Connecticut Compromise , was adopted with representatives chosen by population (benefiting larger states) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments (benefiting smaller states). [ 8 ] [ 18 ] The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual is subject to the powers of state government and national government. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] To protect against abuse of power, each branch of government – executive, legislative, and judicial – had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . [ 4 ] Furthermore, there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers. [ 22 ] The new government became active in 1789. [ 4 ] [ 23 ] Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras, with considerable overlap, and included the formative era (1780s–1820s), the partisan era (1830s–1900s), the committee era (1910s–1960s), and the contemporary era (1970–present). [ 24 ] Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced. With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the anti-federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–1791 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic-Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Republican Party [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and thus began the era of the First Party System . [ citation needed ] 19th century In 1800, Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties. John Marshall , 4th chief justice of the Supreme Court , empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The Civil War , which lasted from 1861 to 1865, resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority but weakened the power of states' rights . The Gilded Age (1877–1901) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool. [ 29 ] Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace. The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress and calls for reform; sometimes reformers said lobbyists corrupted politics. [ 30 ] The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . [ citation needed ] 20th century By the beginning of the 20th century, party structures and leadership emerged as key organizers of Senate proceedings. [ 32 ] A system of seniority, in which long-time members of Congress gained more and more power, encouraged politicians of both parties to seek long terms. Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s. [ 33 ] Important structural changes included the direct popular election of senators according to the Seventeenth Amendment , [ 18 ] ratified on April 8, 1913. Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy. [ 34 ] One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate. [ 35 ] Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment reduced the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability. [ 36 ] The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats [ 37 ] and historic New Deal policies. Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch. Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather initiated by Congress. [ 38 ] President Roosevelt pushed his agenda in Congress by detailing Executive Branch staff to friendly Senate committees, a practice that ended with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. [ 39 ] The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] During this time, Republicans and conservative southern Democrats [ 43 ] formed the Conservative Coalition . [ 42 ] [ 44 ] Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. [ 47 ] Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years. More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise, such as space flight and atomic energy policy. [ 47 ] Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In 1960, Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both chambers of Congress from 1961 to 1980, and retained a consistent majority in the House from 1955 to 1994. [ 50 ] Congress enacted Johnson's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger. The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal "substantially reshaped" relations between the branches of government, suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . [ 51 ] Partisanship returned, particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . [ 7 ] Congress began reasserting its authority. [ 38 ] [ 52 ] Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions. [ 53 ] While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates, the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates. [ 53 ] Reforms such as the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions. [ 54 ] One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the "influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs" instead "legitimized PACs" since they "enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates". [ 55 ] From 1974 to 1984, PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] along with concern over PAC influence in Congress. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In 2009, there were 4,600 business, labor and special-interest PACs [ 60 ] including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . [ 61 ] From 2007 to 2008, 175 members of Congress received "half or more of their campaign cash" from PACs. [ 60 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] From 1970 to 2009, the House expanded delegates, along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas, beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico's resident commissioner in 1970. In 1971, a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized, and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam . In 1978, an additional delegate for American Samoa were added. [ citation needed ] In the late 20th century, the media became more important in Congress's work. [ 64 ] Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused "more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions". [ 64 ] Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress, and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage. [ 8 ] Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty-second soundbite. [ 65 ] A report characterized Congress in 2013 as unproductive, gridlocked, and "setting records for futility". [ 66 ] In October 2013, with Congress unable to compromise, the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments, causing 60% of the public to say they would "fire every member of Congress" including their own representative. [ 67 ] One report suggested Congress posed the "biggest risk to the U.S. economy" because of its brinksmanship , "down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises" and "indiscriminate spending cuts", resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed. [ 68 ] There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress, [ 69 ] with extremely low approval ratings [ 70 ] [ 71 ] which dropped to 5% in October 2013. [ 72 ] 21st century In 2009, Congress authorized another delegate for the Northern Mariana Islands . These six members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate. They have Capitol Hill offices, staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies. While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes, recent Congresses have not allowed for that, and they cannot vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] On January 6, 2021, Congress gathered to confirm the election of Joe Biden, when supporters of the outgoing president Donald Trump attacked the building . The session of Congress ended prematurely, and Congress representatives evacuated. Trump supporters occupied Congress until D.C. police evacuated the area. The event was the first time since the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812 that the United States Congress was forcefully occupied. [ 76 ] Despite the importance of Congress outlined in Article One , Congress has [ when? ] lost power to the executive and judiciary both intentionally and unintentionally. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Women in Congress Various social and structural barriers have prevented women from gaining seats in Congress. In the early 20th century, women's domestic roles and the inability to vote forestalled opportunities to run for and hold public office. The two party system and the lack of term limits favored incumbent white men, making the widow's succession – in which a woman temporarily took over a seat vacated by the death of her husband – the most common path to Congress for white women. [ 82 ] Women candidates began making substantial inroads in the later 20th century, due in part to new political support mechanisms and public awareness of their underrepresentation in Congress. [ 83 ] Recruitment and financial support for women candidates were rare until the second-wave feminism movement , when activists moved into electoral politics. Beginning in the 1970s, donors and political action committees like EMILY's List began recruiting, training and funding women candidates. Watershed political moments like the confirmation of Clarence Thomas and the 2016 presidential election created momentum for women candidates, resulting in the Year of the Woman and the election of members of The Squad , respectively. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Women of color faced additional challenges that made their ascension to Congress even more difficult. Jim Crow laws , voter suppression and other forms of structural racism made it virtually impossible for women of color to reach Congress prior to 1965. The passage of the Voting Rights Act that year , and the elimination of race-based immigration laws in the 1960s opened the possibility for Black, Asian American, Latina and other non-white women candidates to run for Congress. [ 86 ] Racially polarized voting, racial stereotypes and lack of institutional support still prevent women of color from reaching Congress as easily as white people . Senate elections, which require victories in statewide electorates, have been particularly difficult for women of color. [ 87 ] Carol Moseley Braun became the first woman of color to reach the Senate in 1993. The second, Mazie Hirono , won in 2013. [ citation needed ] In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first female President of the Senate , which came with her role as the first female Vice President of the United States . [ citation needed ] Role Powers Overview Article One of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress. [ 88 ] Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause . [ citation needed ] Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States". There is vast authority over budgets, although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm." [ 89 ] Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary. [ 89 ] The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. [ 90 ] The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. [ 90 ] Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money. [ 91 ] Generally, the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . [ 4 ] Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military. [ 92 ] Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's constitutionally defined task of declaring war. [ 93 ] While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican–American War , the Spanish–American War , World War I , and World War II , [ 94 ] although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval. [ 94 ] In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a "police action". [ 95 ] According to Time magazine in 1970, "U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times." [ 94 ] In 1993, Michael Kinsley wrote that "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion [of Congress's war power] began after World War II." [ 96 ] [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history. [ 99 ] Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. [ citation needed ] One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch. [ 100 ] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power. [ 101 ] Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government. In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case. [ 102 ] There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions. [ 103 ] Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection. Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president, federal judges and other federal officers. [ 104 ] There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress. [ 105 ] So-called signing statements are one way in which a president can "tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch", according to one account. [ 106 ] Past presidents, including Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , [ 107 ] have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it, and commentators, including the American Bar Association , have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress. [ 110 ] In 2008, George F. Will called the Capitol building a "tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters". [ 111 ] Enumeration The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail. In addition, other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law. [ 112 ] Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. [ 113 ] Implicit, commerce clause Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". [ 114 ] Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v. Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section Eight. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Territorial government Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington, D.C. , the federal district and national capital, and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress. [ 117 ] The republican form of government in territories is devolved by congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors, the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures. [ 118 ] Each territory and Washington, D.C., elects a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout congressional history. They "possess the same powers as other members of the House, except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives". They are assigned offices and allowances for staff, participate in debate, and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. [ 119 ] Washington, D.C., citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States, although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories. [ 120 ] Checks and balances Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government: To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government. Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One. [ 5 ] [ 121 ] The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership, presidential political influence, historical circumstances such as war, and individual initiative by members of Congress. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards. [ 122 ] The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . [ 123 ] Congress restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . The presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century. [ 5 ] [ 123 ] Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret; in return, knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity, congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies. [ 124 ] Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies, and this is a task that Congress is ill-suited for. Congress is slow, open, divided, and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity, according to one analysis. [ 125 ] The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach executive or judicial officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors". Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official. The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments. A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official; a two-thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future. Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this. A convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial. Only three presidents have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1999, Donald Trump in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton, and the 2019 trial of Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated his removal from office. [ citation needed ] The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate". It confirms most presidential nominees, but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010. [ 126 ] The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination of a vice president. [ 4 ] In 1803, the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself. The Constitution did not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review. The notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example, mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should, might, or could have said. [ 127 ] Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law. It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially. In 1857, for example, the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision. [ 128 ] At the same time, the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations. [ citation needed ] The congressional inquiry into St. Clair's Defeat of 1791 was the first congressional investigation of the executive branch. [ 129 ] Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches. Committees may hold hearings, and, if necessary, subpoena people to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public (the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception); important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards. [ 131 ] Congress, in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters, generates an incredible amount of information in various forms, and can be described as a publisher. [ 132 ] Indeed, it publishes House and Senate reports [ 132 ] and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats. [ 132 ] Congress also plays a role in presidential elections. Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes, and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority. [ 4 ] The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws, [ 133 ] most of which are contained in the United States Code, arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws "in a concise and usable form". [ 4 ] Structure Congress is split into two chambers – House and Senate – and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas. Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees. Further, Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information, and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well. In addition, a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests. Committees Specializations The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely. It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress. [ 134 ] As time goes by, members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects. Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade-offs. The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member's constituency, important regional issues, prior background and experience. [ 135 ] Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap. [ 136 ] Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation; for example, the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs. [ 137 ] Power Committees write legislation. While procedures, such as the House discharge petition process, can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input, they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action. Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information, evaluate alternatives, and identify problems. [ 138 ] They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber. [ 138 ] In addition, they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing. [ 138 ] Officer At the start of each two-year session, the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party's leader. In the Senate, the vice president is the ex officio president of the Senate. In addition, the Senate elects an officer called the president pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there is a change in party control. Accordingly, the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress. In the House and Senate, the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber. [ citation needed ] Support services Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) was established by an act of Congress in 1800. It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites: the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington, D.C.; the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper, Virginia ; a large book storage facility located in Fort Meade, Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices. The Library had mostly law books when it was burnt by British forces in 1814 during the War of 1812 , but the library's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library. One of the library's missions is to serve Congress and its staff as well as the American public. It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books, films, maps, photographs, music, manuscripts, graphics, and materials in 470 languages. [ 139 ] Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service (CRS), part of the Library of Congress, provides detailed, up-to-date and non-partisan research for senators, representatives, and their staff to help them carry out their official duties. It provides ideas for legislation, helps members analyze a bill, facilitates public hearings, makes reports, consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure, and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements. It has been called the "House's think tank" and has a staff of about 900 employees. [ 140 ] Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress. [ 141 ] It was created as an independent non-partisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process. It makes projections about such matters as the national debt [ 142 ] as well as likely costs of legislation. It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate's Appropriations Committee . The speaker of the House and the Senate's president pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO director for a four-year term. [ citation needed ] Government Accountability Office The Government Accountability Office (GAO), is a federal agency within the legislative branch that provides auditing , evaluative , and investigative services for the United States Congress in an independent and nonpartisan capacity. [ 143 ] The GAO is the supreme audit institution of the federal government of the United States . It identifies its core "mission values" as: accountability, integrity, and reliability. [ 144 ] It is also known as the "congressional watchdog". [ 145 ] Architect of the Capitol The Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is a federal agency within the legislative branch that is responsible for the maintenance , operation, development, construction , building preservation , and property management of the United States Capitol Complex [ 146 ] and is accountable directly to the United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States . [ 147 ] United States Capitol Police Lobbying Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients' needs. Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills. In 2007, there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington, D.C. [ 148 ] They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations. Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested. [ citation needed ] Partisanship versus bipartisanship Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties, known as bipartisanship , and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting, known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship, as is the case today. It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible. Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades, but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies, as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution. [ 149 ] Procedures Sessions A term of Congress is divided into two " sessions ", one for each year; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently. The Constitution requires Congress to meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house. Joint sessions Joint sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from House and Senate. These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president's State of the Union address. The constitutionally mandated report , normally given as an annual speech, is modeled on Britain's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913. Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the speaker of the House, except when counting presidential electoral votes when the vice president (acting as the president of the Senate) presides. [ citation needed ] Bills and resolutions Ideas for legislation can come from members, lobbyists, state legislatures, constituents, legislative counsel, or executive agencies. Anyone can write a bill, but only members of Congress may introduce bills. Most bills are not written by Congress members, but originate from the Executive branch; interest groups often draft bills as well. The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review. [ 4 ] A proposal is usually in one of these forms: Bills are laws in the making. A House-originated bill begins with the letters "H.R." for "House of Representatives", followed by a number kept as it progresses. [ 133 ] Joint resolutions. There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly; a joint resolution originating from the House, for example, begins "H.J.Res." followed by its number. [ 133 ] Concurrent Resolutions affect only the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president. In the House, they begin with "H.Con.Res." [ 133 ] Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with "H.Res." or "S.Res." [ 133 ] Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk's desk. [ 133 ] It is assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage. [ 133 ] Drafting statutes requires "great skill, knowledge, and experience" and sometimes take a year or more. [ 4 ] Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction. Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war. On the other hand, concurrent resolutions (passed by both houses) and simple resolutions (passed by only one house) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house. The Constitution states: "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." While the Senate cannot originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has the power to amend or reject them. Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels. [ 4 ] Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law. In the House, a Rules Committee guides legislation; in the Senate, a Standing Rules committee is in charge. Each branch has its own traditions; for example, the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting "unanimous consent" for noncontroversial matters. [ 4 ] House and Senate rules can be complex, sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before a bill can become a law. [ 5 ] Members sometimes turn to outside experts to learn about proper congressional procedures. [ 150 ] Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . [ 4 ] Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations. The House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen. Standing committees meet at least once each month. [ 4 ] Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes, publicly, to close the meeting. [ 4 ] A committee might call for public hearings on important bills. [ 4 ] Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party. Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill. [ 133 ] Then, a bill may go to what is called a mark-up session, where committee members debate the bill's merits and may offer amendments or revisions. [ 133 ] Committees may also amend the bill, but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments. After debate, the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house. If a bill is tabled then it is rejected. If amendments are extensive, sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so-called clean bill with a new number. [ 133 ] Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used. Generally, members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power. [ 151 ] A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex [ 133 ] and begins with an enacting formula such as "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled ..." Consideration of a bill requires, itself, a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate – time limits, possibility of further amendments, and such. [ 133 ] Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak. [ 133 ] Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it. [ 133 ] Generally, discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives, before discussion can begin, although there are exceptions. [ 152 ] The house may debate and amend the bill; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ. A final vote on the bill follows. Once a bill is approved by one house, it is sent to the other which may pass, reject, or amend it. For the bill to become law, both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill. [ 133 ] If the second house amends the bill, then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes senators and representatives [ 133 ] sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills. [ 4 ] Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay-as-you-go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts that increase budget deficits. [ 4 ] If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee, the bill passes, otherwise it fails. [ citation needed ] The Constitution specifies that a majority of members (a quorum ) be present before doing business in each house. The rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary and debate often continues despite the lack of a majority. [ citation needed ] Voting within Congress can take many forms, including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting. [ 4 ] Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout "aye" or "no" and the presiding officer announces the result. The Constitution requires a recorded vote if demanded by one-fifth of the members present or when voting to override a presidential veto. If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial, a recorded vote usually happens. The Senate uses roll-call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators, each senator stating "aye" or "no" when their name is announced. In the Senate, the Vice President may cast the tie-breaking vote if present when the senators are equally divided. [ citation needed ] The House reserves roll-call votes for the most formal matters, as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time; normally, members vote by using an electronic device. In the case of a tie, the motion in question fails. Most votes in the House are done electronically, allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . [ 4 ] Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose; in addition, paper ballots are used occasionally ( yea indicated by green and nay by red). [ 4 ] One member cannot cast a proxy vote for another. [ 4 ] Congressional votes are recorded on an online database. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] After passage by both houses, a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval. [ 133 ] The president may sign it making it law or veto it, perhaps returning it to Congress with the president's objections. A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two-thirds majority. Finally, the president may do nothing neither signing nor vetoing the bill and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days (not counting Sundays) according to the Constitution. But if Congress is adjourned during this period, presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and cannot be overridden by the adjourned Congress. [ citation needed ] Public interaction Advantage of incumbency Citizens and representatives Senators face reelection every six years, and representatives every two. Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts. [ 64 ] Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund-raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing, according to some critics. [ 155 ] Although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters. [ citation needed ] Incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers. [ 53 ] They raise more money [ 58 ] because donors fund incumbents over challengers, perceiving the former as more likely to win, [ 56 ] [ 156 ] and donations are vital for winning elections. [ 157 ] One critic compared election to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university. [ 156 ] Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . [ 158 ] [ 159 ] After each ten-year census, states are allocated representatives based on population, and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party. As a result, reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent, [ 9 ] causing some critics to call them a privileged class. [ 8 ] Academics such as Princeton's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering in the U.S. Senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges, called franking privileges ; while these are not intended for electioneering, this rule is often skirted by borderline election-related mailings during campaigns. [ citation needed ] Expensive campaigns In 1971, the cost of running for Congress in Utah was $70,000 [ 160 ] but costs have climbed. [ 161 ] The biggest expense is television advertisements. [ 57 ] [ 156 ] [ 160 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] Today's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat, and six million or more for a Senate seat. [ 8 ] [ 57 ] [ 162 ] [ 164 ] [ 165 ] Since fundraising is vital, "members of Congress are forced to spend ever-increasing hours raising money for their re-election", according to the Fair Elections Now coalition. [ 166 ] The Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue. [ 161 ] Some see money as a good influence in politics since it "enables candidates to communicate with voters". [ 161 ] Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection. [ 8 ] Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens. [ 8 ] Elections are influenced by many variables. Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect (when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by "riding on the president's coattails"), although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s. [ 53 ] Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected, and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent. If a seat becomes vacant in an open district, then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races; in California in 1992, only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive. [ 169 ] Television and negative advertising Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television, this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent's character without focusing on the issues. [ 170 ] Negative advertising is seen as effective because "the messages tend to stick." [ 171 ] These advertisements sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame. [ 172 ] One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election, which leads to a culture of risk avoidance, a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors, [ 172 ] [ 173 ] and concentrating publicity efforts in the members' home districts. [ 64 ] Perceptions Prominent Founding Fathers , writing in The Federalist Papers , felt that elections were essential to liberty, that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential, [ 174 ] and that "frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured." [ 174 ] In 2009, few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress. [ 175 ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did, in fact, vote was 63% in 1960, but has been falling since, although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election. [ 178 ] Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have, in the last few decades, hovered around 25% with some variation. [ 8 ] [ 179 ] [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ 182 ] [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the "size, messiness, virtues, and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency, Congress is difficult to conceptualize." [ 185 ] Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism, "Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources" and that most members behave ethically. [ 6 ] They contend that "Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend" and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress, which is an "old form of American politics" that further undermines Congress's reputation with the public: [ 8 ] The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. — Smith, Roberts & Wielen [ 8 ] An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science, engineering and economics. [ 8 ] As a result, Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch. [ 8 ] Since 2006, Congress has dropped ten points in the Gallup confidence poll with only nine percent having "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in their legislators. [ 186 ] Since 2011, Gallup poll has reported Congress's approval rating among Americans at 10% or below three times. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5% in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed 'nonessential government' shut down. [ 72 ] Smaller states and bigger states When the Constitution was ratified in 1787, the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one. The Connecticut Compromise gave every state, large and small, an equal vote in the Senate. [ 187 ] Since each state has two senators, residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states. But since 1787, the population disparity between large and small states has grown; in 2006, for example, California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . [ 188 ] Critics, such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson , have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from "large states to small states". [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Others argue that the Connecticut Compromise was deliberately intended by the Founding Fathers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population, [ 187 ] and contend that the result works well on balance. Members and constituents A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . [ 192 ] Constituents request assistance with problems. [ 193 ] Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections [ 158 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] and can make a difference in close races. [ 196 ] Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies. [ 5 ] One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . [ 197 ] : 8 Motivation One way to categorize lawmakers, according to former University of Rochester political science professor Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation: Reelection: These are lawmakers who "never met a voter they didn't like" and provide excellent constituent services. Good public policy: Legislators who "burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership". Power in the chamber: Lawmakers who spend serious time along the "rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues". Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an "issue entrepreneur" who looked for issues to serve his ambitions. [ 197 ] : 34 Privileges Outside income and gifts Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on their future careers as lobbyists after serving – that Congress was a " Farm League for K Street ". [ 198 ] [ 199 ] Family members of active legislators have also been hired by lobbying firms, which while not allowed to lobby their family member, has drawn criticism as a conflict of interest. [ 200 ] Members of congress have been accused of insider trading , such as in the 2020 congressional insider trading scandal , where members of Congress or their family members have traded on stocks related to work on their committees. [ 201 ] One 2011 study concluded that portfolios of members of Congress outperformed both the market and hedge funds, which the authors suggested as evidence of insider trading. [ 202 ] Proposed solutions include putting stocks in blind trusts to prevent future insider trading. [ 203 ] Some members of Congress have gone on lavish trips paid for by outside groups, sometimes bringing family members, which are often legal even if in an ethical gray area. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Pay Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income . [ 206 ] Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . [ 179 ] Another criticism is that members of Congress are insulated from the health care market due to their coverage. [ 207 ] Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress. [ 160 ] [ 163 ] In January 2014, it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires. [ 208 ] Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute. [ 209 ] Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Like other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like federal employees, members contribute one-third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds. [ 210 ] The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. By law, the starting amount of a member's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2018, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was $75,528, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $41,208. [ 211 ] Members of Congress make fact-finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed, but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing. For example, The Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas, $300-per-night extra unused rooms, and shopping excursions. [ 212 ] Some lawmakers responded that "traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington" and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations. [ 212 ] By the Twenty-seventh Amendment , changes to congressional pay may not take effect before the next election to the House of the Representatives. [ 213 ] In Boehner v. Anderson , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the amendment does not affect cost-of-living adjustments . [ 214 ] [ 213 ] Postage The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense. Though they are not permitted to send election materials, borderline material is often sent, especially in the run-up to an election by those in close races. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers. [ 9 ] [ failed verification ] [ 217 ] Protection Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace , and freedom of speech in debate. This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions. [ 218 ] The term "arrest" has been interpreted broadly, and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege; a member may not waive the privilege on their own but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so. Senate rules are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose. [ 219 ] The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses, providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that "for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place." Accordingly, a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house, although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches, and may punish members who transgress. [ 220 ] Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each member has the power to cite people for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation – the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case. If convicted in court of contempt of Congress, a person may be imprisoned for up to one year. [ 221 ] See also Caucuses of the United States Congress Congressional archives – Records documenting the history and activities of the United States Congress Congressional Baseball Game – Annual baseball game played by members of the United States Congress Divided government in the United States – Divided control of the US government between political parties Elections in the United States § Congressional elections List of current United States representatives List of current United States senators List of United States Congresses Oath of office § United States Radio and Television Correspondents' Association United States congressional hearing Notes ^ Independent Sens. Angus King of Maine and Bernie Sanders of Vermont caucus with the Democratic Party. [ 1 ] ^ Before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. ^ Congress does not take a grammatical article , except when referring to an individual Congress. [ 3 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats" . 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Retrieved December 17, 2009 . ^ a b "Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 27 – "Financial Compensation for the Congress" " . Ronald Reagan . Retrieved May 17, 2024 . ^ 30 F.3d 156 (D.C. Cir. 1994) ^ English (2003), pp. 24–25. ^ Simpson, G. R. (October 22, 1992). "Surprise! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges". Roll Call. ^ Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). "The American Congress (Fourth Edition)" . Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9781139446990 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Davidson (2006), p. 17. ^ "Rules Of The Senate" . U.S. Senate Committee on Rules & Administration . Archived from the original on December 30, 2017 . Retrieved September 30, 2022 . ^ Brewer, F. M. (1952). "Congressional Immunity" . CQ Press . doi : 10.4135/cqresrre1952042500 . Archived from the original on January 25, 2021 . Retrieved January 16, 2021 . ^ "Contempt of Congress" . HeinOnline . The Jurist . January 1, 1957. ProQuest 1296619169 . Retrieved September 7, 2020 . References "How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System, A Plea – And A Plan – To Reform Campaign Finance Before It's Too" . Newsweek . October 28, 1996. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . "The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise" . PBS. October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Alexander Hamilton (1788). "Federalist No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union" . FoundingFathers.info. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Bacon, Donald C.; Davidson, Roger H.; Keller, Morton, eds. (1995). Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (4 vols.) . Simon & Schuster. Collier, Christopher & Collier, James Lincoln (1986). Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-394-52346-6 . Davidson, Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek (2006). Congress and Its Members (10th ed.). Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press. ISBN 0-87187-325-7 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) English, Ross M. (2003). The United States Congress . Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6309-4 . Francis-Smith, Janice (October 22, 2008). "Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma" . The Oklahoma City Journal Record. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Herrnson, Paul S. (2004). Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press. ISBN 1-56802-826-1 . Huckabee, David C. (2003). Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge, New York: Novinka Books, an imprint of Nova Science Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 1-59033-509-0 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 27, 2020 . Huckabee, David C. – Analyst in American National Government – Government Division (March 8, 1995). "Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790–1990 Summary (page 2)" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Maier, Pauline (book reviewer) (November 18, 2007). "HISTORY – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution book by Woody Holton" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Oleszek, Walter J. (2004). Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press. ISBN 0-87187-477-6 . Polsby, Nelson W. (2004). How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516195-5 . Price, David E. (2000). The Congressional Experience . Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1157-8 . Sanbonmatsu, Kira (2020). "Women's Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress" . Daedalus . 149 : 40– 55. doi : 10.1162/daed_a_01772 . ISSN 0011-5266 . S2CID 209487865 . Archived from the original on April 24, 2021 . Retrieved April 6, 2021 . Struble, Robert Jr. (2007). Chapter seven, Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-17906-2 . Further reading Ritchie, Donald A. (2022). The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction . (History, representation, and legislative procedure) Smith, Steven S.; Roberts, Jason M.; Vander Wielen, Ryan (2007). The American Congress (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19704-5 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) Hamilton, Lee H. (2004) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press. Lee, Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer. (1999). Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press: Chicago. (Equal representation in the Senate) Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . 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and racial African-American members Senate House Black Caucus Arab and Middle Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members list Hispanic Caucus Hispanic Conference Jewish members Jewish Caucus Native American members Gender and sexual identity LGBTQ members Equality Caucus Women Senate House Issues Caucus current House Occupation Physicians Religion Buddhist members Hindu members Jewish members Mormon (LDS) members Muslim members Quaker members Sikh members Congressional caucus Caucuses of the United States Congress Caucuses of the United States Congress Ethnic and racial African-American members Senate House Black Caucus Arab and Middle Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members list Hispanic Caucus Hispanic Conference Jewish members Jewish Caucus Native American members African-American members Senate House Black Caucus Senate House Black Caucus Arab and Middle 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service historically Current members by wealth From multiple states Died in office 1790–1899 1900–1949 1950–1999 2000–present 1790–1899 1900–1949 1950–1999 2000–present Killed or wounded in office Party switchers Slave owners Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket 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Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Powers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Act of Congress list list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Capitol Complex on Capitol Hill and other headquarters offices Legislative offices Congressional staff Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) Comptroller General GAO Building Architect of the Capitol Cap. Police Board Cap. Guide Service Congr. Budget Office (CBO) Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) Library of Congress Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov. 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Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Legislative offices Congressional staff Gov. 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Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Congressional Research Service reports reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov. 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Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Articles related to the United States Congress v t e United States congresses (and year convened) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 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Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e United States History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade by state Currency Exports Federal budget Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Transport Aviation Driving Public transportation Rail transportation Transportation policy Transportation safety Trucking industry Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Outline Index Category Portal v t e National bicameral legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Historical Venezuela (1811–1999) Confederate States (1862–1865) Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) (1969–1992) Estonia (1938–1940) Serbia (1901–1903) Soviet Union (1938–1991) Texas (1836–1845) Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) Related Unicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses v t e National legislative bodies of the Americas Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador France Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Greenland Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands v t e United States congresses (and year convened) v t e 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations v t e States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Alabama H S H S Alaska H S H S Arizona H S H S Arkansas H S H S California H S H S Colorado H S H S Connecticut H S H S Delaware H S H S Florida H S H S Georgia H S H S Hawaii H S H S Idaho H S H S Illinois H S H S Indiana H S H S Iowa H S H S Kansas H S H S Kentucky H S H S Louisiana H S H S Maine H S H S Maryland H S H S Massachusetts H S H S Michigan H S H S Minnesota H S H S Mississippi H S H S Missouri H S H S Montana H S H S Nebraska H S H S Nevada H S H S New Hampshire H S H S New Jersey H S H S New Mexico H S H S New York H S H S North Carolina H S H S North Dakota H S H S Ohio H S H S Oklahoma H S H S Oregon H S H S Pennsylvania H S H S Rhode Island H S H S South Carolina H S H S South Dakota H S H S Tennessee H S H S Texas H S H S Utah H S H S Vermont H S H S Virginia H S H S Washington H S H S West Virginia H S H S Wisconsin H S H S Wyoming H S H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress v t e By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States v t e United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures v t e United States v t e History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy President of the United States powers Executive Office powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office House of Representatives current members Speaker current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Bill of Rights civil liberties civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Impact and records 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Hurricane Guillermo (1997) Deutsch Français Magyar Português Tagalog 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Guillermo at peak intensity on August 4 Meteorological history Formed July 30, 1997 Extratropical August 15, 1997 Dissipated August 24, 1997 Category 5 major hurricane 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 160 mph (260 km/h) Lowest pressure 919 mbar ( hPa ); 27.14 inHg Overall effects Fatalities 3 Damage None Areas affected Mexico, Hawaii , California IBTrACS Part of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season Hurricane Guillermo was the ninth-most intense Pacific hurricane on record, attaining peak winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 919 hPa (27.14 inHg). Forming out of a tropical wave on July 30, 1997, roughly 345 mi (555 km) south of Salina Cruz , Mexico, Guillermo tracked in a steady west-northwestward direction while intensifying. The system reached hurricane status by August 1 before undergoing rapid intensification the following day. At the end of this phase, the storm attained its peak intensity as a powerful Category 5 hurricane . The storm began to weaken during the afternoon of August 5 and was downgraded to a tropical storm on August 8. Once entering the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility, Guillermo briefly weakened to a tropical depression before re-attaining tropical storm status. On August 15, the storm reached an unusually high latitude of 41.8°N before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone . The remnants persisted for more than a week as they tracked towards the northeast and later south and east before being absorbed by a larger extratropical system off the coast of California on August 24. Throughout Guillermo's lengthy track, the storm never threatened any major landmass, resulting in little impact on land. However, because of its extreme intensity, it produced large swells across the Pacific Ocean, affecting areas from Hawaii to coastal Mexico. Along the American Pacific coast, three people drowned amid high waves, two in Baja California and one in California. At its peak, Guillermo was the second strongest known Pacific hurricane on record; however, it has since been surpassed by seven other storms, including Linda later that year. Meteorological history Hurricane Guillermo began its extensive track as a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on July 16, 1997. Initially disorganized and weak, the system tracked westward across the Atlantic Ocean for several weeks. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) stated that they had issues monitoring the system as it moved through the Caribbean; however, they interpreted through satellite data that the wave crossed Central America and entered the Pacific Ocean between July 27 and 28. Once in the Pacific, convection , areas of thunderstorm activity, and banding features began to form. Additionally, a low-pressure system developed within the disturbance by July 29. The following day, the system became sufficiently organized for the NHC to classify it as Tropical Depression Nine-E; at this time the depression was situated roughly 345 mi (555 km) south of Salina Cruz , Mexico. In response to a deep-layer ridge to the north, the depression tracked at a steady pace towards the west-northwest, and this motion persisted through the first week of August. Within a day of being classified, the system intensified into Tropical Storm Guillermo, the seventh named storm of the 1997 season . [ 1 ] By the afternoon of August 1, a strong central dense overcast , an area of high, thick clouds, developed over the center of circulation, prompting the NHC to upgrade the system to a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale . Throughout the next day, the system gradually developed an eye within the central dense overcast, leading to further strengthening. [ 1 ] Operationally, Guillermo was thought to have briefly leveled out in intensity on August 2; [ 2 ] however, in post-storm analysis, the NHC discovered that a steady period of rapid intensification took place. [ 1 ] Unlike most hurricanes in the eastern Pacific, Guillermo was investigated by hurricane hunters reconnaissance aircraft during its rapid intensification stage. The aircraft released several dropsondes into the storm to gather meteorological data. [ 3 ] This mission marked the first time the hurricane hunters recorded high-resolution wind data from flight level to within several meters of the ocean surface inside the eyewall of a major hurricane. [ 4 ] Radar was also employed to determine the size of the hurricane's eye, stated to be roughly 13 mi (21 km) in diameter, [ 3 ] following a 6-mile (9.7 km) decrease due to the strengthening. [ 5 ] Light wind shear surrounding the hurricane allowed further strengthening to take place. [ 3 ] Late on August 2, the system attained winds of 135 mph (217 km/h), making it a Category 4 storm . During the afternoon of August 3, Guillermo nearly attained Category 5 intensity as it reached its initial peak intensity with winds of 155 mph (249 km/h) along with a barometric pressure estimated at 925 mbar ( hPa ; 27.32 inHg ). A brief period of weakening took place later that day before further strengthening ensued. [ 1 ] Late on August 4, Guillermo intensified into a Category 5 hurricane, attaining peak winds of 160 mph (260 km/h). [ 1 ] Operational analysis of satellite information indicated a minimum pressure of 921 hPa (27.20 inHg); [ 2 ] however, post-storm studies stated that the pressure was more likely around 919 hPa (27.14 inHg). [ 1 ] At its peak, cloud temperatures within the eyewall were estimated to be as low as −79 °C (−110 °F). Using the Dvorak technique , a method used to estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones , a value of 7.6 was obtained. This indicated that maximum winds at the surface could have been as high as 181 mph (291 km/h); however, this was not used as the reported intensity as six- to twelve-hour averages indicated sustained winds around 160 mph (260 km/h). [ 6 ] After maintaining this intensity for roughly 18 hours, the system began to weaken as it moved into a less favorable environment with moderate wind shear. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] Cloud temperatures within the eyewall also began to increase, indicating that the hurricane was losing intensity. [ 1 ] Steady weakening took place over the following several days, and the storm dropped below major hurricane status on August 6. By August 8, Guillermo moved over colder waters and was downgraded to a tropical storm as sustained winds dropped below 75 mph (121 km/h). Around this time, the storm started to move along the western edge of the ridge that previously steered it towards the west-northwest, causing Guillermo to turn northwest. On August 9, the storm crossed longitude 140°W , denoting a shift in warning responsibility from the NHC to the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC). [ 1 ] Not long after crossing into the CPHC's area of responsibility, the storm further weakened to a tropical depression as it moved over 24 °C (75 °F) waters. [ 7 ] Although most tropical cyclones generally weaken as they increase in latitude , warm waters of 26 °C (79 °F) allowed Guillermo to re-intensify into a tropical storm on August 11. Gradually, the storm attained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) before succumbing to cooler waters further north. The storm weakened to a tropical depression once more on August 15, situated well to the north of the Hawaiian islands . [ 7 ] Later that day, Guillermo transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at an unusually high latitude of 41.8°N, [ 1 ] roughly 850 mi (1,370 km) south-southeast of Unalaska, Alaska . [ 8 ] Over the following days, the remnants of the hurricane turned northeastward towards the Pacific coast of North America. On August 19, the system moved within 575 mi (925 km) of Vancouver Island , British Columbia , before Guillermo tracked southward. Over the following few days, the system slowed significantly and turned towards the east. [ 1 ] By August 20, moisture from the remnants of Tropical Storm Ignacio were entrained into the eastern portion of Guillermo's circulation. [ 9 ] On August 24, Guillermo's remnant low was finally absorbed by a larger extratropical system, while situated roughly 345 mi (555 km) off of the northern California coastline. [ 1 ] Impact and records Most intense Pacific hurricanes [ 8 ] Rank Hurricane Season Pressure hPa inHg 1 Patricia 2015 872 25.75 2 Linda 1997 902 26.64 3 Rick 2009 906 26.76 4 Kenna 2002 913 26.96 5 Ava 1973 915 27.02 Ioke 2006 7 Marie 2014 918 27.11 Odile 9 Guillermo 1997 919 27.14 10 Gilma 1994 920 27.17 Listing is only for tropical cyclones in the Pacific Ocean north of the equator and east of the International Dateline Along the Pacific coast of Mexico, 12-foot (3.7 m) surf produced by Hurricane Guillermo affected numerous beaches. From Cabo San Lucas to San José del Cabo , the storm sent waves from the Gulf of California over the grounds of beachside resorts. Tourists were driven off some of Cabo's most popular beaches by the rough ocean conditions which flooded homes situated along the coast. Two sightseers were killed after being swept out to sea. [ 10 ] Due to accurate forecasts, emergency officials across California were able to close off swimming zones and warn the public about dangerous rip currents prior to their arrival. [ 11 ] Guillermo generated heavy surf across the beaches of Southern California. Heights from the surf averaged 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 m) with local areas reaching above 10 feet (3.0 m), [ 12 ] favorable to around 500 surfers at an annual competition at Huntington Beach . [ 13 ] According to the Los Angeles Times , some waves reached heights of 15 to 18 ft (4.6 to 5.5 m). [ 14 ] Over 100 rescues were reported by local lifeguards. [ 12 ] Waves ranging from 6 to 12 feet (1.8 to 3.7 m) also affected Orange County . Hundreds of people were rescued, but rip currents were blamed for three injuries and one death. [ 15 ] On August 5, about a mile north of Huntington Beach pier, a 19-year-old man was swept away. His body was recovered several days later. On August 6, a teenage boy and girl were injured on a beach in Corona Del Mar , while an 18-year-old was pulled ashore and sent to the hospital with neck injuries. In Newport Beach , lifeguards made nearly 300 rescues on August 5 and 6 alone. [ 15 ] In addition to coastal impacts, the system brought a surge of warm, moist air into Southern California, bringing temperatures in some areas as high as 110 °F (43 °C). [ 16 ] Between August 15 and 17, large waves generated while Guillermo was at peak intensity came ashore in Hawaii. The swells caused no damage and reached heights of 10 feet (3.0 m) in eastern-facing shores of the state. [ 7 ] At the time, Hurricane Guillermo's central pressure of 919 mbar (27.14 inHg) established it as the second-most intense Pacific hurricane on record, behind Hurricane Ava of 1973 . However, later in the 1997 season, Hurricane Linda set a new intensity record, and in subsequent years, hurricanes Kenna , Ioke , Rick , Marie , Odile , and Patricia all achieved lower minimum pressures, leaving Guillermo in ninth place. Guillermo persisted for 16.5 days from its classification as a tropical depression to its transition into an extratropical storm, making it the sixth longest-lasting storm in the basin. [ 8 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal Other storms of the same name List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes List of Pacific hurricanes Timeline of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Mayfield, Britt M (October 2, 1997). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Guillermo (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ a b National Hurricane Center (1997). "Operational Track for Hurricane Guillermo" . Unisys Weather. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012 . Retrieved July 6, 2010 . ^ a b c d Paul D. Reasor; Matthew D. Eastin; John F. Gamache (June 30, 2008). "Rapidly Intensifying Hurricane Guillermo (1997). Part I: Low-Wavenumber Structure and Evolution" . Monthly Weather Review . 137 (2). American Meteorological Society: 603– 631. doi : 10.1175/2008MWR2487.1 . ^ Lawrence, Miles B (October 1999). "Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 1997" . Monthly Weather Review . 127 (10): 2440– 2454. Bibcode : 1999MWRv..127.2440L . doi : 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<2440:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2 . S2CID 119404326 . ^ Matthew Sitkowski; Klaus Dolling; Gary Barnes (2005). "The Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Guillermo (1997) As Viewed With GPS Dropwindsondes" (PDF) . Department of Meteorology, University of Hawaii . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved July 6, 2010 . ^ Regional And Mesoscale Meteorology Team (August 7, 1997). "Daily Satellite Discussion: Thursday August 7, 1997". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ^ a b c Hablutzel, Benjamin C; Rosendal, Hans E; Weyman, James C; Hoag, Jonathan D (1997). Hurricane Guillermo Preliminary Report (PDF) (Report). United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 6, 2010 . ^ a b c National Hurricane Center ; Hurricane Research Division ; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023" . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. A guide on how to read the database is available here . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . ^ Edward N. Rappaport (August 27, 1997). "Tropical Storm Ignacio Preliminary Report" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 26, 2010 . ^ Cabo Bob (2007). "Hurricanes in Cabo San Lucas" . Unknown. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012 . Retrieved March 6, 2007 . ^ Scott Hadly (August 10, 1997). "Area Surfers Catch Wave of Forecast Data" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 8, 2010 . ^ a b "California Event Report: High Surf" . National Climatic Data Center. 1997. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010 . Retrieved March 6, 2007 . ^ Steve Carney (August 8, 1997). "Board Meeting; Competition Draws 500 Surfers, Big Crowds and Storm-Stoked Waves" . Los Angeles Times . p. 3. Archived from the original on July 12, 2012 . Retrieved July 8, 2010 . ^ Jim Benning (August 30, 2005). "A swell season takes shape" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 8, 2010 . ^ a b "California Event Report: Rip Currents" . National Climatic Data Center. 1997. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009 . Retrieved March 6, 2007 . ^ Ed Jahn (August 6, 1997). "As summer turns up heat, SDG&E says 'cool it' Temperatures might retreat by weekend" . The San Diego Union – Tribune. p. A.1 . Retrieved July 8, 2010 . [ dead link ] External links NHC 1997 Pacific hurricane season archive HPC 1997 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Category 5 Pacific hurricanes v t e 1950s Patsy (1959) Patsy (1959) 1970s Ava (1973) Ava (1973) 1990s Emilia (1994) Gilma (1994) John (1994) Guillermo (1997) Linda (1997) Emilia (1994) Gilma (1994) John (1994) Guillermo (1997) Linda (1997) 2000s Elida (2002) Hernan (2002) Kenna (2002) Ioke (2006) Rick (2009) Elida (2002) Hernan (2002) Kenna (2002) Ioke (2006) Rick (2009) 2010s Celia (2010) Marie (2014) Patricia (2015) Lane (2018) Walaka (2018) Willa (2018) Celia (2010) Marie (2014) Patricia (2015) Lane (2018) Walaka (2018) Willa (2018) 2020s Jova (2023) Otis (2023) Kristy (2024) Jova (2023) Otis (2023) Kristy (2024) Category Tropical cyclones portal Category Tropical cyclones portal v t e Tropical cyclones of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season v t e TS Andres TS Blanca TD Three-E TS Carlos TD Five-E 1 Dolores 3 Enrique 4 Felicia TD One-C 5 Guillermo TS Hilda TS Ignacio 4 Jimena TS Oliwa TS Kevin 5 Linda TS Marty 4 Nora TS Olaf 4 Pauline TD Three-C TD Four-C 2 Rick TS Paka Category Category 1997 Pacific hurricane season Category 5 Pacific hurricanes 1997 natural disasters in the United States 1997 disasters in Mexico Hurricanes in Baja California Hurricanes in California 1997 in California July 1997 in Mexico August 1997 in Mexico August 1997 in the United States Source attribution All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2024 Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Commons category link from Wikidata Featured articles This page was last edited on 20 June 2025, at 06:52 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Prelude 3 Storm Toggle Storm subsection 3.1 November 7 3.2 November 8 3.3 November 9 3.4 November 10 and 11 3.1 November 7 3.2 November 8 3.3 November 9 3.4 November 10 and 11 4 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 4.1 Surrounding shoreline 4.2 On the lakes 4.1 Surrounding shoreline 4.2 On the lakes 5 Ships foundered 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Toggle References subsection 8.1 Citations 8.2 General and cited references 8.1 Citations 8.2 General and cited references 9 Further reading 10 External links Great Lakes Storm of 1913 Deutsch Eesti Français Nederlands Svenska Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item A surface analysis map showing the convergence of two systems to form a typical November gale Meteorological history Formed November 6, 1913 Dissipated November 11, 1913 Blizzard Highest gusts 145 km/h (90 mph) Lowest pressure 968.5 hPa ( mbar ); 28.60 inHg Overall effects Fatalities 250+ Areas affected The Great Lakes Basin in the Midwestern United States and the Canadian province of Ontario The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 , historically referred to as the Big Blow , [ 1 ] [ a ] the Freshwater Fury and the White Hurricane , was a blizzard with hurricane -force winds that devastated the Great Lakes Basin in the Midwestern United States and Southwestern Ontario , Canada, between November 7 and 10, 1913. The storm was at its most powerful on November 9, battering and overturning ships on four of the five Great Lakes , particularly Lake Huron . The storm was the deadliest and most destructive natural disaster to hit the Great Lakes in recorded history. More than 250 people were killed. Shipping was hard hit; nineteen ships were destroyed, and nineteen others were stranded. About US$ 1 million [ citation needed ] of cargo weighing about 68,300 tons—including coal, iron ore and grain were lost. The storm impacted many cities, including Duluth, Minnesota ; Chicago , Illinois; and Cleveland , Ohio, which received 22 in (56 cm) of snow combined with winds up to 79 mph (127 km/h) and was paralyzed for days. The extratropical cyclone originated when two major storm fronts fueled by the Great Lakes' relatively warm waters—a seasonal process called a " November gale "—converged. It produced wind gusts of 90 mph (140 km/h), waves estimated at over 35 feet (11 m) high and whiteout snowsqualls. Winds exceeding hurricane-force occurred over four of the lakes for extended periods creating very large waves. The large size of the lakes provides wind fetches (the length of water over which a given wind has blown without obstruction) of hundreds of miles, allowing huge waves to form. Rogue waves are known to occur on the Great Lakes, including waves reinforced by reflections from the vertical shores of some of the lakes. The United States Weather Bureau failed to predict the intensity of the storm, and the process of preparing and communicating predictions was slow. These factors contributed to the storm's destructiveness. [ 2 ] The contemporaneous weather forecasters did not have enough data, communications, analysis capability and understanding of atmospheric dynamics to predict the storm. They could not predict wind directions, which is key to the ability of ships to avoid or cope with the effects of storms. Background The water in the five Great Lakes holds heat that allows them to remain relatively warm late into the year and postpones the cooling and first frosts in the region. [ 3 ] During the autumn, two major weather tracks converge over the area. Cold, dry air moves south and southeast from northern Canada as an Alberta clipper while warm, moist air moves north and northeast from the Gulf of Mexico along the lee of the central Rocky Mountains as a Colorado low . The collision of these air masses forms large storm systems in the middle of the North American continent, including the Great Lakes. [ 3 ] When the cold air from these storms moves over the lakes, it is warmed by the waters below [ 4 ] and picks up a spin. [ 3 ] As the cyclonic system continues over the lakes, its power is intensified by the jet stream above and the warm waters below. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] The resulting storm, which is commonly called a " November gale " or "November witch", can maintain hurricane -force wind gusts , produce waves over 50 feet (15 m) high and dump significant falls of rain or snow. Fueled by the warm waters, these powerful storms may remain over the Great Lakes for days. [ 3 ] November gales have caused several large storms over the Great Lakes , with at least twenty-five killer storms affecting the region since 1847. [ 3 ] During the Mataafa Storm in 1905, twenty-seven wooden vessels were lost. During a November gale in 1975, the giant bulk carrier SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank suddenly without sending a distress signal and with all crew still on board. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] The large size of the lakes provides fetches of hundreds of miles allowing huge waves to be developed. [ 7 ] Their large unobstructed spaces result in wind speeds higher than nearby inland areas. [ 8 ] Rogue waves (including a phenomenon named the "Three Sisters") are known to occur on the Great Lakes, including waves reinforced by reflections from the vertical shores of some of the lakes. [ 9 ] Waves on the lakes (especially the shallower ones) can be steeper and closer together than on the ocean, allowing less recovery time between waves. [ 7 ] Compared to the ocean, the Great Lakes also have less maneuvering "sea room" and closer proximity to shores, making it more difficult for ships to weather storms. [ 10 ] Prelude The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 was first noticed on Thursday, November 6 on the western side of Lake Superior , moving rapidly toward northern Lake Michigan . The weather forecast in The Detroit News predicted "moderate to brisk" winds at the Great Lakes with occasional rain on Thursday night or Friday for the upper lakes (except southern Lake Huron ) and fair-to-unsettled conditions for the lower lakes. [ 11 ] Around midnight on November 6–7, the steamer Cornell , which was 50 miles (80 km) west of Whitefish Point in Lake Superior, ran into a sudden northerly gale and was severely damaged. This gale lasted until late November 10 and almost forced Cornell ashore. [ 12 ] Storm At the time of the storm, the United States Weather Bureau did not have enough data, communications, analysis capability and understanding of atmospheric dynamics to predict or understand the storm. They also were unable to predict wind directions to allow ships to avoid or cope with the storm's conditions. More modern studies of the available information and data from the storm provide better descriptions of its weather mechanisms and treat it as two storms. [ 2 ] By November 7, a string of low-pressure centers in Canada had consolidated into a low-pressure center southwest of Lake Superior which became "Storm #1". At the same time, warm air pushed into the central Great Lakes from the south. [ 13 ] By November 8, this storm was moving east through northern Lake Huron while strong northerly winds developed behind it over Lake Superior. By November 9, "Storm #2" had formed over the Carolinas and Virginia . The northern portion of this storm began sweeping warm moist Atlantic air over colder air in the Ohio area producing heavy snows. [ 13 ] The northwest portion of this extremely powerful storm began creating strong winds from the north along the long axis of Lake Huron, building large waves. By November 10, twenty-four hours of such building had created immense waves which ships were subjected to along with the high winds as the center of the storm crossed north/northwest over Lake Erie near Toronto . [ 13 ] Surface pressures went as low as 968.5 hectopascals ( millibars ), the lowest of the 1913 storm. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Winds exceeding hurricane-force occurred over four of the Great Lakes for extended periods. [ 5 ] Wave heights observed during the storm were estimated by observation rather than measurement; observations of regular waves exceeding 35 ft (11 m) were corroborated by modern-day simulations which estimate these at 38 ft (12 m). [ 5 ] Interaction between waves (such as those reflected from vertical shorelines) can nearly double wave heights; [ 7 ] observations of such waves during the storm estimated some as high as 50 ft (15 m), including the one that crushed the bridge of L. C. Waldo . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] November 5 November 6 November 7 November 8 November 9 November 10 November 5 November 6 November 7 November 8 November 9 November 10 November 7 On Friday, the weather forecast in the Port Huron, Michigan , Times-Herald described the storm as "moderately severe". [ 17 ] The forecast predicted increased winds and falling temperatures over the next twenty-four hours. [ 17 ] At 10:00 a.m., United States Coast Guard stations and all 112 Weather Bureau signal stations on the Great Lakes received a directive to hoist a square, red signal flag with a black center and a red, triangular maritime pennant below it, indicating a storm with winds of 55 mph (89 km/h) that would blow from the southwest. [ 18 ] After dark, a red lantern over a white one was displayed to warn of storm winds from the west. [ 18 ] The winds on Lake Superior had already reached 60 mph (97 km/h), with gusts to 80 mph (130 km/h) and an accompanying blizzard was moving toward Lake Huron. [ 19 ] Sustained wind speeds reached 62 mph (100 km/h) and gusts to 68 mph (109 km/h) at Duluth . [ 20 ] November 8 By Saturday, the storm's status had been upgraded to " severe ". At 10:00 a.m., Coast Guard stations and Weather Bureau offices at Lake Superior ports raised white pennants above red and black storm warning flags, indicating a storm warning with northwesterly winds. [ 21 ] The storm was centered over eastern Lake Superior, covering the entire lake basin. The weather forecast of the Times-Herald stated southerly winds had remained "moderate to brisk". [ 22 ] Northwesterly winds had reached gale strength on northern Lake Michigan and western Lake Superior. [ 23 ] Gale wind flags were raised at more than a hundred ports, but many captains continued their journeys. Long ships traveled through the St. Marys River all that day, through the Straits of Mackinac all night and up the Detroit and St. Clair rivers early the following morning. [ 24 ] The 472 feet (144 m) steel bulk freighter L. C. Waldo , eighteen hours out of Two Harbors, Minnesota , was overrun by monster waves out of the northwest on Lake Superior. Approximately forty-five miles northeast of the Keweenaw Peninsula , an estimated 50 ft (15 m) rogue wave smashed the wheelhouse ; bent the steel floor of the compass room; swept the wheelsman out of the wheelhouse; and tore three of the walls from the " texas ", the level of the deck house below the wheelhouse. [ 9 ] The captain ordered that the ship be turned around to try to reach shelter behind the Keweenaw Peninsula. As recounted by second mate Feeger: "The wind sent on gigantic wave after another over parts of the ship...The snow was so blinding that none of us could see 50 feet ahead". [ 9 ] L. C. Waldo ' s rudder then failed; helpless without it, 70 mph (110 km/h) winds drove the ship aground on Gull Rock near Manitou Island . With the bow wedged in the rocks, the hull shredded and a crack forming in the deck, the captain ordered everyone to the bow and that the ship be flooded to prevent her from being washed back into the depths of the lake. [ 25 ] The steward's wife and her mother were reluctant to leave the stern and the crew struggled to carry them over hundreds of feet of open deck in the storm, including traversing a now-widening crack. During the process the chief engineer and two stokers ran the ship at full power to try to wedge the bow further onto the shore. They then abandoned the stern and took shelter with the others in the unheated windlass room . [ 25 ] November 9 By noon on Sunday, weather conditions on lower Lake Huron were close to normal for a November gale. Barometric pressures in some areas began to rise, bringing hopes of an end to the storm. The low pressure area that had moved across Lake Superior was moving northeast, away from the lakes. [ 26 ] The Weather Bureau issued the first of its twice-daily reports at approximately 8:00 a.m.; it did not send another report to Washington, D.C. , until 8:00 p.m. This proved to be a serious problem; the storm would have most of the day to build up hurricane-force winds before the Bureau headquarters in Washington would have detailed information. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Along southeastern Lake Erie near Erie, Pennsylvania , a southern low-pressure area was moving toward the lake. This low had formed overnight so was absent from Friday's weather map. It had been moving northward but turned northwestward after passing over Washington. [ 28 ] The low's intense, counterclockwise rotation was made apparent by the changing wind directions around its center. In Buffalo, New York , morning northwest winds had shifted to the northeast by noon and to the southeast by 5:00 p.m., with gusts of up to 80 mph (130 km/h) occurring between 1:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m. In Cleveland , Ohio , 180 miles (290 km) to the southwest, winds remained northwest during the day, shifting to the west by 5:00 p.m., and maintaining speeds of more than 50 mph (80 km/h). The fastest gust in Cleveland, 79 mph (127 km/h), occurred at 4:40 p.m. At Buffalo, barometric pressure dropped from 29.52 inHg (999.7 hPa ) at 8:00 a.m. to 28.77 inHg (974.3 hPa) at 8:00 p.m. [ 28 ] The rotating low continued northward into the evening, bringing its counterclockwise winds in phase with the northwesterly winds already hitting Lakes Superior and Huron. This resulted in a dramatic increase in northerly wind speeds and swirling snow. [ 28 ] Ships on Lake Huron that were south of Alpena, Michigan —especially around Harbor Beach and Port Huron in Michigan, and Goderich and Sarnia in Ontario —experienced massive waves moving southward toward St. Clair River. [ 29 ] Some ships sought shelter along the Michigan shore or between Goderich and Point Edward, Ontario . Three of the larger ships were found capsized , indicating extremely high winds and tall waves. [ 2 ] From 8:00 p.m. to midnight, the storm became a " weather bomb " with sustained hurricane-force winds of more than 70 mph (110 km/h) on the four western lakes. The worst damage was done on Lake Huron as ships sought shelter along its southern end. Gusts of 90 mph (140 km/h) were reported off Harbor Beach. The lake's shape allowed northerly winds to increase unimpeded because water has less surface friction than land and because the wind followed the lake's length. [ 30 ] Weather forecasters of the time did not have enough data or understanding of atmospheric dynamics to predict or comprehend the events of Sunday November 9. Frontal mechanisms, which were then referred to as "squall lines", were not yet understood. Surface observations were only collected twice daily at stations around the country; by the time these data were collected and maps were hand-drawn, the information was no longer representative of the actual weather conditions. [ 31 ] November 10 and 11 The storm had moved northeast of London, Ontario , on the morning of Monday November 10, with lake effect blizzards behind it. An additional 17 inches (43 cm) of snow fell on Cleveland that day, filling the streets with snowdrifts 6 feet (180 cm) high. Streetcar operators stayed with their stranded, powerless vehicles for two nights, eating food provided by local residents. Travelers were forced to take shelter and wait for the storm to pass. [ 32 ] By Tuesday, the storm was rapidly moving across eastern Canada. Without the warm lake waters, it quickly lost strength. The system carried less snowfall because of its speed and the lack of lake effect snow. [ 33 ] All shipping along the St. Lawrence River around Montreal , was halted on Monday and part of Tuesday. [ 33 ] Aftermath The storm was the deadliest, most destructive natural disaster in recorded history to hit the Great Lakes, killing more than 250 people, destroying nineteen ships and stranding nineteen others. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] About US$ 1 million of cargo—including coal, iron ore and grain—weighing about 68,300 tons was lost. [ 37 ] Surrounding shoreline Along the shoreline, blizzards stopped traffic and communication, causing hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage. Cleveland received 22 inches (56 cm) of heavy snow combined with sustained winds of 62 mph (100 km/h) with gusts to 79 mph (127 km/h) and ice formation. [ 38 ] There were four-foot (120 cm) snowdrifts around Lake Huron. Electricity supply was disrupted for several days across Michigan and Ontario, cutting off telephone and telegraph communications. A recently completed US$100,000 breakwater at Chicago, which was intended to protect the Lincoln Park basin from storms, was swept away in a few hours. [ 39 ] The Milwaukee , Wisconsin , harbor lost its south breakwater and much of the surrounding South Park area that had been recently renovated. [ 40 ] After the final blizzards hit Cleveland, the city was paralyzed under feet of ice and snow, and was without power for days. Telephone poles were broken and power cables lay in tangled masses. Nearly all rail traffic was halted. The November 11 Plain Dealer described the aftermath: "Cleveland lay in white and mighty solitude, mute and deaf to the outside world, a city of lonesome snowiness, storm-swept from end to end, when the violence of the two-day blizzard lessened late yesterday afternoon." [ b ] William H. Alexander, Cleveland's chief weather forecaster, commented: Take it all in all—the depth of the snowfall, the tremendous wind, the amount of damage done and the total unpreparedness of the people—I think it is safe to say that the present storm is the worst experienced in Cleveland during the whole forty-three years the U.S. Weather Bureau has been established in the city. [ c ] Take it all in all—the depth of the snowfall, the tremendous wind, the amount of damage done and the total unpreparedness of the people—I think it is safe to say that the present storm is the worst experienced in Cleveland during the whole forty-three years the U.S. Weather Bureau has been established in the city. [ c ] There was a small death toll in Cleveland considering the severity of the storm. [ 42 ] Sources describe one freezing death, plus some deaths from accidents. One death and one near-death were from downed power lines. [ 42 ] Immediately following the blizzard, the city began a campaign to move all utility cables underground in tubes beneath major streets. The project took five years. [ 41 ] On the lakes The greatest damage was done on the Great Lakes. Major shipwrecks occurred on all but Lake Ontario , with most happening on southern and southwestern Lake Huron. Captains reported waves reaching at least 35 ft (11 m) in height. [ 43 ] These waves were shorter in length than waves usually formed by gales and occurred in rapid succession. Rocky shores prevalent on the lakes reflect rather than absorb waves. Reflected waves can combine with incoming waves to create rogue waves of up to 50 ft (15 m). In the late afternoon of November 10, an unknown vessel was spotted floating upside-down in about 60 feet (18 m) of water on the eastern coast of Michigan, within sight of Huronia Beach and the mouth of the St. Clair River. Determining the identity of this "mystery ship" became a national interest, resulting in daily front-page newspaper coverage. The ship eventually sank and was identified on November 15 as Charles S. Price . [ 44 ] The front page of that day's Times-Herald extra edition read: "BOAT IS PRICE—DIVER IS BAKER—SECRET KNOWN." [ 45 ] Milton Smith, an assistant engineer who decided at the last moment not to join his crew on premonition of disaster, helped identify bodies from the wreck. [ 46 ] Among the debris cast up by the storm was the wreckage of the tugboat Searchlight , which was lost in April 1907. [ 47 ] The final tally of financial loss was approximately US$4,780,000 (equivalent to $152,070,000 in 2024). This included US$2,332,000 for totally lost vessels, US$830,900 for vessels that became constructive total losses, US$620,000 for vessels stranded but returned to service and approximately US$1,000,000 in lost cargoes. This figure excludes financial losses in coastal cities. [ 48 ] While the storm was the main cause of damage on the lakes, human factors, including measures that could have reduced the storm's effects but were not taken, also contributed. Post-storm conversations mostly focused on placing blame but served to highlight weaknesses. [ 49 ] The Weather Bureau did not have the ability to predict the storm but hesitated to admit its limitations because it wanted to secure higher budgets. Instead, it focused on the terminology and nature of warnings. [ 50 ] Another factor was the underpowering of large ships that affected their ability to travel, maneuver and hold steady in severe storms. Even with both anchors dropped and steaming full power into the wind, several were unable to avoid being carried backward. For example, the 504 ft-long (154 m) Charles S. Price had a single 1,760 horsepower engine. Three years after the storm, the same shipyard built a 587-foot-long (179 m) freighter with only 1,800 hp (1,300 kW). [ 51 ] The geometry of the lakes and locks , combined with operational economics, dictated the use of slimmer, shallower ships than comparable ocean-going vessels, reducing stability and structural strength. [ 52 ] The "straight deck" ship design was becoming prevalent, requiring more and larger hatch covers, which increased vulnerability to storms. [ 53 ] Insufficient strength of the hatches and their fastenings was also noted, as well as the shortness of the 12 in (30 cm) hatch coamings . [ 54 ] The limited compartmentalization of cargo holds meant the flooding of one compartment was sufficient to sink the ship. [ 55 ] The practice of not " trimming " or leveling the pyramid-shape piles of bulk solid cargo made them more prone to shifting and causing a capsize. [ 56 ] Many raised concerns about the practice of shipping companies incentivizing or pressuring captains to sail during the dangerous November season and during dangerous weather. These concerns continued and were echoed sixty-two years later after the sinking of Edmund Fitzgerald . [ 57 ] [ 7 ] [ 58 ] Few of these factors were acted upon. [ 59 ] One change was that the Weather Bureau clarified their previous ambiguity and said that they would post a higher-than-gale level warning for the most severe predicted storms. [ 60 ] Ships foundered Download coordinates as KML Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) The ships that sank during the storm with all hands are ordered in the table below by the number of victims. The table does not include the three victims from the freighter William Nottingham , who had volunteered to leave the ship on a lifeboat in search of assistance. [ d ] [ 43 ] Most of the bodies were recovered on the Canadian shores of southern Lake Huron. [ 62 ] The lost ships included some of the newest and largest ships on the Great Lakes. [ 7 ] Name Body of water Number of victims Year located Approximate coordinates Ship Length Ship beam Image Charles S. Price Lake Huron 28 [ 61 ] 1913 [ 63 ] .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 43°09′10″N 82°21′10″W / 43.1529°N 82.3529°W / 43.1529; -82.3529 ( Charles S. Price ) 524 ft (160 m) 54 ft (16 m) Isaac M. Scott Lake Huron 28 [ 61 ] 1976 [ 63 ] 45°03′55″N 83°02′21″W / 45.065333°N 83.039217°W / 45.065333; -83.039217 ( Isaac M. Scott ) 524 ft (160 m) 54 ft (16 m) John A. McGean Lake Huron 28 [ 61 ] 1985 [ 63 ] 43°57′12″N 82°31′43″W / 43.953267°N 82.528617°W / 43.953267; -82.528617 ( John A. McGean ) 452 ft (138 m) 52 ft (16 m) Argus Lake Huron 28 [ 61 ] 1972 [ 63 ] 44°18′11″N 82°49′31″W / 44.303039°N 82.825208°W / 44.303039; -82.825208 ( Argus ) 436 ft (133 m) 50 ft (15 m) Hydrus Lake Huron 25 [ 61 ] 2015 [ 64 ] 44°33′42″N 82°36′50″W / 44.561667°N 82.61375°W / 44.561667; -82.61375 ( Hydrus ) 436 ft (133 m) 50 ft (15 m) Henry B. Smith Lake Superior 23 [ 61 ] 2013 [ 65 ] 46°54′50″N 87°19′59″W / 46.914°N 87.333°W / 46.914; -87.333 ( Henry B. Smith ) 545 ft (166 m) 55 ft (17 m) James Carruthers Lake Huron 22 [ 61 ] 2025 [ 66 ] 43°32′07″N 82°20′39″W / 43.535278°N 82.344194°W / 43.535278; -82.344194 ( James Carruthers ) 550 ft (170 m) 58 ft (18 m) Regina Lake Huron 20 [ 61 ] 1986 [ 67 ] 43°20′13″N 82°26′46″W / 43.337°N 82.446°W / 43.337; -82.446 ( Regina ) 249.25 ft (75.97 m) 42.5 ft (13.0 m) Wexford Lake Huron 20 [ 61 ] 2000 [ 63 ] 43°25′00″N 81°55′00″W / 43.416667°N 81.916667°W / 43.416667; -81.916667 ( Wexford ) 250 ft (76 m) 40 ft (12 m) Leafield Lake Superior 18 [ 61 ] Not located Unknown 249 ft (76 m) 35.5 ft (10.8 m) Plymouth Lake Michigan 7 [ 61 ] 1984 [ 68 ] 45°31′07″N 86°40′37″W / 45.518639°N 86.676833°W / 45.518639; -86.676833 ( Plymouth ) 213 ft (65 m) 32 ft (9.8 m) LV-82 Buffalo Lake Erie 6 [ 61 ] [ 69 ] 1914 [ 63 ] Raised and later scrapped 95.2 ft (29.0 m) 21 ft (6.4 m) See also Lakes portal Weather portal October 2010 North American storm complex List of storms on the Great Lakes Notes ^ Another storm called the "Big Blow" which sank the SS Alpena was on October 15, 1880. ^ Reprinted in Brown (2002). [ 41 ] ^ Reprinted in Brown (2002). [ 33 ] ^ While the boat was being lowered into the water, a breaking wave smashed it into the side of the ship. The men disappeared into the near-freezing waters below. References Citations ^ Brown 2002 , p. 201. ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Scott, Chris (November 10, 2014). "The White Hurricane: The worst storm in Great Lakes history" . The Weather Network . Retrieved March 23, 2017 . The Great Storm of 1913, known as the 'White Hurricane' ^ a b c d e f Heidorn, Keith C. (2001). "The Great Lakes: Storm Breeding Ground" . Science of the Sky . Published online November 16, 2001. Retrieved February 5, 2005. ^ a b Bentley, Mace; Horstmeyer, Steve (November–December 1998). "The witch of November". Weatherwise . Vol. 51, no. 6. pp. 29– 35. doi : 10.1080/00431672.1998.9926174 . ^ a b c Wagenmaker, Richard; Mann, Greg. "The White Hurricane Storm of 1913 A Numerical Model Retrospective" (PDF) . National Weather Service . Retrieved November 2, 2021 . ^ Brown 2002 , p. 246. ^ a b c d e Schumacher 2013 , pp. 31–32. ^ Schumacher 2013 , p. 43. ^ a b c Brown 2002 , pp. 47–48. ^ Ratigan 1960 , p. 14. ^ Weather forecast, The Detroit News , Detroit, Michigan, November 5, 1913. ^ "Steamer Cornell Detailed Account Of Captain Noble's Experiences In Storm On Lake Superior, November 7th, 8th & 9th, 1913" . Maritime History of the Great Lakes . March 10, 2001 . Retrieved June 8, 2021 . ^ a b c d Gaylord, MI (2013). "Great Lakes Hurricane of 1913: A Meteorological Review 100 Years Later" (PDF) . Winter Talk Series . National Weather Service . Retrieved November 3, 2020 . ^ "Snowstorms" . National Weather Service . Retrieved November 3, 2010 . ^ Brown 2002 , p. 47. ^ Schumacher 2013 , p. 40. ^ a b Front page, The Weather Port Huron Times-Herald , Port Huron, Michigan. November 7, 1913. ^ a b Brown 2002 , pp. 33–34. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 40. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 38. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 56. ^ Front page, Port Huron Times-Herald , Port Huron, Michigan, November 8, 1913. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 59. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 44–67. ^ a b Brown 2002 , pp. 59–61. ^ a b Brown 2002 , p. 80. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 12. ^ a b c Brown 2002 , pp. 99–101. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 68–103. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 101. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 13, 19, 68. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 127. ^ a b c Brown 2002 , p. 163. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 208, 222. ^ Brown 2002 , p. xvii. ^ Annual Report of the Lake Carriers' Association. 1913. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 203, 225. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 144–145. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 94. ^ Barcus 1986 , p. 6 . ^ a b Brown 2002 , p. 162. ^ a b Brown 2002 , pp. 146–147. ^ a b Brown 2002 , p. 223. ^ Minnich 1989 , p. 218. ^ Front page, Port Huron Times-Herald EXTRA edition, Port Huron, Michigan, November 15, 1913. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 196–199. ^ "Harbor Beach, MI (Lake Huron) Fishing Tug Searchlight Lost, Apr 1907" . Daily Chronicle . Marshall, Michigan. April 25, 1907 . Retrieved July 19, 2019 – via Gendisasters.com. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 245. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 205–226. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 205–210. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 217–219. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 221–222. ^ Schumacher 2013 , p. 5. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 221. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 195. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 220. ^ Brown 2002 , p. 215. ^ Schumacher 2013 , p. 155. ^ Schumacher 2013 , pp. 66–68. ^ Brown 2002 , pp. 217–221. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Brown 2002 , p. 203. ^ Schumacher 2013 , p. 145. ^ a b c d e f "Shipwrecks of the 1913 storm" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ Schaefer, Jim (November 9, 2015). "Man discovers Lake Huron shipwreck missing since 1913" . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved November 9, 2015 . ^ Krueger, Andrew (June 9, 2013). "100 years after ore boat disappeared in Lake Superior storm, searchers locate wreck" . Duluth News Tribune . Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. ^ Witsil, Frank (August 24, 2025). "Lost in Lake Huron for more than 100 years, the Carruthers is finally found" . ^ "History & Salvage of the SS Regina" . Shipwrecks.com . Retrieved December 1, 2019 . ^ "Special Deputy Marshal Christopher Keenan" . Officer Down Memorial Page . Retrieved August 24, 2025 . ^ Vogel, Michael N.; Redding, Paul F. (1990). Maritime Buffalo . Western New York Heritage Institute. ISBN 978-1878097019 . As excerpted with authors' permission by Buffalohistoryworks.com at Maritime Buffalo, Buffalo History, Lightship LV 82 on March 5, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2021. General and cited references Barcus, Frank (1986). Freshwater Fury: Yarns and Reminiscences of the Greatest Storm in Inland Navigation . Great Lakes Books Series. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press . p. 166. ISBN 0-8143-1828-2 . Brown, David G. (2002). White Hurricane: A Great Lakes November Gale and America's Deadliest Maritime Disaster . International Marine/ McGraw-Hill . ISBN 0-07-138037-X . Minnich, Jerry (1989). The Wisconsin Almanac: Being a Loosely Organized Compendium of Facts, History, Lore, Remembrances, Puzzles, Recipes, and Both Household and Gardening Advice with Which to Offer Elucidation, Assistance, and Occasional Amusement to the Conscientious Reader . Madison, Wisconsin: North Country Press . ISBN 0-944133-06-1 . Ratigan, William (1960). Great Lakes Shipwrecks and Survivals . Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 0-88365-243-9 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Schumacher, Michael (2013). November's Fury: The Deadly Great Lakes Hurricane of 1913 . University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816687206 . Further reading Hemming, Robert J. (1992). Ships Gone Missing: The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 . Chicago: Contemporary Books. ISBN 0-8092-3909-4 . Landon, Fred (1953). "Great Lakes Storm of 1913". Michigan History . XXXVIII . Detroit: 265– 272. Shipley, Robert; Addis, Fred (1992). Wrecks and Disasters: Great Lakes Album Series . St. Catharines, Ont.: Vanwell Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-920277-77-2 . External links Personal experiences of Captains of the Lake Fleet .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1913 v t e Shipwrecks 3 Jan: USS Jamestown 7 Jan: Cheslakee , Rosecrans 10 Jan: James T. Staples 15 Jan: Macedonia 8 Feb: Asar-i Tevfik 13 Feb: Pisagua 6 Apr: Minoga April (unknown date): Hector 11 Jun: General Concha 15 Jun: Paul Palmer 8 Jul: Vivid 20 Jul: Shinonome 30 Aug: Amaranth 18 Oct: Volturno 4 Nov: HMS Empress of India 8 Nov: John A. McGean , Louisiana 9 Nov: Argus , Asatsuyu , Charles S. Price , Hydrus , Isaac M. Scott , Leafield , Wexford 10 Nov: Henry B. Smith , Regina 11 Nov: James Carruthers , Plymouth 2 Dec: Hoche 10 Dec: HMS C14 Unknown date: Arno , USS Craven , Florence J. , Iris , USS Santee 3 Jan: USS Jamestown 7 Jan: Cheslakee , Rosecrans 10 Jan: James T. Staples 15 Jan: Macedonia 8 Feb: Asar-i Tevfik 13 Feb: Pisagua 6 Apr: Minoga April (unknown date): Hector 11 Jun: General Concha 15 Jun: Paul Palmer 8 Jul: Vivid 20 Jul: Shinonome 30 Aug: Amaranth 18 Oct: Volturno 4 Nov: HMS Empress of India 8 Nov: John A. McGean , Louisiana 9 Nov: Argus , Asatsuyu , Charles S. Price , Hydrus , Isaac M. Scott , Leafield , Wexford 10 Nov: Henry B. Smith , Regina 11 Nov: James Carruthers , Plymouth 2 Dec: Hoche 10 Dec: HMS C14 Unknown date: Arno , USS Craven , Florence J. , Iris , USS Santee Other incidents 2 Jan: Abessinia 2 Feb: Prinz Oskar Apr (unknown date): Vasco da Gama 8 May: HMS Express , Leicester 5 Jun: HMS Natal 8 Jun: HMS E5 10 Jun: Thermidor , Watt 26 Jun: Santhia 24 Aug: Chenab 9 Oct: Volturno 20 Dec: Beryl Unknown date: Balmes , Kommandøren 2 Jan: Abessinia 2 Feb: Prinz Oskar Apr (unknown date): Vasco da Gama 8 May: HMS Express , Leicester 5 Jun: HMS Natal 8 Jun: HMS E5 10 Jun: Thermidor , Watt 26 Jun: Santhia 24 Aug: Chenab 9 Oct: Volturno 20 Dec: Beryl Unknown date: Balmes , Kommandøren 1912 1914 January 1914 v t e Great Lakes of North America v t e Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing Simcoe St. Clair Winnebago Nipigon Nipissing Simcoe St. Clair Winnebago Bays and channels Erie Chadwick Bay Maumee Bay Presque Isle Bay Sandusky Bay Huron Georgian Bay Matchedash Bay Nottawasaga Bay Parry Sound Lake George Little Pike Bay Munuscong Lake North Channel Potagannissing Bay Saginaw Bay St. Joseph Channel Thunder Bay Michigan Detroit Harbor Grand Traverse Bay Green Bay Big Bay de Noc Little Bay de Noc Porte des Morts Sturgeon Bay Little Traverse Bay Manitou Passage Ontario Bay of Quinte Braddock Bay Hamilton Harbour Humber Bay Irondequoit Bay Sodus Bay Toronto Bay Wellers Bay Superior Au Train Bay Chequamegon Bay Chicago Bay Huron Bay Little Trout Bay Keweenaw Bay Oronto Bay Pokegama Bay Superior Bay Thunder Bay Whitefish Bay Ashmun Bay Batchawana Bay Goulais Bay St. Clair Anchor Bay Simcoe Cook's Bay Kempenfelt Bay Lake Couchiching Nipissing Callander Bay Erie Chadwick Bay Maumee Bay Presque Isle Bay Sandusky Bay Chadwick Bay Maumee Bay Presque Isle Bay Sandusky Bay Huron Georgian Bay Matchedash Bay Nottawasaga Bay Parry Sound Lake George Little Pike Bay Munuscong Lake North Channel Potagannissing Bay Saginaw Bay St. Joseph Channel Thunder Bay Georgian Bay Matchedash Bay Nottawasaga Bay Parry Sound Matchedash Bay Nottawasaga Bay Parry Sound Lake George Little Pike Bay Munuscong Lake North Channel Potagannissing Bay Saginaw Bay St. Joseph Channel Thunder Bay Michigan Detroit Harbor Grand Traverse Bay Green Bay Big Bay de Noc Little Bay de Noc Porte des Morts Sturgeon Bay Little Traverse Bay Manitou Passage Detroit Harbor Grand Traverse Bay Green Bay Big Bay de Noc Little Bay de Noc Porte des Morts Sturgeon Bay Big Bay de Noc Little Bay de Noc Porte des Morts Sturgeon Bay Little Traverse Bay Manitou Passage Ontario Bay of Quinte Braddock Bay Hamilton Harbour Humber Bay Irondequoit Bay Sodus Bay Toronto Bay Wellers Bay Bay of Quinte Braddock Bay Hamilton Harbour Humber Bay Irondequoit Bay Sodus Bay Toronto Bay Wellers Bay Superior Au Train Bay Chequamegon Bay Chicago Bay Huron Bay Little Trout Bay Keweenaw Bay Oronto Bay Pokegama Bay Superior Bay Thunder Bay Whitefish Bay Ashmun Bay Batchawana Bay Goulais Bay Au Train Bay Chequamegon Bay Chicago Bay Huron Bay Little Trout Bay Keweenaw Bay Oronto Bay Pokegama Bay Superior Bay Thunder Bay Whitefish Bay Ashmun Bay Batchawana Bay Goulais Bay Ashmun Bay Batchawana Bay Goulais Bay St. Clair Anchor Bay Anchor Bay Simcoe Cook's Bay Kempenfelt Bay Lake Couchiching Cook's Bay Kempenfelt Bay Lake Couchiching Nipissing Callander Bay Callander Bay Waterways Chicago River Detroit River Erie Canal French River Great Lakes Waterway Niagara River Fall Nipigon River St. Clair River St. Lawrence River St. Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sault Ste. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Format 1.2 Books about the prize 1.3 Controversy 1.4 Diagram of Diagrams 1.1 Format 1.2 Books about the prize 1.3 Controversy 1.4 Diagram of Diagrams 2 Winners 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Bookseller /Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Svenska Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Bookseller /Diagram Prize for Oddest Book Title of the Year Awarded for Oddest book title Country United Kingdom First award 1978 Currently held by The Pornographic Delicatessen: Midcentury Montréal's Erotic Art, Media, and Spaces by Matthew Purvis (2025) Website The Diagram Prize The Bookseller /Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year , originally known as the Diagram Group Prize for the Oddest Title [ 1 ] and commonly known as the Diagram Prize , is a humorous literary award that is given annually to a book with an unusual title. The prize is named after the Diagram Group, an information and graphics company based in London , [ 2 ] and The Bookseller , a British trade magazine for the publishing industry. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Originally organised to provide entertainment during the 1978 Frankfurt Book Fair , [ 2 ] the prize has since been awarded every year by The Bookseller and is now organised by the magazine's diarist Horace Bent. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The winner was initially decided by a panel of judges. However, since 2000 the winner has been decided by a public vote on The Bookseller' s website. [ 5 ] Several controversies have arisen since the creation of the awards, and there have been two occasions when no award was given because no titles were judged to be odd enough. [ 5 ] Bent has complained about some of the winners chosen by the public; [ 6 ] [ 7 ] the 2008 winner, The 2009–2014 World Outlook for 60-milligram Containers of Fromage Frais , proved controversial because rather than being written by its listed author, Philip M. Parker , it was instead written by a machine of Parker's invention. [ 8 ] The most recent winner, in November 2025, was The Pornographic Delicatessen: Midcentury Montréal's Erotic Art, Media, and Spaces by Matthew Purvis. [ 9 ] History Although the award was created by The Bookseller , the idea of an award celebrating books with odd titles was proposed by Bruce Robertson and Trevor Bounford of the Diagram Group in order to provide entertainment during the Frankfurt Book Fair in 1978. [ 10 ] Originally known as the Diagram Group Prize for the Oddest Title at the Frankfurt Book Fair, any book that was at the fair could be nominated, but other books outside of the fair were also included. In 1982, Horace Bent, diarist for The Bookseller , took over administrative duties. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] Following two occasions in 1987 and 1991 when no prize was given due to a lack of odd titles, The Bookseller opened suggestions to the readers of the magazine. In 2000, the winner was voted for by the public instead of being decided by Bent. In 2009, online submissions sent on Twitter were accepted. [ 1 ] This resulted in the highest number of submissions for the prize in its history, with 90 books being submitted (50 from Twitter), almost three times the number from the previous year (32). However, Bent also expressed his annoyance at people who gave submissions that broke the rules, with some of the books mentioned being published as far back as 1880. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The 2014 prize allowed nominations from self-published works, the first book being Strangers Have the Best Candy by Margaret Meps Schulte, which won the prize. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The Diagram Prize receives considerable press coverage every year. [ 15 ] In 2008, more people voted for the Diagram Prize (8,500 votes) than The Best of Booker Prize (7,800). [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The prize is either a magnum of champagne or a bottle of claret for the person who nominates the winning title, [ 15 ] and increased publicity for both the book and its author. [ 18 ] In 2014, the nominator was Brian Payne, who works as the deputy chief sub-editor of The Bookseller . Due to his position he decided to reject the bottle of claret that he won, saying it "would remain in the cellar." [ 19 ] In 2018, all the nominations came from staff at The Bookseller , so the claret was awarded to a random voter who voted for the eventual winner. [ 10 ] Format Nominees were originally limited to just books at the Frankfurt Book Fair, but this was extended to submissions sent in by The Bookseller magazine's traditional readership of librarians, publishers, and booksellers in order to decrease the risk of no award being given. In 2009, submissions could be sent to either Bent's or The Bookseller's Twitter accounts. [ 1 ] People cannot nominate their own works, nor can they select books they publish themselves. Titles that are deliberately created to be funny are normally rejected. [ 20 ] Also, nominators, judges and voters are actively discouraged from reading any of the nominations, "for fear that becoming too close to the work may cloud their judgement in declaring the text's title 'odd', especially considering the prize champions 'odd titles' and not 'odd books' (see the Man Booker for the latter)". [ 1 ] The winner was originally voted for by a panel of judges, but since 2000 the winner has been voted for by members of the public via the Internet. Bent resisted this move and threatened to resign, but he later reconsidered and now creates the short list of finalists. [ 5 ] Also, the title of the book must be in English, although the language in the book can be any language. [ 10 ] Books about the prize In September 2008, a book about the Diagram Prize was published by Aurum Press entitled How to Avoid Huge Ships and Other Implausibly Titled Books . With an introduction written by Joel Rickett, the book was released to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the prize. It featured a collection of book covers from winners and runners-up from previous years. [ 21 ] A follow-up book was released in October 2009, entitled Baboon Metaphysics And More Implausibly Titled Books , including an introduction by Bent. [ 22 ] Controversy So far, there have been two occasions in which no award has been presented. Bent did not offer a prize in 1987 and 1991, as he felt there was no title that was odd enough to deserve the prize. [ 5 ] The prize has become noteworthy enough that, in 2004, The Bookseller castigated publishers for choosing titles with a view to winning it, saying, "There were too many self-consciously titled entries – presumably in a bid to emulate the 2003 champion, Big Book of Lesbian Horse Stories ". [ 6 ] Bent has also expressed his dislike of people voting for ruder titles, stating that he himself would not have voted for the 2007 winner If You Want Closure in Your Relationship, Start with Your Legs . [ 7 ] In 2009, the choice of The 2009–2014 World Outlook for 60-milligram Containers of Fromage Frais, by Philip M. Parker, was controversial, as Parker did not write the book himself, but used an automated authoring machine which produces thousands of titles on the basis of Internet and database searches. [ 8 ] Philip Stone, charts editor and awards administrator at The Bookseller , commented by saying: "I think it's slightly controversial as it was written by a computer, but given the number of celebrity memoirs out there that are ghostwritten , I don't think it's too strange." [ 23 ] In 2018, one of the nominations, Joy of Waterboiling , was controversial because the book was written mostly in German, but the rules of the prize state that only the title needs to be in English in order to qualify for nomination. [ 10 ] Diagram of Diagrams Two special anniversary awards known as the "Diagram of Diagrams" (the name reflects the " Booker of Bookers ") [ 2 ] have been presented to honour both the 15th and the 30th anniversaries of the Diagram Prize. The nominations of the prizes were all of the previous winners up to that point in time. In 1993, the winner of the 15th anniversary award was Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Nude Mice , the winner of the first Diagram Prize. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The second "Diagram of Diagrams", announced on 5 September 2008, was Greek Rural Postmen and Their Cancellation Numbers , the 1996 winner. [ 25 ] Winners Year Title Author/Editor Publisher Notes 1978 Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Nude Mice Various authors University of Tokyo Press Medical studies done using laboratory mice with inhibited immune systems [ 26 ] 1979 The Madam as Entrepreneur: Career Management in House Prostitution Barbara Sherman Heyl Transaction Press About working in prostitution 1980 The Joy of Chickens Dennis Nolan Prentice Hall About breeds of chicken [ 27 ] 1981 Last Chance at Love – Terminal Romances Various authors Pinnacle Press 1982 Population and Other Problems: Family Planning, Housing 1,000 Million, Labour Employment Various authors China National Publications About the demographics of the People's Republic of China 1983 Unsolved Problems of Modern Theory of Lengthwise Rolling A. I. Tselikov , G. S. Nikitin and S. E. Rokotyan Mir Publishers About rolling as a metalworking technique [ 28 ] 1984 The Book of Marmalade: Its Antecedents, Its History, and Its Role in the World Today Anne Wilson Constable About the history of marmalade [ 29 ] 1985 Natural Bust Enlargement with Total Mind Power: How to Use the Other 90% of Your Mind to Increase the Size of Your Breasts Donald L. Wilson Westwood Publishing Company About bust enlargement through positive thinking [ 30 ] 1986 Oral Sadism and the Vegetarian Personality Glenn C. Ellenbogen Brunner/Mazel Humorous and parody articles about psychiatry [ 31 ] 1987 No award given 1988 Versailles: The View from Sweden Elaine Dee and Guy Walton University of Chicago Press Catalogue of an exhibition at the Cooper–Hewitt Museum on the influence of French Baroque and Classicism on design in contemporary Sweden [ 32 ] 1989 How to Shit in the Woods: An Environmentally Sound Approach to a Lost Art Kathleen Meyer Ten Speed Press About responsible treatment of one's waste in wilderness areas [ 33 ] 1990 Lesbian Sadomasochism Safety Manual Pat Califia Lace Publications A guide to BDSM and safe sex [ 34 ] 1991 No award given 1992 How to Avoid Huge Ships John W. Trimmer Cornwell Maritime Press Advice to pleasure boat sailors on the dangers of shipping lanes [ 2 ] 1993 American Bottom Archaeology Charles J. Bareis and James W. Porter University of Illinois Press Full title American Bottom Archaeology: A Summary of the FAI-270 Project Contribution to the Culture History of the Mississippi River Valley [ 35 ] 1994 Highlights in the History of Concrete C. C. Stanley British Cement Association About the history of concrete [ 36 ] 1995 Reusing Old Graves: A Report on Popular British Attitudes Douglas Davies and Alastair Shaw Shaw & Son About reusing old graves [ 37 ] 1996 Greek Rural Postmen and Their Cancellation Numbers Derek Willan Hellenic Philatelic Society of Great Britain Cancellation numbers in the Hellenic Post [ 38 ] 1997 The Joy of Sex: Pocket Edition Alex Comfort Mitchell Beazley Pocket edition of The Joy of Sex 1998 Developments in Dairy Cow Breeding: New Opportunities to Widen the Use of Straw Gareth Williams Nuffield Farming Scholarship Trust 1999 Weeds in a Changing World: British Crop Protection Council Symposium Proceedings No. 64 Charles H. Stirton British Crop Protection Council Another title, Male Genitalia of Butterflies of the Balkan Peninsula, with a Checklist , was originally a favourite, but it was later rejected for being deliberately odd. [ 39 ] 2000 Designing High Performance Stiffened Structures IMechE ( Institution of Mechanical Engineers ) Professional Engineering Publishing About stiffness in engineering [ 40 ] 2001 Butterworths Corporate Manslaughter Service Gerard Forlin Butterworths About corporate manslaughter , i.e. corporate liability for manslaughter [ 41 ] 2002 Living with Crazy Buttocks Kaz Cooke Penguin US/Australia Humorous essays on contemporary culture, including female body image and other topics [ 42 ] 2003 The Big Book of Lesbian Horse Stories Alisa Surkis and Monica Nolan Kensington Publishing Eight stories in a pastiche of dime novel styles from different decades, each involving lesbian romance and horses [ 43 ] 2004 Bombproof Your Horse Rick Pelicano and Lauren Tjaden J A Allen Full title Bombproof Your Horse: Teach Your Horse to Be Confident, Obedient, and Safe, No Matter What You Encounter [ 44 ] 2005 People Who Don't Know They're Dead: How They Attach Themselves to Unsuspecting Bystanders and What to Do About It Gary Leon Hill Red Wheel/Weiser Books About dead spirits who take up residence in bodies that do not belong to them [ 45 ] 2006 The Stray Shopping Carts of Eastern North America: A Guide to Field Identification Julian Montague Harry N. Abrams About how to identify abandoned shopping carts [ 46 ] [ 47 ] 2007 If You Want Closure in Your Relationship, Start with Your Legs Big Boom Simon & Schuster US A self-help book written by a man for the benefit of women [ 18 ] 2008 The 2009–2014 World Outlook for 60-milligram Containers of Fromage Frais Philip M. Parker Icon Group International Computer-generated combination of boilerplate text and public-domain data related to fromage frais , a type of cheese [ 8 ] 2009 Crocheting Adventures with Hyperbolic Planes Daina Taimina A K Peters, Ltd. Mathematical book featuring crocheted hyperbolic planes [ 48 ] 2010 Managing a Dental Practice: The Genghis Khan Way Michael R. Young Radcliffe How-to guide on managing a dental practice [ 49 ] 2011 Cooking with Poo Saiyuud Diwong Urban Neighbours of Hope Thai cookbook – "Poo" (" ปู ") is Saiyuud Diwong's nickname. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] 2012 Goblinproofing One's Chicken Coop Reginald Bakeley Conari Press Guide to banishing fairies from your home [ 52 ] [ 53 ] 2013 How to Poo on a Date Mats & Enzo Prion Press "The Lovers' Guide to Toilet Etiquette" [ 19 ] [ 54 ] 2014 Strangers Have the Best Candy Margaret Meps Schulte Choose Art Self-published travelogue [ 13 ] [ 55 ] 2015 Too Naked For the Nazis Alan Stafford Fantom Films Biography of Wilson, Keppel and Betty published by Fantom Films [ 56 ] [ 57 ] 2016 The Commuter Pig Keeper: A Comprehensive Guide to Keeping Pigs when Time is your Most Precious Commodity Michaela Giles Old Pond Publishing Practical guide to looking after a small herd of pigs [ 58 ] [ 59 ] 2017 No award given 2018 The Joy of Waterboiling Thomas Götz von Aust Achse Verlag [ 60 ] First non-English language book to win the prize (published in German with English title) [ 61 ] [ 62 ] 2019 The Dirt Hole and its Variations Charles L Dobbins Self-published [ 63 ] First posthumous author to win the prize [ 64 ] [ 65 ] 2020 A Dog Pissing at the Edge of a Path: Animal Metaphors in Eastern Indonesian Society Gregory Forth McGill-Queen's University Press First Canadian author to win the prize [ 66 ] [ 67 ] 2021 Is Superman Circumcised? Roy Schwartz McFarland & Company A study of the Jewish origins of Superman . The author responded to his win, saying, "The competition was stiff, but I'm glad I was able to rise to the challenge." [ 68 ] [ 69 ] 2022 RuPedagogies of Realness: Essays on Teaching and Learning With RuPaul's Drag Race Lindsay Bryde and Tommy Mayberry McFarland & Company An academic work based on RuPaul's Drag Race . [ 70 ] [ 71 ] 2023 Danger Sound Klaxon! The Horn That Changed History Matthew F Jordan University of Virginia Press The history of the klaxon horn. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] 2024 The Philosopher Fish: Sturgeon, Caviar, and the Geography of Desire Richard Adams Carey Brandeis University Press Updated edition of book originally published in 2005 about sturgeon and rise of the caviar industry. [ 74 ] 2025 The Pornographic Delicatessen: Midcentury Montréal's Erotic Art, Media, and Spaces Matthew Purvis Concordia University Press History of post-Second World War Montreal art scene. Winner with the lowest voter share and by the narrowest margin. [ 9 ] See also Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest , for the worst opening line of a (fictitious) book. Lyttle Lytton Contest , a derivative favouring extremely short first sentences. References ^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Bent, Horace (21 October 2009). "A Bluffer's Guide to the Diagram Prize" . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . ^ a b c d Lyall, Sarah (27 March 2009). "Odd Prize: Judging a Book by Its Title" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 April 2009 . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . ^ a b c Rickett, Joel (2008). How to Avoid Huge Ships and Other Implausibly Titled Books . London: Aurum Press . pp. 6– 7. ISBN 978-1-84513-321-4 . ^ a b "Diagram book for Xmas" . The Bookseller . 28 March 2008. Archived from the original on 1 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . ^ a b c d Rickett, p. 9 ^ a b Ezard, John (21 January 2005). "Bombproof Your Horse wins title fight" . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 March 2009 . ^ a b Bent, Horace (12 January 2009). "An odd question" . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on 14 April 2009 . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . ^ a b c "Fromage Frais wins odd title prize" . The Bookseller . 27 March 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . ^ a b Bent, Horace (21 November 2025). "The Pornographic Delicatessen triumphs in the tightest race in Diagram Prize history" . The Bookseller . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ a b c d Bent, Horace (26 October 2018). "When success is not enough" . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on 26 October 2018 . Retrieved 26 October 2018 . ^ Neilan, Catherine (3 February 2010). "Record number of submissions for the 2009 odd title prize" . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . ^ Bent, Horace (2 February 2010). "The 2009 Diagram Prize: A Prequel" . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on 12 April 2010 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . ^ a b "Strangers Have the Best Candy wins Diagram Prize" . The Bookseller . 27 March 2015. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . ^ "Nether regions and pavements hot on Diagram Prize shortlist" . The Bookseller . 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . ^ a b Rickett, p. 10 ^ "More odd than odd" . The Bookseller . 7 August 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . ^ "Midnight's Children wins the Best of the Booker" . Man Booker Prize . 10 July 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . ^ a b "Oddest book titles prize shortlist announced" . The Bookseller . 22 February 2008. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . ^ a b Bent, Horace (21 March 2014). "How to Poo on a Date wins Diagram Prize" . welovethisbook.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . ^ Rickett, p. 7. ^ "Oddest title is crowned" . The Bookseller . 28 March 2008. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . ^ Aurum Press Catalogue: Autumn 2009 (PDF) . London: Aurum Press . 2009. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. ^ Flood, Alison (27 March 2009). "Oddest Book Title prize goes to treatise on fromage frais" . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 March 2009 . ^ Flood, Alison (5 September 2008). "Greek Postmen win oddest book title prize" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 December 2022 . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . ^ a b "Greek Postman wins Diagram of Diagrams" . The Bookseller . 5 September 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 5 September 2008 . ^ Klein, Jen; Geib, Rob; Wernet, Dorothee (8 July 2005). "Book Reviews". Immunogenetics . 7 : 565– 566. doi : 10.1007/BF01844046 . S2CID 39024367 . ^ "Mantex Newsletter – Issue 35" . mantex.co.uk . October 2000. Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . ^ F. E. Dolzhenkov. "Unsolved Problems of Modern Theory of Lengthwise Rolling" . Metallurgical and Mining Industry . 1 (1): 33. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 July 2012 . ^ Rickett, pp. 38–39 ^ Rickett, pp. 88–89 ^ Bent Horace, pp.16–17 ^ Russell, John (4 March 1988). "Art: Versailles Palace in Swedish Perspective" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2009 . ^ Rickett, pp. 94–95 ^ Rickett, p. 78 ^ Rickett, p. 90 ^ Rickett, pp. 24–25 ^ Rickett, pp. 66–67 ^ Rickett, pp. 34–35 ^ Ezard, John (27 November 1999). "Weeds oust insects' genitalia to win title" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . ^ Aerospace Industries Division, Institution of Mechanical Engineers (Great Britain) (2000). Designing High Performance Stiffened Structures (Imeche Seminar Publication) . ISBN 978-1860583087 . ^ Yates, Emma (30 November 2001). "Manslaughter Service kills off competition in battle of strange titles" . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . ^ "Australian Humour > Living with Crazy Buttocks" . bookworm.com.au . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 March 2009 . ^ Simon, Anna (7 November 2002). "Review: The Big Book of Lesbian Horse Stories" . The Portland Mercury . 3 (23). Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2009 . ^ Rickett, pp. 46–47 ^ Hill, Gary Leon (2005). People Who Don't Know They're Dead: How They Attach Themselves to Unsuspecting Bystanders and What to Do About It . ISBN 978-1578632978 . ^ Rickett, pp. 26–27 ^ "Trolley book wins odd title prize" . BBC News . 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ "Book mixing math and crochet wins UK 'odd' prize" . The Independent . 26 March 2010. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ "Genghis Khan dentistry book wins odd title prize" . BBC News . 25 March 2011. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . ^ "Cooking with Poo wins Diagram Prize for oddest title" . BBC News . 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . ^ " 'Cooking With Poo' wins oddest title book award" . The Telegraph . 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ "Goblinproofing wins Diagram Prize for oddest book title" . BBC News . 22 March 2013. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . ^ " 'Goblinproofing One's Chicken Coop' wins prize for year's oddest book title" . Fox News . Associated Press. 22 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ "How to Poo on a Date wins Diagram Prize" . CBC.ca . Associated Press. 21 March 2014. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ "Diagram Prize: Strangers Have the Best Candy wins odd title award" . BBC News . 27 March 2015. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ "Too Naked For the Nazis claims 38th Diagram Prize" . The Bookseller . 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . ^ " 'Too Naked for the Nazis' wins odd book-title prize" . AP News . 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ "Some pig: porcine sizzler claims 39th Diagram Prize" . Bookseller . 27 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . ^ " 'The Commuter Pig Keeper' wins 2017 Diagram Prize" . booksandpublishing.com.au . 28 July 2017. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ "The Diagram Prize 2018 shortlist revealed" . The Bookseller . 26 October 2018. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018 . Retrieved 26 October 2018 . ^ Bent, Horace (23 November 2018). "Full boil: foreign language entry wins 2018 Diagram Prize" . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on 24 November 2018 . Retrieved 24 November 2018 . ^ Flood, Alison (23 November 2018). "The Joy of Waterboiling: kettle cookbook wins oddest book title award" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ Bent, Horace (1 November 2019). "Life begins—again—at 41 for the Diagram Prize as six vie for title" . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on 1 November 2019 . Retrieved 1 November 2019 . ^ Bent, Horace (29 November 2019). "The Dirt Hole cleans up to claim the 2019 Diagram Prize" . The Bookseller . Archived from the original on 29 November 2019 . Retrieved 29 November 2019 . ^ "The Dirt Hole and Its Variations by Charles L. Dobbins wins prize for oddest book title of 2019" . CBC.ca . 2 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ "Let it flow: A Dog Pissing at the Edge of a Path wins 42nd Diagram Prize" . The Bookseller . 27 November 2020. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020 . Retrieved 27 November 2020 . ^ Harrison, Ellie (27 November 2020). "A Dog Pissing at the Edge of a Path wins oddest book title of 2020" . The Independent . Archived from the original on 26 October 2021 . Retrieved 8 June 2021 . ^ "Is Superman Circumcised? wins Diagram Prize for Oddest Book Title of the Year" . The Bookseller . 3 December 2021. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021 . Retrieved 6 December 2021 . ^ Flood, Alison (3 December 2021). "Is Superman Circumcised? wins oddest book title of the year award" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 August 2022 . Retrieved 5 December 2021 . ^ "RuPedagogies of Realness wins the 2022 Diagram Prize for Oddest Book Title of the Year" . The Bookseller . 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022 . Retrieved 9 December 2022 . ^ "Oddest Book Title of the Year shortlist announced for The Diagram Prize 2022" . The Bookseller . 4 November 2022. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022 . Retrieved 4 November 2022 . ^ "Danger Sound Klaxon! picks up the Diagram Prize gong" . The Bookseller . 8 December 2023. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023 . Retrieved 8 December 2023 . ^ Bent, Horace (10 November 2023). "All-American line-up revealed for this year's Diagram Prize" . The Bookseller. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023 . Retrieved 8 December 2023 . ^ Bent, Horace (6 December 2024). "Philosopher Fish claims The Bookseller/Diagram Prize for the Oddest Book Title of the Year" . The Bookseller . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . Bibliography Bent, Horace (2009). Baboon Metaphysics and More Implausibly Titled Books . London: Aurum Press . ISBN 978-1-84513-498-3 Rickett, Joel (2008). How to Avoid Huge Ships and Other Implausibly Titled Books . London: Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-84513-321-4 External links Study of soft cheese wins oddest book title award Horace Bent on The Bookseller . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot summary 2 Development and themes Toggle Development and themes subsection 2.1 Composition and literary influences 2.2 Feminism and matriarchy 2.3 Northern landscapes 2.1 Composition and literary influences 2.2 Feminism and matriarchy 2.3 Northern landscapes 3 Publication and reception Toggle Publication and reception subsection 3.1 Accolades 3.1 Accolades 4 Notes 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 Citations 5.2 Book and journal sources 5.3 Magazine and online sources 5.1 Citations 5.2 Book and journal sources 5.3 Magazine and online sources 6 External links The Snow Queen (Kernaghan novel) Español فارسی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Author Eileen Kernaghan Language English Publisher Thistledown Press Publication date May 2000 Media type .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} E-book paperback E-book paperback Pages 158 ISBN .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} 978-1-894345-14-9 OCLC 1162809041 The Snow Queen is a 2000 young-adult fantasy novel by the Canadian writer Eileen Kernaghan . It follows Gerda, a young Danish woman who sets out to rescue her childhood friend Kai from Madame Aurore, a magician known as the Snow Queen. She is joined on her journey by Ritva, a young Sámi woman born to a shamaness and a robber. The novel is based on Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale " The Snow Queen " (1844), but incorporates elements of Scandinavian shamanism and influences from the Kalevala (1835), a compilation of Finnish mythology and epic poetry . It also explores feminist themes, reinterpreting several plot elements from Andersen's original with contemporary shifts. The Snow Queen was published by Thistledown Press and received positive reviews. It received the Aurora Award for Best Novel in 2001 and was considered for two other accolades. Plot summary In nineteenth-century Denmark, Gerda quarrels with her childhood friend Kai after he criticizes her poetry. Having become more interested in scientific pursuits, Kai becomes acquainted with Baroness Aurore – a visiting academic – and decides to take an apprenticeship at her estate in Sweden. After he fails to write back for several months, Gerda sets out to find him. Pretending to leave on a vacation, she travels to Aurore's estate, but discovers the two have gone north for the summer. Meanwhile, Ritva, a young Sámi woman born to a shamaness and a robber, begins to have spiritual visions and nightmares. Having inherited powers of prophecy from her mother, Ritva is beginning to grow into a shamaness as well. However, she despises her parents and how her mother behaves when possessed by spirits. She dreads eventually having to take her mother's place in their clan. Gerda continues journeying north, meeting two women who arrange a carriage for her, but is kidnapped by Ritva and her clan. Gerda is imprisoned in an abandoned castle through the winter and the following summer, growing increasingly depressed. After conversing with spirits, Ritva eventually decides to escape her clan and join Gerda in finding Kai. They set out in the fall with Ritva's reindeer, meeting a woman along the way who writes a message on a fish and directs them to an old wisewoman. They learn that Aurore is the Snow Queen – a magician with dominion over the northern lands – and plan to journey to her palace. The two join the crew of a northbound ship, but it is struck by pack ice at sea and capsized. The crew reaches a small island with supplies to wait out the winter, but the women continue walking over the frozen sea, coming to Aurore's palace at the North Pole. Aurore has enchanted Kai to futilely labour in the pursuit of all knowledge, driving him nearly to madness. She offers to release him if Gerda and Ritva perform three impossible tasks, which they complete through trickery and magic. Aurore then refuses to return Kai unless Ritva sacrifices her reindeer in exchange. Determined not to abide by her terms, Ritva enchants the palace's inhabitants to sleep. Pursued by Aurore, the two escape with Kai to the southward seas, and are rescued by a vessel heading to the mainland. Gerda discovers that Kai, who she had intended to marry, is no longer as she remembers, as he remains solely interested in science. Ritva convinces Gerda that returning to domestic life is impossible after their experiences; the two embrace, and Ritva tells her to return soon. Development and themes Composition and literary influences The novel is based on Hans Christian Andersen 's " The Snow Queen " (1844), [ 1 ] which Eileen Kernaghan chose for a young-adult rendition as it was her favourite fairy tale. She considered her novel a " retelling " of the tale, a compositional approach she had not taken for any other work. [ 2 ] Kernaghan had previously written a poem and a short story based on the tale; the latter was published in 1995. [ 3 ] [ a ] As the idea continued to hold her interest, she decided to expand them into the novel. [ 4 ] The novel is a fantasy , but the scholars Anna E. Altmann and Gail de Vos wrote that its magic "runs side-by-side with historical realism ", [ 5 ] and Kernaghan used various non-fiction sources to develop the setting. [ 6 ] She felt that there was a contrast between her novel's "older, darker" features and Andersen's fiction, which is based in Christianity . [ 2 ] The novel includes elements of northern Scandinavian shamanism, [ 7 ] in which she became interested while conducting research for her previous work Dance of the Snow Dragon (1995). [ 8 ] She also drew influence from the Kalevala (1835), a compilation of Finnish mythology and epic poetry , which she felt paralleled the narrative of the original tale. [ 9 ] The ending in particular derives several events from the myths, and consequently follows a different narrative, which she considered a significant divergence from Andersen. [ 6 ] The characters are also markedly older in Kernaghan's version, adolescents rather than children, and the scholar Mary-Ann Stouck wrote that Kernaghan reverses the original's "meaning" by depicting them transitioning into adulthood rather than returning to an innocent, nescient state at the tale's end. [ 10 ] Kernaghan stated that she disliked the more "conventional mid-Victorian ending" of the original, in which Gerda and Kay [ b ] end up together. [ 2 ] Andersen's story depicts the triumph of faith and love over scientific reason through these characters. [ 11 ] By contrast, the novel calls their relationship into question when Kai reveals no emotional warmth towards her and continues to pursue knowledge, [ 12 ] which Stouck felt transforms the opposing philosophies into "an explicit gender issue". [ 11 ] The literary scholar Naomi Wood wrote that the novel, like other adaptations of the tale, renders Gerda's reunion with Kai "anticlimactic, even pointless"; [ 13 ] Kernaghan's version instead focuses on the relationship between Gerda and Ritva, and implies that neither choose to settle into domesticity, maintaining their relationship after the novel's end. [ 14 ] Feminism and matriarchy Kernaghan stated in an interview with Strange Horizons that her rendition is a feminist interpretation of the tale, [ 15 ] although she acknowledged that Andersen himself overturns the gendered convention of the fairy tale genre by having his heroine save the boy. [ 16 ] The Little Robber Maiden, a minor character in Andersen's version, [ 17 ] was her favourite in the tale, and she intended to build on it to create "uniquely independent female characters". [ 16 ] The character appears in the novel as Ritva, a young woman of a Sámi clan. [ 18 ] Being wild and illiterate, the writer Clélie Rich said that Ritva begins as Gerda's "antithesis", but the two grow into allies and companions as they slowly recognize each other's strengths. [ 19 ] In contrast with the original character, Ritva takes an active role in the plot, accompanying Gerda on her journey, [ 20 ] a choice shared among several other adaptations of Andersen's tale. [ 13 ] The literary scholar Peter Bramwell found that the Lapland woman and Finnmark woman – who, in the original story, respectively write a message on a fish and bind the winds – are essentially integrated into Ritva's character. [ 21 ] Rich found that Ritva, being aware of "worlds beyond the physical", acts as a mentor to Gerda. [ 22 ] However, Kernaghan also wanted to portray Gerda as "in many ways [...] the stronger of the two" through her unwavering resolve for her quest. [ 8 ] The communications scholar Sanna Lehtonen viewed the matrilineal structure of the novel's shamanistic tradition as part of a broader trend in contemporary fiction, rooted in radical feminism , to replace the negative stereotypes associated with witchcraft, supplanting "wicked crones and evil enchantresses" with wise or sympathetic figures. [ 23 ] She also wrote that the women's "way of life offers an alternative" to the depiction of uncleanliness and debauchery that define the men of Ritva's clan. [ 24 ] While Ritva is initially repulsed by Sámi shamanism, she finds "self-realization and empowerment" through it, according to Bramwell. [ 21 ] However, she rejects her cultural role as a healer for her community, disowning her matriarchal heritage in an assertion of individualism as she views her mother as an irritable "hag", which Lehtonen found to be a discouraging conclusion. [ 17 ] The literary scholar Joanne Findon felt that the novel "blurs the conventional boundaries between masculine and feminine" by portraying women as holders of powerful positions, including those related to roles in the home. [ 25 ] Gerda, for example, embroiders a cloth as part of a task to rescue Kai. [ 26 ] Her initiative to pursue her love interest and employment of deception to achieve her objectives are both typically reserved for male characters in traditional tales. [ 27 ] Ritva also communes with the heroes of the Kalevala and assumes their responsibilities when setting out against the Snow Queen. Findon saw this moment as a crossing of traditional gender boundaries, as the legendary heroes are all male. [ 20 ] The three impossible tasks that Aurore sets the two women are rooted in the epic, [ 28 ] and Ritva identifies herself with its legendary male shaman Väinö . [ 29 ] Although these tasks have the trappings of a fairy tale confrontation, Findon wrote that Kernaghan's version "violates gender expectations" by featuring women in all roles of the conflict. [ 30 ] Northern landscapes Findon analyzed The Snow Queen as a depiction of the "idea of north", in reference to Glenn Gould 's radio documentary The Idea of North (1967), which she considered an important aspect of Canadian identity. [ 18 ] She also examined its imaginative geography of Arctic landscapes, based on Edward Said 's concept of the human perception of environments. [ 32 ] According to Lehtonen, Kernaghan's prospective readers would view northern Europe as a "distant fairytale country" holding the potential for supernatural events to transpire. [ 7 ] Findon wrote that Madame Aurore – her name itself a reference to the northern lights – is not simply evil, but a representative of nature as "an implacable force that is hostile to humans." [ 33 ] Aurore's character also differs from Andersen's Snow Queen, and Findon found a closer similarity with the Kalevala 's Hag of the North . [ 18 ] Findon also examined the north as a metaphor for adolescent rebellion and metamorphosis. [ 18 ] The landscapes that Gerda encounters grow increasingly supernatural as she approaches the Pole, and Findon wrote that her rising unfamiliarity with her surroundings "[mirrors] her emotional journey" and search for identity as a young adult. [ 34 ] She also felt that the huts of the Lapland and Finnmark women highlight Gerda and Ritva's growth in power on their journey. [ 35 ] Both huts are integrated into the surrounding landscapes, which Findon found reflective of Ritva's connection to the "primal power of the land", and both old women comment on Gerda's hidden strength and determination. [ 36 ] Publication and reception The 158-page trade paperback was published by Thistledown Press in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan, in May 2000, [ 39 ] and received praise from reviewers in fantasy and science fiction magazines . [ 22 ] Reviewers commended the depiction of Gerda and Ritva's relationship. [ 40 ] The Locus reviewer Carolyn Cushman appreciated the "strong foil " she felt Ritva created for the milder, city-dwelling Gerda, [ 39 ] a view echoed by the critic and writer Don D'Ammassa in a review for Science Fiction Chronicle , who said that their dynamic was the highlight of the novel. [ 41 ] The writer and critic Russell Blackford , in an article for The New York Review of Science Fiction , wrote that the novel was an "engaging fantasy" that portrays the female protagonists supporting each other and having access to the same opportunities as men, presenting an appealing moral for an audience of teenage girls. However, he disliked the characterization of the antagonist as a woman of scientific accomplishment, which he felt was an attempt to cater to a potential anti-intellectual stance among her younger readers that he found "almost completely gratuitous". [ 38 ] Multiple reviewers praised Kernaghan's prose, [ 42 ] including Krista V. Johansen , who found the novel's fantasy to be convincing and immersive. [ 43 ] Stouck felt that the descriptive writing towards the end of the novel effectively heightened the suspense. [ 44 ] In Realms of Fantasy , Paul Di Filippo found Kernaghan's style to be "quiet, economical, but carefully considered". [ 45 ] Denise Dumars, in a review for Cinescape , compared the novel favourably to the original tale, particularly praising the setting and depiction of Sámi culture, which she found intriguing. [ 46 ] Cushman also felt that the novel surpasses the merits of Andersen's original in several aspects, including the ending, which she found "bittersweet". [ 39 ] Lehtonen, however, wrote that the Finnish elements derived from the Kalevala are not clearly delineated from the details drawn from Sámi traditions, such as the presence of natural spirits and the shaman ritual of singing while beating a drum. [ 24 ] Accolades Award ceremony / organization Year Category Result Ref. Aurora Awards 2001 Best Long-form Work in English Won [ 47 ] Canadian Library Association 2002 Book of the Year for Children Award Shortlisted [ 48 ] Endeavour Award 2001 Distinguished Novel or Collection Longlisted [ 49 ] Notes ^ Kernaghan stated that she expanded her poem, titled "The Robber Maiden's Story", into a short story with the same title years prior to her novel. [ 4 ] Kernaghan wrote the story for an adult audience, and it therefore differs from the equivalent chapters in the novel: Gerda and Ritva develop a sexual relationship, and Gerda continues her journey to the Snow Queen's palace alone. [ 50 ] The short story was published in a 1995 issue of the Canadian magazine TransVersions , [ 3 ] and in a 2015 issue of Pulp Literature . [ 51 ] ^ a b Kay is the spelling of the character's name used by Hans Christian Andersen . References Citations ^ Bramwell 2009 , p. 102; Findon 2018 , p. 198. ^ a b c Schellenberg & Switzer 2006 . ^ a b Brown & Contento . ^ a b Schellenberg & Switzer 2006 ; Wolf , cited in Findon 2018 , p. 212, note 3. ^ Altmann & de Vos 2001 , p. 159. ^ a b Wolf . ^ a b Lehtonen 2019 , p. 332. ^ a b Wolf , cited in Contemporary Authors 2004 , p. 250. ^ Bramwell 2009 , p. 102; Wolf . ^ Findon 2018 , p. 198; Stouck 2002 , p. 91. ^ a b Stouck 2002 , p. 90. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 210. ^ a b Wood 2006 , p. 199. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 211; Wood 2006 , p. 199. ^ Wolf 2005 . ^ a b Wolf , cited in Bramwell 2009 , p. 102. ^ a b Lehtonen 2019 , p. 336. ^ a b c d Findon 2018 , p. 198. ^ Rich 2002 , p. 156; Stouck 2002 , pp. 90–91. ^ a b Findon 2018 , p. 201. ^ a b Bramwell 2009 , p. 102. ^ a b Rich 2002 , p. 156. ^ Lehtonen 2019 , p. 333. ^ a b Lehtonen 2019 , p. 335. ^ Findon 2018 , pp. 198, 200–201. ^ Findon 2018 , pp. 206–207. ^ Findon 2018 , pp. 199–200. ^ Bramwell 2009 , p. 104. ^ Bramwell 2009 , p. 104; Findon 2018 , p. 206. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 206. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 198; Lehtonen 2019 , p. 332. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 198; Hudson 2018 , pp. 1–4. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 204. ^ Findon 2018 , pp. 198–199. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 202. ^ Findon 2018 , pp. 202–203. ^ Findon 2018 , p. 205. ^ a b Blackford 2001 , p. 22. ^ a b c Cushman 2000 , p. 33. ^ Blackford 2001 , p. 22; Cushman 2000 , p. 33; D'Ammassa 2000 , p. 44. ^ D'Ammassa 2000 , p. 44. ^ Blackford 2001 , p. 22; Di Filippo 2000 , p. 92; Mackey 2000 , pp. 25, 28; Stouck 2002 , p. 91. ^ Johansen 2007 , pp. 71–72. ^ Stouck 2002 , p. 91. ^ Di Filippo 2000 , p. 92. ^ Dumars 2000 . ^ Science Fiction Awards Database . ^ Mitchoff 2002 , p. 56; Rich 2002 , p. 156. ^ Science Fiction Chronicle 2001 , p. 6. ^ Pulp Literature 2015 , pp. 29–30. ^ Stephensen-Payne . Book and journal sources Altmann, Anna E.; de Vos, Gail (2001). Tales, Then and Now: More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults . Libraries Unlimited . ISBN 978-1-5630-8831-5 . Bramwell, Peter (2009). Pagan Themes in Modern Children's Fiction: Green Man, Shamanism, Earth Mysteries . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978-0-230-23689-9 . "Kernaghan, Eileen 1939–". Contemporary Authors . Vol. 221. Gale . 2004. pp. 248– 254. ISBN 978-0-7876-9334-3 . ISSN 0010-7468 . Hudson, Aïda, ed. (2018). Children's Literature and Imaginative Geography . Wilfrid Laurier University Press . ISBN 978-1-7711-2325-9 . Hudson, Aïda. Introduction. In Hudson 2018 , pp. 1–22. Findon, Joanne. "The imaginary north in Eileen Kernaghan's The Snow Queen ". In Hudson 2018 , pp. 197–214. Hudson, Aïda. Introduction. In Hudson 2018 , pp. 1–22. Findon, Joanne. "The imaginary north in Eileen Kernaghan's The Snow Queen ". In Hudson 2018 , pp. 197–214. Johansen, Krista V. (2007). Beyond Window-Dressing?: Canadian Children's Fantasy at the Millenium . Sybertooth . ISBN 978-0-9688-0245-8 . Lehtonen, Sanna (2019). "Touring the magical North – borealism and the indigenous Sámi in contemporary English-language children's fantasy literature" . European Journal of Cultural Studies . 22 (3): 327– 344. doi : 10.1177/1367549417722091 . ISSN 1460-3551 . Rich, Clélie (2002). "Eileen Kernaghan". In Ivison, Douglas (ed.). Canadian Fantasy and Science-Fiction Writers . Dictionary of Literary Biography . Vol. 251. Gale . pp. 149– 156. ISBN 978-0-7876-4668-4 . Wood, Naomi (2006). "The ugly duckling's legacy: adulteration, contemporary fantasy, and the dark". Marvels & Tales . 20 (2): 193– 207. doi : 10.1353/mat.2007.0019 . ISSN 1536-1802 . Magazine and online sources Blackford, Russell (March 2001). " The Snow Queen by Eileen Kernaghan". The New York Review of Science Fiction . Vol. 13, no. 7. p. 22. ISSN 1052-9438 . Brown, Charles N. ; Contento, William G. (eds.). "Contests lists" . The Locus Index to Science Fiction . Archived from the original on September 7, 2025. Cushman, Carolyn (July 2000). "Short reviews by Carolyn Cushman". Locus . Vol. 45, no. 1. p. 33. ISSN 0047-4959 . D'Ammassa, Don (August 2000). " The Snow Queen ". Science Fiction Chronicle . Vol. 21, no. 4. p. 44. ISSN 1930-3858 . ProQuest 205499161 . Di Filippo, Paul (October 2000). "Books". Realms of Fantasy . p. 92. ISSN 1078-1951 . Dumars, Denise (August 18, 2000). "Fiction review: The Snow Queen and Dance of the Snow Dragon " . Cinescape . Archived from the original on December 16, 2005. Mackey, Margaret (October 2000). " The Snow Queen ". Resource Links . Vol. 6, no. 1. pp. 25, 28. ISSN 1201-7647 . ProQuest 215236990 . Mitchoff, Kate Houston (June 2002). "Furthermore". Teacher Librarian . Vol. 29, no. 5. pp. 56– 60. ISSN 1481-1782 . ProQuest 224879189 . "Interview: Eileen Kernaghan". Pulp Literature . No. 5. Winter 2015. pp. 29– 32. ISSN 2292-2164 . "Aurora Awards 2001" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Archived from the original on March 2, 2024. "Endeavour Award nominations". Science Fiction Chronicle . Vol. 22, no. 9. September 2001. p. 6. ISSN 1930-3858 . ProQuest 205519921 . Schellenberg, James; Switzer, David M. (March 10, 2006). "Interview with Eileen Kernaghan" . Challenging Destiny . Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Stephensen-Payne, Phil (ed.). "Magazine contents lists: page 924" . The General Fiction Magazine Index . Archived from the original on May 20, 2025. Stouck, Mary-Ann (Winter 2002). "Twice-told tales" . Canadian Children's Literature . No. 108. pp. 90– 91. ISSN 0319-0080 . Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2024. Wolf, Casey June (March 28, 2005). "Interview: Eileen Kernaghan, poet and novelist" . Strange Horizons . Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Wolf, Casey June. "Revisiting The Snow Queen " . The Online Lonely Cry . Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. External links The Snow Queen title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database " Wild women, robber-maids and travelling ladies " at Eileen Kernaghan's blog .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Eileen Kernaghan v t e Novels Dance of the Snow Dragon (1995) The Snow Queen (2000) The Alchemist's Daughter (2004) Dance of the Snow Dragon (1995) The Snow Queen (2000) The Alchemist's Daughter (2004) Novels by Eileen Kernaghan Novels by Eileen Kernaghan v t e Hans Christian Andersen 's " The Snow Queen " (1844) v t e Films The Snow Queen (1957) The Snow Queen (1967) The Snow Queen (1986) The Snow Queen (1995) The Snow Queen's Revenge (1996) Snow Queen (2002) The Snow Queen (2005) The Huntsman: Winter's War (2016) Wizart film series The Snow Queen (2012) The Snow Queen 2 (2014) The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice (2016) The Snow Queen: Mirrorlands (2019) The Snow Queen and the Princess (2022) The Snow Queen (1957) The Snow Queen (1967) The Snow Queen (1986) The Snow Queen (1995) The Snow Queen's Revenge (1996) Snow Queen (2002) The Snow Queen (2005) The Huntsman: Winter's War (2016) Wizart film series The Snow Queen (2012) The Snow Queen 2 (2014) The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice (2016) The Snow Queen: Mirrorlands (2019) The Snow Queen and the Princess (2022) The Snow Queen (2012) The Snow Queen 2 (2014) The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice (2016) The Snow Queen: Mirrorlands (2019) The Snow Queen and the Princess (2022) Literature The Snow Queen (1980) The Snow Queen (2000) The Wizard of London (2005) The Snow Queen (2008) Ophelia and the Marvelous Boy (2014) The Snow Queen (1980) The Snow Queen (2000) The Wizard of London (2005) The Snow Queen (2008) Ophelia and the Marvelous Boy (2014) Operas The Snow Queen (King) Die Schneekönigin (Albrecht) The Snow Queen (Abrahamsen) The Snow Queen (King) Die Schneekönigin (Albrecht) The Snow Queen (Abrahamsen) Other The Snow Queen (1985 video game) The Snow Queen (2005 anime series) The Fairytaler ("The Snow Queen" Parts 1 and 2) Disney's Frozen Frozen (2013) Frozen 2 (2019) Once Upon a Time season 4 Kingdom Hearts III (2019) The Snow Queen (1985 video game) The Snow Queen (2005 anime series) The Fairytaler ("The Snow Queen" Parts 1 and 2) Disney's Frozen Frozen (2013) Frozen 2 (2019) Once Upon a Time season 4 Kingdom Hearts III (2019) Frozen (2013) Frozen 2 (2019) Once Upon a Time season 4 season 4 Kingdom Hearts III (2019) v t e The Kalevala v t e Gods Ahti Ilmatar Loviatar Päivätär and Kuutar Surma Tapio Kuippana Tuonetar Tuoni Ukko Jumala Rauni Untamo [ fi ] Vammatar Vellamo Ahti Ilmatar Loviatar Päivätär and Kuutar Surma Tapio Kuippana Kuippana Tuonetar Tuoni Ukko Jumala Jumala Rauni Untamo [ fi ] Vammatar Vellamo Heroes Ilmarinen Kullervo Lemminkäinen Väinämöinen Ilmarinen Kullervo Lemminkäinen Väinämöinen Villains Lempo Hiisi Joukahainen Louhi Lempo Hiisi Joukahainen Louhi Others Aino Antero Vipunen Iku-Turso Mielikki Tellervo Nyyrikki Otso Sampsa Pellervoinen Syöjätär Aino Antero Vipunen Iku-Turso Mielikki Tellervo Tellervo Nyyrikki Otso Sampsa Pellervoinen Syöjätär Places Ahtola [ fi ] Metsola Pohjola Tuonela Väinölä [ fi ] Ahtola [ fi ] Metsola Pohjola Tuonela Väinölä [ fi ] Things Kantele Sampo Sima Turja Ukonvasara Vuoksi Kantele Sampo Sima Turja Ukonvasara Vuoksi Works inspired by the Kalevala The Children of Húrin The Children of Mon and Man Kalevipoeg The Lord of the Rings The Silmarillion The Snow Queen (2000 novel) The Song of Hiawatha The Tomten in Åbo Castle The Wall of Serpents The Children of Húrin The Children of Mon and Man Kalevipoeg The Lord of the Rings The Silmarillion The Snow Queen (2000 novel) The Song of Hiawatha The Tomten in Åbo Castle The Wall of Serpents Other related Sampo (1959 film) Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes Elric of Melniboné Finnish mythology Finnish paganism Finnish neopaganism Influences on Tolkien Iron Danger Jade Warrior Die Kalewainen in Pochjola Kalevala: The New Era Kalevala: The Story of Kullervo Kalevala Day Kalevala House Kalevala Society Kalevala translations Kanteletar Mythologia Fennica Noita The Princess of Cyprus The Quest for Kalevala J. R. R. Tolkien's The Story of Kullervo Uhtua Sampo (1959 film) Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes Elric of Melniboné Finnish mythology Finnish paganism Finnish neopaganism Finnish neopaganism Influences on Tolkien Iron Danger Jade Warrior Die Kalewainen in Pochjola Kalevala: The New Era Kalevala: The Story of Kullervo Kalevala Day Kalevala House Kalevala Society Kalevala translations Kanteletar Mythologia Fennica Noita The Princess of Cyprus The Quest for Kalevala J. R. R. Tolkien's The Story of Kullervo Uhtua Authority control databases Open Library Open Library 2000 Canadian novels 2000 fantasy novels Books about indigenous peoples Canadian fantasy novels Feminist fantasy novels Novels about magic Novels based on fairy tales Novels based on poems Novels based on works by Hans Christian Andersen Novels by Eileen Kernaghan Novels set in Denmark Novels set in Norway Novels set in Sweden Novels set in the 19th century Religion in fantasy fiction Shamanism in popular culture Works based on the Kalevala Works based on The Snow Queen Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Use Canadian English from August 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from June 2024 This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 06:26 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–27 of 27 results for author: Veeraraghavan, H Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10154 [ pdf ] cs.AI cs.CV cs.ET cs.LG cs.SE MHub.ai: A Simple, Standardized, and Reproducible Platform for AI Models in Medical Imaging Authors: Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Suraj Pai , Curtis Lisle , Steve Pieper , Ron Kikinis , Sil van de Leemput , Rahul Soni , Gowtham Murugesan , Cosmin Ciausu , Miriam Groeneveld , Felix J. Dorfner , Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan , Joeran S. Bosma , Keno Bressem , Raymond Mak , Andrey Fedorov , Hugo JWL Aerts Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access t… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access to AI models with minimal configuration, promoting accessibility and reproducibility in medical imaging. MHub.ai packages models from peer-reviewed publications into standardized containers that support direct processing of DICOM and other formats, provide a unified application interface, and embed structured metadata. Each model is accompanied by publicly available reference data that can be used to confirm model operation. MHub.ai includes an initial set of state-of-the-art segmentation, prediction, and feature extraction models for different modalities. The modular framework enables adaptation of any model and supports community contributions. We demonstrate the utility of the platform in a clinical use case through comparative evaluation of lung segmentation models. To further strengthen transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the generated segmentations and evaluation metrics and provide interactive dashboards that allow readers to inspect individual cases and reproduce or extend our analysis. By simplifying model use, MHub.ai enables side-by-side benchmarking with identical execution commands and standardized outputs, and lowers the barrier to clinical translation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.10154 [ pdf ] MHub.ai: A Simple, Standardized, and Reproducible Platform for AI Models in Medical Imaging Authors: Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Suraj Pai , Curtis Lisle , Steve Pieper , Ron Kikinis , Sil van de Leemput , Rahul Soni , Gowtham Murugesan , Cosmin Ciausu , Miriam Groeneveld , Felix J. Dorfner , Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan , Joeran S. Bosma , Keno Bressem , Raymond Mak , Andrey Fedorov , Hugo JWL Aerts Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access t… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access to AI models with minimal configuration, promoting accessibility and reproducibility in medical imaging. MHub.ai packages models from peer-reviewed publications into standardized containers that support direct processing of DICOM and other formats, provide a unified application interface, and embed structured metadata. Each model is accompanied by publicly available reference data that can be used to confirm model operation. MHub.ai includes an initial set of state-of-the-art segmentation, prediction, and feature extraction models for different modalities. The modular framework enables adaptation of any model and supports community contributions. We demonstrate the utility of the platform in a clinical use case through comparative evaluation of lung segmentation models. To further strengthen transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the generated segmentations and evaluation metrics and provide interactive dashboards that allow readers to inspect individual cases and reproduce or extend our analysis. By simplifying model use, MHub.ai enables side-by-side benchmarking with identical execution commands and standardized outputs, and lowers the barrier to clinical translation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2512.18679 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CL brat: Aligned Multi-View Embeddings for Brain MRI Analysis Authors: Maxime Kayser , Maksim Gridnev , Wanting Wang , Max Bain , Aneesh Rangnekar , Avijit Chatterjee , Aleksandr Petrov , Harini Veeraraghavan , Nathaniel C. Swinburne Abstract : We present brat (brain report alignment transformer), a multi-view representation learning framework for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) trained on MRIs paired with clinical reports. Brain MRIs present unique challenges due to the presence of numerous, highly varied, and often subtle abnormalities that are localized to a few slices within a 3D volume. To address these challenges, we introdu… ▽ More We present brat (brain report alignment transformer), a multi-view representation learning framework for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) trained on MRIs paired with clinical reports. Brain MRIs present unique challenges due to the presence of numerous, highly varied, and often subtle abnormalities that are localized to a few slices within a 3D volume. To address these challenges, we introduce a brain MRI dataset $10\times$ larger than existing ones, containing approximately 80,000 3D scans with corresponding radiology reports, and propose a multi-view pre-training approach inspired by advances in document retrieval. We develop an implicit query-feature matching mechanism and adopt concepts from quality-diversity to obtain multi-view embeddings of MRIs that are aligned with the clinical features given by report sentences. We evaluate our approach across multiple vision-language and vision tasks, demonstrating substantial performance improvements. The brat foundation models are publicly released. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: First round accept at WACV 2026 arXiv:2512.18679 [ pdf , ps , other ] brat: Aligned Multi-View Embeddings for Brain MRI Analysis Authors: Maxime Kayser , Maksim Gridnev , Wanting Wang , Max Bain , Aneesh Rangnekar , Avijit Chatterjee , Aleksandr Petrov , Harini Veeraraghavan , Nathaniel C. Swinburne Abstract : We present brat (brain report alignment transformer), a multi-view representation learning framework for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) trained on MRIs paired with clinical reports. Brain MRIs present unique challenges due to the presence of numerous, highly varied, and often subtle abnormalities that are localized to a few slices within a 3D volume. To address these challenges, we introdu… ▽ More We present brat (brain report alignment transformer), a multi-view representation learning framework for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) trained on MRIs paired with clinical reports. Brain MRIs present unique challenges due to the presence of numerous, highly varied, and often subtle abnormalities that are localized to a few slices within a 3D volume. To address these challenges, we introduce a brain MRI dataset $10\times$ larger than existing ones, containing approximately 80,000 3D scans with corresponding radiology reports, and propose a multi-view pre-training approach inspired by advances in document retrieval. We develop an implicit query-feature matching mechanism and adopt concepts from quality-diversity to obtain multi-view embeddings of MRIs that are aligned with the clinical features given by report sentences. We evaluate our approach across multiple vision-language and vision tasks, demonstrating substantial performance improvements. The brat foundation models are publicly released. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: First round accept at WACV 2026 arXiv:2512.08216 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.IV cs.CV cs.LG Tumor-anchored deep feature random forests for out-of-distribution detection in lung cancer segmentation Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Accurate segmentation of cancerous lesions from 3D computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and response assessment. However, even state-of-the-art models combining self-supervised learning (SSL) pretrained transformers with convolutional decoders are susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, generating confidently incorrect tumor segmentations, posing ri… ▽ More Accurate segmentation of cancerous lesions from 3D computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and response assessment. However, even state-of-the-art models combining self-supervised learning (SSL) pretrained transformers with convolutional decoders are susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, generating confidently incorrect tumor segmentations, posing risks for safe clinical deployment. Existing logit-based methods suffer from task-specific model biases, while architectural enhancements to explicitly detect OOD increase parameters and computational costs. Hence, we introduce a plug-and-play and lightweight post-hoc random forests-based OOD detection framework called RF-Deep that leverages deep features with limited outlier exposure. RF-Deep enhances generalization to imaging variations by repurposing the hierarchical features from the pretrained-then-finetuned backbone encoder, providing task-relevant OOD detection by extracting the features from multiple regions of interest anchored to the predicted tumor segmentations. Hence, it scales to images of varying fields-of-view. We compared RF-Deep against existing OOD detection methods using 1,916 CT scans across near-OOD (pulmonary embolism, negative COVID-19) and far-OOD (kidney cancer, healthy pancreas) datasets. RF-Deep achieved AUROC > 93.50 for the challenging near-OOD datasets and near-perfect detection (AUROC > 99.00) for the far-OOD datasets, substantially outperforming logit-based and radiomics approaches. RF-Deep maintained similar performance consistency across networks of different depths and pretraining strategies, demonstrating its effectiveness as a lightweight, architecture-agnostic approach to enhance the reliability of tumor segmentation from CT volumes. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.08216 [ pdf , ps , other ] Tumor-anchored deep feature random forests for out-of-distribution detection in lung cancer segmentation Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Accurate segmentation of cancerous lesions from 3D computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and response assessment. However, even state-of-the-art models combining self-supervised learning (SSL) pretrained transformers with convolutional decoders are susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, generating confidently incorrect tumor segmentations, posing ri… ▽ More Accurate segmentation of cancerous lesions from 3D computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and response assessment. However, even state-of-the-art models combining self-supervised learning (SSL) pretrained transformers with convolutional decoders are susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, generating confidently incorrect tumor segmentations, posing risks for safe clinical deployment. Existing logit-based methods suffer from task-specific model biases, while architectural enhancements to explicitly detect OOD increase parameters and computational costs. Hence, we introduce a plug-and-play and lightweight post-hoc random forests-based OOD detection framework called RF-Deep that leverages deep features with limited outlier exposure. RF-Deep enhances generalization to imaging variations by repurposing the hierarchical features from the pretrained-then-finetuned backbone encoder, providing task-relevant OOD detection by extracting the features from multiple regions of interest anchored to the predicted tumor segmentations. Hence, it scales to images of varying fields-of-view. We compared RF-Deep against existing OOD detection methods using 1,916 CT scans across near-OOD (pulmonary embolism, negative COVID-19) and far-OOD (kidney cancer, healthy pancreas) datasets. RF-Deep achieved AUROC > 93.50 for the challenging near-OOD datasets and near-perfect detection (AUROC > 99.00) for the far-OOD datasets, substantially outperforming logit-based and radiomics approaches. RF-Deep maintained similar performance consistency across networks of different depths and pretraining strategies, demonstrating its effectiveness as a lightweight, architecture-agnostic approach to enhance the reliability of tumor segmentation from CT volumes. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.03883 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Dual Cross-Attention Siamese Transformer for Rectal Tumor Regrowth Assessment in Watch-and-Wait Endoscopy Authors: Jorge Tapias Gomez , Despoina Kanata , Aneesh Rangnekar , Christina Lee , Julio Garcia-Aguilar , Joshua Jesse Smith , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Increasing evidence supports watch-and-wait (WW) surveillance for patients with rectal cancer who show clinical complete response (cCR) at restaging following total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT). However, objectively accurate methods to early detect local regrowth (LR) from follow-up endoscopy images during WW are essential to manage care and prevent distant metastases. Hence, we developed a Siamese… ▽ More Increasing evidence supports watch-and-wait (WW) surveillance for patients with rectal cancer who show clinical complete response (cCR) at restaging following total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT). However, objectively accurate methods to early detect local regrowth (LR) from follow-up endoscopy images during WW are essential to manage care and prevent distant metastases. Hence, we developed a Siamese Swin Transformer with Dual Cross-Attention (SSDCA) to combine longitudinal endoscopic images at restaging and follow-up and distinguish cCR from LR. SSDCA leverages pretrained Swin transformers to extract domain agnostic features and enhance robustness to imaging variations. Dual cross attention is implemented to emphasize features from the two scans without requiring any spatial alignment of images to predict response. SSDCA as well as Swin-based baselines were trained using image pairs from 135 patients and evaluated on a held-out set of image pairs from 62 patients. SSDCA produced the best balanced accuracy (81.76\% $\pm$ 0.04), sensitivity (90.07\% $\pm$ 0.08), and specificity (72.86\% $\pm$ 0.05). Robustness analysis showed stable performance irrespective of artifacts including blood, stool, telangiectasia, and poor image quality. UMAP clustering of extracted features showed maximal inter-cluster separation (1.45 $\pm$ 0.18) and minimal intra-cluster dispersion (1.07 $\pm$ 0.19) with SSDCA, confirming discriminative representation learning. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, submitted to ISBI conference arXiv:2512.03883 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dual Cross-Attention Siamese Transformer for Rectal Tumor Regrowth Assessment in Watch-and-Wait Endoscopy Authors: Jorge Tapias Gomez , Despoina Kanata , Aneesh Rangnekar , Christina Lee , Julio Garcia-Aguilar , Joshua Jesse Smith , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Increasing evidence supports watch-and-wait (WW) surveillance for patients with rectal cancer who show clinical complete response (cCR) at restaging following total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT). However, objectively accurate methods to early detect local regrowth (LR) from follow-up endoscopy images during WW are essential to manage care and prevent distant metastases. Hence, we developed a Siamese… ▽ More Increasing evidence supports watch-and-wait (WW) surveillance for patients with rectal cancer who show clinical complete response (cCR) at restaging following total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT). However, objectively accurate methods to early detect local regrowth (LR) from follow-up endoscopy images during WW are essential to manage care and prevent distant metastases. Hence, we developed a Siamese Swin Transformer with Dual Cross-Attention (SSDCA) to combine longitudinal endoscopic images at restaging and follow-up and distinguish cCR from LR. SSDCA leverages pretrained Swin transformers to extract domain agnostic features and enhance robustness to imaging variations. Dual cross attention is implemented to emphasize features from the two scans without requiring any spatial alignment of images to predict response. SSDCA as well as Swin-based baselines were trained using image pairs from 135 patients and evaluated on a held-out set of image pairs from 62 patients. SSDCA produced the best balanced accuracy (81.76\% $\pm$ 0.04), sensitivity (90.07\% $\pm$ 0.08), and specificity (72.86\% $\pm$ 0.05). Robustness analysis showed stable performance irrespective of artifacts including blood, stool, telangiectasia, and poor image quality. UMAP clustering of extracted features showed maximal inter-cluster separation (1.45 $\pm$ 0.18) and minimal intra-cluster dispersion (1.07 $\pm$ 0.19) with SSDCA, confirming discriminative representation learning. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, submitted to ISBI conference arXiv:2508.19112 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.IV cs.CV cs.LG Random forest-based out-of-distribution detection for robust lung cancer segmentation Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Accurate detection and segmentation of cancerous lesions from computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and cancer treatment response assessment. Transformer-based models with self-supervised pretraining can produce reliably accurate segmentation from in-distribution (ID) data but degrade when applied to out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. We address this challen… ▽ More Accurate detection and segmentation of cancerous lesions from computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and cancer treatment response assessment. Transformer-based models with self-supervised pretraining can produce reliably accurate segmentation from in-distribution (ID) data but degrade when applied to out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. We address this challenge with RF-Deep, a random forest classifier that utilizes deep features from a pretrained transformer encoder of the segmentation model to detect OOD scans and enhance segmentation reliability. The segmentation model comprises a Swin Transformer encoder, pretrained with masked image modeling (SimMIM) on 10,432 unlabeled 3D CT scans covering cancerous and non-cancerous conditions, with a convolution decoder, trained to segment lung cancers in 317 3D scans. Independent testing was performed on 603 3D CT public datasets that included one ID dataset and four OOD datasets comprising chest CTs with pulmonary embolism (PE) and COVID-19, and abdominal CTs with kidney cancers and healthy volunteers. RF-Deep detected OOD cases with a FPR95 of 18.26%, 27.66%, and less than 0.1% on PE, COVID-19, and abdominal CTs, consistently outperforming established OOD approaches. The RF-Deep classifier provides a simple and effective approach to enhance reliability of cancer segmentation in ID and OOD scenarios. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; v1 submitted 26 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2026 arXiv:2508.19112 [ pdf , ps , other ] Random forest-based out-of-distribution detection for robust lung cancer segmentation Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Accurate detection and segmentation of cancerous lesions from computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and cancer treatment response assessment. Transformer-based models with self-supervised pretraining can produce reliably accurate segmentation from in-distribution (ID) data but degrade when applied to out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. We address this challen… ▽ More Accurate detection and segmentation of cancerous lesions from computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and cancer treatment response assessment. Transformer-based models with self-supervised pretraining can produce reliably accurate segmentation from in-distribution (ID) data but degrade when applied to out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. We address this challenge with RF-Deep, a random forest classifier that utilizes deep features from a pretrained transformer encoder of the segmentation model to detect OOD scans and enhance segmentation reliability. The segmentation model comprises a Swin Transformer encoder, pretrained with masked image modeling (SimMIM) on 10,432 unlabeled 3D CT scans covering cancerous and non-cancerous conditions, with a convolution decoder, trained to segment lung cancers in 317 3D scans. Independent testing was performed on 603 3D CT public datasets that included one ID dataset and four OOD datasets comprising chest CTs with pulmonary embolism (PE) and COVID-19, and abdominal CTs with kidney cancers and healthy volunteers. RF-Deep detected OOD cases with a FPR95 of 18.26%, 27.66%, and less than 0.1% on PE, COVID-19, and abdominal CTs, consistently outperforming established OOD approaches. The RF-Deep classifier provides a simple and effective approach to enhance reliability of cancer segmentation in ID and OOD scenarios. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; v1 submitted 26 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2026 arXiv:2507.06966 [ pdf ] cs.CV physics.med-ph Segmentation Regularized Training for Multi-Domain Deep Learning Registration applied to MR-Guided Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy Authors: Sudharsan Madhavan , Chengcheng Gui , Lando Bosma , Josiah Simeth , Jue Jiang , Nicolas Cote , Nima Hassan Rezaeian , Himanshu Nagar , Victoria Brennan , Neelam Tyagi , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Background: Accurate deformable image registration (DIR) is required for contour propagation and dose accumulation in MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy (MRgART). This study trained and evaluated a deep learning DIR method for domain invariant MR-MR registration. Methods: A progressively refined registration and segmentation (ProRSeg) method was trained with 262 pairs of 3T MR simulation scans from p… ▽ More Background: Accurate deformable image registration (DIR) is required for contour propagation and dose accumulation in MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy (MRgART). This study trained and evaluated a deep learning DIR method for domain invariant MR-MR registration. Methods: A progressively refined registration and segmentation (ProRSeg) method was trained with 262 pairs of 3T MR simulation scans from prostate cancer patients using weighted segmentation consistency loss. ProRSeg was tested on same- (58 pairs), cross- (72 1.5T MR Linac pairs), and mixed-domain (42 MRSim-MRL pairs) datasets for contour propagation accuracy of clinical target volume (CTV), bladder, and rectum. Dose accumulation was performed for 42 patients undergoing 5-fraction MRgART. Results: ProRSeg demonstrated generalization for bladder with similar Dice Similarity Coefficients across domains (0.88, 0.87, 0.86). For rectum and CTV, performance was domain-dependent with higher accuracy on cross-domain MRL dataset (DSCs 0.89) versus same-domain data. The model's strong cross-domain performance prompted us to study the feasibility of using it for dose accumulation. Dose accumulation showed 83.3% of patients met CTV coverage (D95 >= 40.0 Gy) and bladder sparing (D50 <= 20.0 Gy) constraints. All patients achieved minimum mean target dose (>40.4 Gy), but only 9.5% remained under upper limit (<42.0 Gy). Conclusions: ProRSeg showed reasonable multi-domain MR-MR registration performance for prostate cancer patients with preliminary feasibility for evaluating treatment compliance to clinical constraints. △ Less Submitted 9 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: Preprint in preparation for submission arXiv:2507.06966 [ pdf ] Segmentation Regularized Training for Multi-Domain Deep Learning Registration applied to MR-Guided Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy Authors: Sudharsan Madhavan , Chengcheng Gui , Lando Bosma , Josiah Simeth , Jue Jiang , Nicolas Cote , Nima Hassan Rezaeian , Himanshu Nagar , Victoria Brennan , Neelam Tyagi , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Background: Accurate deformable image registration (DIR) is required for contour propagation and dose accumulation in MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy (MRgART). This study trained and evaluated a deep learning DIR method for domain invariant MR-MR registration. Methods: A progressively refined registration and segmentation (ProRSeg) method was trained with 262 pairs of 3T MR simulation scans from p… ▽ More Background: Accurate deformable image registration (DIR) is required for contour propagation and dose accumulation in MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy (MRgART). This study trained and evaluated a deep learning DIR method for domain invariant MR-MR registration. Methods: A progressively refined registration and segmentation (ProRSeg) method was trained with 262 pairs of 3T MR simulation scans from prostate cancer patients using weighted segmentation consistency loss. ProRSeg was tested on same- (58 pairs), cross- (72 1.5T MR Linac pairs), and mixed-domain (42 MRSim-MRL pairs) datasets for contour propagation accuracy of clinical target volume (CTV), bladder, and rectum. Dose accumulation was performed for 42 patients undergoing 5-fraction MRgART. Results: ProRSeg demonstrated generalization for bladder with similar Dice Similarity Coefficients across domains (0.88, 0.87, 0.86). For rectum and CTV, performance was domain-dependent with higher accuracy on cross-domain MRL dataset (DSCs 0.89) versus same-domain data. The model's strong cross-domain performance prompted us to study the feasibility of using it for dose accumulation. Dose accumulation showed 83.3% of patients met CTV coverage (D95 >= 40.0 Gy) and bladder sparing (D50 <= 20.0 Gy) constraints. All patients achieved minimum mean target dose (>40.4 Gy), but only 9.5% remained under upper limit (<42.0 Gy). Conclusions: ProRSeg showed reasonable multi-domain MR-MR registration performance for prostate cancer patients with preliminary feasibility for evaluating treatment compliance to clinical constraints. △ Less Submitted 9 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: Preprint in preparation for submission arXiv:2507.01909 [ pdf ] cs.CV Modality-agnostic, patient-specific digital twins modeling temporally varying digestive motion Authors: Jorge Tapias Gomez , Nishant Nadkarni , Lando S. Bosma , Jue Jiang , Ergys D. Subashi , William P. Segars , James M. Balter , Mert R Sabuncu , Neelam Tyagi , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Objective: Clinical implementation of deformable image registration (DIR) requires voxel-based spatial accuracy metrics such as manually identified landmarks, which are challenging to implement for highly mobile gastrointestinal (GI) organs. To address this, patient-specific digital twins (DT) modeling temporally varying motion were created to assess the accuracy of DIR methods. Approach: 21 motio… ▽ More Objective: Clinical implementation of deformable image registration (DIR) requires voxel-based spatial accuracy metrics such as manually identified landmarks, which are challenging to implement for highly mobile gastrointestinal (GI) organs. To address this, patient-specific digital twins (DT) modeling temporally varying motion were created to assess the accuracy of DIR methods. Approach: 21 motion phases simulating digestive GI motion as 4D sequences were generated from static 3D patient scans using published analytical GI motion models through a semi-automated pipeline. Eleven datasets, including six T2w FSE MRI (T2w MRI), two T1w 4D golden-angle stack-of-stars, and three contrast-enhanced CT scans. The motion amplitudes of the DTs were assessed against real patient stomach motion amplitudes extracted from independent 4D MRI datasets. The generated DTs were then used to assess six different DIR methods using target registration error, Dice similarity coefficient, and the 95th percentile Hausdorff distance using summary metrics and voxel-level granular visualizations. Finally, for a subset of T2w MRI scans from patients treated with MR-guided radiation therapy, dose distributions were warped and accumulated to assess dose warping errors, including evaluations of DIR performance in both low- and high-dose regions for patient-specific error estimation. Main results: Our proposed pipeline synthesized DTs modeling realistic GI motion, achieving mean and maximum motion amplitudes and a mean log Jacobian determinant within 0.8 mm and 0.01, respectively, similar to published real-patient gastric motion data. It also enables the extraction of detailed quantitative DIR performance metrics and rigorous validation of dose mapping accuracy. Significance: The pipeline enables rigorously testing DIR tools for dynamic, anatomically complex regions enabling granular spatial and dosimetric accuracies. △ Less Submitted 9 July, 2025; v1 submitted 2 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: This work is still review, it contains 7 Pages, 6 figures, and 4 tables arXiv:2507.01909 [ pdf ] Modality-agnostic, patient-specific digital twins modeling temporally varying digestive motion Authors: Jorge Tapias Gomez , Nishant Nadkarni , Lando S. Bosma , Jue Jiang , Ergys D. Subashi , William P. Segars , James M. Balter , Mert R Sabuncu , Neelam Tyagi , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Objective: Clinical implementation of deformable image registration (DIR) requires voxel-based spatial accuracy metrics such as manually identified landmarks, which are challenging to implement for highly mobile gastrointestinal (GI) organs. To address this, patient-specific digital twins (DT) modeling temporally varying motion were created to assess the accuracy of DIR methods. Approach: 21 motio… ▽ More Objective: Clinical implementation of deformable image registration (DIR) requires voxel-based spatial accuracy metrics such as manually identified landmarks, which are challenging to implement for highly mobile gastrointestinal (GI) organs. To address this, patient-specific digital twins (DT) modeling temporally varying motion were created to assess the accuracy of DIR methods. Approach: 21 motion phases simulating digestive GI motion as 4D sequences were generated from static 3D patient scans using published analytical GI motion models through a semi-automated pipeline. Eleven datasets, including six T2w FSE MRI (T2w MRI), two T1w 4D golden-angle stack-of-stars, and three contrast-enhanced CT scans. The motion amplitudes of the DTs were assessed against real patient stomach motion amplitudes extracted from independent 4D MRI datasets. The generated DTs were then used to assess six different DIR methods using target registration error, Dice similarity coefficient, and the 95th percentile Hausdorff distance using summary metrics and voxel-level granular visualizations. Finally, for a subset of T2w MRI scans from patients treated with MR-guided radiation therapy, dose distributions were warped and accumulated to assess dose warping errors, including evaluations of DIR performance in both low- and high-dose regions for patient-specific error estimation. Main results: Our proposed pipeline synthesized DTs modeling realistic GI motion, achieving mean and maximum motion amplitudes and a mean log Jacobian determinant within 0.8 mm and 0.01, respectively, similar to published real-patient gastric motion data. It also enables the extraction of detailed quantitative DIR performance metrics and rigorous validation of dose mapping accuracy. Significance: The pipeline enables rigorously testing DIR tools for dynamic, anatomically complex regions enabling granular spatial and dosimetric accuracies. △ Less Submitted 9 July, 2025; v1 submitted 2 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: This work is still review, it contains 7 Pages, 6 figures, and 4 tables arXiv:2505.10855 [ pdf ] eess.IV cs.CV Generalizable cardiac substructures segmentation from contrast and non-contrast CTs using pretrained transformers Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nikhil Mankuzhy , Jonas Willmann , Chloe Choi , Abraham Wu , Maria Thor , Andreas Rimner , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Automated AI segmentations for radiation treatment planning deteriorate when applied to cases with different characteristics than the training dataset. We developed a hybrid transformer convolutional network to segment cardiac substructures in lung and breast cancer patients with varying imaging contrasts and scan positions. Cohort I (56 contrast-enhanced CT [CECT], 124 non-contrast CT [NCCT] scan… ▽ More Automated AI segmentations for radiation treatment planning deteriorate when applied to cases with different characteristics than the training dataset. We developed a hybrid transformer convolutional network to segment cardiac substructures in lung and breast cancer patients with varying imaging contrasts and scan positions. Cohort I (56 contrast-enhanced CT [CECT], 124 non-contrast CT [NCCT] scans from lung cancer patients, supine position) was used to train an oracle model (180 cases), contrast-only model (56 CECTs), and balanced model (32 CECT, 32 NCCT). All models were evaluated on 60 held-out cohort I patients and 66 cohort II breast cancer patients (45 supine, 21 prone). Accuracy was measured using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), 95th percentile Hausdorff distance (HD95), and dosimetric metrics, with TotalSegmentator as benchmark. Oracle and balanced models achieved similar accuracy (DSC: Oracle vs Balanced: Cohort I: 0.84 $\pm$ 0.10 vs 0.82 $\pm$ 0.10; Cohort II: 0.81 $\pm$ 0.12 vs 0.80 $\pm$ 0.13), both outperforming TotalSegmentator and the contrast-only models. The balanced model, using 64% fewer training cases, produced dosimetrically equivalent contours to manual delineations. It was robust to contrast variations (6 out of 8 substructures) and positioning variations (5 out of 8 substructures), with low correlation to patient age or body mass index. Our balanced model demonstrated robust geometric and dosimetric accuracy across varying imaging protocols and patient characteristics, which is essential for clinical deployment. Combining pretraining with balanced NCCT/CECT distribution enabled reliable segmentation with substantially fewer labeled cases than conventional approaches. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 16 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.10855 [ pdf ] Generalizable cardiac substructures segmentation from contrast and non-contrast CTs using pretrained transformers Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nikhil Mankuzhy , Jonas Willmann , Chloe Choi , Abraham Wu , Maria Thor , Andreas Rimner , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Automated AI segmentations for radiation treatment planning deteriorate when applied to cases with different characteristics than the training dataset. We developed a hybrid transformer convolutional network to segment cardiac substructures in lung and breast cancer patients with varying imaging contrasts and scan positions. Cohort I (56 contrast-enhanced CT [CECT], 124 non-contrast CT [NCCT] scan… ▽ More Automated AI segmentations for radiation treatment planning deteriorate when applied to cases with different characteristics than the training dataset. We developed a hybrid transformer convolutional network to segment cardiac substructures in lung and breast cancer patients with varying imaging contrasts and scan positions. Cohort I (56 contrast-enhanced CT [CECT], 124 non-contrast CT [NCCT] scans from lung cancer patients, supine position) was used to train an oracle model (180 cases), contrast-only model (56 CECTs), and balanced model (32 CECT, 32 NCCT). All models were evaluated on 60 held-out cohort I patients and 66 cohort II breast cancer patients (45 supine, 21 prone). Accuracy was measured using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), 95th percentile Hausdorff distance (HD95), and dosimetric metrics, with TotalSegmentator as benchmark. Oracle and balanced models achieved similar accuracy (DSC: Oracle vs Balanced: Cohort I: 0.84 $\pm$ 0.10 vs 0.82 $\pm$ 0.10; Cohort II: 0.81 $\pm$ 0.12 vs 0.80 $\pm$ 0.13), both outperforming TotalSegmentator and the contrast-only models. The balanced model, using 64% fewer training cases, produced dosimetrically equivalent contours to manual delineations. It was robust to contrast variations (6 out of 8 substructures) and positioning variations (5 out of 8 substructures), with low correlation to patient age or body mass index. Our balanced model demonstrated robust geometric and dosimetric accuracy across varying imaging protocols and patient characteristics, which is essential for clinical deployment. Combining pretraining with balanced NCCT/CECT distribution enabled reliable segmentation with substantially fewer labeled cases than conventional approaches. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 16 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2409.11910 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV doi 10.1002/mp.17536 Tumor aware recurrent inter-patient deformable image registration of computed tomography scans with lung cancer Authors: Jue Jiang , Chloe Min Seo Choi , Maria Thor , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Background: Voxel-based analysis (VBA) for population level radiotherapy (RT) outcomes modeling requires topology preserving inter-patient deformable image registration (DIR) that preserves tumors on moving images while avoiding unrealistic deformations due to tumors occurring on fixed images. Purpose: We developed a tumor-aware recurrent registration (TRACER) deep learning (DL) method and evaluat… ▽ More Background: Voxel-based analysis (VBA) for population level radiotherapy (RT) outcomes modeling requires topology preserving inter-patient deformable image registration (DIR) that preserves tumors on moving images while avoiding unrealistic deformations due to tumors occurring on fixed images. Purpose: We developed a tumor-aware recurrent registration (TRACER) deep learning (DL) method and evaluated its suitability for VBA. Methods: TRACER consists of encoder layers implemented with stacked 3D convolutional long short term memory network (3D-CLSTM) followed by decoder and spatial transform layers to compute dense deformation vector field (DVF). Multiple CLSTM steps are used to compute a progressive sequence of deformations. Input conditioning was applied by including tumor segmentations with 3D image pairs as input channels. Bidirectional tumor rigidity, image similarity, and deformation smoothness losses were used to optimize the network in an unsupervised manner. TRACER and multiple DL methods were trained with 204 3D CT image pairs from patients with lung cancers (LC) and evaluated using (a) Dataset I (N = 308 pairs) with DL segmented LCs, (b) Dataset II (N = 765 pairs) with manually delineated LCs, and (c) Dataset III with 42 LC patients treated with RT. Results: TRACER accurately aligned normal tissues. It best preserved tumors, blackindicated by the smallest tumor volume difference of 0.24\%, 0.40\%, and 0.13 \% and mean square error in CT intensities of 0.005, 0.005, 0.004, computed between original and resampled moving image tumors, for Datasets I, II, and III, respectively. It resulted in the smallest planned RT tumor dose difference computed between original and resampled moving images of 0.01 Gy and 0.013 Gy when using a female and a male reference. △ Less Submitted 18 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. Comments: Minor revision under the journal of Medical Physics Journal ref: Medical Physics 2024 arXiv:2409.11910 [ pdf , other ] Tumor aware recurrent inter-patient deformable image registration of computed tomography scans with lung cancer Authors: Jue Jiang , Chloe Min Seo Choi , Maria Thor , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Background: Voxel-based analysis (VBA) for population level radiotherapy (RT) outcomes modeling requires topology preserving inter-patient deformable image registration (DIR) that preserves tumors on moving images while avoiding unrealistic deformations due to tumors occurring on fixed images. Purpose: We developed a tumor-aware recurrent registration (TRACER) deep learning (DL) method and evaluat… ▽ More Background: Voxel-based analysis (VBA) for population level radiotherapy (RT) outcomes modeling requires topology preserving inter-patient deformable image registration (DIR) that preserves tumors on moving images while avoiding unrealistic deformations due to tumors occurring on fixed images. Purpose: We developed a tumor-aware recurrent registration (TRACER) deep learning (DL) method and evaluated its suitability for VBA. Methods: TRACER consists of encoder layers implemented with stacked 3D convolutional long short term memory network (3D-CLSTM) followed by decoder and spatial transform layers to compute dense deformation vector field (DVF). Multiple CLSTM steps are used to compute a progressive sequence of deformations. Input conditioning was applied by including tumor segmentations with 3D image pairs as input channels. Bidirectional tumor rigidity, image similarity, and deformation smoothness losses were used to optimize the network in an unsupervised manner. TRACER and multiple DL methods were trained with 204 3D CT image pairs from patients with lung cancers (LC) and evaluated using (a) Dataset I (N = 308 pairs) with DL segmented LCs, (b) Dataset II (N = 765 pairs) with manually delineated LCs, and (c) Dataset III with 42 LC patients treated with RT. Results: TRACER accurately aligned normal tissues. It best preserved tumors, blackindicated by the smallest tumor volume difference of 0.24\%, 0.40\%, and 0.13 \% and mean square error in CT intensities of 0.005, 0.005, 0.004, computed between original and resampled moving image tumors, for Datasets I, II, and III, respectively. It resulted in the smallest planned RT tumor dose difference computed between original and resampled moving images of 0.01 Gy and 0.013 Gy when using a female and a male reference. △ Less Submitted 18 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. Comments: Minor revision under the journal of Medical Physics Journal ref: Medical Physics 2024 arXiv:2405.08657 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Self-supervised learning improves robustness of deep learning lung tumor segmentation to CT imaging differences Authors: Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an approach to extract useful feature representations from unlabeled data, and enable fine-tuning on downstream tasks with limited labeled examples. Self-pretraining is a SSL approach that uses the curated task dataset for both pretraining the networks and fine-tuning them. Availability of large, diverse, and uncurated public medical image sets provides the opport… ▽ More Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an approach to extract useful feature representations from unlabeled data, and enable fine-tuning on downstream tasks with limited labeled examples. Self-pretraining is a SSL approach that uses the curated task dataset for both pretraining the networks and fine-tuning them. Availability of large, diverse, and uncurated public medical image sets provides the opportunity to apply SSL in the "wild" and potentially extract features robust to imaging variations. However, the benefit of wild- vs self-pretraining has not been studied for medical image analysis. In this paper, we compare robustness of wild versus self-pretrained transformer (vision transformer [ViT] and hierarchical shifted window [Swin]) models to computed tomography (CT) imaging differences for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) segmentation. Wild-pretrained Swin models outperformed self-pretrained Swin for the various imaging acquisitions. ViT resulted in similar accuracy for both wild- and self-pretrained models. Masked image prediction pretext task that forces networks to learn the local structure resulted in higher accuracy compared to contrastive task that models global image information. Wild-pretrained models resulted in higher feature reuse at the lower level layers and feature differentiation close to output layer after fine-tuning. Hence, we conclude: Wild-pretrained networks were more robust to analyzed CT imaging differences for lung tumor segmentation than self-pretrained methods. Swin architecture benefited from such pretraining more than ViT. △ Less Submitted 14 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2405.08657 [ pdf , other ] Self-supervised learning improves robustness of deep learning lung tumor segmentation to CT imaging differences Authors: Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an approach to extract useful feature representations from unlabeled data, and enable fine-tuning on downstream tasks with limited labeled examples. Self-pretraining is a SSL approach that uses the curated task dataset for both pretraining the networks and fine-tuning them. Availability of large, diverse, and uncurated public medical image sets provides the opport… ▽ More Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an approach to extract useful feature representations from unlabeled data, and enable fine-tuning on downstream tasks with limited labeled examples. Self-pretraining is a SSL approach that uses the curated task dataset for both pretraining the networks and fine-tuning them. Availability of large, diverse, and uncurated public medical image sets provides the opportunity to apply SSL in the "wild" and potentially extract features robust to imaging variations. However, the benefit of wild- vs self-pretraining has not been studied for medical image analysis. In this paper, we compare robustness of wild versus self-pretrained transformer (vision transformer [ViT] and hierarchical shifted window [Swin]) models to computed tomography (CT) imaging differences for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) segmentation. Wild-pretrained Swin models outperformed self-pretrained Swin for the various imaging acquisitions. ViT resulted in similar accuracy for both wild- and self-pretrained models. Masked image prediction pretext task that forces networks to learn the local structure resulted in higher accuracy compared to contrastive task that models global image information. Wild-pretrained models resulted in higher feature reuse at the lower level layers and feature differentiation close to output layer after fine-tuning. Hence, we conclude: Wild-pretrained networks were more robust to analyzed CT imaging differences for lung tumor segmentation than self-pretrained methods. Swin architecture benefited from such pretraining more than ViT. △ Less Submitted 14 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2405.03762 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Swin transformers are robust to distribution and concept drift in endoscopy-based longitudinal rectal cancer assessment Authors: Jorge Tapias Gomez , Aneesh Rangnekar , Hannah Williams , Hannah Thompson , Julio Garcia-Aguilar , Joshua Jesse Smith , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Endoscopic images are used at various stages of rectal cancer treatment starting from cancer screening, diagnosis, during treatment to assess response and toxicity from treatments such as colitis, and at follow up to detect new tumor or local regrowth (LR). However, subjective assessment is highly variable and can underestimate the degree of response in some patients, subjecting them to unnecessar… ▽ More Endoscopic images are used at various stages of rectal cancer treatment starting from cancer screening, diagnosis, during treatment to assess response and toxicity from treatments such as colitis, and at follow up to detect new tumor or local regrowth (LR). However, subjective assessment is highly variable and can underestimate the degree of response in some patients, subjecting them to unnecessary surgery, or overestimate response that places patients at risk of disease spread. Advances in deep learning has shown the ability to produce consistent and objective response assessment for endoscopic images. However, methods for detecting cancers, regrowth, and monitoring response during the entire course of patient treatment and follow-up are lacking. This is because, automated diagnosis and rectal cancer response assessment requires methods that are robust to inherent imaging illumination variations and confounding conditions (blood, scope, blurring) present in endoscopy images as well as changes to the normal lumen and tumor during treatment. Hence, a hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer was trained to distinguish rectal cancer from normal lumen using endoscopy images. Swin as well as two convolutional (ResNet-50, WideResNet-50), and vision transformer (ViT) models were trained and evaluated on follow-up longitudinal images to detect LR on private dataset as well as on out-of-distribution (OOD) public colonoscopy datasets to detect pre/non-cancerous polyps. Color shifts were applied using optimal transport to simulate distribution shifts. Swin and ResNet models were similarly accurate in the in-distribution dataset. Swin was more accurate than other methods (follow-up: 0.84, OOD: 0.83) even when subject to color shifts (follow-up: 0.83, OOD: 0.87), indicating capability to provide robust performance for longitudinal cancer assessment. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; v1 submitted 6 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2025 arXiv:2405.03762 [ pdf , other ] Swin transformers are robust to distribution and concept drift in endoscopy-based longitudinal rectal cancer assessment Authors: Jorge Tapias Gomez , Aneesh Rangnekar , Hannah Williams , Hannah Thompson , Julio Garcia-Aguilar , Joshua Jesse Smith , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Endoscopic images are used at various stages of rectal cancer treatment starting from cancer screening, diagnosis, during treatment to assess response and toxicity from treatments such as colitis, and at follow up to detect new tumor or local regrowth (LR). However, subjective assessment is highly variable and can underestimate the degree of response in some patients, subjecting them to unnecessar… ▽ More Endoscopic images are used at various stages of rectal cancer treatment starting from cancer screening, diagnosis, during treatment to assess response and toxicity from treatments such as colitis, and at follow up to detect new tumor or local regrowth (LR). However, subjective assessment is highly variable and can underestimate the degree of response in some patients, subjecting them to unnecessary surgery, or overestimate response that places patients at risk of disease spread. Advances in deep learning has shown the ability to produce consistent and objective response assessment for endoscopic images. However, methods for detecting cancers, regrowth, and monitoring response during the entire course of patient treatment and follow-up are lacking. This is because, automated diagnosis and rectal cancer response assessment requires methods that are robust to inherent imaging illumination variations and confounding conditions (blood, scope, blurring) present in endoscopy images as well as changes to the normal lumen and tumor during treatment. Hence, a hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer was trained to distinguish rectal cancer from normal lumen using endoscopy images. Swin as well as two convolutional (ResNet-50, WideResNet-50), and vision transformer (ViT) models were trained and evaluated on follow-up longitudinal images to detect LR on private dataset as well as on out-of-distribution (OOD) public colonoscopy datasets to detect pre/non-cancerous polyps. Color shifts were applied using optimal transport to simulate distribution shifts. Swin and ResNet models were similarly accurate in the in-distribution dataset. Swin was more accurate than other methods (follow-up: 0.84, OOD: 0.83) even when subject to color shifts (follow-up: 0.83, OOD: 0.87), indicating capability to provide robust performance for longitudinal cancer assessment. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; v1 submitted 6 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2025 arXiv:2403.13113 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Quantifying uncertainty in lung cancer segmentation with foundation models applied to mixed-domain datasets Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nishant Nadkarni , Jue Jiang , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Medical image foundation models have shown the ability to segment organs and tumors with minimal fine-tuning. These models are typically evaluated on task-specific in-distribution (ID) datasets. However, reliable performance on ID datasets does not guarantee robust generalization on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. Importantly, once deployed for clinical use, it is impractical to have `ground t… ▽ More Medical image foundation models have shown the ability to segment organs and tumors with minimal fine-tuning. These models are typically evaluated on task-specific in-distribution (ID) datasets. However, reliable performance on ID datasets does not guarantee robust generalization on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. Importantly, once deployed for clinical use, it is impractical to have `ground truth' delineations to assess ongoing performance drifts, especially when images fall into the OOD category due to different imaging protocols. Hence, we introduced a comprehensive set of computationally fast metrics to evaluate the performance of multiple foundation models (Swin UNETR, SimMIM, iBOT, SMIT) trained with self-supervised learning (SSL). All models were fine-tuned on identical datasets for lung tumor segmentation from computed tomography (CT) scans. The evaluation was performed on two public lung cancer datasets (LRAD: n = 140, 5Rater: n = 21) with different image acquisitions and tumor stages compared to training data (n = 317 public resource with stage III-IV lung cancers) and a public non-cancer dataset containing volumetric CT scans of patients with pulmonary embolism (n = 120). All models produced similarly accurate tumor segmentation on the lung cancer testing datasets. SMIT produced the highest F1-score (LRAD: 0.60, 5Rater: 0.64) and lowest entropy (LRAD: 0.06, 5Rater: 0.12), indicating higher tumor detection rate and confident segmentations. In the OOD dataset, SMIT misdetected the least number of tumors, marked by a median volume occupancy of 5.67 cc compared to the best method SimMIM of 9.97 cc. Our analysis shows that additional metrics such as entropy and volume occupancy may help better understand model performance on mixed domain datasets. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; v1 submitted 19 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2025 arXiv:2403.13113 [ pdf , other ] Quantifying uncertainty in lung cancer segmentation with foundation models applied to mixed-domain datasets Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nishant Nadkarni , Jue Jiang , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Medical image foundation models have shown the ability to segment organs and tumors with minimal fine-tuning. These models are typically evaluated on task-specific in-distribution (ID) datasets. However, reliable performance on ID datasets does not guarantee robust generalization on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. Importantly, once deployed for clinical use, it is impractical to have `ground t… ▽ More Medical image foundation models have shown the ability to segment organs and tumors with minimal fine-tuning. These models are typically evaluated on task-specific in-distribution (ID) datasets. However, reliable performance on ID datasets does not guarantee robust generalization on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. Importantly, once deployed for clinical use, it is impractical to have `ground truth' delineations to assess ongoing performance drifts, especially when images fall into the OOD category due to different imaging protocols. Hence, we introduced a comprehensive set of computationally fast metrics to evaluate the performance of multiple foundation models (Swin UNETR, SimMIM, iBOT, SMIT) trained with self-supervised learning (SSL). All models were fine-tuned on identical datasets for lung tumor segmentation from computed tomography (CT) scans. The evaluation was performed on two public lung cancer datasets (LRAD: n = 140, 5Rater: n = 21) with different image acquisitions and tumor stages compared to training data (n = 317 public resource with stage III-IV lung cancers) and a public non-cancer dataset containing volumetric CT scans of patients with pulmonary embolism (n = 120). All models produced similarly accurate tumor segmentation on the lung cancer testing datasets. SMIT produced the highest F1-score (LRAD: 0.60, 5Rater: 0.64) and lowest entropy (LRAD: 0.06, 5Rater: 0.12), indicating higher tumor detection rate and confident segmentations. In the OOD dataset, SMIT misdetected the least number of tumors, marked by a median volume occupancy of 5.67 cc compared to the best method SimMIM of 9.97 cc. Our analysis shows that additional metrics such as entropy and volume occupancy may help better understand model performance on mixed domain datasets. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; v1 submitted 19 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2025 arXiv:2310.01209 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV Self-distilled Masked Attention guided masked image modeling with noise Regularized Teacher (SMART) for medical image analysis Authors: Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Chloe Min Seo Choi , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Pretraining vision transformers (ViT) with attention guided masked image modeling (MIM) has shown to increase downstream accuracy for natural image analysis. Hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer, often used in medical image analysis cannot use attention guided masking as it lacks an explicit [CLS] token, needed for computing attention maps for selective masking. We thus enhanced Swin wit… ▽ More Pretraining vision transformers (ViT) with attention guided masked image modeling (MIM) has shown to increase downstream accuracy for natural image analysis. Hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer, often used in medical image analysis cannot use attention guided masking as it lacks an explicit [CLS] token, needed for computing attention maps for selective masking. We thus enhanced Swin with semantic class attention. We developed a co-distilled Swin transformer that combines a noisy momentum updated teacher to guide selective masking for MIM. Our approach called \textsc{s}e\textsc{m}antic \textsc{a}ttention guided co-distillation with noisy teacher \textsc{r}egularized Swin \textsc{T}rans\textsc{F}ormer (SMARTFormer) was applied for analyzing 3D computed tomography datasets with lung nodules and malignant lung cancers (LC). We also analyzed the impact of semantic attention and noisy teacher on pretraining and downstream accuracy. SMARTFormer classified lesions (malignant from benign) with a high accuracy of 0.895 of 1000 nodules, predicted LC treatment response with accuracy of 0.74, and achieved high accuracies even in limited data regimes. Pretraining with semantic attention and noisy teacher improved ability to distinguish semantically meaningful structures such as organs in a unsupervised clustering task and localize abnormal structures like tumors. Code, models will be made available through GitHub upon paper acceptance. △ Less Submitted 3 July, 2024; v1 submitted 2 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023. Comments: Paper is under review at TMI arXiv:2310.01209 [ pdf , other ] Self-distilled Masked Attention guided masked image modeling with noise Regularized Teacher (SMART) for medical image analysis Authors: Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Chloe Min Seo Choi , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Pretraining vision transformers (ViT) with attention guided masked image modeling (MIM) has shown to increase downstream accuracy for natural image analysis. Hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer, often used in medical image analysis cannot use attention guided masking as it lacks an explicit [CLS] token, needed for computing attention maps for selective masking. We thus enhanced Swin wit… ▽ More Pretraining vision transformers (ViT) with attention guided masked image modeling (MIM) has shown to increase downstream accuracy for natural image analysis. Hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer, often used in medical image analysis cannot use attention guided masking as it lacks an explicit [CLS] token, needed for computing attention maps for selective masking. We thus enhanced Swin with semantic class attention. We developed a co-distilled Swin transformer that combines a noisy momentum updated teacher to guide selective masking for MIM. Our approach called \textsc{s}e\textsc{m}antic \textsc{a}ttention guided co-distillation with noisy teacher \textsc{r}egularized Swin \textsc{T}rans\textsc{F}ormer (SMARTFormer) was applied for analyzing 3D computed tomography datasets with lung nodules and malignant lung cancers (LC). We also analyzed the impact of semantic attention and noisy teacher on pretraining and downstream accuracy. SMARTFormer classified lesions (malignant from benign) with a high accuracy of 0.895 of 1000 nodules, predicted LC treatment response with accuracy of 0.74, and achieved high accuracies even in limited data regimes. Pretraining with semantic attention and noisy teacher improved ability to distinguish semantically meaningful structures such as organs in a unsupervised clustering task and localize abnormal structures like tumors. Code, models will be made available through GitHub upon paper acceptance. △ Less Submitted 3 July, 2024; v1 submitted 2 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023. Comments: Paper is under review at TMI arXiv:2210.14297 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Progressively refined deep joint registration segmentation (ProRSeg) of gastrointestinal organs at risk: Application to MRI and cone-beam CT Authors: Jue Jiang , Jun Hong , Kathryn Tringale , Marsha Reyngold , Christopher Crane , Neelam Tyagi , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Method: ProRSeg was trained using 5-fold cross-validation with 110 T2-weighted MRI acquired at 5 treatment fractions from 10 different patients, taking care that same patient scans were not placed in training and testing folds. Segmentation accuracy was measured using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance at 95th percentile (HD95). Registration consistency was measured using coe… ▽ More Method: ProRSeg was trained using 5-fold cross-validation with 110 T2-weighted MRI acquired at 5 treatment fractions from 10 different patients, taking care that same patient scans were not placed in training and testing folds. Segmentation accuracy was measured using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance at 95th percentile (HD95). Registration consistency was measured using coefficient of variation (CV) in displacement of OARs. Ablation tests and accuracy comparisons against multiple methods were done. Finally, applicability of ProRSeg to segment cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans was evaluated on 80 scans using 5-fold cross-validation. Results: ProRSeg processed 3D volumes (128 $\times$ 192 $\times$ 128) in 3 secs on a NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU. It's segmentations were significantly more accurate ($p<0.001$) than compared methods, achieving a DSC of 0.94 $\pm$0.02 for liver, 0.88$\pm$0.04 for large bowel, 0.78$\pm$0.03 for small bowel and 0.82$\pm$0.04 for stomach-duodenum from MRI. ProRSeg achieved a DSC of 0.72$\pm$0.01 for small bowel and 0.76$\pm$0.03 for stomach-duodenum from CBCT. ProRSeg registrations resulted in the lowest CV in displacement (stomach-duodenum $CV_{x}$: 0.75\%, $CV_{y}$: 0.73\%, and $CV_{z}$: 0.81\%; small bowel $CV_{x}$: 0.80\%, $CV_{y}$: 0.80\%, and $CV_{z}$: 0.68\%; large bowel $CV_{x}$: 0.71\%, $CV_{y}$ : 0.81\%, and $CV_{z}$: 0.75\%). ProRSeg based dose accumulation accounting for intra-fraction (pre-treatment to post-treatment MRI scan) and inter-fraction motion showed that the organ dose constraints were violated in 4 patients for stomach-duodenum and for 3 patients for small bowel. Study limitations include lack of independent testing and ground truth phantom datasets to measure dose accumulation accuracy. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. Comments: This manuscript is currently under review at Medical Physics arXiv:2210.14297 [ pdf , other ] Progressively refined deep joint registration segmentation (ProRSeg) of gastrointestinal organs at risk: Application to MRI and cone-beam CT Authors: Jue Jiang , Jun Hong , Kathryn Tringale , Marsha Reyngold , Christopher Crane , Neelam Tyagi , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Method: ProRSeg was trained using 5-fold cross-validation with 110 T2-weighted MRI acquired at 5 treatment fractions from 10 different patients, taking care that same patient scans were not placed in training and testing folds. Segmentation accuracy was measured using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance at 95th percentile (HD95). Registration consistency was measured using coe… ▽ More Method: ProRSeg was trained using 5-fold cross-validation with 110 T2-weighted MRI acquired at 5 treatment fractions from 10 different patients, taking care that same patient scans were not placed in training and testing folds. Segmentation accuracy was measured using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance at 95th percentile (HD95). Registration consistency was measured using coefficient of variation (CV) in displacement of OARs. Ablation tests and accuracy comparisons against multiple methods were done. Finally, applicability of ProRSeg to segment cone-beam CT (CBCT) scans was evaluated on 80 scans using 5-fold cross-validation. Results: ProRSeg processed 3D volumes (128 $\times$ 192 $\times$ 128) in 3 secs on a NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU. It's segmentations were significantly more accurate ($p<0.001$) than compared methods, achieving a DSC of 0.94 $\pm$0.02 for liver, 0.88$\pm$0.04 for large bowel, 0.78$\pm$0.03 for small bowel and 0.82$\pm$0.04 for stomach-duodenum from MRI. ProRSeg achieved a DSC of 0.72$\pm$0.01 for small bowel and 0.76$\pm$0.03 for stomach-duodenum from CBCT. ProRSeg registrations resulted in the lowest CV in displacement (stomach-duodenum $CV_{x}$: 0.75\%, $CV_{y}$: 0.73\%, and $CV_{z}$: 0.81\%; small bowel $CV_{x}$: 0.80\%, $CV_{y}$: 0.80\%, and $CV_{z}$: 0.68\%; large bowel $CV_{x}$: 0.71\%, $CV_{y}$ : 0.81\%, and $CV_{z}$: 0.75\%). ProRSeg based dose accumulation accounting for intra-fraction (pre-treatment to post-treatment MRI scan) and inter-fraction motion showed that the organ dose constraints were violated in 4 patients for stomach-duodenum and for 3 patients for small bowel. Study limitations include lack of independent testing and ground truth phantom datasets to measure dose accumulation accuracy. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. Comments: This manuscript is currently under review at Medical Physics arXiv:2205.10342 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV doi 10.1007/978-3-031-16440-8_53 Self-supervised 3D anatomy segmentation using self-distilled masked image transformer (SMIT) Authors: Jue Jiang , Neelam Tyagi , Kathryn Tringale , Christopher Crane , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Vision transformers, with their ability to more efficiently model long-range context, have demonstrated impressive accuracy gains in several computer vision and medical image analysis tasks including segmentation. However, such methods need large labeled datasets for training, which is hard to obtain for medical image analysis. Self-supervised learning (SSL) has demonstrated success in medical ima… ▽ More Vision transformers, with their ability to more efficiently model long-range context, have demonstrated impressive accuracy gains in several computer vision and medical image analysis tasks including segmentation. However, such methods need large labeled datasets for training, which is hard to obtain for medical image analysis. Self-supervised learning (SSL) has demonstrated success in medical image segmentation using convolutional networks. In this work, we developed a \underline{s}elf-distillation learning with \underline{m}asked \underline{i}mage modeling method to perform SSL for vision \underline{t}ransformers (SMIT) applied to 3D multi-organ segmentation from CT and MRI. Our contribution is a dense pixel-wise regression within masked patches called masked image prediction, which we combined with masked patch token distillation as pretext task to pre-train vision transformers. We show our approach is more accurate and requires fewer fine tuning datasets than other pretext tasks. Unlike prior medical image methods, which typically used image sets arising from disease sites and imaging modalities corresponding to the target tasks, we used 3,643 CT scans (602,708 images) arising from head and neck, lung, and kidney cancers as well as COVID-19 for pre-training and applied it to abdominal organs segmentation from MRI pancreatic cancer patients as well as publicly available 13 different abdominal organs segmentation from CT. Our method showed clear accuracy improvement (average DSC of 0.875 from MRI and 0.878 from CT) with reduced requirement for fine-tuning datasets over commonly used pretext tasks. Extensive comparisons against multiple current SSL methods were done. Code will be made available upon acceptance for publication. △ Less Submitted 20 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. Comments: This paper has been early accepted by MICCAI 2022 arXiv:2205.10342 [ pdf , other ] Self-supervised 3D anatomy segmentation using self-distilled masked image transformer (SMIT) Authors: Jue Jiang , Neelam Tyagi , Kathryn Tringale , Christopher Crane , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Vision transformers, with their ability to more efficiently model long-range context, have demonstrated impressive accuracy gains in several computer vision and medical image analysis tasks including segmentation. However, such methods need large labeled datasets for training, which is hard to obtain for medical image analysis. Self-supervised learning (SSL) has demonstrated success in medical ima… ▽ More Vision transformers, with their ability to more efficiently model long-range context, have demonstrated impressive accuracy gains in several computer vision and medical image analysis tasks including segmentation. However, such methods need large labeled datasets for training, which is hard to obtain for medical image analysis. Self-supervised learning (SSL) has demonstrated success in medical image segmentation using convolutional networks. In this work, we developed a \underline{s}elf-distillation learning with \underline{m}asked \underline{i}mage modeling method to perform SSL for vision \underline{t}ransformers (SMIT) applied to 3D multi-organ segmentation from CT and MRI. Our contribution is a dense pixel-wise regression within masked patches called masked image prediction, which we combined with masked patch token distillation as pretext task to pre-train vision transformers. We show our approach is more accurate and requires fewer fine tuning datasets than other pretext tasks. Unlike prior medical image methods, which typically used image sets arising from disease sites and imaging modalities corresponding to the target tasks, we used 3,643 CT scans (602,708 images) arising from head and neck, lung, and kidney cancers as well as COVID-19 for pre-training and applied it to abdominal organs segmentation from MRI pancreatic cancer patients as well as publicly available 13 different abdominal organs segmentation from CT. Our method showed clear accuracy improvement (average DSC of 0.875 from MRI and 0.878 from CT) with reduced requirement for fine-tuning datasets over commonly used pretext tasks. Extensive comparisons against multiple current SSL methods were done. Code will be made available upon acceptance for publication. △ Less Submitted 20 May, 2022; originally announced May 2022. Comments: This paper has been early accepted by MICCAI 2022 arXiv:2201.11000 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV doi 10.1109/TMI.2022.3154934 One shot PACS: Patient specific Anatomic Context and Shape prior aware recurrent registration-segmentation of longitudinal thoracic cone beam CTs Authors: Jue Jiang , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Image-guided adaptive lung radiotherapy requires accurate tumor and organs segmentation from during treatment cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. Thoracic CBCTs are hard to segment because of low soft-tissue contrast, imaging artifacts, respiratory motion, and large treatment induced intra-thoracic anatomic changes. Hence, we developed a novel Patient-specific Anatomic Context and Shape prior or PACS-awar… ▽ More Image-guided adaptive lung radiotherapy requires accurate tumor and organs segmentation from during treatment cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. Thoracic CBCTs are hard to segment because of low soft-tissue contrast, imaging artifacts, respiratory motion, and large treatment induced intra-thoracic anatomic changes. Hence, we developed a novel Patient-specific Anatomic Context and Shape prior or PACS-aware 3D recurrent registration-segmentation network for longitudinal thoracic CBCT segmentation. Segmentation and registration networks were concurrently trained in an end-to-end framework and implemented with convolutional long-short term memory models. The registration network was trained in an unsupervised manner using pairs of planning CT (pCT) and CBCT images and produced a progressively deformed sequence of images. The segmentation network was optimized in a one-shot setting by combining progressively deformed pCT (anatomic context) and pCT delineations (shape context) with CBCT images. Our method, one-shot PACS was significantly more accurate (p$<$0.001) for tumor (DSC of 0.83 $\pm$ 0.08, surface DSC [sDSC] of 0.97 $\pm$ 0.06, and Hausdorff distance at $95^{th}$ percentile [HD95] of 3.97$\pm$3.02mm) and the esophagus (DSC of 0.78 $\pm$ 0.13, sDSC of 0.90$\pm$0.14, HD95 of 3.22$\pm$2.02) segmentation than multiple methods. Ablation tests and comparative experiments were also done. △ Less Submitted 26 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022. Comments: This manuscript is currently under minor revision at IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging arXiv:2201.11000 [ pdf , other ] One shot PACS: Patient specific Anatomic Context and Shape prior aware recurrent registration-segmentation of longitudinal thoracic cone beam CTs Authors: Jue Jiang , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Image-guided adaptive lung radiotherapy requires accurate tumor and organs segmentation from during treatment cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. Thoracic CBCTs are hard to segment because of low soft-tissue contrast, imaging artifacts, respiratory motion, and large treatment induced intra-thoracic anatomic changes. Hence, we developed a novel Patient-specific Anatomic Context and Shape prior or PACS-awar… ▽ More Image-guided adaptive lung radiotherapy requires accurate tumor and organs segmentation from during treatment cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. Thoracic CBCTs are hard to segment because of low soft-tissue contrast, imaging artifacts, respiratory motion, and large treatment induced intra-thoracic anatomic changes. Hence, we developed a novel Patient-specific Anatomic Context and Shape prior or PACS-aware 3D recurrent registration-segmentation network for longitudinal thoracic CBCT segmentation. Segmentation and registration networks were concurrently trained in an end-to-end framework and implemented with convolutional long-short term memory models. The registration network was trained in an unsupervised manner using pairs of planning CT (pCT) and CBCT images and produced a progressively deformed sequence of images. The segmentation network was optimized in a one-shot setting by combining progressively deformed pCT (anatomic context) and pCT delineations (shape context) with CBCT images. Our method, one-shot PACS was significantly more accurate (p$<$0.001) for tumor (DSC of 0.83 $\pm$ 0.08, surface DSC [sDSC] of 0.97 $\pm$ 0.06, and Hausdorff distance at $95^{th}$ percentile [HD95] of 3.97$\pm$3.02mm) and the esophagus (DSC of 0.78 $\pm$ 0.13, sDSC of 0.90$\pm$0.14, HD95 of 3.22$\pm$2.02) segmentation than multiple methods. Ablation tests and comparative experiments were also done. △ Less Submitted 26 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022. Comments: This manuscript is currently under minor revision at IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging arXiv:2107.07985 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV doi 10.1109/TMI.2021.3132291 Unpaired cross-modality educed distillation (CMEDL) for medical image segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Andreas Rimner , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Accurate and robust segmentation of lung cancers from CT, even those located close to mediastinum, is needed to more accurately plan and deliver radiotherapy and to measure treatment response. Therefore, we developed a new cross-modality educed distillation (CMEDL) approach, using unpaired CT and MRI scans, whereby an informative teacher MRI network guides a student CT network to extract features… ▽ More Accurate and robust segmentation of lung cancers from CT, even those located close to mediastinum, is needed to more accurately plan and deliver radiotherapy and to measure treatment response. Therefore, we developed a new cross-modality educed distillation (CMEDL) approach, using unpaired CT and MRI scans, whereby an informative teacher MRI network guides a student CT network to extract features that signal the difference between foreground and background. Our contribution eliminates two requirements of distillation methods: (i) paired image sets by using an image to image (I2I) translation and (ii) pre-training of the teacher network with a large training set by using concurrent training of all networks. Our framework uses an end-to-end trained unpaired I2I translation, teacher, and student segmentation networks. Architectural flexibility of our framework is demonstrated using 3 segmentation and 2 I2I networks. Networks were trained with 377 CT and 82 T2w MRI from different sets of patients, with independent validation (N=209 tumors) and testing (N=609 tumors) datasets. Network design, methods to combine MRI with CT information, distillation learning under informative (MRI to CT), weak (CT to MRI) and equal teacher (MRI to MRI), and ablation tests were performed. Accuracy was measured using Dice similarity (DSC), surface Dice (sDSC), and Hausdorff distance at the 95$^{th}$ percentile (HD95). The CMEDL approach was significantly (p $<$ 0.001) more accurate (DSC of 0.77 vs. 0.73) than non-CMEDL methods with an informative teacher for CT lung tumor, with a weak teacher (DSC of 0.84 vs. 0.81) for MRI lung tumor, and with equal teacher (DSC of 0.90 vs. 0.88) for MRI multi-organ segmentation. CMEDL also reduced inter-rater lung tumor segmentation variabilities.. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2021; v1 submitted 16 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. Comments: This manuscript is has been accepted by IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging arXiv:2107.07985 [ pdf , other ] Unpaired cross-modality educed distillation (CMEDL) for medical image segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Andreas Rimner , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Accurate and robust segmentation of lung cancers from CT, even those located close to mediastinum, is needed to more accurately plan and deliver radiotherapy and to measure treatment response. Therefore, we developed a new cross-modality educed distillation (CMEDL) approach, using unpaired CT and MRI scans, whereby an informative teacher MRI network guides a student CT network to extract features… ▽ More Accurate and robust segmentation of lung cancers from CT, even those located close to mediastinum, is needed to more accurately plan and deliver radiotherapy and to measure treatment response. Therefore, we developed a new cross-modality educed distillation (CMEDL) approach, using unpaired CT and MRI scans, whereby an informative teacher MRI network guides a student CT network to extract features that signal the difference between foreground and background. Our contribution eliminates two requirements of distillation methods: (i) paired image sets by using an image to image (I2I) translation and (ii) pre-training of the teacher network with a large training set by using concurrent training of all networks. Our framework uses an end-to-end trained unpaired I2I translation, teacher, and student segmentation networks. Architectural flexibility of our framework is demonstrated using 3 segmentation and 2 I2I networks. Networks were trained with 377 CT and 82 T2w MRI from different sets of patients, with independent validation (N=209 tumors) and testing (N=609 tumors) datasets. Network design, methods to combine MRI with CT information, distillation learning under informative (MRI to CT), weak (CT to MRI) and equal teacher (MRI to MRI), and ablation tests were performed. Accuracy was measured using Dice similarity (DSC), surface Dice (sDSC), and Hausdorff distance at the 95$^{th}$ percentile (HD95). The CMEDL approach was significantly (p $<$ 0.001) more accurate (DSC of 0.77 vs. 0.73) than non-CMEDL methods with an informative teacher for CT lung tumor, with a weak teacher (DSC of 0.84 vs. 0.81) for MRI lung tumor, and with equal teacher (DSC of 0.90 vs. 0.88) for MRI multi-organ segmentation. CMEDL also reduced inter-rater lung tumor segmentation variabilities.. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2021; v1 submitted 16 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. Comments: This manuscript is has been accepted by IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging arXiv:2102.13541 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV Nested-block self-attention for robust radiotherapy planning segmentation Authors: Harini Veeraraghavan , Jue Jiang , Sharif Elguindi , Sean L. Berry , Ifeanyirochukwu Onochie , Aditya Apte , Laura Cervino , Joseph O. Deasy Abstract : Although deep convolutional networks have been widely studied for head and neck (HN) organs at risk (OAR) segmentation, their use for routine clinical treatment planning is limited by a lack of robustness to imaging artifacts, low soft tissue contrast on CT, and the presence of abnormal anatomy. In order to address these challenges, we developed a computationally efficient nested block self-attent… ▽ More Although deep convolutional networks have been widely studied for head and neck (HN) organs at risk (OAR) segmentation, their use for routine clinical treatment planning is limited by a lack of robustness to imaging artifacts, low soft tissue contrast on CT, and the presence of abnormal anatomy. In order to address these challenges, we developed a computationally efficient nested block self-attention (NBSA) method that can be combined with any convolutional network. Our method achieves computational efficiency by performing non-local calculations within memory blocks of fixed spatial extent. Contextual dependencies are captured by passing information in a raster scan order between blocks, as well as through a second attention layer that causes bi-directional attention flow. We implemented our approach on three different networks to demonstrate feasibility. Following training using 200 cases, we performed comprehensive evaluations using conventional and clinical metrics on a separate set of 172 test scans sourced from external and internal institution datasets without any exclusion criteria. NBSA required a similar number of computations (15.7 gflops) as the most efficient criss-cross attention (CCA) method and generated significantly more accurate segmentations for brain stem (Dice of 0.89 vs. 0.86) and parotid glands (0.86 vs. 0.84) than CCA. NBSA's segmentations were less variable than multiple 3D methods, including for small organs with low soft-tissue contrast such as the submandibular glands (surface Dice of 0.90). △ Less Submitted 26 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021. Comments: Under review at Medical Image Analysis arXiv:2102.13541 [ pdf , other ] Nested-block self-attention for robust radiotherapy planning segmentation Authors: Harini Veeraraghavan , Jue Jiang , Sharif Elguindi , Sean L. Berry , Ifeanyirochukwu Onochie , Aditya Apte , Laura Cervino , Joseph O. Deasy Abstract : Although deep convolutional networks have been widely studied for head and neck (HN) organs at risk (OAR) segmentation, their use for routine clinical treatment planning is limited by a lack of robustness to imaging artifacts, low soft tissue contrast on CT, and the presence of abnormal anatomy. In order to address these challenges, we developed a computationally efficient nested block self-attent… ▽ More Although deep convolutional networks have been widely studied for head and neck (HN) organs at risk (OAR) segmentation, their use for routine clinical treatment planning is limited by a lack of robustness to imaging artifacts, low soft tissue contrast on CT, and the presence of abnormal anatomy. In order to address these challenges, we developed a computationally efficient nested block self-attention (NBSA) method that can be combined with any convolutional network. Our method achieves computational efficiency by performing non-local calculations within memory blocks of fixed spatial extent. Contextual dependencies are captured by passing information in a raster scan order between blocks, as well as through a second attention layer that causes bi-directional attention flow. We implemented our approach on three different networks to demonstrate feasibility. Following training using 200 cases, we performed comprehensive evaluations using conventional and clinical metrics on a separate set of 172 test scans sourced from external and internal institution datasets without any exclusion criteria. NBSA required a similar number of computations (15.7 gflops) as the most efficient criss-cross attention (CCA) method and generated significantly more accurate segmentations for brain stem (Dice of 0.89 vs. 0.86) and parotid glands (0.86 vs. 0.84) than CCA. NBSA's segmentations were less variable than multiple 3D methods, including for small organs with low soft-tissue contrast such as the submandibular glands (surface Dice of 0.90). △ Less Submitted 26 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021. Comments: Under review at Medical Image Analysis arXiv:2102.08556 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV doi 10.1002/mp.14902 Deep cross-modality (MR-CT) educed distillation learning for cone beam CT lung tumor segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Sadegh Riyahi Alam , Ishita Chen , Perry Zhang , Andreas Rimner , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Despite the widespread availability of in-treatment room cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, due to the lack of reliable segmentation methods, CBCT is only used for gross set up corrections in lung radiotherapies. Accurate and reliable auto-segmentation tools could potentiate volumetric response assessment and geometry-guided adaptive radiation therapies. Therefore, we developed a new de… ▽ More Despite the widespread availability of in-treatment room cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, due to the lack of reliable segmentation methods, CBCT is only used for gross set up corrections in lung radiotherapies. Accurate and reliable auto-segmentation tools could potentiate volumetric response assessment and geometry-guided adaptive radiation therapies. Therefore, we developed a new deep learning CBCT lung tumor segmentation method. Methods: The key idea of our approach called cross modality educed distillation (CMEDL) is to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to guide a CBCT segmentation network training to extract more informative features during training. We accomplish this by training an end-to-end network comprised of unpaired domain adaptation (UDA) and cross-domain segmentation distillation networks (SDN) using unpaired CBCT and MRI datasets. Feature distillation regularizes the student network to extract CBCT features that match the statistical distribution of MRI features extracted by the teacher network and obtain better differentiation of tumor from background.} We also compared against an alternative framework that used UDA with MR segmentation network, whereby segmentation was done on the synthesized pseudo MRI representation. All networks were trained with 216 weekly CBCTs and 82 T2-weighted turbo spin echo MRI acquired from different patient cohorts. Validation was done on 20 weekly CBCTs from patients not used in training. Independent testing was done on 38 weekly CBCTs from patients not used in training or validation. Segmentation accuracy was measured using surface Dice similarity coefficient (SDSC) and Hausdroff distance at 95th percentile (HD95) metrics. △ Less Submitted 20 April, 2021; v1 submitted 16 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021. Comments: The paper has been accepted to Medical Physics arXiv:2102.08556 [ pdf , other ] Deep cross-modality (MR-CT) educed distillation learning for cone beam CT lung tumor segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Sadegh Riyahi Alam , Ishita Chen , Perry Zhang , Andreas Rimner , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Despite the widespread availability of in-treatment room cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, due to the lack of reliable segmentation methods, CBCT is only used for gross set up corrections in lung radiotherapies. Accurate and reliable auto-segmentation tools could potentiate volumetric response assessment and geometry-guided adaptive radiation therapies. Therefore, we developed a new de… ▽ More Despite the widespread availability of in-treatment room cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging, due to the lack of reliable segmentation methods, CBCT is only used for gross set up corrections in lung radiotherapies. Accurate and reliable auto-segmentation tools could potentiate volumetric response assessment and geometry-guided adaptive radiation therapies. Therefore, we developed a new deep learning CBCT lung tumor segmentation method. Methods: The key idea of our approach called cross modality educed distillation (CMEDL) is to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to guide a CBCT segmentation network training to extract more informative features during training. We accomplish this by training an end-to-end network comprised of unpaired domain adaptation (UDA) and cross-domain segmentation distillation networks (SDN) using unpaired CBCT and MRI datasets. Feature distillation regularizes the student network to extract CBCT features that match the statistical distribution of MRI features extracted by the teacher network and obtain better differentiation of tumor from background.} We also compared against an alternative framework that used UDA with MR segmentation network, whereby segmentation was done on the synthesized pseudo MRI representation. All networks were trained with 216 weekly CBCTs and 82 T2-weighted turbo spin echo MRI acquired from different patient cohorts. Validation was done on 20 weekly CBCTs from patients not used in training. Independent testing was done on 38 weekly CBCTs from patients not used in training or validation. Segmentation accuracy was measured using surface Dice similarity coefficient (SDSC) and Hausdroff distance at 95th percentile (HD95) metrics. △ Less Submitted 20 April, 2021; v1 submitted 16 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021. Comments: The paper has been accepted to Medical Physics arXiv:2007.09669 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Unified cross-modality feature disentangler for unsupervised multi-domain MRI abdomen organs segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Our contribution is a unified cross-modality feature disentagling approach for multi-domain image translation and multiple organ segmentation. Using CT as the labeled source domain, our approach learns to segment multi-modal (T1-weighted and T2-weighted) MRI having no labeled data. Our approach uses a variational auto-encoder (VAE) to disentangle the image content from style. The VAE constrains th… ▽ More Our contribution is a unified cross-modality feature disentagling approach for multi-domain image translation and multiple organ segmentation. Using CT as the labeled source domain, our approach learns to segment multi-modal (T1-weighted and T2-weighted) MRI having no labeled data. Our approach uses a variational auto-encoder (VAE) to disentangle the image content from style. The VAE constrains the style feature encoding to match a universal prior (Gaussian) that is assumed to span the styles of all the source and target modalities. The extracted image style is converted into a latent style scaling code, which modulates the generator to produce multi-modality images according to the target domain code from the image content features. Finally, we introduce a joint distribution matching discriminator that combines the translated images with task-relevant segmentation probability maps to further constrain and regularize image-to-image (I2I) translations. We performed extensive comparisons to multiple state-of-the-art I2I translation and segmentation methods. Our approach resulted in the lowest average multi-domain image reconstruction error of 1.34$\pm$0.04. Our approach produced an average Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.85 for T1w and 0.90 for T2w MRI for multi-organ segmentation, which was highly comparable to a fully supervised MRI multi-organ segmentation network (DSC of 0.86 for T1w and 0.90 for T2w MRI). △ Less Submitted 19 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020. Comments: This paper has been accepted by MICCAI2020 Journal ref: MICCAI 2020 arXiv:2007.09669 [ pdf , other ] Unified cross-modality feature disentangler for unsupervised multi-domain MRI abdomen organs segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Our contribution is a unified cross-modality feature disentagling approach for multi-domain image translation and multiple organ segmentation. Using CT as the labeled source domain, our approach learns to segment multi-modal (T1-weighted and T2-weighted) MRI having no labeled data. Our approach uses a variational auto-encoder (VAE) to disentangle the image content from style. The VAE constrains th… ▽ More Our contribution is a unified cross-modality feature disentagling approach for multi-domain image translation and multiple organ segmentation. Using CT as the labeled source domain, our approach learns to segment multi-modal (T1-weighted and T2-weighted) MRI having no labeled data. Our approach uses a variational auto-encoder (VAE) to disentangle the image content from style. The VAE constrains the style feature encoding to match a universal prior (Gaussian) that is assumed to span the styles of all the source and target modalities. The extracted image style is converted into a latent style scaling code, which modulates the generator to produce multi-modality images according to the target domain code from the image content features. Finally, we introduce a joint distribution matching discriminator that combines the translated images with task-relevant segmentation probability maps to further constrain and regularize image-to-image (I2I) translations. We performed extensive comparisons to multiple state-of-the-art I2I translation and segmentation methods. Our approach resulted in the lowest average multi-domain image reconstruction error of 1.34$\pm$0.04. Our approach produced an average Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.85 for T1w and 0.90 for T2w MRI for multi-organ segmentation, which was highly comparable to a fully supervised MRI multi-organ segmentation network (DSC of 0.86 for T1w and 0.90 for T2w MRI). △ Less Submitted 19 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020. Comments: This paper has been accepted by MICCAI2020 Journal ref: MICCAI 2020 arXiv:2007.09465 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV doi 10.1109/TMI.2020.3011626 PSIGAN: Joint probabilistic segmentation and image distribution matching for unpaired cross-modality adaptation based MRI segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Yu Chi Hu , Neelam Tyagi , Andreas Rimner , Nancy Lee , Joseph O. Deasy , Sean Berry , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : We developed a new joint probabilistic segmentation and image distribution matching generative adversarial network (PSIGAN) for unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) and multi-organ segmentation from magnetic resonance (MRI) images. Our UDA approach models the co-dependency between images and their segmentation as a joint probability distribution using a new structure discriminator. The structure d… ▽ More We developed a new joint probabilistic segmentation and image distribution matching generative adversarial network (PSIGAN) for unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) and multi-organ segmentation from magnetic resonance (MRI) images. Our UDA approach models the co-dependency between images and their segmentation as a joint probability distribution using a new structure discriminator. The structure discriminator computes structure of interest focused adversarial loss by combining the generated pseudo MRI with probabilistic segmentations produced by a simultaneously trained segmentation sub-network. The segmentation sub-network is trained using the pseudo MRI produced by the generator sub-network. This leads to a cyclical optimization of both the generator and segmentation sub-networks that are jointly trained as part of an end-to-end network. Extensive experiments and comparisons against multiple state-of-the-art methods were done on four different MRI sequences totalling 257 scans for generating multi-organ and tumor segmentation. The experiments included, (a) 20 T1-weighted (T1w) in-phase mdixon and (b) 20 T2-weighted (T2w) abdominal MRI for segmenting liver, spleen, left and right kidneys, (c) 162 T2-weighted fat suppressed head and neck MRI (T2wFS) for parotid gland segmentation, and (d) 75 T2w MRI for lung tumor segmentation. Our method achieved an overall average DSC of 0.87 on T1w and 0.90 on T2w for the abdominal organs, 0.82 on T2wFS for the parotid glands, and 0.77 on T2w MRI for lung tumors. △ Less Submitted 18 July, 2021; v1 submitted 18 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020. Comments: This paper has been accepted by IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging Journal ref: IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2020 arXiv:2007.09465 [ pdf , other ] PSIGAN: Joint probabilistic segmentation and image distribution matching for unpaired cross-modality adaptation based MRI segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Yu Chi Hu , Neelam Tyagi , Andreas Rimner , Nancy Lee , Joseph O. Deasy , Sean Berry , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : We developed a new joint probabilistic segmentation and image distribution matching generative adversarial network (PSIGAN) for unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) and multi-organ segmentation from magnetic resonance (MRI) images. Our UDA approach models the co-dependency between images and their segmentation as a joint probability distribution using a new structure discriminator. The structure d… ▽ More We developed a new joint probabilistic segmentation and image distribution matching generative adversarial network (PSIGAN) for unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) and multi-organ segmentation from magnetic resonance (MRI) images. Our UDA approach models the co-dependency between images and their segmentation as a joint probability distribution using a new structure discriminator. The structure discriminator computes structure of interest focused adversarial loss by combining the generated pseudo MRI with probabilistic segmentations produced by a simultaneously trained segmentation sub-network. The segmentation sub-network is trained using the pseudo MRI produced by the generator sub-network. This leads to a cyclical optimization of both the generator and segmentation sub-networks that are jointly trained as part of an end-to-end network. Extensive experiments and comparisons against multiple state-of-the-art methods were done on four different MRI sequences totalling 257 scans for generating multi-organ and tumor segmentation. The experiments included, (a) 20 T1-weighted (T1w) in-phase mdixon and (b) 20 T2-weighted (T2w) abdominal MRI for segmenting liver, spleen, left and right kidneys, (c) 162 T2-weighted fat suppressed head and neck MRI (T2wFS) for parotid gland segmentation, and (d) 75 T2w MRI for lung tumor segmentation. Our method achieved an overall average DSC of 0.87 on T1w and 0.90 on T2w for the abdominal organs, 0.82 on T2wFS for the parotid glands, and 0.77 on T2w MRI for lung tumors. △ Less Submitted 18 July, 2021; v1 submitted 18 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020. Comments: This paper has been accepted by IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging Journal ref: IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2020 arXiv:2005.13690 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Multiple resolution residual network for automatic thoracic organs-at-risk segmentation from CT Authors: Hyemin Um , Jue Jiang , Maria Thor , Andreas Rimner , Leo Luo , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : We implemented and evaluated a multiple resolution residual network (MRRN) for multiple normal organs-at-risk (OAR) segmentation from computed tomography (CT) images for thoracic radiotherapy treatment (RT) planning. Our approach simultaneously combines feature streams computed at multiple image resolutions and feature levels through residual connections. The feature streams at each level are upda… ▽ More We implemented and evaluated a multiple resolution residual network (MRRN) for multiple normal organs-at-risk (OAR) segmentation from computed tomography (CT) images for thoracic radiotherapy treatment (RT) planning. Our approach simultaneously combines feature streams computed at multiple image resolutions and feature levels through residual connections. The feature streams at each level are updated as the images are passed through various feature levels. We trained our approach using 206 thoracic CT scans of lung cancer patients with 35 scans held out for validation to segment the left and right lungs, heart, esophagus, and spinal cord. This approach was tested on 60 CT scans from the open-source AAPM Thoracic Auto-Segmentation Challenge dataset. Performance was measured using the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC). Our approach outperformed the best-performing method in the grand challenge for hard-to-segment structures like the esophagus and achieved comparable results for all other structures. Median DSC using our method was 0.97 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.97-0.98) for the left and right lungs, 0.93 (IQR: 0.93-0.95) for the heart, 0.78 (IQR: 0.76-0.80) for the esophagus, and 0.88 (IQR: 0.86-0.89) for the spinal cord. △ Less Submitted 31 May, 2020; v1 submitted 27 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020. Comments: MIDL 2020 short paper Report number: MIDL/2020/ExtendedAbstract/h3Miqa_jqN arXiv:2005.13690 [ pdf , other ] Multiple resolution residual network for automatic thoracic organs-at-risk segmentation from CT Authors: Hyemin Um , Jue Jiang , Maria Thor , Andreas Rimner , Leo Luo , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : We implemented and evaluated a multiple resolution residual network (MRRN) for multiple normal organs-at-risk (OAR) segmentation from computed tomography (CT) images for thoracic radiotherapy treatment (RT) planning. Our approach simultaneously combines feature streams computed at multiple image resolutions and feature levels through residual connections. The feature streams at each level are upda… ▽ More We implemented and evaluated a multiple resolution residual network (MRRN) for multiple normal organs-at-risk (OAR) segmentation from computed tomography (CT) images for thoracic radiotherapy treatment (RT) planning. Our approach simultaneously combines feature streams computed at multiple image resolutions and feature levels through residual connections. The feature streams at each level are updated as the images are passed through various feature levels. We trained our approach using 206 thoracic CT scans of lung cancer patients with 35 scans held out for validation to segment the left and right lungs, heart, esophagus, and spinal cord. This approach was tested on 60 CT scans from the open-source AAPM Thoracic Auto-Segmentation Challenge dataset. Performance was measured using the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC). Our approach outperformed the best-performing method in the grand challenge for hard-to-segment structures like the esophagus and achieved comparable results for all other structures. Median DSC using our method was 0.97 (interquartile range [IQR]: 0.97-0.98) for the left and right lungs, 0.93 (IQR: 0.93-0.95) for the heart, 0.78 (IQR: 0.76-0.80) for the esophagus, and 0.88 (IQR: 0.86-0.89) for the spinal cord. △ Less Submitted 31 May, 2020; v1 submitted 27 May, 2020; originally announced May 2020. Comments: MIDL 2020 short paper Report number: MIDL/2020/ExtendedAbstract/h3Miqa_jqN arXiv:1909.05054 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV Local block-wise self attention for normal organ segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Elguindi Sharif , Hyemin Um , Sean Berry , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : We developed a new and computationally simple local block-wise self attention based normal structures segmentation approach applied to head and neck computed tomography (CT) images. Our method uses the insight that normal organs exhibit regularity in their spatial location and inter-relation within images, which can be leveraged to simplify the computations required to aggregate feature informatio… ▽ More We developed a new and computationally simple local block-wise self attention based normal structures segmentation approach applied to head and neck computed tomography (CT) images. Our method uses the insight that normal organs exhibit regularity in their spatial location and inter-relation within images, which can be leveraged to simplify the computations required to aggregate feature information. We accomplish this by using local self attention blocks that pass information between each other to derive the attention map. We show that adding additional attention layers increases the contextual field and captures focused attention from relevant structures. We developed our approach using U-net and compared it against multiple state-of-the-art self attention methods. All models were trained on 48 internal headneck CT scans and tested on 48 CT scans from the external public domain database of computational anatomy dataset. Our method achieved the highest Dice similarity coefficient segmentation accuracy of 0.85$\pm$0.04, 0.86$\pm$0.04 for left and right parotid glands, 0.79$\pm$0.07 and 0.77$\pm$0.05 for left and right submandibular glands, 0.93$\pm$0.01 for mandible and 0.88$\pm$0.02 for the brain stem with the lowest increase of 66.7\% computing time per image and 0.15\% increase in model parameters compared with standard U-net. The best state-of-the-art method called point-wise spatial attention, achieved \textcolor{black}{comparable accuracy but with 516.7\% increase in computing time and 8.14\% increase in parameters compared with standard U-net.} Finally, we performed ablation tests and studied the impact of attention block size, overlap of the attention blocks, additional attention layers, and attention block placement on segmentation performance. △ Less Submitted 11 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019. arXiv:1909.05054 [ pdf , other ] Local block-wise self attention for normal organ segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Elguindi Sharif , Hyemin Um , Sean Berry , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : We developed a new and computationally simple local block-wise self attention based normal structures segmentation approach applied to head and neck computed tomography (CT) images. Our method uses the insight that normal organs exhibit regularity in their spatial location and inter-relation within images, which can be leveraged to simplify the computations required to aggregate feature informatio… ▽ More We developed a new and computationally simple local block-wise self attention based normal structures segmentation approach applied to head and neck computed tomography (CT) images. Our method uses the insight that normal organs exhibit regularity in their spatial location and inter-relation within images, which can be leveraged to simplify the computations required to aggregate feature information. We accomplish this by using local self attention blocks that pass information between each other to derive the attention map. We show that adding additional attention layers increases the contextual field and captures focused attention from relevant structures. We developed our approach using U-net and compared it against multiple state-of-the-art self attention methods. All models were trained on 48 internal headneck CT scans and tested on 48 CT scans from the external public domain database of computational anatomy dataset. Our method achieved the highest Dice similarity coefficient segmentation accuracy of 0.85$\pm$0.04, 0.86$\pm$0.04 for left and right parotid glands, 0.79$\pm$0.07 and 0.77$\pm$0.05 for left and right submandibular glands, 0.93$\pm$0.01 for mandible and 0.88$\pm$0.02 for the brain stem with the lowest increase of 66.7\% computing time per image and 0.15\% increase in model parameters compared with standard U-net. The best state-of-the-art method called point-wise spatial attention, achieved \textcolor{black}{comparable accuracy but with 516.7\% increase in computing time and 8.14\% increase in parameters compared with standard U-net.} Finally, we performed ablation tests and studied the impact of attention block size, overlap of the attention blocks, additional attention layers, and attention block placement on segmentation performance. △ Less Submitted 11 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019. arXiv:1909.04542 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Integrating cross-modality hallucinated MRI with CT to aid mediastinal lung tumor segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Jason Hu , Neelam Tyagi , Andreas Rimner , Sean L. Berry , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Lung tumors, especially those located close to or surrounded by soft tissues like the mediastinum, are difficult to segment due to the low soft tissue contrast on computed tomography images. Magnetic resonance images contain superior soft-tissue contrast information that can be leveraged if both modalities were available for training. Therefore, we developed a cross-modality educed learning approa… ▽ More Lung tumors, especially those located close to or surrounded by soft tissues like the mediastinum, are difficult to segment due to the low soft tissue contrast on computed tomography images. Magnetic resonance images contain superior soft-tissue contrast information that can be leveraged if both modalities were available for training. Therefore, we developed a cross-modality educed learning approach where MR information that is educed from CT is used to hallucinate MRI and improve CT segmentation. Our approach, called cross-modality educed deep learning segmentation (CMEDL) combines CT and pseudo MR produced from CT by aligning their features to obtain segmentation on CT. Features computed in the last two layers of parallelly trained CT and MR segmentation networks are aligned. We implemented this approach on U-net and dense fully convolutional networks (dense-FCN). Our networks were trained on unrelated cohorts from open-source the Cancer Imaging Archive CT images (N=377), an internal archive T2-weighted MR (N=81), and evaluated using separate validation (N=304) and testing (N=333) CT-delineated tumors. Our approach using both networks were significantly more accurate (U-net $P <0.001$; denseFCN $P <0.001$) than CT-only networks and achieved an accuracy (Dice similarity coefficient) of 0.71$\pm$0.15 (U-net), 0.74$\pm$0.12 (denseFCN) on validation and 0.72$\pm$0.14 (U-net), 0.73$\pm$0.12 (denseFCN) on the testing sets. Our novel approach demonstrated that educing cross-modality information through learned priors enhances CT segmentation performance △ Less Submitted 10 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019. Comments: This paper has been accepted by MICCAI 2019 arXiv:1909.04542 [ pdf , other ] Integrating cross-modality hallucinated MRI with CT to aid mediastinal lung tumor segmentation Authors: Jue Jiang , Jason Hu , Neelam Tyagi , Andreas Rimner , Sean L. Berry , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Lung tumors, especially those located close to or surrounded by soft tissues like the mediastinum, are difficult to segment due to the low soft tissue contrast on computed tomography images. Magnetic resonance images contain superior soft-tissue contrast information that can be leveraged if both modalities were available for training. Therefore, we developed a cross-modality educed learning approa… ▽ More Lung tumors, especially those located close to or surrounded by soft tissues like the mediastinum, are difficult to segment due to the low soft tissue contrast on computed tomography images. Magnetic resonance images contain superior soft-tissue contrast information that can be leveraged if both modalities were available for training. Therefore, we developed a cross-modality educed learning approach where MR information that is educed from CT is used to hallucinate MRI and improve CT segmentation. Our approach, called cross-modality educed deep learning segmentation (CMEDL) combines CT and pseudo MR produced from CT by aligning their features to obtain segmentation on CT. Features computed in the last two layers of parallelly trained CT and MR segmentation networks are aligned. We implemented this approach on U-net and dense fully convolutional networks (dense-FCN). Our networks were trained on unrelated cohorts from open-source the Cancer Imaging Archive CT images (N=377), an internal archive T2-weighted MR (N=81), and evaluated using separate validation (N=304) and testing (N=333) CT-delineated tumors. Our approach using both networks were significantly more accurate (U-net $P <0.001$; denseFCN $P <0.001$) than CT-only networks and achieved an accuracy (Dice similarity coefficient) of 0.71$\pm$0.15 (U-net), 0.74$\pm$0.12 (denseFCN) on validation and 0.72$\pm$0.14 (U-net), 0.73$\pm$0.12 (denseFCN) on the testing sets. Our novel approach demonstrated that educing cross-modality information through learned priors enhances CT segmentation performance △ Less Submitted 10 September, 2019; originally announced September 2019. Comments: This paper has been accepted by MICCAI 2019 arXiv:1902.00536 [ pdf ] cs.CV Comparison of Patch-Based Conditional Generative Adversarial Neural Net Models with Emphasis on Model Robustness for Use in Head and Neck Cases for MR-Only planning Authors: Peter Klages , Ilyes Benslimane , Sadegh Riyahi , Jue Jiang , Margie Hunt , Joe Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan , Neelam Tyagi Abstract : A total of twenty paired CT and MR images were used in this study to investigate two conditional generative adversarial networks, Pix2Pix, and Cycle GAN, for generating synthetic CT images for Headand Neck cancer cases. Ten of the patient cases were used for training and included such common artifacts as dental implants; the remaining ten testing cases were used for testing and included a larger r… ▽ More A total of twenty paired CT and MR images were used in this study to investigate two conditional generative adversarial networks, Pix2Pix, and Cycle GAN, for generating synthetic CT images for Headand Neck cancer cases. Ten of the patient cases were used for training and included such common artifacts as dental implants; the remaining ten testing cases were used for testing and included a larger range of image features commonly found in clinical head and neck cases. These features included strong metal artifacts from dental implants, one case with a metal implant, and one case with abnormal anatomy. The original CT images were deformably registered to the mDixon FFE MR images to minimize the effects of processing the MR images. The sCT generation accuracy and robustness were evaluated using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) based on the Hounsfield Units (HU) for three regions (whole body, bone, and air within the body), Mean Error (ME) to observe systematic average offset errors in the sCT generation, and dosimetric evaluation of all clinically relevant structures. For the test set the MAE for the Pix2Pix and Cycle GAN models were 92.4 $\pm$ 13.5 HU, and 100.7 $\pm$ 14.6 HU, respectively, for the body region, 166.3 $\pm$ 31.8 HU, and 184 $\pm$ 31.9 HU, respectively, for the bone region, and 183.7 $\pm$ 41.3 HU and 185.4 $\pm$ 37.9 HU for the air regions. The ME for Pix2Pix and Cycle GAN were 21.0 $\pm$ 11.8 HU and 37.5 $\pm$ 14.9 HU, respectively. Absolute Percent Mean/Max Dose Errors were less than 2% for the PTV and all critical structures for both models, and DRRs generated from these models looked qualitatively similar to CT generated DRRs showing these methods are promising for MR-only planning. △ Less Submitted 27 February, 2019; v1 submitted 1 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019. Comments: submitted to PMB arXiv:1902.00536 [ pdf ] Comparison of Patch-Based Conditional Generative Adversarial Neural Net Models with Emphasis on Model Robustness for Use in Head and Neck Cases for MR-Only planning Authors: Peter Klages , Ilyes Benslimane , Sadegh Riyahi , Jue Jiang , Margie Hunt , Joe Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan , Neelam Tyagi Abstract : A total of twenty paired CT and MR images were used in this study to investigate two conditional generative adversarial networks, Pix2Pix, and Cycle GAN, for generating synthetic CT images for Headand Neck cancer cases. Ten of the patient cases were used for training and included such common artifacts as dental implants; the remaining ten testing cases were used for testing and included a larger r… ▽ More A total of twenty paired CT and MR images were used in this study to investigate two conditional generative adversarial networks, Pix2Pix, and Cycle GAN, for generating synthetic CT images for Headand Neck cancer cases. Ten of the patient cases were used for training and included such common artifacts as dental implants; the remaining ten testing cases were used for testing and included a larger range of image features commonly found in clinical head and neck cases. These features included strong metal artifacts from dental implants, one case with a metal implant, and one case with abnormal anatomy. The original CT images were deformably registered to the mDixon FFE MR images to minimize the effects of processing the MR images. The sCT generation accuracy and robustness were evaluated using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) based on the Hounsfield Units (HU) for three regions (whole body, bone, and air within the body), Mean Error (ME) to observe systematic average offset errors in the sCT generation, and dosimetric evaluation of all clinically relevant structures. For the test set the MAE for the Pix2Pix and Cycle GAN models were 92.4 $\pm$ 13.5 HU, and 100.7 $\pm$ 14.6 HU, respectively, for the body region, 166.3 $\pm$ 31.8 HU, and 184 $\pm$ 31.9 HU, respectively, for the bone region, and 183.7 $\pm$ 41.3 HU and 185.4 $\pm$ 37.9 HU for the air regions. The ME for Pix2Pix and Cycle GAN were 21.0 $\pm$ 11.8 HU and 37.5 $\pm$ 14.9 HU, respectively. Absolute Percent Mean/Max Dose Errors were less than 2% for the PTV and all critical structures for both models, and DRRs generated from these models looked qualitatively similar to CT generated DRRs showing these methods are promising for MR-only planning. △ Less Submitted 27 February, 2019; v1 submitted 1 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019. Comments: submitted to PMB arXiv:1901.11369 [ pdf ] cs.CV doi 10.1002/mp.13695 Cross-modality (CT-MRI) prior augmented deep learning for robust lung tumor segmentation from small MR datasets Authors: Jue Jiang , Yu-Chi Hu , Neelam Tyagi , Pengpeng Zhang , Andreas Rimner , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Lack of large expert annotated MR datasets makes training deep learning models difficult. Therefore, a cross-modality (MR-CT) deep learning segmentation approach that augments training data using pseudo MR images produced by transforming expert-segmented CT images was developed. Eighty-One T2-weighted MRI scans from 28 patients with non-small cell lung cancers were analyzed. Cross-modality prior e… ▽ More Lack of large expert annotated MR datasets makes training deep learning models difficult. Therefore, a cross-modality (MR-CT) deep learning segmentation approach that augments training data using pseudo MR images produced by transforming expert-segmented CT images was developed. Eighty-One T2-weighted MRI scans from 28 patients with non-small cell lung cancers were analyzed. Cross-modality prior encoding the transformation of CT to pseudo MR images resembling T2w MRI was learned as a generative adversarial deep learning model. This model augmented training data arising from 6 expert-segmented T2w MR patient scans with 377 pseudo MRI from non-small cell lung cancer CT patient scans with obtained from the Cancer Imaging Archive. A two-dimensional Unet implemented with batch normalization was trained to segment the tumors from T2w MRI. This method was benchmarked against (a) standard data augmentation and two state-of-the art cross-modality pseudo MR-based augmentation and (b) two segmentation networks. Segmentation accuracy was computed using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Hausdroff distance metrics, and volume ratio. The proposed approach produced the lowest statistical variability in the intensity distribution between pseudo and T2w MR images measured as Kullback-Leibler divergence of 0.069. This method produced the highest segmentation accuracy with a DSC of 0.75 and the lowest Hausdroff distance on the test dataset. This approach produced highly similar estimations of tumor growth as an expert (P = 0.37). A novel deep learning MR segmentation was developed that overcomes the limitation of learning robust models from small datasets by leveraging learned cross-modality priors to augment training. The results show the feasibility of the approach and the corresponding improvement over the state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 27 February, 2019; v1 submitted 31 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019. Comments: Submitted to Medical Physics arXiv:1901.11369 [ pdf ] Cross-modality (CT-MRI) prior augmented deep learning for robust lung tumor segmentation from small MR datasets Authors: Jue Jiang , Yu-Chi Hu , Neelam Tyagi , Pengpeng Zhang , Andreas Rimner , Joseph O. Deasy , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Lack of large expert annotated MR datasets makes training deep learning models difficult. Therefore, a cross-modality (MR-CT) deep learning segmentation approach that augments training data using pseudo MR images produced by transforming expert-segmented CT images was developed. Eighty-One T2-weighted MRI scans from 28 patients with non-small cell lung cancers were analyzed. Cross-modality prior e… ▽ More Lack of large expert annotated MR datasets makes training deep learning models difficult. Therefore, a cross-modality (MR-CT) deep learning segmentation approach that augments training data using pseudo MR images produced by transforming expert-segmented CT images was developed. Eighty-One T2-weighted MRI scans from 28 patients with non-small cell lung cancers were analyzed. Cross-modality prior encoding the transformation of CT to pseudo MR images resembling T2w MRI was learned as a generative adversarial deep learning model. This model augmented training data arising from 6 expert-segmented T2w MR patient scans with 377 pseudo MRI from non-small cell lung cancer CT patient scans with obtained from the Cancer Imaging Archive. A two-dimensional Unet implemented with batch normalization was trained to segment the tumors from T2w MRI. This method was benchmarked against (a) standard data augmentation and two state-of-the art cross-modality pseudo MR-based augmentation and (b) two segmentation networks. Segmentation accuracy was computed using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Hausdroff distance metrics, and volume ratio. The proposed approach produced the lowest statistical variability in the intensity distribution between pseudo and T2w MR images measured as Kullback-Leibler divergence of 0.069. This method produced the highest segmentation accuracy with a DSC of 0.75 and the lowest Hausdroff distance on the test dataset. This approach produced highly similar estimations of tumor growth as an expert (P = 0.37). A novel deep learning MR segmentation was developed that overcomes the limitation of learning robust models from small datasets by leveraging learned cross-modality priors to augment training. The results show the feasibility of the approach and the corresponding improvement over the state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 27 February, 2019; v1 submitted 31 January, 2019; originally announced January 2019. Comments: Submitted to Medical Physics arXiv:1303.0964 [ pdf ] cs.CV doi 10.1038/srep01364 GBM Volumetry using the 3D Slicer Medical Image Computing Platform Authors: Jan Egger , Tina Kapur , Andriy Fedorov , Steve Pieper , James V. Miller , Harini Veeraraghavan , Bernd Freisleben , Alexandra Golby , Christopher Nimsky , Ron Kikinis Abstract : Volumetric change in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) over time is a critical factor in treatment decisions. Typically, the tumor volume is computed on a slice-by-slice basis using MRI scans obtained at regular intervals. (3D)Slicer - a free platform for biomedical research - provides an alternative to this manual slice-by-slice segmentation process, which is significantly faster and requires less us… ▽ More Volumetric change in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) over time is a critical factor in treatment decisions. Typically, the tumor volume is computed on a slice-by-slice basis using MRI scans obtained at regular intervals. (3D)Slicer - a free platform for biomedical research - provides an alternative to this manual slice-by-slice segmentation process, which is significantly faster and requires less user interaction. In this study, 4 physicians segmented GBMs in 10 patients, once using the competitive region-growing based GrowCut segmentation module of Slicer, and once purely by drawing boundaries completely manually on a slice-by-slice basis. Furthermore, we provide a variability analysis for three physicians for 12 GBMs. The time required for GrowCut segmentation was on an average 61% of the time required for a pure manual segmentation. A comparison of Slicer-based segmentation with manual slice-by-slice segmentation resulted in a Dice Similarity Coefficient of 88.43 +/- 5.23% and a Hausdorff Distance of 2.32 +/- 5.23 mm. △ Less Submitted 5 March, 2013; originally announced March 2013. Comments: 7 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, 1 equation, 43 references Journal ref: Sci. Rep. 3, 1364, 2013 arXiv:1303.0964 [ pdf ] GBM Volumetry using the 3D Slicer Medical Image Computing Platform Authors: Jan Egger , Tina Kapur , Andriy Fedorov , Steve Pieper , James V. Miller , Harini Veeraraghavan , Bernd Freisleben , Alexandra Golby , Christopher Nimsky , Ron Kikinis Abstract : Volumetric change in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) over time is a critical factor in treatment decisions. Typically, the tumor volume is computed on a slice-by-slice basis using MRI scans obtained at regular intervals. (3D)Slicer - a free platform for biomedical research - provides an alternative to this manual slice-by-slice segmentation process, which is significantly faster and requires less us… ▽ More Volumetric change in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) over time is a critical factor in treatment decisions. Typically, the tumor volume is computed on a slice-by-slice basis using MRI scans obtained at regular intervals. (3D)Slicer - a free platform for biomedical research - provides an alternative to this manual slice-by-slice segmentation process, which is significantly faster and requires less user interaction. In this study, 4 physicians segmented GBMs in 10 patients, once using the competitive region-growing based GrowCut segmentation module of Slicer, and once purely by drawing boundaries completely manually on a slice-by-slice basis. Furthermore, we provide a variability analysis for three physicians for 12 GBMs. The time required for GrowCut segmentation was on an average 61% of the time required for a pure manual segmentation. A comparison of Slicer-based segmentation with manual slice-by-slice segmentation resulted in a Dice Similarity Coefficient of 88.43 +/- 5.23% and a Hausdorff Distance of 2.32 +/- 5.23 mm. △ Less Submitted 5 March, 2013; originally announced March 2013. Comments: 7 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, 1 equation, 43 references Journal ref: Sci. Rep. 3, 1364, 2013 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Veeraraghavan,+H
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Life 2 Art Toggle Art subsection 2.1 Background 2.2 Career 2.1 Background 2.2 Career 3 Collections 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri Català Cymraeg Español Hausa Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri Born c.1935 ( 2026-01-16UTC16:35 ) Kurtal, south-west of Balgo, Western Australia Died 16 January 2003 Known for Painting Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri (also referred to as Susie Bootja Bootja Napangardi , [ 1 ] Napangarti , [ 2 ] or Napangati ) [ 3 ] (c. 1935 – 16 January 2003) was an Australian Indigenous artist from the Western Desert region. Born south-west of Balgo, Western Australia , in the 1950s Susie Bootja Bootja married artist Mick Gill Tjakamarra, with whom she had a son, Matthew Gill Tjupurrula (also an artist). Susie Bootja Bootja's painting career followed the establishment of Warlayirti Artists, an Indigenous art centre at Balgo. One of the area's strongest artists, her work was characterised by an expressive style, and has been acquired by major Australian galleries, including the Art Gallery of New South Wales and National Gallery of Victoria . She died in 2003. Life Susie Bootja Bootja was born circa 1935 [ notes 1 ] near Kurtal, or Helena Spring, south-west of Balgo, Western Australia ; [ 2 ] the country is called Kaningarra in her own language, a name that appears as the title of one of her art works. [ 5 ] The ambiguity around the year of birth is in part because Indigenous Australians operate using a different conception of time, often estimating dates through comparisons with the occurrence of other events. [ 6 ] While sources vary as to Susie's skin name (some indicating Napangarti, others Napaltjarri), the similar birth dates, locations, and work history indicate that all are referring to the one individual. ' Napaljarri ' (in Warlpiri) or 'Napaltjarri' (in Western Desert dialects) is a skin name, one of sixteen used to denote the subsections or subgroups in the kinship system of central Australian Indigenous people. These names define kinship relationships that influence preferred marriage partners and may be associated with particular totems. Although they may be used as terms of address, they are not surnames in the sense used by Europeans. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Thus 'Susie Bootja Bootja' is the element of the artist's name that is specifically hers. Susie Bootja Bootja was of the Kukatja language group. She married artist Mick Gill Tjakamarra at Old Balgo in the 1950s, and they had a son, Matthew Gill Tjupurrula (born 1960), who also became an artist. [ 2 ] Susie Bootja Bootja died on 16 January 2003. [ 4 ] Art Background Contemporary Indigenous art of the western desert began when Indigenous men at Papunya began painting in 1971, assisted by teacher Geoffrey Bardon . [ 9 ] Their work, which used acrylic paints to create designs representing body painting and ground sculptures, rapidly spread across Indigenous communities of central Australia, particularly following the commencement of a government-sanctioned art program in central Australia in 1983. [ 10 ] By the 1980s and 1990s, such work was being exhibited internationally. [ 11 ] The first artists, including all of the founders of the Papunya Tula artists' company, had been men, and there was resistance amongst the Pintupi men of central Australia to women painting. [ 12 ] However, there was also a desire amongst many of the women to participate, and in the 1990s large numbers of them began to create paintings. In the western desert communities such as Kintore , Yuendumu , Balgo, and on the outstations , people were beginning to create art works expressly for exhibition and sale. [ 11 ] Art centres were important to this widespread creation of art works. [ 13 ] Career The Balgo community did not establish an art centre for more than ten years after their colleagues at Papunya, with artistic activities commencing when an adult education centre was opened in 1981. [ 14 ] However once Warlayirti Artists was set up, the community went on to become one of Australia's most successful Indigenous art centres. [ 5 ] [ 15 ] Painting at the centre is a sociable, communal activity, [ 14 ] and Susie Bootja Bootja would regularly collaborate with other painters, including her husband. [ 3 ] Susie Bootja Bootja was represented by Warlayirti artists at Balgo, [ 16 ] where she was living and working in the 1990s. [ 3 ] She was one of the strongest painters at Balgo. [ 14 ] The work of Balgo artists such as Susie Bootja Bootja, and her fellow artists including Sunfly Tjampitjin and Wimmitji Tjapangarti, are characterised by an expressive style, involving "linked dotting and blurred forms and edges". [ 17 ] Works by Susie Bootja Bootja are held by the Art Gallery of New South Wales, [ 5 ] the National Gallery of Victoria, [ 4 ] and the Flinders University Art Museum Collection. [ 1 ] She is also represented in major private collections, such as Nangara (also known as the Ebes Collection), [ 18 ] the Holmes à Court Collection and the Morven Estate. [ 1 ] Works by both Susie Bootja Bootja and her husband were included in a 1991 exhibition 'Yapa: Peintres Aborigenes de Balgo et Lajamanu' in Paris, and in 'Daughters of the Dreaming' at the Art Gallery of Western Australia in 1997. [ 2 ] Her paintings feature in Christine Watson's 2003 book, Piercing the Ground: Balgo Women's Image Making and Relationship to Country . [ 2 ] Susie Bootja Bootja helped choose the site for, and participated in, a major ceremony for a 1993 Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary film, Milli Milli . The ceremony, called Wati Kutjarra (Two men) Dreaming, was performed with others including fellow artist Peggy Rockman Napaljarri . [ 19 ] Collections Art Gallery of New South Wales [ 5 ] Flinders University Art Museum Collection National Gallery of Victoria Kluge-Ruhe Aboriginal Art Collection , University of Virginia Holmes à Court collection [ 3 ] Notes ^ Johnson's reference work gives a date of 1932 [ 3 ] the National Gallery of Victoria suggests 1935, [ 4 ] while the Oxford Companion to Aboriginal art and culture suggests 1936. [ 2 ] References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Suzie Bootja Bootja (Napangarti)" . Australian Art Print Network. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . ^ a b c d e f Watson, Christine (2000). "Gill Tjakamarra, Mick". In Sylvia Kleinert; Margot Neale (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Aboriginal art and culture . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 593. ISBN 0-19-550649-9 . ^ a b c d e Johnson, Vivien (1994). Aboriginal Artists of the Western Desert: A Biographical Dictionary . Roseville East, NSW: Craftsman House. p. 68. ISBN 976-8097-81-7 . ^ a b c "Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri" . National Gallery of Victoria. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . ^ a b c d "Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri – Kaningarra" . Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Art > Paintings . Art Gallery of New South Wales. 2003 . Retrieved 25 November 2009 . ^ Birnberg, Margo; Kreczmanski, Janusz (2004). Aboriginal Artist Dictionary of Biographies: Australian Western, Central Desert and Kimberley Region . Marleston, South Australia: J.B. Publishing. pp. 10– 12. ISBN 1-876622-47-4 . ^ "Kinship and skin names" . People and culture . Central Land Council. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . ^ De Brabander, Dallas (1994). "Sections". In David Horton (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia . Vol. 2. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. p. 977. ISBN 978-0-85575-234-7 . ^ Bardon, Geoffrey; Bardon, James (2006). Papunya – A place made after the story: The beginnings of the Western Desert painting movement . University of Melbourne: Miegunyah Press. ISBN 978-0-522-85434-3 . ^ Dussart, Francoise (2006). "Canvassing identities: reflecting on the acrylic art movement in an Australian Aboriginal settlement". Aboriginal History . 30 : 156– 168. ^ a b Morphy, Howard (1999). Aboriginal Art . London: Phaidon. pp. 261– 316. ISBN 0-7148-3752-0 . ^ Strocchi, Marina (2006). "Minyma Tjukurrpa: Kintore / Haasts Bluff Canvas Project: Dancing women to famous painters". Artlink . 26 (4). ^ Wright, Felicity; Morphy, Frances (1999–2000). The Art & Craft Centre Story . Vol. 1. Canberra: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission. ISBN 0-642-70453-8 . ^ a b c Johnson, Vivien (1994). "Domino effects: the spread of Western Desert art in the '80s". Aboriginal Artists of the Western Desert: A Biographical Dictionary . Roseville East, NSW: Craftsman House. pp. 13– 49. ISBN 976-8097-81-7 . ^ Australia. Senate. Standing Committee on Environment, Communications, Information Technology and the Arts (June 2007). Indigenous Art: Securing the Future: Australia's Indigenous visual arts and craft sector (PDF) . Canberra: Parliament of Australia. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-642-71788-7 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2011. ^ "Full list of artists" . Warlayirti Artists. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . ^ Johnson, Vivien (2000). "Desert art". In Sylvia Kleinert; Margo Neale (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Aboriginal Art and Culture . Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 217. ISBN 0-19-550649-9 . ^ "The artists" . Nangara: the Australian Aboriginal art exhibition. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ Glowczewski, Barbara (2004). "Piercing the Ground: Balgo Women's Image Making and Relationship to Country [by Watson, Christine (2003)]: (review article)". Australian Aboriginal Studies (2): 105. 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Central and Western Desert art v t e Institutions Araluen Cultural Precinct Contemporary Indigenous Australian art Hermannsburg School List of Indigenous Australian art movements and cooperatives National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award Papunya Tula Araluen Cultural Precinct Contemporary Indigenous Australian art Hermannsburg School List of Indigenous Australian art movements and cooperatives National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award Papunya Tula Significant places Alice Springs, Northern Territory Balgo, Western Australia Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory Kintore, Northern Territory Papunya, Northern Territory Pukatja (Ernabella), South Australia Utopia, Northern Territory Yuendumu, Northern Territory Alice Springs, Northern Territory Balgo, Western Australia Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory Kintore, Northern Territory Papunya, Northern Territory Pukatja (Ernabella), South Australia Utopia, Northern Territory Yuendumu, Northern Territory Artists: women Wawiriya Burton Josepha Petrick Kemarre Tjungkara Ken Lucy Napaljarri Kennedy Emily Kame Kngwarreye Barbara Mbitjana Moore Betty Muffler Doreen Reid Nakamarra Narputta Nangala Ada Andy Napaltjarri Biddy Rockman Napaljarri Daisy Jugadai Napaltjarri Eileen Napaltjarri Helen Nelson Napaljarri Kitty Pultara Napaljarri Linda Syddick Napaltjarri Louisa Napaljarri Molly Jugadai Napaltjarri Mona Rockman Napaljarri Ngoia Pollard Napaltjarri Nora Andy Napaltjarri Norah Nelson Napaljarri Parara Napaltjarri Peggy Rockman Napaljarri Sheila Brown Napaljarri Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri Takariya Napaltjarri Tjunkiya Napaltjarri Topsy Gibson Napaltjarri Valerie Lynch Napaltjarri Wintjiya Napaltjarri Makinti Napanangka Dorothy Napangardi Pansy Napangardi Naata Nungurrayi Gloria Petyarre Kathleen Petyarre Nancy Petyarre Minnie Pwerle Maggie Napaljarri Ross Margaret Scobie Barbara Weir Ruby Tjangawa Williamson Yaritji Young Wawiriya Burton Josepha Petrick Kemarre Tjungkara Ken Lucy Napaljarri Kennedy Emily Kame Kngwarreye Barbara Mbitjana Moore Betty Muffler Doreen Reid Nakamarra Narputta Nangala Ada Andy Napaltjarri Biddy Rockman Napaljarri Daisy Jugadai Napaltjarri Eileen Napaltjarri Helen Nelson Napaljarri Kitty Pultara Napaljarri Linda Syddick Napaltjarri Louisa Napaljarri Molly Jugadai Napaltjarri Mona Rockman Napaljarri Ngoia Pollard Napaltjarri Nora Andy Napaltjarri Norah Nelson Napaljarri Parara Napaltjarri Peggy Rockman Napaljarri Sheila Brown Napaljarri Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri Takariya Napaltjarri Tjunkiya Napaltjarri Topsy Gibson Napaltjarri Valerie Lynch Napaltjarri Wintjiya Napaltjarri Makinti Napanangka Dorothy Napangardi Pansy Napangardi Naata Nungurrayi Gloria Petyarre Kathleen Petyarre Nancy Petyarre Minnie Pwerle Maggie Napaljarri Ross Margaret Scobie Barbara Weir Ruby Tjangawa Williamson Yaritji Young Artists: men Hector Burton Albert Namatjira Tiger Palpatja Wenten Rubuntja Paddy Japaljarri Stewart Anatjari Tjakamarra Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra Kaapa Tjampitjinpa Yala Yala Gibbs Tjungurrayi Turkey Tolson Tjupurrula Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri Mick Namarari Tjapaltjarri Timmy Payungka Tjapangati Yannima Tommy Watson Hector Burton Albert Namatjira Tiger Palpatja Wenten Rubuntja Paddy Japaljarri Stewart Anatjari Tjakamarra Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra Kaapa Tjampitjinpa Yala Yala Gibbs Tjungurrayi Turkey Tolson Tjupurrula Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri Mick Namarari Tjapaltjarri Timmy Payungka Tjapangati Yannima Tommy Watson Major works Earth's Creation Gulgardi Warlugulong Earth's Creation Gulgardi Warlugulong Authority control databases Artists Australian Artists Victoria Australian Artists Victoria People Trove Trove 1935 births 2003 deaths Australian Aboriginal artists 20th-century Australian painters 21st-century Australian painters 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Incremental service awards (Ribbons) Dansk Русский Türkçe اردو Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This page in a nutshell: Some editors choose to acknowledge their service to Wikipedia by displaying a service award, which denotes time served and number of edits made. These awards are unofficial – displaying the wrong one carries no penalty (except possible disapproval from other editors), and displaying the right one does not indicate authority or competence (except possible respect from other editors). Part of a Wikipedia help series on Wikipedia Awards Awarded by co-founder Jimmy Wales Order of the Day Wikimedian of the Year Order of the Day Wikimedian of the Year Awards by WikiProject WikiCup Editor of the Week W Awards Four Award Triple Crown Million Award Impact • Precious WikiCup Editor of the Week W Awards Four Award Triple Crown Million Award Impact • Precious Barnstars and other personal awards Barnstar awards ( by topic ) Personal user awards Personal greetings and cheers Awards by country ( 2.0 ) Ribbons Barnstar awards ( by topic ) Personal user awards Personal greetings and cheers Awards by country ( 2.0 ) Ribbons Awards by number of edits Service awards Incremental service awards Administrative service awards Service awards Incremental service awards Administrative service awards See also WikiLove Thanks! Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways WikiLove Thanks! Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Incremental service awards are a simple way of acknowledging an editor's level of contribution based on two specific benchmarks: the number of contributions the editor made to Wikipedia and the length of time they have been registered. Academic interlocutors have described Wikipedia's service award schema as a way to award the self . The incremental service awards extend that tenet. Unlike the Standard Unofficial Service Awards these awards are used to allow the users to have awards in-between the Major service awards. Please remember that time spent with and number of edits to Wikipedia are not indicative of the quality of an editor's contributions, or of their diplomatic ability. Service awards also do not indicate any level of authority; "veteran" editors have no more authority than "novice" editors. Levels Currently there are 20 incremental service awards, four levels each for the first five service awards. The images for further incremental service awards still exist (although the templates are not available)—check this page history for their use. To keep the validity and status of the major service awards, medals and books are not available for incremental service awards. List of requirements for incremental service awards Award Level Number of levels Edits Incremental number of edits Period Incremental length of period 1 Registered Editor (or Signator) Level 2 4 50 50 edits 8 days 7 days Level 3 100 15 days Level 4 150 23 days 2 Novice Editor (or Burba) Level 2 400 200 edits 1 month 15 days 15 days Level 3 600 2 months Level 4 800 2 months 15 days 3 Apprentice Editor (or Novato) Level 2 1,250 250 edits 3 months 23 days 23 days Level 3 1,500 4 months 15 days Level 4 1,750 5 months 8 days 4 Journeyman Editor (or Grognard) Level 2 2,500 500 edits 7 months 15 days 1 month 15 days Level 3 3,000 9 months Level 4 3,500 10 months 15 days 5 Yeoman Editor (or Grognard Extraordinaire) Level 2 4,500 13 months 15 days Level 3 5,000 15 months Level 4 5,500 16 months 15 days Ribbons Level Ribbons Small ribbons Requirements Registered Editor (or Signator) [ edit ] Registered Editor (or Signator) Level 2 The Signator lv 2, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 8 days and completion of 50 edits {{ Registered Editor lv2 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib01-2.svg File:Editorrib01-2.svg 50 edits 8 days of service 50 edits 8 days of service Level 3 The Signator lv 3, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 15 days and completion of 100 edits {{ Registered Editor lv3 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib01-3.svg File:Editorrib01-3.svg 100 edits 15 days of service 100 edits 15 days of service Level 4 The Signator lv 4, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 23 days and completion of 150 edits {{ Registered Editor lv4 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib01-4.svg File:Editorrib01-4.svg 150 edits 23 days of service 150 edits 23 days of service Novice Editor (or Burba) [ edit ] Novice Editor (or Burba) Level 2 The Novice lv 2, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 1 month 15 days and completion of 400 edits {{ Burba lv2 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib02-2.svg File:Editorrib02-2.svg 400 edits 1 month 15 days of service 400 edits 1 month 15 days of service Level 3 The Novice lv 3, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 2 months and completion of 600 edits {{ Burba lv3 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib02-3.svg File:Editorrib02-3.svg 600 edits 2 months of service 600 edits 2 months of service Level 4 The Novice lv 4, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 2 months 15 days and completion of 800 edits {{ Burba lv4 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib02-4.svg File:Editorrib02-4.svg 800 edits 2 months 15 days of service 800 edits 2 months 15 days of service Apprentice Editor (or Novato) [ edit ] Apprentice Editor (or Novato) Level 2 The Apprentice lv 2, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 3 months 23 days and completion of 1,250 edits {{ Apprentice lv2 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib03-2.svg File:Editorrib03-2.svg 1,250 edits 3 months 23 days of service 1,250 edits 3 months 23 days of service Level 3 The Apprentice lv 3, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 4 months 15 days and completion of 1,500 edits {{ Apprentice lv3 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib03-3.svg File:Editorrib03-3.svg 1,500 edits 4 months 15 days of service 1,500 edits 4 months 15 days of service Level 4 The Apprentice lv 4, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 5 months 8 days and completion of 1,750 edits {{ Apprentice lv4 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib03-4.svg File:Editorrib03-4.svg 1,750 edits 5 months 8 days of service 1,750 edits 5 months 8 days of service Journeyman Editor (or Grognard) [ edit ] Journeyman Editor (or Grognard) Level 2 The Journeyman lv 2, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 7 months 15 days and completion of 2,500 edits {{ Journeyman lv2 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib04-2.svg File:Editorrib04-2.svg 2,500 edits 7 months 15 days of service 2,500 edits 7 months 15 days of service Level 3 The Journeyman lv 3, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 9 months and completion of 3,000 edits {{ Journeyman lv3 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib04-3.svg File:Editorrib04-3.svg 3,000 edits 9 months of service 3,000 edits 9 months of service Level 4 The Journeyman lv 4, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 10 months 15 days and completion of 3,500 edits {{ Journeyman lv4 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib04-4.svg File:Editorrib04-4.svg 3,500 edits 10 months 15 days of service 3,500 edits 10 months 15 days of service Yeoman Editor (or Grognard Extraordinaire) [ edit ] Yeoman Editor (or Grognard Extraordinaire) Level 2 The Yeoman lv 2, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 13 months 15 days and completion of 4,500 edits {{ Yeoman lv2 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib05-2.svg File:Editorrib05-2.svg 4,500 edits 13 months 15 days of service 4,500 edits 13 months 15 days of service Level 3 The Yeoman lv 3, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 15 months and completion of 5,000 edits {{ Yeoman lv3 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib05-3.svg File:Editorrib05-3.svg 5,000 edits 15 months of service 5,000 edits 15 months of service Level 4 The Yeoman lv 4, Awarded for being a Registered Editor for 16 months 15 days and completion of 5,500 edits {{ Yeoman lv4 Ribbon }} File:Editorrib05-4.svg File:Editorrib05-4.svg 5,500 edits 16 months 15 days of service 5,500 edits 16 months 15 days of service See also Wikipedia:Service awards Wikipedia Ribbon alternatives v t e Awards, decorations, and medals of Wikipedia v t e Awarded by co-founder Jimmy Wales Order of the Day Wikimedian of the Year also by country Order of the Day Wikimedian of the Year also by country also by country Awards by WikiProject WikiCup Editor of the Week W Award Four Award Triple Crown Million Award Impact Precious WikiCup Editor of the Week W Award Four Award Triple Crown Million Award Impact Precious Barnstars and other personal awards Barnstar awards by topic Personal user awards Personal greetings and cheers Awards by country 2.0 Ribbons Barnstar awards by topic by topic Personal user awards Personal greetings and cheers Awards by country 2.0 2.0 Ribbons Awards by number of edits Service awards Incremental service awards Administrative service awards Service awards Incremental service awards Administrative service awards See also WikiLove Thanks! Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiLove Thanks! Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign Wikipedia awards This page was last edited on 1 November 2025, at 23:21 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Design and construction Toggle Design and construction subsection 1.1 The crypt 1.2 Renovation 1.1 The crypt 1.2 Renovation 2 Historical paintings Toggle Historical paintings subsection 2.1 Apotheosis of Washington 2.2 Frieze of American History 2.1 Apotheosis of Washington 2.2 Frieze of American History 3 Statues Toggle Statues subsection 3.1 From the Statuary Hall Collection 3.2 George Washington 3.3 James Garfield 3.4 Bust of Martin Luther King, Jr. 3.5 Women's suffrage 3.6 Other statuary and artifacts 3.1 From the Statuary Hall Collection 3.2 George Washington 3.3 James Garfield 3.4 Bust of Martin Luther King, Jr. 3.5 Women's suffrage 3.6 Other statuary and artifacts 4 Lying in state and honor Toggle Lying in state and honor subsection 4.1 Lain in state 4.2 Lain in honor 4.1 Lain in state 4.2 Lain in honor 5 References 6 External links United States Capitol rotunda العربية Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The United States Capitol building features a central rotunda below the Capitol dome . Built between 1818 and 1824, the rotunda has been described as the Capitol's "symbolic and physical heart". The rotunda is connected by corridors leading south to the House of Representatives and north to the Senate chambers. To the immediate south is the semi-circular National Statuary Hall , which was the House of Representatives chamber until 1857. To the northeast is the Old Senate Chamber , used by the Senate until 1859 and by the Supreme Court until 1935. The rotunda is 96 feet (29 m) in diameter, rises 48 feet (15 m) to the top of its original walls and 180 feet 3 inches (54.94 m) to the canopy of the dome, and is usually visited daily by thousands of people. The space is a national showcase of art, and includes numerous historical paintings and sculptures. It is also used for ceremonial or public events authorized by concurrent resolution of both houses of congress, including the lying in state of honored dead. Design and construction William Thornton , a physician and architect, was the winner of the contest to design the Capitol in 1793. Thornton had first conceived the idea of a central rotunda. However, due to lack of funds or resources, oft-interrupted construction, and the British attack on Washington during the War of 1812 , work on the rotunda did not begin until 1818. The rotunda was completed in 1824 under Architect of the Capitol Charles Bulfinch , as part of a series of new buildings and projects in preparation for the final visit of Marquis de Lafayette in 1824. The rotunda was designed in the neoclassical style and was intended to evoke the design of the Pantheon . [ 1 ] The sandstone rotunda walls rise 48 feet (15 m) above the floor. Everything above this, including the Capitol dome, was designed in 1854 by Thomas U. Walter , the fourth Architect of the Capitol. Walter had also designed the Capitol's north and south extensions. Work on the dome began in 1856, and in 1859, Walter redesigned the rotunda to consist of an inner and outer dome, with a canopy suspended between them that would be visible through an oculus at the top of the inner dome. In 1862, Walter asked painter Constantino Brumidi to design "a picture 65 feet (20 m) in diameter, painted in fresco, on the concave canopy over the eye of the New Dome of the U.S. Capitol". At this time, Brumidi may have added a watercolor canopy design over Walter's tentative 1859 sketch. The dome was being finished in the middle of the American Civil War and was constructed from fireproof cast iron . During the Civil War, the rotunda was used as a military hospital for Union soldiers. The dome was finally completed in 1866. [ 2 ] The crypt Originally the crypt had an open ceiling into the rotunda. Visitors can still see the holes in the stone circle that marked the rim of the open space in the rotunda floor. Underneath the floor of the crypt lies a tomb that was the intended burial place for George Washington . After a lengthy battle with his estate and the commonwealth of Virginia, however, plans for him to be buried in the crypt were abandoned. [ 3 ] Renovation In January 2013, the Architect of the Capitol announced a four-year, $10 million project to repair and conserve the Capitol Dome's exterior and the Capitol rotunda. The proposal required the stripping of lead paint from the interior of the dome, repair to the ironwork, repainting of the interior of the dome, rehabilitation of the interstitial space between the dome and rotunda, and installation of new lighting in the interstitial space and the rotunda. The dome and rotunda, which were last conserved in 1960, were showing significant signs of rust and disrepair. There was a danger that decorative ironwork could have fallen from the rotunda to the space below, and that weather-related problems could damage the artwork in the rotunda. Without immediate repair, safety netting was installed, temporarily blocking the rotunda's artwork from view. [ 4 ] Historical paintings Eight niches in the rotunda hold large, framed historical paintings . All are oil-on-canvas and measure 12 by 18 feet (3.7 by 5.5 metres). Four of these are scenes from the American Revolution , painted by John Trumbull , who was commissioned by Congress to do the work in 1817. These are Declaration of Independence , Surrender of General Burgoyne , Surrender of Lord Cornwallis , and General George Washington Resigning His Commission . These were placed between 1819 and 1824. Between 1840 and 1855, four more paintings were added. These depicted the exploration and colonization of America and were all done by different artists. These paintings are Landing of Columbus by John Vanderlyn , Discovery of the Mississippi by William Henry Powell , Baptism of Pocahontas by John Gadsby Chapman , and Embarkation of the Pilgrims by Robert Walter Weir . [ citation needed ] Painting Artist Dates Description Notes Declaration of Independence John Trumbull Commissioned 1817, purchased 1819, placed 1826 [ 5 ] John Adams , Roger Sherman , Robert R. Livingston , Benjamin Franklin , and the principal author, Thomas Jefferson — members of the Committee of Five , who drafted the Declaration of Independence, which was presented to the Second Continental Congress and President John Hancock on June 28, 1776 [ 5 ] at Independence Hall in Philadelphia . [ 5 ] The first painting Trumbull completed for the rotunda and probably the most widely recognized, the iconic Declaration of Independence is somewhat historically inaccurate and anachronistic. Of the 56 signers, 42 are represented. The rest are absent, possibly because they were not present at the adoption of the declaration or had died by the time of Trumbull's painting. Four are included who did not sign, but whom Trumbull found worthy of inclusion: George Clinton , Robert R. Livingston , Thomas Willing , and John Dickinson . [ 6 ] A reproduction appears on the United States two-dollar bill . [ 7 ] The first painting Trumbull completed for the rotunda and probably the most widely recognized, the iconic Declaration of Independence is somewhat historically inaccurate and anachronistic. Of the 56 signers, 42 are represented. The rest are absent, possibly because they were not present at the adoption of the declaration or had died by the time of Trumbull's painting. Four are included who did not sign, but whom Trumbull found worthy of inclusion: George Clinton , Robert R. Livingston , Thomas Willing , and John Dickinson . [ 6 ] A reproduction appears on the United States two-dollar bill . [ 7 ] Surrender of General Burgoyne Commissioned 1817, purchased 1822, placed 1826 British soldiers under General John Burgoyne surrender after the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777. The central figure, from the Continental Army , is General Horatio Gates , who refused to accept the traditional sword of surrender that Burgoyne offered. Instead, treating his former foe as a gentleman, General Gates invited General Burgoyne into his tent. The other Americans, shown to the right, are officers serving in the Continental Army. Trumbull planned this outdoor scene to contrast with Declaration of Independence ( above ), displayed beside it on the wall of the U.S. Capitol rotunda. [ 8 ] Both paintings show large groups of people, but one is an indoor scene, while the other is an outdoor scene of similar perspective. The battle was a key victory for the Americans, prevented the division of New England , and secured French military assistance to the Americans . The battle was a key victory for the Americans, prevented the division of New England , and secured French military assistance to the Americans . Surrender of Lord Cornwallis commissioned 1817, placed 1820 A combined American-French force led by George Washington, the Marquis de Lafayette , and Comte de Rochambeau accept the final surrender of British troops under Lord Cornwallis after the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. American General Benjamin Lincoln is portrayed at the center of the painting riding a white horse, with French officers on the left and Americans on the right, led by Washington on the brown horse. The British were represented by officers, but Lord Cornwallis himself was not present and was represented instead by Charles O'Hara. The scene here depicts the same event as the "Surrender of Cornwallis" panel of the "Frieze of American History". Trumbull was proud of the fact that he had painted portraits of the French officers while in France and included a small self-portrait of himself under the American flag on the right side of the painting. [ 9 ] As noted above, Washington declined O'Hara's sword because according to the custom of the time it would only be proper for Washington to receive the sword from Cornwallis himself; Major General Lincoln accepted the sword in Washington's place. The surrender led to the cessation of major Revolutionary War hostilities and British recognition of American independence in the 1783 Treaty of Paris . General George Washington Resigning His Commission commissioned 1817, placed 1824 George Washington addresses Congress to resign his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army , on December 23, 1783. Washington is depicted along with two aides-de-camp , as he addresses the president of the Congress. Also shown in the painting are Thomas Mifflin , Elbridge Gerry , and three future U.S. presidents: Thomas Jefferson , James Monroe , and James Madison . His wife, Martha Washington , and her three grandchildren, are shown watching from the gallery section (balcony area at right), although they were not in fact present at Washington's resignation. [ 10 ] This celebrated incident established a strong tradition of civilian control of the military in the United States and the rejection of military dictatorship in favor of liberal democracy . The U.S. Congress, at the time, was meeting at the Maryland State House in Annapolis . Landing of Columbus John Vanderlyn commissioned 1836/1837, placed 1847 In the foreground, Christopher Columbus raises the royal banner to claim the land for Kingdom of Castile, and he stands bareheaded with his hat at his feet in honor of the sanctity of the event. The captains of the ships Niña and Pinta follow, carrying the banner of the Catholic Monarchs , Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon . The crew displays a range of emotions, and some search for gold in the sand. Nearby, natives watch from behind a tree at the right. [ 11 ] Columbus landed in the West Indies , on San Salvador Island (Guanahani), on October 12, 1492. Discovery of the Mississippi William Henry Powell commissioned 1847, purchased 1855 At the center of the canvas, Spanish navigator and conquistador Hernando de Soto rides a white horse. De Soto and his troops approach Native Americans in front of tepees , with a chief holding a ceremonial pipe . The foreground is filled by weapons and soldiers to represent the devastating battle at Mauvila (or Mabila ), in which de Soto suffered a Pyrrhic victory over Choctaws under Tuscaloosa . To the right, a monk prays as a large crucifix is set into the ground. [ 12 ] Discovery of the Mississippi was the last painting to be commissioned by Congress for the rotunda. De Soto is thought to have become the first European to see the Mississippi River in 1541. Baptism of Pocahontas John Gadsby Chapman commissioned 1837, placed 1840 Dressed in white, Pocahontas kneels, surrounded by family members, including her father, Chief Powhatan , and several Jamestown colonists. Her brother Nantequas turns away from the ceremony. The baptism occurred before her marriage to the tobacco planter John Rolfe , who stands behind her. Pocahontas was baptized (under the name " Rebecca ") by the Anglican priest Alexander Whitaker in Jamestown, Virginia . This event is believed to have taken place in 1613, and the marriage between Rolfe and Pocahontas helped to establish peaceful relations between the Jamestown colonists and the Tidewater tribes. [ 13 ] Embarkation of the Pilgrims Robert Walter Weir commissioned 1837, placed 1844 The Pilgrims appear on the deck of the ship Speedwell as they depart Delfshaven in South Holland on July 22, 1620. William Brewster , holding the Bible, and pastor John Robinson lead Governor Carver , William Bradford , Miles Standish , and their families in prayer. The rainbow , at the left side of the painting, symbolizes hope and divine protection. [ 14 ] The Pilgrims traveled aboard the Speedwell to Southampton . There they met additional colonists and transferred to the Mayflower . Apotheosis of Washington The Apotheosis of Washington is a large fresco by Greek-Italian Constantino Brumidi , visible through the oculus of the dome of the rotunda. The fresco depicts George Washington sitting exalted amongst the heavens . It is suspended 180 feet (55 m) above the rotunda floor and covers an area of 4,664 square feet (433.3 m 2 ). [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Frieze of American History The Frieze of American History is painted to appear as a carved stone bas-relief frieze but is actually a trompe-l'œil fresco cycle depicting 19 scenes from American history. The "frieze" occupies a band immediately below the 36 windows. Brumidi designed the frieze and prepared a sketch in 1859 but did not begin painting until 1878. Brumidi painted seven and a half scenes. While working on William Penn and the Indians , Brumidi fell off the scaffolding and held on to a rail for 15 minutes until he was rescued. He died a few months later in 1880. After Brumidi's death, Filippo Costaggini was commissioned to complete the eight and a half remaining scenes in Brumidi's sketches. He finished in 1889 and left a 31-foot (9 m) gap due to an error in Brumidi's original design. In 1951, Allyn Cox completed the frieze. [ citation needed ] Except for the last three panels named by Allyn Cox, the scenes have no particular titles and many variant titles have been given. The names given here are the names used by the Architect of the Capitol, which uses the names that Brumidi used most frequently in his letters and that were used in Edward Clark and by newspaper articles. The 19 panels are: Scene Artist Year Description America and History Constantino Brumidi 1878 This is the first panel and the only allegorical one, portraying a personification of America , wearing a liberty cap , with spear and shield in the center, surrounded by other allegorical figures. To the right is a Native American maiden with a bow and arrows, representing the wild North American continent. At America's feet is a female personification of History , with a stone tablet to record events. To the left of History is an eagle, perched on a fasces , the ancient Roman bundle of birch rods symbolizing authority . To the left of America is another eagle, carrying the olive branch of peace. To the center-left in the background is a man in same pose as the prospector at the end of "Discovery of Gold in California"; this is because Brumidi planned to have the scene connect with his planned last one. Landing of Columbus Christopher Columbus is depicted arriving in the Americas in the first of four scenes of the Spanish conquest. Columbus disembarks off a plank from the Santa María . His crew, armed with weapons, stays aboard; one crew member has a spyglass . Native Americans are portrayed greeting Columbus. Indian women and children are shown, along with native warriors to the right. The Columbus figure may have been based on Luigi Persico statue of Columbus, which was at the time of the painting the on the east central steps of the Capitol. Cortez and Montezuma at Mexican Temple This panel shows the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés entering an Aztec temple , being welcomed by Moctezuma II . At the beginning of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , Moctezuma and the Aztecs honored Cortés as a god, believing that he was the returning god Quetzalcoatl . The Aztec calendar stone and cult images are based on sketches drawn by Brumidi in Mexico City . Pizarro Going to Peru Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro is depicted leading his horse through the jungle in search of El Dorado , the mythical land of gold, in this representation of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire . Burial of DeSoto This panel depicts the burial of Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto in the Mississippi River after his death from a fever . De Soto led the largest European expedition of both 15th and 16th centuries through the Southeast and Midwest searching for gold, silver, and other valuables. Captain Smith and Pocahontas Pocahontas is portrayed saving Captain John Smith , one of the founders of Jamestown, Virginia , from being clubbed to death. Landing of the Pilgrims Pilgrims led by William Brewster give thanks to God for their safe voyage aboard the Mayflower in this scene depicting Plymouth Colony . William Penn and the Indians Constantino Brumidi Completed by Filippo Costaggini 1880 Quaker leader and Province of Pennsylvania founder William Penn is depicted with Lenape (Delaware) Native Americans under the elm tree at Shackamaxon . This is the last panel on which Brumidi worked. Colonization of New England This panel shows New England settlers busily logging , sawing , and using lumber to construct a building. This is the first scene painted entirely by Filippo Costaggini . Oglethorpe and the Indians James Oglethorpe , founder of Georgia Colony and first Georgia governor , is shown with the Muskogee (Creek) leaders in Savannah, Georgia . The Muskogee present Oglethorpe with a buffalo skin with an eagle in the center, a symbol of friendship and trust. Battle of Lexington This panel depicts the " shot heard 'round the world " at the Battle of Lexington , the first major battle of the American Revolutionary War. Major John Pitcairn is shown on horseback at center, with British regulars to the right and Lexington militiamen at left. Reading of the Declaration of Independence Idealized depiction of John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , and Benjamin Franklin , authors of the Declaration of Independence , reading the declaration to celebrating colonists. Surrender of Cornwallis Depiction of George Washington on horseback receiving the ceremonial sword of surrender from Charles O'Hara , who represented Lord Cornwallis during the surrender ceremony that marked the end of the siege of Yorktown . In reality, it is thought that Washington declined O'Hara's sword because according to the custom of the time it would only be proper for Washington to receive the sword from Cornwallis himself; Major General Benjamin Lincoln instead accepted the sword. Death of Tecumseh This panel depicts the death of Shawnee chief and Indian Confederation leader Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada during the War of 1812 (partially an extension of Tecumseh's War ). American Army Entering the City of Mexico U.S. Army troops led by Winfield Scott enter Mexico City after the fall of Mexico City , which ended the Mexican–American War with a decisive U.S. victory. The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which provided for the massive Mexican Cession of territory in what is now the Western United States . Discovery of Gold in California 1889 Prospectors dig and pan for gold with picks, shovels, and other tools in this depiction of the California Gold Rush . In the center, three men (one possibly representing John Sutter ) examine a prospector's pan. This was the last scene designed by Brumidi and painted by Costaggini. Peace at the End of the Civil War Allyn Cox This scene, the first of Cox's three panels, depicts a Confederate soldier and a Union soldier shaking hands at the end of the American Civil War , symbolizing reconciliation and reunification. The cotton plant and the Northern pine tree symbolize the South and the North . Naval Gun Crew in the Spanish–American War A group of United States Navy sailors in a gun crew are depicted in a naval battle during the Spanish–American War . and the United States won a victory over Spain in the war. The 1898 Treaty of Paris provided for Cuba's independence from Spain and the U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines . The Birth of Aviation 1951 This scene depicts the Wright brothers ' first flight at Kitty Hawk in 1903. The Wright Flyer is shown just off the ground, with Orville Wright in the plane and Wilbur Wright running alongside to steady the wing. To the left are Leonardo da Vinci , Samuel Pierpont Langley , and Octave Chanute , other aviation pioneers, holding models of other early flying machines . An eagle holds an olive branch in the bottom right. Statues From the Statuary Hall Collection Among the group of eleven statues currently encircling the rotunda against the wall at floor level are seven from the National Statuary Hall Collection : George Washington , in bronze, from Virginia , by Jean Antoine Houdon (copy cast in 1934). Andrew Jackson in bronze, from Tennessee , by Belle Kinney Sholz and Leopold F. Sholz, in 1928. James Garfield in marble, from Ohio , by Charles Niehaus in 1886. Dwight D. Eisenhower in bronze, from Kansas , by Jim Brothers in 2003. Ronald Reagan in bronze, from California , by Chas Fagan in 2009. Gerald Ford in bronze, from Michigan , by J. Brett Grill in 2011. [ 18 ] Harry S. Truman in bronze, from Missouri , by Tom Corbin in 2022. [ 19 ] These seven statues representing the presidents will remain in the rotunda indefinitely or until an act of Congress. George Washington A statue of George Washington – a copy after French neo-classical sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon 's 1790 full-length marble in the Virginia State Capitol – holds a prominent place. William James Hubard created a plaster copy after Houdon, that stood in the Rotunda from the late-1850s to 1934. It is now in the Smithsonian American Art Museum . [ 20 ] The present bronze copy replaced Hubard's plaster copy in 1934. [ 21 ] James Garfield James Garfield was the last American president to be born in a log cabin. Sculptor Niehaus returned to America in 1881 and by virtue of being a native Ohioan was commissioned to sculpt a monument to the recently assassinated President James Garfield , who was also from Ohio. [ citation needed ] Bust of Martin Luther King, Jr. The bust of his head and shoulders is 36 inches (91 cm) high and stands on a pyramidal Belgian black marble base that is 66 inches (168 cm) high. Because the bust would be such an important and visible work of art, the Joint Committee on the Library decided to have a national competition to select a sculptor. [ citation needed ] On December 21, 1982, the Congress passed House Concurrent Resolution 153, which directed the procurement of a marble bust "to serve to memorialize King's contributions on such matters as the historic legislation of the 1960s affecting civil rights and the right to vote". Senator Charles Mathias, Jr. , chairman of the Joint Committee on the Library , the congressional committee overseeing the procurement, said at the unveiling that "Martin Luther King takes his rightful place among the heroes of this nation." [ citation needed ] John Woodrow Wilson , the artist, was awarded a $50,000 commission to cast the model in bronze. The bust was unveiled in the Rotunda on January 16, 1986, the fifty-seventh anniversary of King's birth, by his wife Coretta Scott King , their four children, and Dr. King's sister Christine King Farris . [ 22 ] Women's suffrage This group portrait monument is known formally as the Portrait Monument to Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony , pioneers of the women's suffrage movement in the United States . Their efforts, and the work of later suffrage activists like Alice Paul , eventually led to the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. The work was sculpted by Adelaide Johnson (1859–1955) from a 16,000-pound (7,300 kg) block of marble in Carrara , Italy . The portraits are copies of the individual busts she carved for the Court of Honor of the Woman's Building at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. The detailed busts are surrounded by rough-hewn marble at the top of the sculpture. This part of the statue, according to some, is left unfinished representing the unfinished work of women's rights. Contrary to a popular story, the intention was not that it be completed upon the ascension of the first female President — the rough-hewn section is too small to carry a proportional bust. The monument was presented to the Capitol as a gift from the women of the United States by the National Woman's Party and was accepted on behalf of Congress by the Joint Committee on the Library on February 10, 1921. The unveiling ceremony was held in the Rotunda on February 15, 1921, the 101st anniversary of the birth of Susan B. Anthony, and was attended by representatives of over 70 women's organizations. Shortly after its unveiling, however, the statue was moved into the Capitol Crypt. It remained on display there for 75 years, until HCR 216 ordered it moved to the Rotunda. The statue was placed in its current location, in the Rotunda, in May 1997. [ 23 ] The Portrait Monument (1920) l. to r.: Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Susan B. Anthony Video 1 Video 2 Other statuary and artifacts In addition to the National Statuary Hall Collection and the memorial statuary, there are a number of other pieces in the Rotunda. Next to the south entrance, opposite the statue of George Washington, is a bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson with the Declaration of Independence. Sculpted by David d'Angers , it was donated by Uriah P. Levy and is the only work of art in the Capitol given by a private donor. [ 24 ] At the west entrance, are marble statues of General Ulysses S. Grant and President Abraham Lincoln . The Lincoln statue was a commissioned by Congress and designed by Vinnie Ream . The statue of Grant was sculpted by Franklin Simmons and was a gift to Congress by the Grand Army of the Republic . [ citation needed ] Lying in state and honor The main difference between lying in state and lying in honor is whether the person was an elected official or military officer versus being a private citizen. The designated guard of honor that keeps watch over the casket also differs. When a person lies in state, a guard of honor from the United States Armed Forces watches over the casket; when a person lies in honor, the United States Capitol Police watches as a civilian guard of honor over the casket. [ citation needed ] Lain in state Government officials and military officers to have lain in state [ broken anchor ] in the Capitol rotunda are as follows: [ 25 ] Henry Clay (July 1, 1852) Abraham Lincoln (April 19–21, 1865) Thaddeus Stevens (August 13–14, 1868) Charles Sumner (March 13, 1874) Henry Wilson (November 25–26, 1875) James A. Garfield (September 21–23, 1881) John Alexander Logan (December 30–31, 1886) William McKinley (September 17, 1901) Pierre Charles L'Enfant (April 28, 1909) George Dewey (January 20, 1917) Unknown Soldier of World War I (November 9–11, 1921) Warren G. Harding (August 8, 1923) William Howard Taft (March 11, 1930) John Joseph Pershing (July 18–19, 1948) Robert Alphonso Taft (August 2–3, 1953) Unknown Soldiers of World War II and the Korean War (May 28–30, 1958) John F. Kennedy (November 24–25, 1963) Douglas MacArthur (April 8–9, 1964) Herbert Hoover (October 23–25, 1964) Dwight D. Eisenhower (March 30–31, 1969) Everett McKinley Dirksen (September 9–10, 1969) J. Edgar Hoover (May 3–4, 1972) Lyndon B. Johnson (January 24–25, 1973) Hubert Humphrey (January 14–15, 1978) Unknown Soldier of the Vietnam War , later identified as Michael Blassie (May 25–28, 1984) Claude Denson Pepper (June 1–2, 1989) Ronald Reagan (June 9–11, 2004) Gerald Ford (December 30, 2006 – January 2, 2007) Daniel Ken Inouye (December 20, 2012) John McCain (August 31, 2018) George H. W. Bush (December 3–5, 2018) John Lewis (July 27–28, 2020) Bob Dole (December 9, 2021) [ 26 ] Harry Reid (January 12, 2022) [ 27 ] Jimmy Carter (January 7–9, 2025) Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Elijah Cummings and Don Young have lain in state on the grounds of the United States Capitol inside of National Statuary Hall . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Lain in honor Private citizens to have lain in honor in the United States Capitol Rotunda are as follows: [ 25 ] Jacob Chestnut and John Gibson (July 28, 1998) Rosa Parks (October 30–31, 2005) Billy Graham (February 28 – March 1, 2018) Brian Sicknick (February 2–3, 2021) [ 30 ] William Evans (April 13, 2021) [ 31 ] Hershel W. Williams (July 14, 2022) [ 32 ] Ralph Puckett (April 29, 2024) [ 33 ] Other notable individuals, several of them being the chief justice of the United States , have lain in state in the United States Supreme Court Building while other individuals such as Ronald H. Brown , have lain in state in the Herbert C. Hoover Building . [ 34 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Capitol Rotunda" . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 20, 2025 . ^ "Capitol Dome" . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 20, 2025 . ^ West Moore, Joseph (1884). Picturesque Washington . p. 92. ^ Neibauer, Michael. "U.S. Capitol Dome Restoration Kicks Off With Contractor Search." Washington Business Journal. January 31, 2013. Archived June 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed February 4, 2013. ^ a b c "Declaration of Independence. Architect of the Capitol" . Archived from the original on February 14, 2021 . Retrieved June 29, 2006 . ^ " The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull" . AmericanRevolution.ORG. ^ "Facts About $2 Notes." Bureau of Engraving and Printing, United States Department of the Treasury. [1] Archived October 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Surrender of General Burgoyne" . Archived from the original on August 17, 2012 . Retrieved June 29, 2006 . ^ "Surrender of Cornwallis" . Archived from the original on June 28, 2006 . Retrieved June 29, 2006 . ^ "Washington's Resignation" . Archived from the original on June 28, 2006 . Retrieved June 29, 2006 . ^ "Landing of Columbus" . Archived from the original on February 9, 2021 . Retrieved June 29, 2006 . ^ "Discovery of the Mississippi" . Archived from the original on June 28, 2006 . Retrieved June 29, 2006 . ^ "Baptism of Pocahontas | Architect of the Capitol" . ^ "Embarkation of the Pilgrims" . Archived from the original on February 9, 2021 . Retrieved June 29, 2006 . ^ Anthony Grafton; Glenn W. Most; Salvatore Settis, eds. (2010). The Classical Tradition (PDF) . Harvard University Press . p. 764. ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0 . Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Likewise still visible, in the Senate wing of the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., is the decorative program conceived and executed in the mid-19th century by Constantino Brumidi, which comprises one of the most creative modern combinations of Pompeian compositional style with images of national import. Beginning in 1856, Brumidi, an Italian painter well versed in the classical tradition, engaged a large workforce of decorative fresco painters to execute along the corridors and in the committee chambers of the Senate wing his designs combining illusionistic architecture and intricate ornamentation in Fourth Style format to frame significant scenes from American history often modeled upon the work of such Neoclassical painters as Benjamin West. Although some critics have characterized the installation's heavy-duty Victorian classicism as retrograde, it does appear symbolically reflective of the eminence of the senior American legislative body. ^ Barber, Sally (December 1, 2020). Michigan Myths and Legends: The True Stories behind History's Mysteries . Myths and Mysteries Series. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4930-4009-4 . ^ U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee (PDF) . Vol. 108. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published June 14, 2004). 2004. pp. 6– 10. OCLC 1158205916 . ark:/13960/t1fj71m36. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016. Excerpt describing Constantino Brumidi's contributions to the decorations in the U.S. Capitol. ^ Camia, Catalina (May 3, 2011). "Gerald Ford honored with statue in U.S. Capitol" . USA Today . Retrieved June 11, 2013 . ^ "Harry S. Truman Statue, U.S. Capitol for Missouri | AOC" . ^ George Washington (sculpture) Archived February 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , from Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. ^ George Washington (sculpture) Archived February 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , from SIRIS. ^ "Martin Luther King, Jr" . Archived from the original on June 28, 2006 . Retrieved June 30, 2006 . ^ "Portrait Monument to Suffrage Pioneers | AOC" . ^ Usofsky, Melvin I. (Summer 2002). "The Levy Family and Monticello". Virginia Quarterly Review : 395– 412. ^ a b " "Those Who Have Lain in State" The Architect of the Capitol" . Archived from the original on August 17, 2012 . Retrieved November 17, 2011 . ^ "Bob Dole to lie in state at Capitol as nation honors senator" . Associated Press . December 6, 2021 . Retrieved December 6, 2021 . ^ "Sen. Harry Reid to lie in state in U.S. Capitol Rotunda" . NBC News . January 3, 2022 . Retrieved January 5, 2022 . ^ "Individuals Who Have Lain in State or in Honor | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives" . history.house.gov . Retrieved January 5, 2022 . ^ Marcos, Christina (March 21, 2022). "Rep. Don Young to lie in state at the Capitol next week" . The Hill . Retrieved March 21, 2022 . ^ "Brian Sicknick: Officer killed in Capitol riot to lie in honour" . BBC News . January 30, 2021. ^ Freking, Kevin (April 6, 2021). "Capitol police officer to lie in honor at rotunda April 13" . Associated Press . Retrieved April 6, 2021 . ^ Cathey, Libby (July 14, 2022). "Hershel 'Woody' Williams, WWII Medal of Honor recipient, lies in honor at US Capitol" . ABC News . Retrieved July 14, 2022 . ^ Shane, Leo III (April 16, 2024). "Korean War hero Ralph Puckett to lie in honor at US Capitol" . Military Times . Retrieved April 19, 2024 . ^ " "The Catafalque" The Architect of the Capitol" . Archived from the original on November 10, 2011 . Retrieved November 17, 2011 . External links Capitol Rotunda from the Architect of the Capitol website .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e United States Capitol Complex v t e United States Capitol House Chamber Office buildings ( office lottery ): Cannon House Library Ford Longworth Rayburn O'Neill former Chamber Office buildings ( office lottery ): Cannon House Library House Library Ford Longworth Rayburn O'Neill former former Senate Chamber old chamber Reception room Hideaways Office buildings : Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell Senate Library Chamber old chamber old chamber Reception room Hideaways Office buildings : Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Mountains and Clouds Russell Senate Library Senate Library Library of Congress Adams Jefferson Madison Law Library Mary Pickford Theater Adams Jefferson Madison Law Library Mary Pickford Theater Law Library Mary Pickford Theater Individual features Cornerstone Dome Statue of Freedom The Apotheosis of Washington Rotunda Columbus Doors Declaration of Independence painting Frieze of American History General George Washington Resigning His Commission Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Jefferson statue Lincoln statue Washington statue National Statuary Hall Statues Crypt Hall of Columns Brumidi Corridors Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Revolutionary War Door George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice Presidential Bust Collection Ohio Clock President's Room Vice President's Room Congressional Prayer Room Old Supreme Court Chamber Washington's Tomb Visitor Center Lincoln catafalque Cornerstone Dome Statue of Freedom The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom The Apotheosis of Washington Rotunda Columbus Doors Declaration of Independence painting Frieze of American History General George Washington Resigning His Commission Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Jefferson statue Lincoln statue Washington statue Columbus Doors Declaration of Independence painting Frieze of American History General George Washington Resigning His Commission Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Jefferson statue Lincoln statue Washington statue National Statuary Hall Statues Crypt Hall of Columns Statues Crypt Hall of Columns Brumidi Corridors Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Revolutionary War Door George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice Presidential Bust Collection Ohio Clock President's Room Vice President's Room Congressional Prayer Room Old Supreme Court Chamber Washington's Tomb Visitor Center Lincoln catafalque Lincoln catafalque Former features George Washington as Zeus (sculpture, 1841–1908) Discovery of America (sculpture, 1844–1958) The Rescue (sculpture, 1853–1958) National Capitol Columns U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts George Washington as Zeus (sculpture, 1841–1908) Discovery of America (sculpture, 1844–1958) The Rescue (sculpture, 1853–1958) National Capitol Columns U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts Others Art List of art List of portraits (A-J) Confederate Botanic Garden Capitol Hill James A. 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Truman Jonathan Trumbull Zebulon Baird Vance Lew Wallace Joseph Ward Washakie George Washington Daniel Webster Joseph Wheeler Edward Douglass White Marcus Whitman Frances Willard Roger Williams Sarah Winnemucca John Winthrop Brigham Young Replaced William Allen Charles Brantley Aycock Thomas Hart Benton William Jennings Bryan Zachariah Chandler James Paul Clarke Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry Philo Farnsworth George Washington Glick John Campbell Greenway James Harlan John James Ingalls Thomas Starr King Robert E. Lee Julius Sterling Morton Uriah M. Rose Edmund Kirby Smith William Allen Charles Brantley Aycock Thomas Hart Benton William Jennings Bryan Zachariah Chandler James Paul Clarke Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry Philo Farnsworth George Washington Glick John Campbell Greenway James Harlan John James Ingalls Thomas Starr King Robert E. Lee Julius Sterling Morton Uriah M. Rose Edmund Kirby Smith Related List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex National Statuary Hall Hall of Columns United States Capitol crypt Statue of Rosa Parks (U.S. Capitol) United States Capitol Rotunda Emancipation Hall List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex National Statuary Hall Hall of Columns United States Capitol crypt Hall of Columns United States Capitol crypt Statue of Rosa Parks (U.S. Capitol) United States Capitol Rotunda Emancipation Hall Rotunda Emancipation Hall Category Commons Category Commons v t e Landmarks of Washington, D.C. v t e Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life John Barry Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan John Carroll Christopher Columbus D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation Dwight D. Eisenhower John Ericsson David Farragut First Division Thomas Gallaudet James A. Garfield Kahlil Gibran Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Pre-war events 1.2 Opposition to invasion 1.1 Pre-war events 1.2 Opposition to invasion 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 2003 - Invasion 2.2 Post-invasion phase 2.2.1 2003: Beginnings of insurgency 2.2.1.1 Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraq Survey Group 2.2.1.2 Ramadan Offensive 2003 2.2.2 Capturing former government leaders 2.2.2.1 Looting of artifacts from Iraqi museums 2.2.3 2004: Insurgency expands 2.2.4 2005: Elections and transitional government 2.2.5 2006: Civil war and permanent Iraqi government 2.2.5.1 Iraq Study Group report and Saddam's execution 2.2.6 2007: US troops surge 2.2.6.1 Planned troop reduction 2.2.6.2 Effects of the surge on security 2.2.6.3 Political developments 2.2.6.4 Tensions with Iran 2.2.6.5 Tensions with Turkey 2.2.6.6 Blackwater private security controversy 2.2.7 2008: Civil war continues 2.2.7.1 Spring offensives on Shiite militias 2.2.7.2 Congressional testimony 2.2.7.3 Iraqi security forces rearm 2.2.7.4 Status of forces agreement 2.2.8 2009: Coalition redeployment 2.2.8.1 Transfer of the Green Zone 2.2.8.2 Provincial elections 2.2.8.3 Exit strategy announcement 2.2.8.4 Sixth anniversary protests 2.2.8.5 Coalition forces withdraw 2.2.8.6 Iraq awards oil contracts 2.2.9 2010: US drawdown and Operation New Dawn 2.2.9.1 Iraqi arms purchases 2.2.9.2 The UN lifts restrictions on Iraq 2.2.10 2011: US withdrawal 2.1 2003 - Invasion 2.2 Post-invasion phase 2.2.1 2003: Beginnings of insurgency 2.2.1.1 Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraq Survey Group 2.2.1.2 Ramadan Offensive 2003 2.2.2 Capturing former government leaders 2.2.2.1 Looting of artifacts from Iraqi museums 2.2.3 2004: Insurgency expands 2.2.4 2005: Elections and transitional government 2.2.5 2006: Civil war and permanent Iraqi government 2.2.5.1 Iraq Study Group report and Saddam's execution 2.2.6 2007: US troops surge 2.2.6.1 Planned troop reduction 2.2.6.2 Effects of the surge on security 2.2.6.3 Political developments 2.2.6.4 Tensions with Iran 2.2.6.5 Tensions with Turkey 2.2.6.6 Blackwater private security controversy 2.2.7 2008: Civil war continues 2.2.7.1 Spring offensives on Shiite militias 2.2.7.2 Congressional testimony 2.2.7.3 Iraqi security forces rearm 2.2.7.4 Status of forces agreement 2.2.8 2009: Coalition redeployment 2.2.8.1 Transfer of the Green Zone 2.2.8.2 Provincial elections 2.2.8.3 Exit strategy announcement 2.2.8.4 Sixth anniversary protests 2.2.8.5 Coalition forces withdraw 2.2.8.6 Iraq awards oil contracts 2.2.9 2010: US drawdown and Operation New Dawn 2.2.9.1 Iraqi arms purchases 2.2.9.2 The UN lifts restrictions on Iraq 2.2.10 2011: US withdrawal 2.2.1 2003: Beginnings of insurgency 2.2.1.1 Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraq Survey Group 2.2.1.2 Ramadan Offensive 2003 2.2.1.1 Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraq Survey Group 2.2.1.2 Ramadan Offensive 2003 2.2.2 Capturing former government leaders 2.2.2.1 Looting of artifacts from Iraqi museums 2.2.2.1 Looting of artifacts from Iraqi museums 2.2.3 2004: Insurgency expands 2.2.4 2005: Elections and transitional government 2.2.5 2006: Civil war and permanent Iraqi government 2.2.5.1 Iraq Study Group report and Saddam's execution 2.2.5.1 Iraq Study Group report and Saddam's execution 2.2.6 2007: US troops surge 2.2.6.1 Planned troop reduction 2.2.6.2 Effects of the surge on security 2.2.6.3 Political developments 2.2.6.4 Tensions with Iran 2.2.6.5 Tensions with Turkey 2.2.6.6 Blackwater private security controversy 2.2.6.1 Planned troop reduction 2.2.6.2 Effects of the surge on security 2.2.6.3 Political developments 2.2.6.4 Tensions with Iran 2.2.6.5 Tensions with Turkey 2.2.6.6 Blackwater private security controversy 2.2.7 2008: Civil war continues 2.2.7.1 Spring offensives on Shiite militias 2.2.7.2 Congressional testimony 2.2.7.3 Iraqi security forces rearm 2.2.7.4 Status of forces agreement 2.2.7.1 Spring offensives on Shiite militias 2.2.7.2 Congressional testimony 2.2.7.3 Iraqi security forces rearm 2.2.7.4 Status of forces agreement 2.2.8 2009: Coalition redeployment 2.2.8.1 Transfer of the Green Zone 2.2.8.2 Provincial elections 2.2.8.3 Exit strategy announcement 2.2.8.4 Sixth anniversary protests 2.2.8.5 Coalition forces withdraw 2.2.8.6 Iraq awards oil contracts 2.2.8.1 Transfer of the Green Zone 2.2.8.2 Provincial elections 2.2.8.3 Exit strategy announcement 2.2.8.4 Sixth anniversary protests 2.2.8.5 Coalition forces withdraw 2.2.8.6 Iraq awards oil contracts 2.2.9 2010: US drawdown and Operation New Dawn 2.2.9.1 Iraqi arms purchases 2.2.9.2 The UN lifts restrictions on Iraq 2.2.9.1 Iraqi arms purchases 2.2.9.2 The UN lifts restrictions on Iraq 2.2.10 2011: US withdrawal 3 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 3.1 Emerging conflict and insurgency 3.1 Emerging conflict and insurgency 4 Casualties Toggle Casualties subsection 4.1 Casualty estimates 4.1 Casualty estimates 5 Impacts Toggle Impacts subsection 5.1 Economic impact 5.1.1 Financial cost 5.1.2 Reparations 5.2 Humanitarian impact 5.2.1 Humanitarian crisis 5.3 Environmental impact 5.3.1 Oil pollution 5.3.2 Radioactive contamination 5.3.3 Ecosystem destruction 5.4 Impact on the Global War on Terrorism 5.5 Impact on geopolitics 5.1 Economic impact 5.1.1 Financial cost 5.1.2 Reparations 5.1.1 Financial cost 5.1.2 Reparations 5.2 Humanitarian impact 5.2.1 Humanitarian crisis 5.2.1 Humanitarian crisis 5.3 Environmental impact 5.3.1 Oil pollution 5.3.2 Radioactive contamination 5.3.3 Ecosystem destruction 5.3.1 Oil pollution 5.3.2 Radioactive contamination 5.3.3 Ecosystem destruction 5.4 Impact on the Global War on Terrorism 5.5 Impact on geopolitics 6 Criticism 7 Human rights abuses Toggle Human rights abuses subsection 7.1 By coalition forces and private contractors 7.2 By insurgent groups 7.3 By post-invasion Iraqi Government 7.1 By coalition forces and private contractors 7.2 By insurgent groups 7.3 By post-invasion Iraqi Government 8 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 8.1 Suicide bombers 8.2 Role of Iran 8.3 Role of Israel 8.4 Role of Russia 8.1 Suicide bombers 8.2 Role of Iran 8.3 Role of Israel 8.4 Role of Russia 9 Public opinion on the war Toggle Public opinion on the war subsection 9.1 International opinion 9.1.1 Iraqi opinion 9.1 International opinion 9.1.1 Iraqi opinion 9.1.1 Iraqi opinion 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Iraq War Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Коми Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Iraq War .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} حرب العراق ( Arabic ) Part of the post–Cold War era , the Iraqi conflict and the war on terror .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Clockwise from top left: US soldiers at the Hands of Victory monument in Baghdad, 2003; toppling of Saddam Hussein 's statue in Baghdad , 2003; destroyed Iraqi Type 69 tank, 2003; U.S soldier during a leaflet drop from a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter, 2008; British armored vehicles on patrol in Basra , 2008; destroyed headquarters of the Ba'ath Party in Baghdad, 2003 Date 20 March 2003 – 18 December 2011 (8 years, 8 months and 28 days) Location Iraq Result See § Aftermath Date 20 March 2003 – 18 December 2011 (8 years, 8 months and 28 days) Location Iraq Result See § Aftermath Belligerents Invasion (2003) Coalition of the willing United States United Kingdom Australia Poland Kurdistan Region KDP PUK Iraqi National Congress Free Iraqi Forces [ 3 ] United States United Kingdom Australia Poland KDP PUK Free Iraqi Forces [ 3 ] Invasion (2003) Republic of Iraq MEK [ 4 ] Invasion (2003) Republic of Iraq MEK [ 4 ] After invasion (2003–11) Iraq United States United Kingdom MNF–I (2004–09) Kurdistan Region Awakening Council After invasion (2003–11) Al-Qaeda in Iraq Islamic Army in Iraq Islamic State of Iraq Mahdi Army Naqshbandi Army Hamas of Iraq Jaysh al-Mujahideen 1920 Revolution Brigades Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Commanders and leaders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Nouri al-Maliki George W. Bush Barack Obama Dick Cheney Donald Rumsfeld Robert Gates Tommy Franks David Petraeus Raymond T. Odierno Tony Blair Nouri al-Maliki George W. Bush Barack Obama Dick Cheney Donald Rumsfeld Robert Gates Tommy Franks David Petraeus Raymond T. Odierno Tony Blair Saddam Hussein Abu Musab al-Zarqawi X Abu Omar al-Baghdadi † Abu Ayyub al-Masri † Muqtada al-Sadr Saddam Hussein Abu Musab al-Zarqawi X Abu Omar al-Baghdadi † Abu Ayyub al-Masri † Muqtada al-Sadr Strength Coalition forces (2003) 309,000–584,799 United States : 192,000–466,985 personnel [ 5 ] [ 6 ] United Kingdom : 45,000 Australia : 2,000 Poland : 194 Peshmerga : 70,000 Coalition forces (2004–09) 176,000 at peak United States Forces – Iraq (2010–11) 112,000 at activation Security contractors 6,000–7,000 (estimate) [ 7 ] Iraqi Security Forces 578,269 [ 8 ] Iraqi Armed Forces : 191,957 Ministry of Interior : 386,312 Awakening militias ≈103,000 (2008) [ 9 ] Kurdistan Region ≈400,000 (Kurdish Border Guard: 30,000, [ 10 ] Peshmerga : 75,000) Coalition forces (2003) 309,000–584,799 United States : 192,000–466,985 personnel [ 5 ] [ 6 ] United Kingdom : 45,000 Australia : 2,000 Poland : 194 Peshmerga : 70,000 Coalition forces (2004–09) 176,000 at peak United States Forces – Iraq (2010–11) 112,000 at activation Security contractors 6,000–7,000 (estimate) [ 7 ] Iraqi Security Forces 578,269 [ 8 ] Iraqi Armed Forces : 191,957 Ministry of Interior : 386,312 Iraqi Armed Forces : 375,000 [ a ] Special Iraqi Republican Guard : 12,000 Iraqi Republican Guard : 75,000 Fedayeen Saddam : 30,000 Sunni Insurgents ≈70,000 (2007) [ 11 ] Mahdi Army ≈60,000 (2007) [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Islamic State of Iraq ≈1,000 (2008) Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order ≈500–1,000 (2007) Iraqi Armed Forces : 375,000 [ a ] Special Iraqi Republican Guard : 12,000 Iraqi Republican Guard : 75,000 Fedayeen Saddam : 30,000 Casualties and losses Iraqi Security Forces (post-Saddam) Killed : 17,690 [ b ] Wounded : 40,000+ [ 19 ] Coalition forces Killed : 4,826 (4,508 US, [ c ] 179 UK, [ 24 ] 139 other), of which 1/5 non-combat losses [ 25 ] Missing/captured (US): 17 (9 died in captivity, 8 rescued) [ 26 ] Wounded : 32,776+ (32,292 US, [ 27 ] 315 UK, 210+ other [ d ] ) [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Injured/diseases/other medical* : 51,139 (47,541 US, [ 52 ] 3,598 UK) [ 48 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Contractors Killed : 3,650 [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Wounded & injured : 43,880 [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Awakening Councils Killed : 1,002+ [ e ] Wounded : 500+ (2007), [ 56 ] 828 (2008) [ 66 ] Total dead: 27,163 Total wounded: 117,961 Iraqi Security Forces (post-Saddam) Killed : 17,690 [ b ] Wounded : 40,000+ [ 19 ] Coalition forces Killed : 4,826 (4,508 US, [ c ] 179 UK, [ 24 ] 139 other), of which 1/5 non-combat losses [ 25 ] Missing/captured (US): 17 (9 died in captivity, 8 rescued) [ 26 ] Wounded : 32,776+ (32,292 US, [ 27 ] 315 UK, 210+ other [ d ] ) [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Injured/diseases/other medical* : 51,139 (47,541 US, [ 52 ] 3,598 UK) [ 48 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Contractors Killed : 3,650 [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Wounded & injured : 43,880 [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Awakening Councils Killed : 1,002+ [ e ] Wounded : 500+ (2007), [ 56 ] 828 (2008) [ 66 ] Iraqi combatant dead (invasion period): 7,600–45,000 [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Insurgents (post-Saddam) Killed : 26,544+ killed by Coalition and ISF forces (2003–11), excludes inter-insurgent fighting and noncombat losses [ f ] (4,000 foreign fighters killed by Sep. 2006, all causes) [ 72 ] Detainees : 60,000 (US and Iraqi-held, peak in 2007) [ 11 ] 12,000 (Iraqi-held, in 2010 only) [ 73 ] 119,752 insurgents arrested (2003–2007), [ 74 ] of this about 1/3 were imprisoned for longer than four years [ 11 ] Total dead: 34,144+–71,544+ Total captured: 120,000+ Iraqi combatant dead (invasion period): 7,600–45,000 [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Insurgents (post-Saddam) Killed : 26,544+ killed by Coalition and ISF forces (2003–11), excludes inter-insurgent fighting and noncombat losses [ f ] (4,000 foreign fighters killed by Sep. 2006, all causes) [ 72 ] Detainees : 60,000 (US and Iraqi-held, peak in 2007) [ 11 ] 12,000 (Iraqi-held, in 2010 only) [ 73 ] 119,752 insurgents arrested (2003–2007), [ 74 ] of this about 1/3 were imprisoned for longer than four years [ 11 ] Documented deaths from violence : Iraq Body Count (2003 – 14 December 2011): 103,160–113,728 civilian deaths recorded [ 75 ] and 12,438 new deaths added from the Iraq War Logs [ 76 ] Associated Press (March 2003 – April 2009): 110,600 Iraqi deaths in total [ 77 ] Statistical estimates of total deaths (civilian and combatant, including indirect) Lancet survey ** (March 2003 – July 2006): 654,965 (95% CI: 392,979–942,636) [ 78 ] [ 79 ] Iraq Family Health Survey *** (March 2003 – July 2006): 151,000 (95% CI: 104,000–223,000) [ 80 ] Opinion Research Business ** : (March 2003 – August 2007): 1,033,000 (95% CI: 946,258–1,120,000) [ 81 ] PLOS Medicine Study** : (March 2003 – June 2011): 405,000 (60% violent) (95% CI: 48,000–751,000) [ 82 ] For more information see Casualties of the Iraq War . Documented deaths from violence : Iraq Body Count (2003 – 14 December 2011): 103,160–113,728 civilian deaths recorded [ 75 ] and 12,438 new deaths added from the Iraq War Logs [ 76 ] Associated Press (March 2003 – April 2009): 110,600 Iraqi deaths in total [ 77 ] Statistical estimates of total deaths (civilian and combatant, including indirect) Lancet survey ** (March 2003 – July 2006): 654,965 (95% CI: 392,979–942,636) [ 78 ] [ 79 ] Iraq Family Health Survey *** (March 2003 – July 2006): 151,000 (95% CI: 104,000–223,000) [ 80 ] Opinion Research Business ** : (March 2003 – August 2007): 1,033,000 (95% CI: 946,258–1,120,000) [ 81 ] PLOS Medicine Study** : (March 2003 – June 2011): 405,000 (60% violent) (95% CI: 48,000–751,000) [ 82 ] * "injured, diseased, or other medical": required medical air transport. UK number includes "aeromed evacuations". ** Total excess deaths include all additional deaths due to increased lawlessness, degraded infrastructure, poorer healthcare, etc. *** Violent deaths only – does not include excess deaths due to increased lawlessness, poorer healthcare, etc. **** Sukkariyeh , Syria was also affected ( 2008 Abu Kamal raid ). v t e Iraq War ( Outline ) v t e Timeline 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Prelude Invasion (2003) Umm Qasr Al Faw 1st Basra Nasiriyah Raid on Karbala Haditha Dam 1st Najaf Northern Delay Viking Hammer Samawah 1st Karbala Al Kut Hillah Green Line Karbala Gap Debecka Pass Kani Domlan Ridge Baghdad Post-invasion insurgency (2003–2006) Al Anbar Killing of Qusay & Uday Hussein 1st Ramadan Latifiya Capture of Saddam Hussein Spring 2004 City Hall Al Kut [ uk ] Iron Saber 1st Fallujah Sadr City 1st Ramadi Good Friday Husaybah Danny Boy 2nd Najaf CIMIC-House Samarra 2nd Fallujah Mosul Lake Tharthar Al Qa'im Hit Haditha Steel Curtain Tal Afar 2nd Ramadi Together Forward Diwaniya Civil war (2006–2008) 2nd Ramadan Sinbad Amarah Turki Diyala Haifa Street Karbala Raid 3rd Najaf Imposing Law U.K. bases Black Eagle Baghdad belts Alljah Baqubah Donkey Island Shurta Nasir Phantom Strike Al Waki 2nd Karbala Phantom Phoenix Insurgency (2008–2011) 2008 Day of Ashura Nineveh Spring 2008 2nd Basra 2008 al-Qaeda Offensive Augurs of Prosperity Abu Kamal Palm Grove Camp Ashraf US withdrawal violence v t e List of bombings during the Iraq War ‡ indicates attacks resulting in over 100 deaths § indicates the deadliest attack in the Iraq War This list only includes major attacks. 2003 1st Baghdad 2nd Baghdad Najaf 3rd Baghdad 1st Nasiriyah 1st Karbala 2004 ‡ 1st Erbil ‡ Ashoura 1st Basra 1st Mosul 4th Baghdad 5th Baghdad Karbala & Najaf 1st Baqubah Kufa Marez 2005 Suwaira bombing ‡ 1st Al Hillah 2nd Erbil ‡ Musayyib 6th Baghdad ‡ 7th Baghdad 1st Balad Khanaqin 2006 ‡ Karbala-Ramadi 1st Samarra 8th Baghdad 9th Baghdad ‡ 10th Baghdad 2007 11th Baghdad 12th Baghdad ‡ 13th Baghdad 14th Baghdad 15th Baghdad ‡ 2nd Al Hillah ‡ 1st Tal Afar 16th Baghdad 17th Baghdad 2nd & 3rd Karbala 2nd Mosul ‡ 18th Baghdad Makhmour Abu Sayda 2nd Samarra 19th Baghdad ‡ Amirli 1st Kirkuk 20th Baghdad 21st Baghdad § Qahtaniya Amarah 2008 22nd Baghdad 2nd Balad 23rd Baghdad 4th Karbala 24th Baghdad Karmah 2nd Baqubah Dujail Balad Ruz 2009 25th Baghdad 26th Baghdad Baghdad-Muqdadiyah Taza 27th Baghdad 2nd Kirkuk 2nd Tal Afar ‡ 28th Baghdad ‡ 29th Baghdad ‡ 30th Baghdad 2010 31st Baghdad 32nd Baghdad 3rd Baqubah 33rd Baghdad 34th Baghdad 35th Baghdad ‡ 1st Pan-Iraq 36th Baghdad 37th Baghdad 2nd Pan-Iraq 38th Baghdad 39th Baghdad ‡ 40th Baghdad 2011 41st Baghdad ‡ 3rd Pan-Iraq Karbala-Baghdad 42nd Baghdad Tikrit 3rd Al Hillah 3rd Samarra Al Diwaniyah Taji 4th Pan-Iraq 43rd Baghdad 4th Karbala 44th Baghdad 2nd Basra 45th Baghdad 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Prelude Invasion (2003) Umm Qasr Al Faw 1st Basra Nasiriyah Raid on Karbala Haditha Dam 1st Najaf Northern Delay Viking Hammer Samawah 1st Karbala Al Kut Hillah Green Line Karbala Gap Debecka Pass Kani Domlan Ridge Baghdad Post-invasion insurgency (2003–2006) Al Anbar Killing of Qusay & Uday Hussein 1st Ramadan Latifiya Capture of Saddam Hussein Spring 2004 City Hall Al Kut [ uk ] Iron Saber 1st Fallujah Sadr City 1st Ramadi Good Friday Husaybah City Hall Al Kut [ uk ] Iron Saber 1st Fallujah Sadr City 1st Ramadi Good Friday Husaybah Danny Boy 2nd Najaf CIMIC-House Samarra 2nd Fallujah Mosul Lake Tharthar Al Qa'im Hit Haditha Steel Curtain Tal Afar 2nd Ramadi Together Forward Diwaniya Civil war (2006–2008) 2nd Ramadan Sinbad Amarah Turki Diyala Haifa Street Karbala Raid 3rd Najaf Imposing Law U.K. bases Black Eagle Baghdad belts Alljah Baqubah Donkey Island Shurta Nasir Phantom Strike Al Waki 2nd Karbala Phantom Phoenix Insurgency (2008–2011) 2008 Day of Ashura Nineveh Spring 2008 2nd Basra 2008 al-Qaeda Offensive Augurs of Prosperity Abu Kamal Palm Grove Camp Ashraf US withdrawal violence v t e List of bombings during the Iraq War v t e ‡ indicates attacks resulting in over 100 deaths § indicates the deadliest attack in the Iraq War This list only includes major attacks. 2003 1st Baghdad 2nd Baghdad Najaf 3rd Baghdad 1st Nasiriyah 1st Karbala 2004 ‡ 1st Erbil ‡ Ashoura 1st Basra 1st Mosul 4th Baghdad 5th Baghdad Karbala & Najaf 1st Baqubah Kufa Marez 2005 Suwaira bombing ‡ 1st Al Hillah 2nd Erbil ‡ Musayyib 6th Baghdad ‡ 7th Baghdad 1st Balad Khanaqin 2006 ‡ Karbala-Ramadi 1st Samarra 8th Baghdad 9th Baghdad ‡ 10th Baghdad 2007 11th Baghdad 12th Baghdad ‡ 13th Baghdad 14th Baghdad 15th Baghdad ‡ 2nd Al Hillah ‡ 1st Tal Afar 16th Baghdad 17th Baghdad 2nd & 3rd Karbala 2nd Mosul ‡ 18th Baghdad Makhmour Abu Sayda 2nd Samarra 19th Baghdad ‡ Amirli 1st Kirkuk 20th Baghdad 21st Baghdad § Qahtaniya Amarah 2008 22nd Baghdad 2nd Balad 23rd Baghdad 4th Karbala 24th Baghdad Karmah 2nd Baqubah Dujail Balad Ruz 2009 25th Baghdad 26th Baghdad Baghdad-Muqdadiyah Taza 27th Baghdad 2nd Kirkuk 2nd Tal Afar ‡ 28th Baghdad ‡ 29th Baghdad ‡ 30th Baghdad 2010 31st Baghdad 32nd Baghdad 3rd Baqubah 33rd Baghdad 34th Baghdad 35th Baghdad ‡ 1st Pan-Iraq 36th Baghdad 37th Baghdad 2nd Pan-Iraq 38th Baghdad 39th Baghdad ‡ 40th Baghdad 2011 41st Baghdad ‡ 3rd Pan-Iraq Karbala-Baghdad 42nd Baghdad Tikrit 3rd Al Hillah 3rd Samarra Al Diwaniyah Taji 4th Pan-Iraq 43rd Baghdad 4th Karbala 44th Baghdad 2nd Basra 45th Baghdad v t e Persian Gulf Wars v t e Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) Gulf War (1990–1991) Invasion of Kuwait (1990) Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991) Iraq no-fly zones conflict (1991–2003) Iraq air strikes (January 1993) Iraq missile strikes (1993) Iraq missile strikes (1996) Iraq bombing (1998) 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq Iraqi conflict (2003–present) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006) Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) Gulf War (1990–1991) Invasion of Kuwait (1990) Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991) Invasion of Kuwait (1990) Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991) Iraq no-fly zones conflict (1991–2003) Iraq air strikes (January 1993) Iraq missile strikes (1993) Iraq missile strikes (1996) Iraq bombing (1998) 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq Iraq air strikes (January 1993) Iraq missile strikes (1993) Iraq missile strikes (1996) Iraq bombing (1998) 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq Iraqi conflict (2003–present) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006) Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006) Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Part of a series on Ba'athism Organizations Arab Ba'ath Arab Ba'ath Movement Ba'ath Party Ba'ath Party (pro-Iraqi) Ba'ath Party (pro-Syrian) Arab Ba'ath Arab Ba'ath Movement Ba'ath Party Ba'ath Party (pro-Iraqi) Ba'ath Party (pro-Syrian) Variants Neo-Ba'athism Assadism Saddamism Neo-Ba'athism Assadism Assadism Saddamism People Aflaq al-Arsuzi Assad (Bashar) Assad (Hafez) al-Bakr Bitar al-Douri Ghanim Jadid al-Rikabi Rimawi Saddam Aflaq al-Arsuzi Assad (Bashar) Assad (Hafez) al-Bakr Bitar al-Douri Ghanim Jadid al-Rikabi Rimawi Saddam Literature On the Way of Resurrection (1943) The Battle for One Destiny (1958) The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue (1943) On the Way of Resurrection (1943) The Battle for One Destiny (1958) The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue (1943) History Ba'athist Iraq Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim Ramadan Revolution November 1963 coup d'état 17 July Revolution 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Iran–Iraq War Gulf War Sanctions Iraq War De-Ba'athification Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1963 coup d'état 1966 coup d'état Syrian invasion of Jordan Corrective Revolution Intervention in Lebanon Syrian occupation of Lebanon Syrian civil war Fall of Ba'athist Syria Ba'athist Iraq Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim Ramadan Revolution November 1963 coup d'état 17 July Revolution 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Iran–Iraq War Gulf War Sanctions Iraq War De-Ba'athification Ba'athist Syria Syrian Committee to Help Iraq 1963 coup d'état 1966 coup d'état Syrian invasion of Jordan Corrective Revolution Intervention in Lebanon Syrian occupation of Lebanon Syrian civil war Fall of Ba'athist Syria Regional organizations Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Kuwait pro-Iraq Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria Libya pro-Iraq Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria Algeria pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Bahrain pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Egypt pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Iraq pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Jordan pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Kuwait pro-Iraq pro-Iraq Lebanon pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Libya pro-Iraq pro-Iraq Mauritania pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Palestine pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Sudan pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Tunisia pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Yemen pro-Iraq pro-Syria pro-Iraq pro-Syria Splinter groups Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party Socialist Lebanon Arab Revolutionary Workers Party Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party Sudanese Ba'ath Party Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party Socialist Lebanon Arab Revolutionary Workers Party Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party Sudanese Ba'ath Party Armed groups Arab Liberation Front Al-Awda Al-Abud Network Jeish Muhammad Rejectionists Snake Party Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Naqshbandi Army General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Free Iraqi Army Arab Liberation Front Al-Awda Al-Abud Network Jeish Muhammad Rejectionists Snake Party Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Naqshbandi Army General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Free Iraqi Army Related topics Arab nationalism Arab socialism Assadist–Saddamist conflict Nasserism Pan-Arabism Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya Arab nationalism Arab socialism Assadist–Saddamist conflict Nasserism Pan-Arabism Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya Politics portal Socialism portal Politics portal Socialism portal v t e v t e The Iraq War ( Arabic : حرب العراق , romanized : ḥarb al-ʿirāq ), also referred to as the Second Gulf War , [ 83 ] [ 84 ] was a prolonged conflict in Iraq from 2003 to 2011. It began with the invasion by a United States–led coalition , which resulted in the overthrow of the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein . The conflict persisted as an insurgency that arose against coalition forces and the newly established Iraqi government. US forces were officially withdrawn in 2011. In 2014, the US became re-engaged in Iraq, leading a new coalition under Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve , as the conflict evolved into the ongoing Islamic State insurgency . The Iraq invasion was part of the Bush administration 's broader war on terror , launched in response to the September 11 attacks . In October 2002, the US Congress passed a bipartisan resolution granting Bush authority to use military force against Iraq. The war began on March 20, 2003, when the US, joined by the UK , Australia , and Poland , initiated a " shock and awe " bombing campaign. Coalition forces launched a ground invasion, defeating Iraqi forces and toppling the Ba'athist regime. Saddam Hussein was captured in 2003 and executed in 2006 . The fall of Saddam's regime created a power vacuum, which, along with the Coalition Provisional Authority 's mismanagement, fueled a sectarian civil war between Iraq's Shia majority and Sunni minority, and contributed to a lengthy insurgency. In response, the US deployed an additional 170,000 troops during the 2007 troop surge , which helped stabilize parts of the country. In 2008, Bush agreed to withdraw US combat troops, a process completed in 2011 under President Barack Obama . The primary rationale for the invasion centered around false claims that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and that Saddam Hussein was supporting al-Qaeda . The 9/11 Commission concluded in 2004 that there was no credible evidence linking Saddam to al-Qaeda, and no WMD stockpiles were found in Iraq. These false claims faced widespread criticism , in the US and abroad. Kofi Annan , then secretary-general of the United Nations , declared the invasion illegal under international law, as it violated the UN Charter . The 2016 Chilcot Report , a British inquiry, concluded the war was unnecessary, as peaceful alternatives had not been fully explored. Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005 , and Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006, a position he held until 2014. His government's policies alienated Iraq's Sunni minority, exacerbating sectarian tensions. The war led to an estimated 150,000 to over a million deaths , including over 100,000 civilians, with most occurring during the post-invasion insurgency and civil war. The war had lasting geopolitical effects, including the emergence of the extremist Islamic State , whose rise led to the 2013–17 War in Iraq . The war damaged the US' international reputation, and Bush's popularity declined. UK prime minister Tony Blair 's support for the war diminished his standing, contributing to his resignation in 2007. Background Following the Gulf War , the United Nations passed 16 Security Council resolutions calling for the complete elimination of Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. Iraqi officials harassed inspectors and obstructed their work, [ 85 ] and in August 1998, the Iraqi government suspended cooperation with the inspectors completely, alleging that the inspectors were spying for the US. [ 86 ] The spying allegations were later substantiated. [ 87 ] In October 1998, removing the Iraqi government became official US foreign policy with the enactment of the Iraq Liberation Act . The act provided $97 million for Iraqi "democratic opposition organizations" to "establish a program to support a transition to democracy in Iraq." [ 88 ] This legislation contrasted with the terms set out in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 , which focused on weapons and weapons programs and made no mention of regime change. [ 89 ] One month after the passage of the Iraq Liberation Act, the US and UK launched a bombardment campaign of Iraq called Operation Desert Fox . The campaign's express rationale was to hamper Saddam Hussein's government's ability to produce chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, but US intelligence personnel also hoped it would help weaken Saddam's grip on power. [ 90 ] Following the 2000 presidential election of George W. Bush , the US moved towards a more aggressive Iraq policy. The Republican Party 's campaign platform in the 2000 election called for "full implementation" of the Iraq Liberation Act as "a starting point" in a plan to "remove" Saddam. [ 91 ] Little formal movement towards an invasion occurred until the September 11 attacks , although plans were drafted and meetings were held from the first days of his administration. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Pre-war events Following the September 11 attacks , the Bush administration 's national security team debated an Iraq invasion. On the day of the attacks, US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld asked his aides for "best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit Saddam Hussein at the same time. Not only Osama bin Laden ." [ 95 ] The next day, Bush ordered White House counterterrorism coordinator Richard A. Clarke to investigate possible Iraqi involvement in the September 11 attacks, believing that a devastating attack like 9/11 involved a state sponsor. [ 96 ] Bush spoke with Rumsfeld on 21 November and instructed him to conduct a confidential review of OPLAN 1003 , the war plan for invading Iraq. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Rumsfeld met with General Tommy Franks , the commander of US Central Command , on 27 November to go over the plans. A record of the meeting includes the question "How start?", listing multiple possible justifications for a US–Iraq War. [ 94 ] [ 99 ] Bush began laying the public groundwork for an invasion of Iraq in his January 2002 State of the Union address, calling Iraq a member of the Axis of Evil , and saying that the US "will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons." [ 100 ] The intelligence community, however, indicated that there was no evidence linking Saddam Hussein to the September 11 attacks and there was little evidence that Iraq had any collaborative ties with Al Qaeda. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] : 334 Ultimately, the rationale for invading Iraq as a response to 9/11 has been widely refuted, as there was no cooperation between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda . [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ] [ 107 ] [ 108 ] [ 109 ] A 5 September 2002 report from Major General Glen Shaffer revealed that the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's J2 Intelligence Directorate had concluded that the United States' knowledge on different aspects of Iraq's WMD program ranged from essentially zero to ~75%, and that knowledge was weak on aspects of a possible nuclear weapons program. "Our knowledge of the Iraqi nuclear weapons program is based largely… on analysis of imprecise intelligence," they concluded. "Our assessments rely heavily on analytic assumptions and judgment rather than hard evidence." [ 110 ] [ 111 ] Similarly, the British government found no evidence that Iraq possessed nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction and that Iraq posed no threat to the West, a conclusion British diplomats shared with the US government. [ 112 ] The US intelligence community was of the opinion that Iraq had no nuclear weapons, and had no information about whether Iraq had biological weapons. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Vice President Dick Cheney and Defense Secretary Rumsfeld expressed skepticism toward the CIA 's intelligence and accuracy to predict threats, and instead preferred outside analysis with intelligence supplied by the Iraqi National Congress , which alleged that Saddam was pursuing WMD development and had ties to al-Qaeda . [ 117 ] Bush began formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his 12 September 2002 address to the UN Security Council . [ 118 ] In October 2002, the US Congress passed the Iraq Resolution . [ 119 ] Key US allies in NATO , such as the United Kingdom, agreed with the US actions, while France and Germany were critical of plans to invade Iraq, arguing instead for continued diplomacy and weapons inspections. After considerable debate, the UN Security Council adopted a compromise resolution, UN Security Council Resolution 1441 , which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised "serious consequences" for non-compliance. Security Council members France and Russia made clear that they did not consider these consequences to include the use of force to overthrow the Iraqi government. [ 120 ] The US and UK ambassadors to the UN publicly confirmed this reading of the resolution. [ 121 ] Resolution 1441 set up inspections by the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency . Saddam accepted the resolution on 13 November and inspectors returned to Iraq under the direction of UNMOVIC chairman Hans Blix and IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei . As of February 2003, the IAEA "found no evidence or plausible indication of the revival of a nuclear weapons program in Iraq"; the IAEA concluded that certain items which could have been used in nuclear enrichment centrifuges, such as aluminum tubes, were in fact intended for other uses. [ 122 ] In March 2003, Blix said progress had been made in inspections, and no evidence of WMD had been found. [ 123 ] On 5 February 2003, Secretary of State Colin Powell appeared before the UN to present evidence that Iraq was hiding unconventional weapons. Despite warnings from the German Federal Intelligence Service and the British Secret Intelligence Service that the source was untrustworthy, Powell's presentation included information based on the claims of Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi, codenamed "Curveball" , an Iraqi emigrant living in Germany who later admitted that his claims had been false. [ 124 ] Besides claiming a relationship between al-Qaeda and Iraq, Powell also alleged that al-Qaeda was attempting to acquire weapons of mass destruction from Iraq. [ 125 ] As a follow-up to Powell's presentation, the United States, the United Kingdom, Poland , Italy , Australia , Denmark , Japan , and Spain proposed a resolution authorizing the use of force in Iraq, but NATO members like Canada , France, and Germany, together with Russia, strongly urged continued diplomacy. Facing a losing vote as well as a likely veto from France and Russia, the US, the UK, Poland, Spain, Denmark, Italy, Japan, and Australia eventually withdrew their resolution. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] In March 2003, the United States, the UK, Poland, Australia, Spain, Denmark, and Italy began preparing for the invasion of Iraq with a host of public relations and military moves. In an address to the nation on 17 March 2003, Bush demanded that Saddam and his two sons, Uday and Qusay , surrender and leave Iraq, giving them a 48-hour deadline. [ 128 ] The UK House of Commons held a debate on going to war on 18 March 2003 where the government motion was approved 412 to 149 . [ 129 ] The vote was a key moment in the history of the Blair government , as the number of government MPs who rebelled against the vote was the greatest since the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. Three government ministers resigned in protest at the war, John Denham , Lord Hunt of Kings Heath , and the then Leader of the House of Commons Robin Cook . Opposition to invasion In October 2002, former US President Bill Clinton warned about the possible dangers of pre-emptive military action against Iraq. Speaking in the UK at a Labour Party conference he said: "As a preemptive action today, however well-justified, may come back with unwelcome consequences in the future... I don't care how precise your bombs and your weapons are when you set them off, innocent people will die." [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Of 209 House Democrats in Congress, 126 voted against the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 , although 29 of 50 Democrats in the Senate voted in favor. Only one Republican Senator, Lincoln Chafee , voted against. The Senate's lone Independent, Jim Jeffords , voted against. Retired US Marine, former Navy Secretary and future US senator Jim Webb wrote shortly before the vote, "Those who are pushing for a unilateral war in Iraq know full well that there is no exit strategy if we invade." [ 132 ] Pope John Paul II also publicly condemned the military intervention, as well as saying directly to Bush privately: "Mr. President, you know my opinion about the war in Iraq... Every violence, against one or a million, is a blasphemy addressed to the image and likeness of God." [ 133 ] On 20 January 2003, French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin declared "we believe that military intervention would be the worst solution". [ 135 ] Meanwhile, anti-war groups across the world organized public protests. According to French academic Dominique Reynié , between 3 January and 12 April 2003, 36 million people globally took part in almost 3,000 protests against the war in Iraq, with demonstrations on 15 February 2003 being the largest. [ 136 ] Nelson Mandela voiced his opposition in late January, stating "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is Iraqi oil ," and questioning if Bush deliberately undermined the U.N. "because the secretary-general of the United Nations [was] a black man". [ 137 ] In February 2003, the US Army's top general, Eric Shinseki , told the Senate Armed Services Committee that it would take "several hundred thousand soldiers" to secure Iraq. [ 138 ] Two days later, US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said the post-war troop commitment would be less than the number of troops required to win the war, and that "the idea that it would take several hundred thousand US forces is far from the mark." Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz said Shinseki's estimate was "way off the mark," because other countries would take part in an occupying force. [ 139 ] Germany's Foreign Secretary Joschka Fischer , although having been in favor of stationing German troops in Afghanistan , advised Federal Chancellor Schröder not to join the war in Iraq. Fischer famously confronted United States Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld at the 39th Munich Security Conference in 2003 on the secretary's purported evidence for Iraq's possession of weapons of mass destruction : "Excuse me, I am not convinced!" [ 140 ] Fischer also cautioned the United States against assuming that democracy would easily take root post-invasion; "You're going to have to occupy Iraq for years and years, the idea that democracy will suddenly blossom is something that I can't share. … Are Americans ready for this?" [ 141 ] In July 2003, former US ambassador Joseph C. Wilson published an op-ed challenging the Bush administration's claim that Iraq sought uranium from Niger, a key justification for the war. In apparent retaliation, officials leaked the identity of Wilson's wife, Valerie Plame , an undercover CIA officer, exposing her covert status . The resulting investigation led to the conviction of Lewis "Scooter" Libby , Vice President Cheney's chief of staff, for perjury and obstruction of justice, and his sentence was commuted by President Bush. [ 142 ] There were serious legal questions surrounding the launching of the war against Iraq and the Bush Doctrine of preemptive war in general. On 16 September 2004, Kofi Annan , the Secretary-General of the United Nations, said of the invasion "...was not in conformity with the UN Charter . From our point of view, from the Charter point of view, it was illegal." [ 143 ] Course of the war 2003 - Invasion The first CIA team entered Iraq on 10 July 2002. [ 144 ] This team was composed of members of the CIA's Special Activities Division and was later joined by members of the US military's elite Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). [ 145 ] Together, they prepared for an invasion by conventional forces. These efforts consisted of persuading the commanders of several Iraqi military divisions to surrender rather than oppose the invasion, and identifying all the initial leadership targets during very high risk reconnaissance missions. [ 145 ] Most importantly, their efforts organized the Kurdish Peshmerga to become the northern front of the invasion. Together this force defeated Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan before the invasion and then defeated the Iraqi army in the north. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] The battle against Ansar al-Islam, known as Operation Viking Hammer , led to the death of a substantial number of militants and the uncovering of a chemical weapons facility at Sargat. [ 144 ] [ 147 ] At 5:34 am Baghdad time on 20 March 2003 [ 148 ] (9:34 pm, 19 March EST) the surprise [ 149 ] military invasion of Iraq began. There was no declaration of war. [ 150 ] The 2003 invasion of Iraq was led by US Army General Tommy Franks , under the code-name Operation Iraqi Freedom, [ 151 ] the UK code-name Operation Telic , and the Australian code-name Operation Falconer . Coalition forces also cooperated with Kurdish Peshmerga forces in the north. Approximately forty other governments, the " Coalition of the Willing ", participated by providing troops, equipment, services, security, and special forces, with 248,000 soldiers from the United States, 45,000 British soldiers, 2,000 Australian soldiers and 194 Polish soldiers from Special Forces unit GROM sent to Kuwait for the invasion. [ 152 ] The invasion force was also supported by Iraqi Kurdish militia troops , estimated to number upwards of 70,000. [ 153 ] According to General Franks, there were eight objectives of the invasion: "First, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein. Second, to identify, isolate, and eliminate Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Third, to search for, to capture, and to drive out terrorists from that country. Fourth, to collect such intelligence as we can relate to terrorist networks. Fifth, to collect such intelligence as we can relate to the global network of illicit weapons of mass destruction. Sixth, to end sanctions and to immediately deliver humanitarian support to the displaced and to many needy Iraqi citizens. Seventh, to secure Iraq's oil fields and resources, which belong to the Iraqi people. And last, to help the Iraqi people create conditions for a transition to representative self-government." [ 154 ] "First, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein. Second, to identify, isolate, and eliminate Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Third, to search for, to capture, and to drive out terrorists from that country. Fourth, to collect such intelligence as we can relate to terrorist networks. Fifth, to collect such intelligence as we can relate to the global network of illicit weapons of mass destruction. Sixth, to end sanctions and to immediately deliver humanitarian support to the displaced and to many needy Iraqi citizens. Seventh, to secure Iraq's oil fields and resources, which belong to the Iraqi people. And last, to help the Iraqi people create conditions for a transition to representative self-government." [ 154 ] The invasion was a quick and decisive operation encountering major resistance, though not what the US, British and other forces expected. The Iraqi regime had prepared to fight both a conventional and irregular, asymmetric warfare at the same time, conceding territory when faced with superior conventional forces, largely armored, but launching smaller-scale attacks in the rear using fighters dressed in civilian and paramilitary clothes. Coalition troops launched air and amphibious assaults on the al-Faw Peninsula to secure the oil fields there and the important ports, supported by warships of the Royal Navy , Polish Navy , and Royal Australian Navy . The United States Marine Corps ' 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit , attached to 3 Commando Brigade and the Polish Special Forces unit GROM , attacked the port of Umm Qasr , while the British Army 's 16 Air Assault Brigade secured the oil fields in southern Iraq. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] The US 3rd Infantry Division moved westward and then northward through the western desert toward Baghdad, while the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force moved more easterly along Highway 1 through the center of the country, and 1 (UK) Armoured Division moved northward through the eastern marshland. [ 157 ] The American 1st Marine Division fought through Nasiriyah in a battle to seize the major road junction. [ 158 ] The US 3rd Infantry Division defeated Iraqi forces entrenched in and around Talil Airfield . [ 159 ] With the Nasiriyah and Talil Airfields secured in its rear, the 3rd Infantry Division supported by the 101st Airborne Division continued its attack north toward Najaf and Karbala , but a severe sand storm slowed the coalition advance and there was a halt to consolidate and make sure the supply lines were secure. [ 160 ] When they started again they secured the Karbala Gap , a key approach to Baghdad, then secured the bridges over the Euphrates River , and US Army forces poured through the gap on to Baghdad. In the middle of Iraq, the 1st Marine Division fought its way to the eastern side of Baghdad and prepared for the attack to seize the city. [ 161 ] On 9 April, Baghdad fell, ending Saddam's 24‑year rule. US forces seized the deserted Ba'ath Party ministries and, according to some reports later disputed by the Marines on the ground, stage-managed [ 162 ] the tearing down of a huge iron statue of Saddam . Allegedly, though not seen in the photos or heard on the videos, shot with a zoom lens , was the chant of the inflamed crowd for Muqtada al-Sadr , the radical Shiite cleric. [ 163 ] The abrupt fall of Baghdad was accompanied by gratitude toward the invaders, but also civil disorder, including the looting of public and government buildings and increased crime. [ 164 ] [ 165 ] According to the Pentagon , 250,000 short tons (230,000 t) (of 650,000 short tons (590,000 t) total) of ordnance was looted, providing a significant source of ammunition for the Iraqi insurgency . The invasion phase concluded when Tikrit , Saddam's home town, fell with little resistance to the US Marines of Task Force Tripoli on 15 April. In the invasion phase of the war (19 March – 30 April), an estimated 9,200 Iraqi combatants were killed by coalition forces along with an estimated 3,750 non-combatants, i.e. civilians who did not take up arms. [ 166 ] Coalition forces reported the death in combat of 139 US military personnel [ 167 ] and 33 UK military personnel. [ 168 ] Post-invasion phase 2003: Beginnings of insurgency Widespread looting and low-level criminal activity gripped the country in April 2003. By that point it was clear that there were not enough US forces to control the breakdown of order and little plan to restore it. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] On 1 May 2003, President Bush visited the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln operating a few miles west of San Diego, California and declared an end to major combat operations in Iraq. At sunset, he held his nationally televised "Mission Accomplished" speech , delivered before the sailors and airmen on the flight deck . [ 98 ] Ambassador Paul Bremer arrived in Iraq on May 12, 2003 and established the Coalition Provisional Authority . One of his first actions was to initiate the debaathification process. [ 169 ] Nevertheless, Saddam Hussein remained at large, and significant pockets of resistance remained. After Bush's speech, coalition forces noticed a flurry of attacks on its troops began to gradually increase in various regions, such as the " Sunni Triangle ". [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Muqtada al-Sadr , the leader of a large anti-American faction in Baghdad's Sadr City, issued a fatwa allowing his followers to partake in the looting provided a portion of their takings were gifted to the Sadrist Movement . [ 170 ] Coalition Provisional Authority and the Iraq Survey Group Shortly after the invasion, the multinational coalition created the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA; Arabic : سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة ), based in the Green Zone , as a transitional government of Iraq until the establishment of a democratic government. Citing United Nations Security Council Resolution 1483 and the laws of war , the CPA vested itself with executive, legislative , and judicial authority over the Iraqi government from the period of the CPA's inception on 21 April 2003 until its dissolution on 28 June 2004. The CPA was originally headed by Jay Garner , a former US military officer, but his appointment lasted only until 11 May 2003, when President Bush appointed L. Paul Bremer . On 16 May 2003, his first day on the job, Paul Bremer issued Coalition Provisional Authority Order 1 to exclude from the new Iraqi government and administration members of the Baathist party. This policy, known as De-Ba'athification , eventually led to the removal of 85,000 to 100,000 Iraqi people from their jobs, [ 173 ] including 40,000 school teachers who had joined the Baath Party simply to stay employed. US army general Ricardo Sanchez called the decision a "catastrophic failure". [ 174 ] Bremer served until the CPA's dissolution in June 2004. In May 2003, the US Advisor to Iraq Ministry of Defense within the CPA, Walter B. Slocombe , advocated changing the pre-war Bush policy to employ the former Iraq Army after hostilities on the ground ceased. [ 175 ] At the time, hundreds of thousands of former Iraq soldiers who had not been paid for months were waiting for the CPA to hire them back to work to help secure and rebuild Iraq. Despite advice from US Military Staff working within the CPA, Bremer met with President Bush, via video conference, and asked for authority to change the US policy. Bush gave Bremer and Slocombe authority to change the pre-war policy. Slocombe announced the policy change in Spring 2003. The decision led to the alienation of hundreds of thousands of former armed Iraq soldiers, who subsequently aligned themselves with various occupation resistance movements all over Iraq. In the week before the order to dissolve the Iraq Army, no coalition forces were killed by hostile action in Iraq; the week after, five US soldiers were killed. Then, on 18 June 2003, coalition forces opened fire on former Iraq soldiers protesting in Baghdad who were throwing rocks at coalition forces. The policy to disband the Iraq Army was reversed by the CPA only days after it was implemented. But it was too late; the former Iraq Army shifted their alliance from one that was ready and willing to work with the CPA to one of armed resistance against the CPA and the coalition forces. [ 176 ] Another group created by the multinational force in Iraq post-invasion was the 1,400-member international Iraq Survey Group , who conducted a fact-finding mission to find Iraq's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs. In 2004, the ISG's Duelfer Report stated that Iraq did not have a viable WMD program. [ 177 ] [ 178 ] [ 179 ] [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ 182 ] Ramadan Offensive 2003 Coalition military forces launched several operations around the Tigris River peninsula and in the Sunni Triangle. A series of similar operations were launched throughout the summer in the Sunni Triangle. In late 2003, the intensity and pace of insurgent attacks increased. A surge in guerrilla attacks ushered in an insurgent effort that was termed the " Ramadan Offensive ". Fall 2003 saw major attacks at the Jordanian Embassy and the bombing of UN Headquarters in Baghdad in which Sérgio Vieira de Mello was killed. [ 169 ] The three governorates with the highest number of attacks were Baghdad , Al Anbar , and Saladin . Those three governorates account for 35% of the population, but by December 2006 they were responsible for 73% of US military deaths and an even higher percentage of recent US military deaths (about 80%). [ 183 ] To counter this offensive, coalition forces began to use air power and artillery again for the first time since the end of the invasion, by striking suspected ambush sites and mortar launching positions. Surveillance of major routes, patrols, and raids on suspected insurgents was stepped up. In addition, two villages, including Saddam's birthplace of al-Auja and the small town of Abu Hishma , were surrounded by barbed wire and monitored. Capturing former government leaders In summer 2003, the multinational forces focused on capturing the remaining leaders of the former government. On 22 July, a raid by the US 101st Airborne Division and soldiers from Task Force 20 killed Saddam's sons (Uday and Qusay) along with one of his grandsons. In all, over 300 top leaders of the former government were killed or captured, as well as numerous lesser functionaries and military personnel. Saddam Hussein was captured on 13 December 2003, on a farm near Tikrit in Operation Red Dawn . [ 184 ] The operation was conducted by the US 4th Infantry Division and members of Task Force 121 . Intelligence on Saddam's whereabouts came from his family members and former bodyguards. [ 185 ] With the capture of Saddam and a drop in the number of insurgent attacks, some concluded that multinational forces were prevailing in the fight against the insurgency. The provisional government began training the new Iraqi security forces intended to police the country, and the US promised over $20 billion in reconstruction money in the form of a credit against Iraq's future oil revenues. Oil revenue was also used for rebuilding schools and for work on the electrical and refining infrastructure. Shortly after Saddam's capture, elements left out of the Coalition Provisional Authority began to agitate for elections and the formation of an Iraqi Interim Government . Most prominent among these was the Shia cleric Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani . The Coalition Provisional Authority opposed allowing democratic elections at this time. [ 186 ] The insurgents stepped up their activities. The two most turbulent centers were the area around Fallujah and the poor Shia sections of cities from Baghdad ( Sadr City ) to Basra in the south. Looting of artifacts from Iraqi museums Following the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, large numbers of antiquities including the Gilgamesh Dream Tablet were stolen, both from museums, such as the Iraq National Museum , but also because of illegal excavations at archeological sites throughout the country. Many of them were smuggled into the United States through the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Israel , contrary to federal law. Donald Rumsfeld rejected the claim that they were removed by US military personnel. In the 2020s, about 17,000 artifacts were returned to Iraq from the US and Middle Eastern countries. But according to an Iraqi archeology professor at the University of Baghdad , the repatriation of these items was only a partial success; the Baghdad office of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) continues to search for the loot worldwide. Many Iraqis blame the United States for the loss of so many pieces of their country's history. [ 187 ] [ 188 ] 2004: Insurgency expands The start of 2004 was marked by a relative lull in violence. Violence increased during the Iraq Spring Fighting of 2004 with foreign fighters from around the Middle East as well as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad , an al-Qaeda -linked group led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi , helping to drive the insurgency. [ 189 ] As the violence intensified in March, there was a change in targeting from the coalition forces towards the new Iraqi Security Forces, as hundreds of Iraqi civilians and police were killed over the next few months in a series of bombings. In the bloodiest day of the war since the start, hundreds of Shi'a were killed when five bombs exploded on March 2 during Ashoura celebrations. [ 169 ] The most serious fighting of the war so far began on 31 March 2004, when Iraqi insurgents in Fallujah ambushed a Blackwater USA convoy led by four US private military contractors who were providing security for food caterers Eurest Support Services . [ 190 ] The four armed contractors, Scott Helvenston , Jerko Zovko, Wesley Batalona, and Michael Teague, were killed with grenades and small arms fire. Their bodies were dragged from their vehicles by locals, beaten, burned and their mutilated corpses hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates . [ 191 ] Photos of the event were released to news agencies worldwide, causing indignation and moral outrage in the United States, and prompting an unsuccessful "pacification" of the city: the First Battle of Fallujah in April 2004. Followers of the Shi'a mullah Muqtada al-Sadr known as the Mahdi militia paraded through multiple cities. In April 2004, the Shi'a demonstrators launched attacks on coalition targets in an attempt to seize control from Iraqi security forces. Southern and central Iraq began to erupt in urban guerrilla combat as multinational forces attempted to keep control and prepared for a counteroffensive. Several coalition troops died in Sadr City and Najaf . These clashes lasted until June 2004. [ 169 ] In June 2004, the CPA formally transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi government, headed by interim Prime Minister Ayad Allawi . [ 169 ] Allawi opposed the hasty de-baathification that would destabilize the political structure of the Iraqi government. [ 170 ] His secular rule of law agenda was unsuccessful as "instritutionalized sectarianism" developed in the escalating conflict with Muqtada al-Sadr in Najaf and Sunni radicals in Fallujah. [ 192 ] In one of the most significant single attacks of the war 49 newly trained Iraqi soldiers were executed by insurgents wearing police uniforms on 23 October 2004. Analysts note this supports the view that Iraqi police forces and Interior Ministry had been compromised by insurgents. Allawi blamed the attack on coalition forces. [ 169 ] The offensive in Fallujah resumed in November 2004 in the bloodiest battle of the war: the Second Battle of Fallujah , described by the US military as "the heaviest urban combat (that they had been involved in) since the Battle of Hue City in Vietnam." [ 193 ] During the assault, US forces used white phosphorus as an incendiary weapon against insurgent personnel, attracting controversy. The 46‑day battle resulted in a victory for the coalition, with 95 US soldiers killed and approximately 1,350 insurgents. Fallujah was totally devastated during the fighting, though civilian casualties were low, as they had mostly fled before the battle. [ 194 ] Another major event of that year was the revelation of widespread prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib , which received international media attention in April 2004. First reports of the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse , as well as graphic pictures showing US military personnel taunting and abusing Iraqi prisoners, came to public attention from a 60 Minutes II news report and a Seymour M. Hersh article in The New Yorker (posted online on 30 April). [ 195 ] Military correspondent Thomas Ricks claimed that these revelations dealt a blow to the moral justifications for the occupation in the eyes of many people, especially Iraqis, and was a turning point in the war. [ 196 ] 2004 also marked the beginning of Military Transition Teams in Iraq, which were teams of US military advisors assigned directly to New Iraqi Army units. 2005: Elections and transitional government On 31 January, Iraqis elected the Iraqi Transitional Government to draft a permanent constitution. Although some violence and a widespread Sunni boycott marred the event, most of the eligible Kurd and Shia populace participated. On 4 February, Paul Wolfowitz announced that 15,000 US troops whose tours of duty had been extended in order to provide election security would be pulled out of Iraq by the next month. [ 197 ] February to April were relatively peaceful compared to the carnage of November and January, with insurgent attacks averaging 30 a day from the prior average of 70. The Battle of Abu Ghraib on 2 April 2005 was an attack on US forces at Abu Ghraib prison, which consisted of heavy mortar and rocket fire, under which an estimated 80–120 armed insurgents attacked with grenades, small arms, and two vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIED). The US force's munitions ran so low that orders to fix bayonets were given in preparation for hand-to-hand fighting. It was considered to be the largest coordinated assault on a US base since the Vietnam War. [ 198 ] Hopes for a quick end to the insurgency and a withdrawal of US troops were dashed in May, Iraq's bloodiest month since the invasion. Suicide bombers, believed to be mainly disheartened Iraqi Sunni Arabs, Syrians and Saudis, tore through Iraq. Their targets were often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations of Shias. As a result, over 700 Iraqi civilians died in that month, as well as 79 US soldiers. Summer 2005 saw fighting around Baghdad and at Tall Afar in northwestern Iraq as US forces tried to seal off the Syrian border. This led to fighting in the autumn in the small towns of the Euphrates valley between the capital and that border. [ 199 ] A referendum was held on 15 October in which the new Iraqi constitution was ratified . An Iraqi National Assembly was elected in December , with participation from the Sunnis as well as the Kurds and Shia. [ 199 ] Insurgent attacks increased in 2005 with 34,131 recorded incidents, compared to a total 26,496 for the previous year. [ 200 ] 2006: Civil war and permanent Iraqi government The beginning of 2006 was marked by government creation talks, growing sectarian violence, and continuous anti-coalition attacks. Sectarian violence expanded to a new level of intensity following the al-Askari Mosque bombing in the Iraqi city of Samarra, on 22 February 2006. The explosion at the mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shi'a Islam, is believed to have been caused by a bomb planted by al-Qaeda. Although no injuries occurred in the blast, the mosque was severely damaged and the bombing resulted in violence over the following days. Over 100 dead bodies with bullet holes were found on 23 February, and at least 165 people are thought to have been killed. In the aftermath of this attack, the US military calculated that the average homicide rate in Baghdad tripled from 11 to 33 deaths per day. In 2006 the UN described the environment in Iraq as a "civil war-like situation". [ 201 ] On 12 March, five United States Army soldiers of the 502nd Infantry Regiment raped the 14-year-old Iraqi girl Abeer Qassim Hamza al-Janabi, and then murdered her, her father, her mother Fakhriya Taha Muhasen, and her six-year-old sister Hadeel Qassim Hamza al-Janabi. The soldiers then set fire to the girl's body to conceal evidence of the crime. [ 202 ] Four of the soldiers were convicted of rape and murder and the fifth was convicted of lesser crimes for their involvement in the events, which became known as the Mahmudiyah rape and killings . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] On 6 June 2006, the US successfully tracked Abu Musab al-Zarqawi , the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq who was killed in a targeted killing , while attending a meeting in an isolated safehouse approximately 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Baqubah. Having been tracked by a British UAV, radio contact was made between the controller and two US Air Force F-16 C jets, which identified the house and at 14:15 GMT, the lead jet dropped two 500‑pound (230 kg) guided bombs, a laser-guided GBU‑12 and GPS-guided GBU‑38 on the building where he was located. Six others – three male and three female individuals – were also reported killed. Among those killed were one of his wives and their child. The government of Iraq took office on 20 May 2006, following approval by the members of the Iraqi National Assembly . This followed the general election in December 2005 . The government succeeded the Iraqi Transitional Government, which had continued in office in a caretaker capacity until the formation of the permanent government. Iraq Study Group report and Saddam's execution The Iraq Study Group Report was released on 6 December 2006. The Iraq Study Group made up of people from both of the major US parties, was led by co-chairs James Baker , a former Secretary of State (Republican), and Lee H. Hamilton , a former US Representative (Democrat). It concluded that "the situation in Iraq is grave and deteriorating" and "US forces seem to be caught in a mission that has no foreseeable end." The report's 79 recommendations include increasing diplomatic measures with Iran and Syria and intensifying efforts to train Iraqi troops. On 18 December, a Pentagon report found that insurgent attacks were averaging about 960 attacks per week, the highest since the reports had begun in 2005. [ 205 ] Coalition forces formally transferred control of a governorate to the Iraqi government. Military prosecutors charged eight US Marines with the murders of 24 Iraqi civilians in Haditha in November 2005, 10 of them women and children. Four officers were also charged with dereliction of duty in relation to the event. [ 206 ] Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006, after being found guilty of crimes against humanity by an Iraqi court after a year-long trial. [ 207 ] 2007: US troops surge On 10 January 2007, in a televised address to the US public, Bush proposed 21,500 more troops for Iraq, a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and $1.2 billion for these programs. [ 208 ] On 23 January 2007, in the 2007 State of the Union Address , Bush announced he was "deploying reinforcements of more than 20,000 additional soldiers and Marines to Iraq". On 10 February 2007, David Petraeus was made commander of Multi-National Force – Iraq (MNF-I), the four-star post that oversees all coalition forces in the country, replacing General George Casey . In his new position, Petraeus oversaw all coalition forces in Iraq and employed them in the new "Surge" strategy outlined by the Bush administration. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] On 10 May 2007, 144 Iraqi Parliamentary lawmakers signed onto a legislative petition calling on the US to set a timetable for withdrawal. [ 211 ] On 3 June 2007, the Iraqi Parliament voted 85 to 59 to require the Iraqi government to consult with Parliament before requesting additional extensions of the UN Security Council Mandate for coalition operations in Iraq. [ 212 ] Pressures on US troops were compounded by continued withdrawal of coalition forces. [ 213 ] In early 2007, British Prime Minister Blair announced that following Operation Sinbad , British troops would begin to withdraw from Basra Governorate , handing security over to the Iraqis. [ 213 ] In July Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen also announced the withdrawal of 441 Danish troops from Iraq, leaving only a unit of nine soldiers manning four observational helicopters. [ 214 ] In October 2019, the new Danish government said it would not re-open an official probe into the country's participation in the US-led military coalition in 2003 Iraqi war. [ 215 ] Planned troop reduction In a speech made to Congress on 10 September 2007, Petraeus "envisioned the withdrawal of roughly 30,000 US troops by next summer, beginning with a Marine contingent [in September]." [ 216 ] On 13 September, Bush announced a limited withdrawal of troops from Iraq. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] Bush said 5,700 personnel would be home by Christmas 2007, and expected thousands more to return by July 2008. The plan would take troop numbers back to their level before the surge at the beginning of 2007. Effects of the surge on security By March 2008, violence in Iraq was reportedly curtailed by 40–80%, according to a Pentagon report. [ 219 ] Independent reports [ 220 ] [ 221 ] raised questions about those assessments. An Iraqi military spokesman claimed that civilian deaths since the start of the troop surge plan were 265 in Baghdad, down from 1,440 in the four previous weeks. The New York Times counted more than 450 Iraqi civilians killed during the same 28‑day period, based on initial daily reports from Iraqi Interior Ministry and hospital officials. Historically, the daily counts tallied by The New York Times underestimated the total death toll by 50% or more when compared to studies by the UN, which rely upon figures from the Iraqi Health Ministry and morgue figures. [ 222 ] The rate of US combat deaths in Baghdad nearly doubled to 3.14 per day in the first seven weeks of the "surge" in security activity, compared to the previous period. Across the rest of Iraq, it decreased slightly. [ 223 ] [ 224 ] On 14 August 2007, the deadliest single attack of the whole war occurred. Nearly 800 civilians were killed by a series of coordinated suicide bomb attacks on the northern Iraqi settlement of Kahtaniya . Over 100 homes and shops were destroyed in the blast. US officials blamed al‑Qaeda. The targeted villagers belonged to the non-Muslim Yazidi ethnic minority. The attack may have represented the latest in a feud that erupted earlier that year when members of the Yazidi community stoned to death a teenage girl called Du'a Khalil Aswad accused of dating a Sunni Arab man and converting to Islam. The killing of the girl was recorded on camera-mobiles and the video was uploaded onto the internet. [ 225 ] [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] On 13 September 2007, Abdul Sattar Abu Risha was killed in a bomb attack in the city of Ramadi . [ 229 ] He was an important US ally because he led the " Anbar Awakening ", an alliance of Sunni Arab tribes that opposed al-Qaeda. The latter organization claimed responsibility for the attack. [ 230 ] A statement posted on the Internet by the shadowy Islamic State of Iraq called Abu Risha "one of the dogs of Bush" and described Thursday's killing as a "heroic operation that took over a month to prepare". [ 231 ] There was a reported trend of decreasing US troop deaths after May 2007, and violence against coalition troops had fallen to the "lowest levels since the first year of the American invasion". [ 232 ] These, and several other positive developments, were attributed to the surge by many analysts. [ 233 ] Data from the Pentagon and other US agencies such as the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that daily attacks against civilians in Iraq remained "about the same" since February. The GAO also stated that there was no discernible trend in sectarian violence. [ 234 ] This report ran counter to reports to Congress, which showed a general downward trend in civilian deaths and ethno-sectarian violence since December 2006. [ 235 ] By late 2007, as the US troop surge began to wind down, violence in Iraq had begun to decrease from its 2006 highs. [ 236 ] Entire neighborhoods in Baghdad were ethnically cleansed by Shia and Sunni militias and sectarian violence broke out in every Iraqi city where there was a mixed population. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Investigative reporter Bob Woodward cited US government sources according to which the US "surge" was not the primary reason for the drop in violence in 2007–08. Instead, according to that view, the reduction of violence was due to newer covert techniques by US military and intelligence officials to find, target, and kill insurgents, including working closely with former insurgents. [ 240 ] In the Shia region near Basra , British forces turned over security for the region to Iraqi Security Forces. Basra was the ninth governorate of Iraq's 18 governorates to be returned to local security forces' control since the beginning of the occupation. [ 241 ] Political developments Over half of the members of Iraq's parliament rejected the continuing occupation of their country for the first time. 144 of the 275 lawmakers signed onto a legislative petition that would require the Iraqi government to seek approval from Parliament before it requests an extension of the UN mandate for foreign forces to be in Iraq, which expires at the end of 2008. It also calls for a timetable for troop withdrawal and a freeze on the size of foreign forces. The UN Security Council mandate for US‑led forces in Iraq will terminate "if requested by the government of Iraq." [ 242 ] 59% of those polled in the US support a timetable for withdrawal. [ 243 ] In mid-2007, the coalition began a controversial program to recruit Iraqi Sunnis (often former insurgents) for the formation of "Guardian" militias. These Guardian militias are intended to support and secure various Sunni neighborhoods against the Islamists. [ 244 ] Tensions with Iran In 2007, tensions increased greatly between Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan due to the latter's giving sanctuary to the militant Kurdish secessionist group Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan (PEJAK). According to reports, Iran had been shelling PEJAK positions in Iraqi Kurdistan since 16 August. These tensions further increased with a border incursion on 23 August by Iranian troops who attacked several Kurdish villages killing an unknown number of civilians and militants. [ 245 ] Coalition forces also began to target alleged Iranian Quds force operatives in Iraq, either arresting or killing suspected members . The Bush administration and coalition leaders began to publicly state that Iran was supplying weapons, particularly EFP devices, to Iraqi insurgents and militias although to date have failed to provide any proof for these allegations. Further sanctions on Iranian organizations were also announced by the Bush administration in autumn 2007. On 21 November 2007, Lieutenant General James Dubik, who is in charge of training Iraqi security forces, praised Iran for its "contribution to the reduction of violence" in Iraq by upholding its pledge to stop the flow of weapons, explosives, and training of extremists in Iraq. [ 246 ] Tensions with Turkey Border incursions by PKK militants based in Northern Iraq have continued to harass Turkish forces, with casualties on both sides. In the fall of 2007, the Turkish military stated their right to cross the Iraqi Kurdistan border in "hot pursuit" of PKK militants and began shelling Kurdish areas in Iraq and attacking PKK bases in the Mount Cudi region with aircraft. [ 247 ] [ 248 ] The Turkish parliament approved a resolution permitting the military to pursue the PKK in Iraqi Kurdistan. [ 249 ] In November, Turkish gunships attacked parts of northern Iraq in the first such attack by Turkish aircraft since the border tensions escalated. [ 250 ] Another series of attacks in mid-December hit PKK targets in the Qandil, Zap, Avashin and Hakurk regions. The latest series of attacks involved at least 50 aircraft and artillery and Kurdish officials reported one civilian killed and two wounded. [ 251 ] Additionally, weapons that were given to Iraqi security forces by the US military were being recovered by authorities in Turkey after being used by PKK in that state. [ 252 ] Blackwater private security controversy On 17 September 2007, the Iraqi government announced that it was revoking the license of the US security firm Blackwater USA over the firm's involvement in the killing of eight civilians, including a woman and an infant, [ 253 ] in a firefight that followed a car bomb explosion near a State Department motorcade. 2008: Civil war continues Throughout 2008, US officials and independent think tanks began to point to improvements in the security situation, as measured by key statistics. According to the US Defense Department , in December 2008 the "overall level of violence" in the country had dropped 80% since before the surge began in January 2007, and the country's murder rate had dropped to prewar levels. They also pointed out that the casualty figure for US forces in 2008 was 314 against a figure of 904 in 2007. [ 254 ] According to the Brookings Institution , Iraqi civilian fatalities numbered 490 in November 2008 as against 3,500 in January 2007, whereas attacks against the coalition numbered somewhere between 200 and 300 per week in the latter half of 2008, as opposed to a peak of nearly 1,600 in summer 2007. The number of Iraqi security forces killed was under 100 per month in the second half of 2008, from a high of 200 to 300 in the summer of 2007. [ 255 ] Meanwhile, the proficiency of the Iraqi military increased as it launched a spring offensive against Shia militias, which Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki had previously been criticized for allowing to operate. This began with a March operation against the Mahdi Army in Basra, which led to fighting in Shia areas up and down the country, especially in the Sadr City district of Baghdad. By October, the British officer in charge of Basra said that since the operation, the town had become "secure" and had a murder rate comparable to Manchester in England. [ 256 ] The US military also said there had been a decrease of about a quarter in the quantity of Iranian-made explosives found in Iraq in 2008, possibly indicating a change in Iranian policy. [ 257 ] Progress in Sunni areas continued after members of the Awakening movement were transferred from US military to Iraqi control. [ 258 ] In May, the Iraqi army – backed by coalition support – launched an offensive in Mosul , the last major Iraqi stronghold of al-Qaeda. Despite detaining thousands of individuals, the offensive failed to lead to major long-term security improvements in Mosul. At the end of the year, the city remained a major flashpoint. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] In the regional dimension, the ongoing conflict between Turkey and PKK [ 261 ] [ 262 ] [ 263 ] intensified on 21 February, when Turkey launched a ground attack into the Quandeel Mountains of Northern Iraq. In the nine-day-long operation, around 10,000 Turkish troops advanced up to 25 km into Northern Iraq. This was the first substantial ground incursion by Turkish forces since 1995. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] Shortly after the incursion began, both the Iraqi cabinet and the Kurdistan regional government condemned Turkey's actions and called for the immediate withdrawal of Turkish troops from the region. [ 266 ] Turkish troops withdrew on 29 February. [ 267 ] The fate of the Kurds and the future of the ethnically diverse city of Kirkuk remained a contentious issue in Iraqi politics. US military officials met these trends with cautious optimism as they approached what they described as the "transition" embodied in the US–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement , which was negotiated throughout 2008. [ 254 ] The commander of the coalition, US General Raymond T. Odierno , noted that "in military terms, transitions are the most dangerous time" in December 2008. [ 254 ] Spring offensives on Shiite militias At the end of March, the Iraqi Army, with coalition air support, launched an offensive, dubbed "Charge of the Knights", in Basra to secure the area from militias. This was the first major operation where the Iraqi Army did not have direct combat support from conventional coalition ground troops. The offensive was opposed by the Mahdi Army , one of the militias, which controlled much of the region. [ 268 ] [ 269 ] Fighting quickly spread to other parts of Iraq: including Sadr City , Al Kut , Al Hillah and others. During the fighting Iraqi forces met stiff resistance from militiamen in Basra to the point that the Iraqi military offensive slowed to a crawl, with the high attrition rates finally forcing the Sadrists to the negotiating table. Following intercession by the Iranian government, al‑Sadr ordered a ceasefire on 30 March 2008. [ 270 ] The militiamen kept their weapons. By 12 May 2008, Basra "residents overwhelmingly reported a substantial improvement in their everyday lives" according to The New York Times . "Government forces have now taken over Islamic militants' headquarters and halted the death squads and 'vice enforcers' who attacked women, Christians, musicians, alcohol sellers and anyone suspected of collaborating with Westerners", according to the report; however, when asked how long it would take for lawlessness to resume if the Iraqi army left, one resident replied, "one day". [ 269 ] In late April roadside bombings continued to rise from a low in January – from 114 bombings to more than 250, surpassing the May 2007 high. Congressional testimony Speaking before Congress on 8 April 2008, General David Petraeus urged delaying troop withdrawals, saying, "I've repeatedly noted that we haven't turned any corners, we haven't seen any lights at the end of the tunnel," referencing the comments of then-President Bush and former Vietnam-era General William Westmoreland . [ 271 ] When asked by the Senate if reasonable people could disagree on the way forward, Petraeus said, "We fight for the right of people to have other opinions." [ 272 ] Upon questioning by then Senate committee chair Joe Biden , Ambassador Crocker admitted that Al‑Qaeda in Iraq was less important than the Al Qaeda organization led by Osama bin Laden along the Afghan-Pakistani border. [ 273 ] Lawmakers from both parties complained that US taxpayers are carrying Iraq's burden as it earns billions of dollars in oil revenues. Iraqi security forces rearm Iraq became one of the top purchasers of US military equipment with their army trading its AK‑47 assault rifles for the US M‑16 and M‑4 rifles, among other equipment. [ 274 ] In 2008 alone, Iraq accounted for more than $12.5 billion of the $34 billion US weapon sales to foreign countries (not including the potential F-16 fighter planes.). [ 275 ] Iraq sought 36 F‑16s , the most sophisticated weapons system Iraq has attempted to purchase. The Pentagon notified Congress that it had approved the sale of 24 American attack helicopters to Iraq, valued at as much as $2.4 billion. Including the helicopters, Iraq announced plans to purchase at least $10 billion in US tanks and armored vehicles, transport planes, and other battlefield equipment and services. Over the summer, the Defense Department announced that the Iraqi government wanted to order more than 400 armored vehicles and other equipment worth up to $3 billion , and six C-130J transport planes, worth up to $1.5 billion . [ 276 ] [ 277 ] From 2005 to 2008, the United States had completed approximately $20 billion in arms sales agreements with Iraq. [ 278 ] Status of forces agreement The US–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement was approved by the Iraqi government on 4 December 2008. [ 279 ] It established that US combat forces would withdraw from Iraqi cities by 30 June 2009, and that all US forces would be completely out of Iraq by 31 December 2011. The pact was subject to possible negotiations which could have delayed withdrawal and a referendum scheduled for mid-2009 in Iraq, which might have required all US forces to completely leave by the middle of 2010. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] The pact required criminal charges for holding prisoners over 24 hours, and required a warrant for searches of homes and buildings that are not related to combat. [ 282 ] US contractors working for US forces were to be subject to Iraqi criminal law, while contractors working for the State Department and other US agencies may retain their immunity. If US forces commit still undecided "major premeditated felonies" while off-duty and off-base, they will be subject to the still undecided procedures laid out by a joint US‑Iraq committee if the United States certifies the forces were off-duty. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Some Americans have discussed "loopholes" [ 287 ] and some Iraqis have said they believe parts of the pact remain a "mystery". [ 288 ] US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates predicted that after 2011 he expected to see "perhaps several tens of thousands of American troops" as part of a residual force in Iraq. [ 289 ] Several groups of Iraqis protested the passing of the SOFA accord [ 290 ] [ 291 ] [ 292 ] as prolonging and legitimizing the occupation. Tens of thousands of Iraqis burned an effigy of George W. Bush in a central Baghdad square where US troops five years previously organized a tearing down of a statue of Saddam Hussein. [ 162 ] [ 288 ] [ 293 ] Some Iraqis expressed skeptical optimism that the US would completely end its presence by 2011. [ 294 ] On 4 December 2008, Iraq's presidential council approved the security pact. [ 279 ] A representative of Grand Ayatollah Ali Husseini al‑Sistani expressed concern with the ratified version of the pact and noted that the government of Iraq has no authority to control the transfer of occupier forces into and out of Iraq, no control of shipments and that the pact grants the occupiers immunity from prosecution in Iraqi courts. He said that Iraqi rule in the country is not complete while the occupiers are present, but that ultimately the Iraqi people would judge the pact in a referendum. [ 293 ] Thousands of Iraqis have gathered weekly after Friday prayers and shouted anti‑US and anti-Israeli slogans protesting the security pact between Baghdad and Washington. A protester said that despite the approval of the Interim Security pact, the Iraqi people would break it in a referendum next year. [ 295 ] 2009: Coalition redeployment Transfer of the Green Zone On 1 January 2009, the United States handed control of the Green Zone and Saddam Hussein's presidential palace to the Iraqi government in a ceremonial move described by the country's prime minister as a restoration of Iraq's sovereignty. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said he would propose 1 January be declared national "Sovereignty Day". "This palace is the symbol of Iraqi sovereignty and by restoring it, a real message is directed to all Iraqi people that Iraqi sovereignty has returned to its natural status", al‑Maliki said. [ 296 ] The US military attributed a decline in reported civilian deaths to several factors including the US‑led "troop surge", the growth of US-funded Awakening Councils , and Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr's call for his militia to abide by a cease fire. [ 297 ] Provincial elections On 31 January, Iraq held provincial elections. [ 298 ] Provincial candidates and those close to them faced some political assassinations and attempted assassinations, and there was also some other violence related to the election. [ 299 ] [ 300 ] [ 301 ] [ 302 ] Iraqi voter turnout failed to meet the original expectations which were set and was the lowest on record in Iraq, [ 303 ] but US Ambassador Ryan Crocker characterized the turnout as "large". [ 304 ] Of those who turned out to vote, some groups complained of disenfranchisement and fraud. [ 303 ] [ 305 ] [ 306 ] After the post-election curfew was lifted, some groups made threats about what would happen if they were unhappy with the results. [ 307 ] Exit strategy announcement On 27 February, United States President Barack Obama gave a speech at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in the US state of North Carolina announcing that the US combat mission in Iraq would end by 31 August 2010. A "transitional force" of up to 50,000 troops tasked with training the Iraqi Security Forces , conducting counterterrorism operations, and providing general support may remain until the end of 2011, the president added. However, the insurgency in 2011 and the rise of ISIL in 2014 caused the war to continue. [ 308 ] The day before Obama's speech, Prime Minister of Iraq Nouri al‑Maliki said at a press conference that the government of Iraq had "no worries" over the impending departure of US forces and expressed confidence in the ability of the Iraqi Security Forces and police to maintain order without US military support. [ 309 ] Sixth anniversary protests On 9 April, the 6th anniversary of Baghdad's fall to coalition forces, tens of thousands of Iraqis thronged Baghdad to mark the anniversary and demand the immediate departure of coalition forces. The crowds of Iraqis stretched from the Sadr City slum in northeast Baghdad to the square around 5 km (3.1 mi) away, where protesters burned an effigy featuring the face of US President George W. Bush. [ 310 ] There were also Sunni Muslims in the crowd. Police said many Sunnis, including prominent leaders such as a founding sheikh from the Sons of Iraq , took part. [ 311 ] Coalition forces withdraw On 30 April, the United Kingdom formally ended combat operations. Prime Minister Gordon Brown characterized the operation in Iraq as a "success story" because of UK troops' efforts. Britain handed control of Basra to the United States Armed Forces. [ 312 ] The withdrawal of US forces began at the end of June, with 38 bases to be handed over to Iraqi forces. On 29 June 2009, US forces withdrew from Baghdad. On 30 November 2009, Iraqi Interior Ministry officials reported that the civilian death toll in Iraq fell to its lowest level in November since the 2003 invasion. [ 313 ] On 28 July, Australia withdrew its combat forces as the Australian military presence in Iraq ended, per an agreement with the Iraqi government. Iraq awards oil contracts On 30 June and 11 December 2009, the Iraqi ministry of oil awarded contracts to international oil companies for some of Iraq's many oil fields . The winning oil companies entered joint ventures with the Iraqi ministry of oil, and the terms of the awarded contracts included extraction of oil for a fixed fee of approximately $1.40 per barrel. [ 314 ] [ 315 ] [ 316 ] The fees will only be paid once a production threshold set by the Iraqi ministry of oil is reached. 2010: US drawdown and Operation New Dawn On 17 February 2010, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that as of 1 September, the name "Operation Iraqi Freedom" would be replaced by "Operation New Dawn". [ 317 ] On 18 April, US and Iraqi forces killed Abu Ayyub al-Masri , the leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq in a joint American and Iraqi operation near Tikrit , Iraq. [ 318 ] The coalition forces believed al-Masri to be wearing a suicide vest and proceeded cautiously. After the lengthy exchange of fire and bombing of the house, the Iraqi troops stormed inside and found two women still alive, one of whom was al-Masri's wife, and four dead men, identified as al-Masri, Abu Abdullah al-Rashid al-Baghdadi , an assistant to al-Masri, and al-Baghdadi's son. A suicide vest was indeed found on al-Masri's corpse, as the Iraqi Army subsequently stated. [ 319 ] Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki announced the killings of Abu Omar al-Baghdadi and Abu Ayyub al-Masri at a news conference in Baghdad and showed reporters photographs of their bloody corpses. "The attack was carried out by ground forces which surrounded the house, and also through the use of missiles," Maliki said. "During the operation computers were seized with e-mails and messages to the two biggest terrorists, Osama bin Laden and [his deputy] Ayman al-Zawahiri", Maliki added. US forces commander Gen. Raymond Odierno praised the operation. "The death of these terrorists is potentially the most significant blow to al‑Qaeda in Iraq since the beginning of the insurgency", he said. "There is still work to do but this is a significant step forward in ridding Iraq of terrorists." On 20 June, Iraq's Central Bank was bombed in an attack that left 15 people dead and brought much of downtown Baghdad to a standstill. The attack was claimed to have been carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq . This attack was followed by another attack on Iraq's Bank of Trade building that killed 26 and wounded 52 people. [ 320 ] In late August 2010, insurgents conducted a major attack with at least 12 car bombs simultaneously detonating from Mosul to Basra and killing at least 51. These attacks coincided with the US plans for a withdrawal of combat troops. [ 321 ] From the end of August 2010, the United States attempted to dramatically cut its combat role in Iraq, with the withdrawal of all US ground forces designated for active combat operations. The last US combat brigades departed Iraq in the early morning of 19 August . Convoys of US troops had been moving out of Iraq to Kuwait for several days, and NBC News broadcast live from Iraq as the last convoy crossed the border. While all combat brigades left the country, an additional 50,000 personnel (including Advise and Assist Brigades) remained in the country to provide support for the Iraqi military. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] These troops were required to leave Iraq by 31 December 2011 under an agreement between the US and Iraqi governments . [ 324 ] The desire to step back from an active counter-insurgency role did not however mean that the Advise and Assist Brigades and other remaining US forces would not be caught up in combat. A standards memo from the Associated Press reiterated "combat in Iraq is not over, and we should not uncritically repeat suggestions that it is, even if they come from senior officials". [ 325 ] State Department spokesman P. J. Crowley stated "... we are not ending our work in Iraq, We have a long-term commitment to Iraq." [ 326 ] On 31 August, from the Oval Office, Barack Obama announced his intent to end the combat mission in Iraq. In his address, he covered the role of the United States' soft power, the effect the war had on the United States economy, and the legacy of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. [ 327 ] On the same day in Iraq, at a ceremony at one of Saddam Hussein 's former residences at Al-Faw Palace in Baghdad, a number of US dignitaries spoke in a ceremony for television cameras, avoiding overtones of the triumphalism present in US announcements made earlier in the war. Vice President Joe Biden expressed concerns regarding the ongoing lack of progress in forming a new Iraqi government, saying of the Iraqi people that "they expect a government that reflects the results of the votes they cast". Gen. Ray Odierno stated that the new era "in no way signals the end of our commitment to the people of Iraq". Speaking in Ramadi earlier in the day, Gates said that US forces "have accomplished something really quite extraordinary here, [but] how it all weighs in the balance over time I think remains to be seen". When asked by reporters if the seven-year war was worth doing, Gates commented that "It really requires a historian's perspective in terms of what happens here in the long run". He noted the Iraq War "will always be clouded by how it began" regarding Saddam Hussein's supposed weapons of mass destruction , which were never confirmed to have existed. Gates continued, "This is one of the reasons that this war remains so controversial at home". [ 328 ] On the same day Gen. Ray Odierno was replaced by Lloyd Austin as Commander of US forces in Iraq. On 7 September, two US troops were killed and nine wounded in an incident at an Iraqi military base. The incident is under investigation by Iraqi and US forces, but it is believed that an Iraqi soldier opened fire on US forces. [ 329 ] On 8 September, the US Army announced the arrival in Iraq of the first specifically designated Advise and Assist Brigade, the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment . It was announced that the unit would assume responsibilities in five southern governorates. [ 330 ] From 10 to 13 September, Second Advise and Assist Brigade, 25th Infantry Division fought Iraqi insurgents near Diyala . According to reports from Iraq, hundreds of members of the Sunni Awakening Councils may have switched allegiance back to the Iraqi insurgency or al-Qaeda. [ 331 ] In October, WikiLeaks disclosed 391,832 classified US military documents on the Iraq War . [ 332 ] [ 333 ] [ 334 ] Approximately, 58 people were killed with another 40 wounded in an attack on the Sayidat al‑Nejat church , a Chaldean Catholic church in Baghdad. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Islamic State in Iraq organization. [ 335 ] Coordinated attacks in primarily Shia areas struck throughout Baghdad on 2 November, killing approximately 113 and wounding 250 with around 17 bombs. [ 336 ] Iraqi arms purchases As US forces departed the country, the Iraq Defense Ministry solidified plans to purchase advanced military equipment from the United States. Plans in 2010 called for $13 billion of purchases, to include 140 M1 Abrams main battle tanks . [ 337 ] In addition to the $13 billion purchase, the Iraqis also requested 18 F-16 Fighting Falcons as part of a $4.2 billion program that also included aircraft training and maintenance, AIM‑9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles , laser-guided bombs and reconnaissance equipment. [ 338 ] All Abrams tanks were delivered by the end of 2011, [ 339 ] but the first F-16s did not arrive in Iraq until 2015, due to concerns that the Islamic State might overrun Balad Air Base . [ 340 ] The Iraqi Navy also purchased 12 US‑built Swift-class patrol boats, at a cost of $20 million each. Delivery was completed in 2013. [ 341 ] The vessels are used to protect the oil terminals at Basra and Khor al-Amiya . [ 338 ] Two US‑built offshore support vessels, each costing $70 million, were delivered in 2011. [ 342 ] The UN lifts restrictions on Iraq In a move to legitimize the existing Iraqi government, the United Nations lifted the Saddam Hussein-era UN restrictions on Iraq. These included allowing Iraq to have a civilian nuclear program, permitting the participation of Iraq in international nuclear and chemical weapons treaties, as well as returning control of Iraq's oil and gas revenue to the government and ending the Oil-for-Food Programme . [ 343 ] 2011: US withdrawal Muqtada al-Sadr returned to Iraq in the holy city of Najaf to lead the Sadrist movement after being in exile since 2007. [ 344 ] June 2011, became the bloodiest month in Iraq for the US military since June 2009, with 15 US soldiers killed, only one of them outside combat. [ 345 ] On 7 July, two US troops were killed and one seriously injured in an IED attack at Victory Base Complex outside Baghdad. They were members of the 145th Brigade Support Battalion, 116th Cavalry Heavy Brigade Combat Team, an Idaho Army National Guard unit base in Post Falls, Idaho. Spc. Nathan R. Beyers, 24, and Spc. Nicholas W. Newby, 20, were killed in the attack, Staff Sgt. Jazon Rzepa, 30, was seriously injured. [ 346 ] In September, Iraq signed a contract to buy 18 Lockheed Martin F-16 warplanes, becoming the 26th nation to operate the F-16. Because of windfall profits from oil, the Iraqi government is planning to double this originally planned 18, to 36 F-16s. Iraq is relying on the US military for air support as it rebuilds its forces and battles a stubborn Islamist insurgency. [ 347 ] With the collapse of the discussions about extending the stay of any US troops beyond 2011, where they would not be granted any immunity from the Iraqi government, on 21 October 2011, President Obama announced at a White House press conference that all remaining US troops and trainers would leave Iraq by the end of the year as previously scheduled, bringing the US mission in Iraq to an end. [ 348 ] [ 349 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] [ 352 ] [ 353 ] The last American soldier to die in Iraq before the withdrawal, SPC. David Hickman, was killed by a roadside bomb in Baghdad on 14 November. [ 354 ] In November 2011, the US Senate voted down a resolution to formally end the war by bringing its authorization by Congress to an end. [ 355 ] On 15 December, an American military ceremony was held in Baghdad putting a formal end to the US mission in Iraq. [ 356 ] The last US combat troops withdrew from Iraq on 18 December 2011, although the US embassy and consulates continue to maintain a staff of more than 20,000 including 100+ military personnel within the Office of Security Cooperation-Iraq (OSC-I), [ 357 ] US Marine Embassy Guards and between 4,000 and 5,000 private military contractors . [ 358 ] [ 359 ] The next day, Iraqi officials issued an arrest warrant for the Sunni Vice-president Tariq al-Hashimi . He has been accused of involvement in assassinations and fled to the Kurdish part of Iraq. [ 360 ] Aftermath Emerging conflict and insurgency The invasion and occupation led to sectarian violence, which caused widespread displacement among Iraqi civilians. Since the beginning of the war, the first parliamentary elections were held in 2005 which brought greater representation and autonomy to Iraqi Kurds . By 2007 the Iraqi Red Crescent estimated 2.3 million Iraqis were internally displaced, with an estimated 2 million Iraqis fleeing to neighboring countries, mostly to Syria and Jordan. [ 361 ] Sectarian violence continued in the first half of 2013. At least 56 people died in April when a Sunni protest in Hawija was interrupted by a government-supported helicopter raid and a series of violent incidents occurred in May. On 20 May 2013, at least 95 people died in a wave of car bomb attacks that was preceded by a car bombing on 15 May that led to 33 deaths; also, on 18 May 76 people were killed in the Sunni areas of Baghdad. Some experts have stated that Iraq could return to the brutal sectarian conflict of 2006. [ 362 ] [ 363 ] On 22 July 2013, at least five hundred convicts, most of whom were senior members of al-Qaida who had received death sentences, were freed from Abu Ghraib jail in an insurgent attack, which began with a suicide bomb attack on the prison gates. [ 364 ] James F. Jeffrey, the United States ambassador in Baghdad when the last American troops exited, said the assault and resulting escape "will provide seasoned leadership and a morale boost to Al Qaeda and its allies in both Iraq and Syria ... it is likely to have an electrifying impact on the Sunni population in Iraq, which has been sitting on the fence." [ 365 ] By mid-2014 Iraq was in chaos with a new government yet to be formed following national elections, and the insurgency reaching new heights. In early June 2014 the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took over the cities of Mosul and Tikrit and said it was ready to march on Baghdad, while Iraqi Kurdish forces took control of key military installations in the major oil city of Kirkuk. The al-Qaida breakaway group formally declared the creation of an Islamic state on 29 June 2014, in the territory under its control. [ 366 ] Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki unsuccessfully asked his parliament to declare a state of emergency that would give him increased powers. [ 367 ] On 14 August 2014, Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki succumbed to pressure at home and abroad to step down. This paved the way for Haidar al-Abadi to take over on 19 August 2014. In September 2014, President Obama acknowledged that the US underestimated the rise of the Islamic State and overestimated the Iraqi military's ability to fight ISIL. [ 368 ] Obama announced the return of US forces, in the form of aerial support, in an effort to halt the advance of ISIL forces, render humanitarian aid to stranded refugees and stabilize the political situation. [ 369 ] A civil war between ISIL and the central government continued for the next three years. Following the election of Donald Trump , the United States intensified its campaign against the Islamic State by January 2017. [ 370 ] Defense Secretary Jim Mattis said a tactical shift to surrounding Islamic State strongholds in Mosul, Iraq, and Raqqa, Syria, was devised not only to "annihilate" ISIL fighters hunkered down there, but also to prevent them from returning to their home nations in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. In 2017, US-backed Kurdish forces captured Raqqa , which had served as the ISIL capital. [ 371 ] The Iraqi government declared victory against ISIL in December 2017. [ 372 ] By 2018, violence in Iraq was at its lowest level in ten years. This was largely a result of the defeat of ISIL forces and the subsequent calming-down of the insurgency . [ 373 ] In January 2020, after the assassination of Qasem Soleimani , the Iraqi parliament voted for all foreign troops to leave the country. This would end its standing agreement with the United States to station 5,200 soldiers in Iraq. Then-President Trump objected to withdrawing troops and threatened Iraq with sanctions over this decision. [ 374 ] In 2023, Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani indicated his support for an indefinite US military presence in Iraq. [ 375 ] Casualties Casualty estimates For coalition death totals see the infobox at the top right. See also Casualties of the Iraq War , which has casualty numbers for coalition nations, contractors, non-Iraqi civilians, journalists, media helpers, aid workers, and the wounded. Casualty figures, especially Iraqi ones, are highly disputed. There have been several attempts by the media, coalition governments and others to estimate the Iraqi casualties. The table below summarizes some of these estimates and methods. Source Iraqi casualties March 2003 to ... Iraq Family Health Survey 151,000 violent deaths June 2006 Lancet survey 601,027 violent deaths out of 654,965 excess deaths June 2006 PLOS Medicine Study 460,000 excess deaths including 132,000 violent deaths from the conflict [ 82 ] June 2011 Opinion Research Business survey 1,033,000 violent deaths from the conflict August 2007 Iraqi Health Ministry 87,215 violent deaths per death certificates issued Deaths prior to January 2005 unrecorded Ministry estimates up to 20% more deaths are undocumented. January 2005 to February 2009 Associated Press 110,600 violent deaths Health Ministry death certificates plus AP estimate of casualties for 2003–04 April 2009 Iraq Body Count 105,052–114,731 violent civilian deaths compiled from commercial news media, NGO and official reports Over 162,000 civilian and combatant deaths January 2012 WikiLeaks . Classified Iraq War Logs 109,032 violent deaths including 66,081 civilian deaths January 2004 to December 2009 Impacts Economic impact Financial cost In 2013, the total cost of the war to date was estimated at $1.7 trillion by the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University . [ 376 ] However, some economists argue the total cost to the US economy could range from $3 [ 377 ] to $6 trillion, including long-term interest and veterans' costs, by 2053. [ 378 ] The upper ranges of these estimates include the long-term cost of disability compensation and medical care to US troops. Harvard's public finance expert, Linda J. Bilmes, estimated that these costs alone would amount to nearly $1 trillion over the next 40 years. [ 379 ] Bilmes also argued the war diverted resources from Afghanistan, raised oil prices, increased US federal debt, and contributed to the 2008 financial crisis . [ 380 ] The most recent estimates indicate costs will exceed $2.9 trillion by 2050. This figure includes direct costs such as military operations, veterans' care, and reconstruction, as well as long-term expenses, particularly for veterans' healthcare and disability benefits. As of 2023, $1.8 trillion had been spent, and costs will continue over the coming decades due to care for veterans and other war-related expenditures. [ 381 ] A CNN report noted that the US-led interim government, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), lost track of $8.8 billion from the Development Fund for Iraq during its tenure. [ 382 ] Additionally, in 2011, CBS News reported that $6 billion in cash, was airlifted into Iraq by the Bush administration aboard military cargo planes. This was part of a total of $12 billion sent in cash over 21 separate flights by May 2004, much of which disappeared. [ 383 ] Stuart Bowen, director of the Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction , stated that the CPA had failed to establish sufficient controls to ensure the funds were used transparently, adding that the missing money might represent "the largest theft of funds in national history." [ 384 ] Reparations By 2013, some human rights groups in both Iraq and the US had begun campaigning for reparations from the US for the devastation and health effects suffered by Iraqis during the war. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] Humanitarian impact Humanitarian crisis According to a 2007 Oxfam report, the child malnutrition rate had risen to 28%, and the rate of people without access to clean drinking water had risen to 70%. [ 387 ] In 2007, Nasser Muhssin, a researcher on family and children's affairs affiliated to the University of Baghdad claimed that 60–70% of Iraqi children suffered from psychological problems. [ 388 ] A 2007 cholera outbreak in northern Iraq was thought to be the result of poor water quality. [ 389 ] As many as half of Iraqi doctors left the country between 2003 and 2006. [ 390 ] Environmental impact Oil pollution The war has led to oil spills , which increased carbon emissions and contaminated the surrounding water resources. During the invasion period, the retreating Iraqi army damaged the oil infrastructure and destroyed more than 736 oil wells in southern Iraq, resulting in fires and massive oil spills. [ 391 ] In 2003, more than 50 billion tonnes of carbon emissions were produced from burning oil fields. [ 392 ] Over 130 million gallons of oil leaked into surrounding water resources, such as Sawa Lake . [ 393 ] Between 2003 and 2010, more than 5,000 birds from three species died around Sawa Lake. [ 393 ] Radioactive contamination The US-led coalition used depleted uranium (DU) munitions during the war to pierce tank armour. [ 394 ] 1,000 to 2,000 tonnes (980 to 1,970 long tons; 1,100 to 2,200 short tons) of DU munitions were fired, which caused ammunition fragments containing radioactive material to spread across the country. According to a United Nations Environment Programme report, radioactive material contaminated air and soil; with the radioactive concentration found in Iraqi soil at 709.52 Bq in 2003 compared to 143.22 Bq in 2002. [ 395 ] The report states that high levels of radiation prevented plants, especially crop seeds, from sprouting; with about 22% (9.5 million ha) of the farmland in Iraq unable to grow barley. [ 393 ] In addition, radiation contamination may have had harmful public health outcomes through poisoning and increased incidence of various cancers and birth defects. [ 395 ] Several studies have identified increased occurrence of deformities, cancers, and other serious health problems in areas where DU shells were used. [ 396 ] Some Iraqi doctors attributed these malformations to possible long-term effects of depleted uranium. [ 397 ] Studies disagree on whether DU ammunition has any measurable detrimental health effects. [ 398 ] [ 395 ] According to research from the UK Atomic Energy Authority in 2005, the cancer rate had increased by 35% since 2003. As of 2013, 140,000 Iraqis were suffering from cancer, with between 7,000 and 8,000 new cases yearly. [ 395 ] According to a 2012 journal article by Al-Hadithi et al., existing studies and research evidence does not show a "clear increase in birth defects" or a "clear indication of a possible environmental exposure including depleted uranium". The article further states that "there is actually no substantial evidence that genetic defects can arise from parental exposure to DU in any circumstances." [ 399 ] Ecosystem destruction The war has also led to damage to ecosystems though pollution and physical destruction. Approximately 25,000 tons of bombs were dropped by the US military during the war. [ 391 ] More than 250 chemical and armament factories were destroyed, which caused over 50,000 cubic meters of hazardous chemicals , such as fertilizer, and raw sewage to leak into water, [ 400 ] leading to surrounding freshwater ecosystem becoming polluted and species' habitat being impacted. [ 391 ] According to the World Wide Fund for Nature , 33 Iraqi wetlands, especially the Mesopotamian Marshland, have been contaminated by chemicals, which has caused 60 types of mammal species to lose their habitats, and more than 45 types of plants to become extinct. [ 393 ] Impact on the Global War on Terrorism Though explicitly stating that Iraq had "nothing" to do with 9/11 attacks , [ 401 ] erstwhile President George W. Bush consistently referred to the Iraq War as "the central front in the War on Terror ", and argued that if the United States pulled out of Iraq, "terrorists will follow us here". [ 402 ] [ 403 ] [ 404 ] While other proponents of the war regularly echoed this assertion, as the conflict dragged on, members of the US Congress, the US public, and even US troops questioned the connection between Iraq and the fight against anti-US terrorism. In particular, a consensus developed among intelligence experts that the Iraq War actually increased terrorism. Counterterrorism expert Rohan Gunaratna frequently referred to the invasion of Iraq as a "fatal mistake". [ 405 ] London's International Institute for Strategic Studies concluded in 2004 that the occupation of Iraq had become "a potent global recruitment pretext" for Mujahideen and that the invasion "galvanised" al-Qaeda and "perversely inspired insurgent violence" there. [ 406 ] The US National Intelligence Council concluded in a January 2005 report that the war in Iraq had become a breeding ground for a new generation of terrorists; David Low, the national intelligence officer for transnational threats, indicated that the report concluded that the war in Iraq provided terrorists with "a training ground, a recruitment ground, the opportunity for enhancing technical skills ... There is even… the likelihood that some of the jihadists who are not killed there will… go home, wherever home is, and will, therefore, disperse to various other countries." The council's chairman Robert Hutchings said, "At the moment, Iraq is a magnet for international terrorist activity." [ 407 ] And the 2006 National Intelligence Estimate , which outlined the considered judgment of all 16 US intelligence agencies, held that "The Iraq conflict has become the 'cause célèbre' for jihadists, breeding a deep resentment of US involvement in the Muslim world and cultivating supporters for the global jihadist movement." [ 408 ] A report by the Council on Foreign Relations , released on the 20th anniversary of the invasion analyzed the rationale to go to war and the subsequent decisions during the occupation. The report states that the "justification for going to war was based on scanty and deeply flawed intelligence" and that the invasion was an "error compounded by the absence of an agreed exit strategy and the decision to embark on a massive, open-ended nation-building project". The same report also ascertained that "the occupation authority's first acts were to disband the Iraqi army and the Ba'athist governing party, igniting what would become a lethal, long-running insurgency and eventually a multinational terrorist organization that took over most of the country". [ 409 ] [ 98 ] Impact on geopolitics From a geopolitical perspective, the war in Iraq has been interpreted as weakening the West's moral high ground and hampering its ability to effectively counter Russia and China. With regard to the Russo-Ukrainian War , Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov said in March 2022 that the US exerted similar pressures on Iraq in 2003, which the US invaded later for no reason other than "a vial of unidentified chemicals". [ 410 ] In March 2023, Tony Blair , former British prime minister rejected comparisons between Russia's war in Ukraine and the US-led invasion of Iraq, claiming that the Iraq War cannot be used as a justification by Russia to annex Russian-speaking zones in eastern Ukraine. [ 411 ] Criticism The Bush administration's rationale for the Iraq War has faced heavy criticism from an array of popular and official sources both inside and outside the United States, [ 413 ] [ 414 ] [ 351 ] with many US citizens finding many parallels with the Vietnam War . [ 415 ] For example, a former CIA officer described the Office of Special Plans as a group of ideologues who were dangerous to US national security and a threat to world peace, and stated that the group lied and manipulated intelligence to further its agenda of removing Saddam. [ 416 ] The Center for Public Integrity stated that the Bush administration made a total of 935 false statements between 2001 and 2003 about Iraq's alleged threat to the United States. [ 417 ] Both proponents and opponents of the invasion have also criticized the prosecution of the war effort along with a number of other lines. Most significantly, critics have assailed the United States and its allies for not devoting enough troops to the mission, not adequately planning for post-invasion Iraq , and for permitting and perpetrating human rights abuses. As the war has progressed, critics have also railed against the high human and financial costs. In 2016, the United Kingdom published the Iraq Inquiry , a public inquiry which was broadly critical of the actions of the British government and military in making the case for the war, in tactics and in planning for the aftermath of the war. [ 418 ] [ 419 ] [ 420 ] Criticisms include: False allegations that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction Punishment of dissenters leading up to the war Legality of the invasion [ 421 ] [ 422 ] [ 423 ] [ 424 ] [ 425 ] Human casualties [ 426 ] [ 427 ] [ 428 ] [ 429 ] Human rights violations such as the Iraq prison abuse scandals Insufficient post-invasion plans, in particular inadequate troop levels (A RAND Corporation study stated that 500,000 troops would be required for success.) [ 430 ] Financial costs with approximately $612 billion spent as of 4/09 the CBO has estimated the total cost of the war in Iraq to the United States will be around $1.9 trillion . [ 431 ] Adverse effect on US-led global " war on terror " [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Damage to US' traditional alliances and influence in the region. [ 434 ] [ 435 ] Endangerment and ethnic cleansing of religious and ethnic minorities by insurgents [ 238 ] [ 436 ] [ 437 ] [ 438 ] [ 439 ] Disruption of Iraqi oil production and related energy security concerns (the price of oil quadrupled between 2002 and 2008 ). [ 440 ] [ 441 ] Human rights abuses Throughout the war, many human rights abuses and war crimes were committed. By coalition forces and private contractors Deaths of civilians as a result of bombing and missile strikes that fail to take feasible precautions with regards to civilians casualties. [ 442 ] Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse by US Army personnel, [ 443 ] involving the detention of thousands of Iraqi people. Torture at Abu Ghraib included rape, sodomy and extensive sexual abuse, waterboarding, pouring phosphoric acid on detainees, sleep deprivation and physical beatings. Haditha massacre of 24 civilians by US soldiers. Widespread use of the incendiary munition white phosphorus such as during the battle of Fallujah. The documentary Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre , claimed that Iraqi civilians, including women and children, had died of burns caused by white phosphorus during the battle, however, US Department of Defense spokesman Lieutenant Colonel Barry Venable denied that this was true but confirmed to the BBC that US forces had used white phosphorus as an incendiary weapon there against enemy combatants. [ 444 ] [ 445 ] [ 446 ] The use of white phosphorus against civilian populations is banned by international legislation. [ 447 ] Mahmudiyah rape and killings , where US soldiers raped and killed 14-year old Abeer Qasim Humza. They also killed 3 of her relatives. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] The torture and killing of prisoner of war , Iraqi Air Force commander, Abed Hamed Mowhoush . The killing of Baha Mousa while in British Army custody. Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre , where 42 civilians were allegedly killed by coalition airstrikes. [ 450 ] Planting weapons on noncombatant, unarmed Iraqis by three US Marines after killing them. [ 451 ] [ 452 ] According to a report by The Nation , other similar acts have been witnessed by US soldiers. [ 453 ] Nisour Square massacre by Blackwater Security Consulting personnel. Allegations of beatings, electrocution , mock executions , and sexual assault by British troops were presented to the International Criminal Court (ICC) by Public Interest Lawyers (PIL) and the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR) on 12 January 2014. [ 454 ] By insurgent groups Killing over 12,000 Iraqis from January 2005 to June 2006, according to Iraqi Interior Minister Bayan Jabr , giving the first official count for the victims of bombings, ambushes and other deadly attacks. [ 455 ] The insurgents have also conducted numerous suicide attacks on the Iraqi civilian population, mostly targeting the majority Shia community. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] An October 2005 report from Human Rights Watch examines the range of civilian attacks and their purported justification. [ 458 ] Attacks against civilians by sectarian death squads primarily during the Iraqi Civil War . Iraq Body Count project data shows that 33% of civilian deaths during the Iraq War resulted from execution after abduction or capture. These were overwhelmingly carried out by unknown actors including insurgents, sectarian militias and criminals. [ 459 ] Attacks on diplomats and diplomatic facilities including; the bombing of the UN headquarters in Baghdad in August 2003 killing the top UN representative in Iraq and 21 other UN staff members; [ 460 ] beheading several diplomats: two Algerian diplomatic envoys Ali Belaroussi and Azzedine Belkadi, [ 461 ] Egyptian diplomatic envoy al-Sherif, [ 462 ] and four Russian diplomats [ 463 ] The February 2006 bombing of the al-Askari Mosque severely damaged one of the holiest Shiite shrines. Sectarian strife and reprisal killings followed. [ 464 ] [ dead link ] The publicised killing of several contractors; Eugene Armstrong , Jack Hensley , Kenneth Bigley , Ivaylo Kepov and Georgi Lazov (Bulgarian truck drivers.) [ 465 ] Other non-military personnel murdered include: translator Kim Sun-il , Shosei Koda , Fabrizio Quattrocchi (Italian), charity worker Margaret Hassan , reconstruction engineer Nick Berg , photographer Salvatore Santoro (Italian) [ 466 ] and supply worker Seif Adnan Kanaan (Iraqi.) Four private armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerko Zovko, Wesley Batalona and Michael Teague, were killed with grenades and small arms fire, their bodies dragged from their vehicles, beaten and set ablaze. Their burned corpses were then dragged through the streets before being hung over a bridge crossing the Euphrates. [ 467 ] Torture or killing of members of the New Iraqi Army , [ 468 ] and assassination of civilians associated with the Coalition Provisional Authority , such as Fern Holland , or the Iraqi Governing Council , such as Aqila al-Hashimi and Ezzedine Salim , or other foreign civilians, such as those from Kenya [ 469 ] By post-invasion Iraqi Government The post-invasion Iraqi government used torture against detainees, including children. Some techniques of torture used included beatings, electric shocks, prolonged hanging by the wrists, food and water deprivation, and blindfolding for multiple days. [ 470 ] Iraqi police from the Interior Ministry were accused of forming death squads and committing numerous massacres of Sunni Arabs. [ 471 ] Many of these human rights abuses were carried out by Iraqi government-sponsored Shi'ite militias. [ 472 ] Foreign involvement Suicide bombers Nationality Saudi Arabia 53 Iraq 18 Italy 8 Syria 8 Kuwait 7 Jordan 4 * Other 26 * Three each from Egypt , Libya , Tunisia , Turkey , Yemen ; two each from Belgium , France, Spain; one each from Britain, Lebanon , Morocco , Sudan [ 473 ] According to studies, most of the suicide bombers in Iraq were foreigners, especially Saudis . [ 473 ] [ 474 ] [ 475 ] Role of Iran According to two unnamed US officials, the Pentagon is examining the possibility that the Karbala provincial headquarters raid , in which insurgents managed to infiltrate an American base, kill five US soldiers, wound three, and destroy three humvees before fleeing, was supported by Iranians. In a speech on 31 January 2007 , Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki stated that Iran was supporting attacks against coalition forces in Iraq [ 476 ] and some Iraqis suspect that the raid may have been perpetrated by the Quds Force in retaliation for the detention of five Iranian officials by US forces in the northern Iraqi city of Irbil on 11 January . [ 477 ] [ 478 ] In 2014, the legacy of Iran's presence in Iraq after the invasion had been mixed with regard to the fight against regional terrorist groups. The US occupation and subsequent regional instability had spawned the creation of the PMF ( Popular Mobilization Forces ), an Iranian militia that effectively fought the influence of emerging caliphates in the region. [ 479 ] Later, a 1,300-page US Army Iraq War study, released in January 2019, concluded that "At the time of this project's completion in 2018, an emboldened and expansionist Iran appears to be the only victor" and that the outcome of the war triggered a "deep skepticism about foreign interventions" among America's public opinion. [ 425 ] Hezbollah as Iran's proxy, formed Unit 3800 and sent elite Hezbollah operatives to Iraq to train local fighters. The unit's primary mission was to train and equip Iraqi Shiite militias, such as the Mahdi Army , Asaib Ahl al-Haq , and Kataib Hezbollah , enhancing their capabilities in guerrilla warfare, kidnappings, and the use of sophisticated improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Some Iraqi militants also received advanced training in Lebanon . The unit then oversaw operations executed against US and coalition forces and provided funds, weapons, and logistical assistance to groups like the Badr Organization , Saraya al-Khorasani , and the al-Mahdi Army. [ 480 ] [ 481 ] Role of Israel Israel did not support or take part in the Iraq War. According to former State Department official Lawrence Wilkerson and former Central Intelligence Agency official and Iran expert Robert Baer , Israeli officials warned the Bush administration against invading Iraq, saying that it would destabilize the region and empower the much more dangerous regime in Iran. [ 482 ] [ 483 ] [ 484 ] [ 485 ] According to former U.S. Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Douglas Feith , Israeli officials did not push their American counterparts to initiate the war in Iraq. In an interview with Ynet , Feith stated that "what you heard from the Israelis was not any kind of advocacy of war with Iraq" and that "[w]hat you heard from Israeli officials in private discussions was that they were not really focused on Iraq... [t]hey were much more focused on Iran." [ 486 ] Nonetheless, Israeli officials expressed concerns about Saddam Hussein. In August 2002, Haaretz reported that Israeli intelligence provided Washington with reports about Iraq's alleged program to develop weapons of mass destruction. [ 487 ] In the same month, the Washington Post reported that "Israel is urging United States' officials not to delay a military strike against Iraq's Saddam Hussein". [ 488 ] In September 2002, Benjamin Netanyahu , testifying under oath as a private citizen before the U.S. House of Representatives Government Reform Committee , lobbied for the invasion of Iraq and said: "There is no question whatsoever that Saddam is seeking and is working and is advancing towards the development of nuclear weapons…" [ 489 ] [ 490 ] [ 491 ] He also said, "If you take out Saddam, Saddam's regime, I guarantee you that it will have enormous positive reverberations on the region." [ 491 ] In January 2007, The Forward reported that, before March 2003, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon told Bush that Israel "would not push one way or the other" for or against an Iraq war. [ 492 ] According to this report, Sharon said that he believed that Iraq was a genuine threat to the Middle East and had weapons of mass destruction. However, he warned Bush that, if the US did go to war with Iraq, he should make sure to formulate a viable exit strategy, prepare a counterinsurgency strategy, and should not attempt to implant democracy in the Arab world. After the invasion, Israel shared its expertise on counterinsurgency methods, such as utilizing drones and operating checkpoints. [ 493 ] Role of Russia The invasion of Iraq prompted a widespread wave of criticism from several world leaders, including Russian President Vladimir Putin . [ 494 ] Before and during the invasion of Iraq, the Russian government provided intelligence to Saddam Hussein about the location of US forces and their plans. [ 495 ] Public opinion on the war Americans polled in January 2003 widely favored diplomacy over an invasion. Later that year, however, Americans began to agree with Bush's plan. The US government engaged in an elaborate domestic public relations campaign to promote the war to its citizens. Americans overwhelmingly believed Saddam did have weapons of mass destruction: 85% said so, even though the inspectors had not uncovered those weapons. By February 2003, 64% of Americans supported taking military action to remove Saddam from power. [ 496 ] In a March 2003 Gallup poll, the day after the invasion, 76% of Americans had approved of military action against Iraq. [ 497 ] International opinion In a March 2003 YouGov poll, 54% of Britons supported the military action against Iraq. [ 498 ] A remarkable aspect was the support for invasion expressed by many left-wing intellectuals such as Christopher Hitchens , Paul Berman , Michael Walzer and Jean Bethke Elshtain . [ 499 ] [ 500 ] In a February 2003 poll by the national public research institute CIS , 91% of Spaniards opposed any military intervention in Iraq. [ 501 ] According to a January 2007 BBC World Service poll of more than 26,000 people in 25 countries, 73% of the global population disapproved of US handling of the Iraq War. [ 502 ] A September 2007 poll conducted by the BBC found that two-thirds of the world's population believed the US should withdraw its forces from Iraq. [ 503 ] In 2006 it was found that majorities in the UK and Canada believed that the war in Iraq was "unjustified" and – in the UK – were critical of their government's support of US policies in Iraq. [ 504 ] According to polls conducted by the Arab American Institute , four years after the invasion of Iraq, 83% of Egyptians had a negative view of the US role in Iraq; 68% of Saudi Arabians had a negative view; 96% of the Jordanian population had a negative view; 70% of the population of the United Arab Emirates and 76% of the Lebanese population also described their view as negative. [ 505 ] The Pew Global Attitudes Project reports that in 2006 majorities in the Netherlands , Germany, Jordan , France, Lebanon , Russia, China, Canada, Poland , Pakistan , Spain, Indonesia , Turkey , and Morocco believed the world was safer before the Iraq War and the toppling of Saddam, while pluralities in the United States and India believe the world is safer without Saddam Hussein. [ 506 ] Iraqi opinion Directly after the invasion, a NDTV and a Gallup polls of Baghdad residents reported that a slight majority of respondents supported the US invasion. [ 507 ] [ 508 ] Polls conducted between 2005 and 2007 showed 31–37% of Iraqis wanted US and other coalition forces to withdraw once security was restored and that 26–35% wanted immediate withdrawal instead. [ 509 ] [ 510 ] [ 511 ] In 2006, a poll conducted on the Iraqi public revealed that 52% of the ones polled said Iraq was going in the right direction and 61% claimed it was worth ousting Saddam Hussein. [ 509 ] In a March 2007 BBC poll, 82% of Iraqis expressed a lack of confidence in coalition forces based in Iraq. [ 512 ] According to a 2009 poll conducted by the University of Maryland, 7 out of 10 Iraqis wanted US troops to withdraw within one year and also 78% felt that US military presence was "provoking more conflict than it is preventing". [ 513 ] Despite a majority having previously been opposed to the US presence, according to a poll conducted by the Asharq Research Centre, a private Iraqi company, 60% of Iraqis had believed it was "the wrong time" for a major withdrawal of American troops prior to the withdrawal in 2011, with 51% saying withdrawal would have a negative effect. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] See also Iraq portal Middle East portal Foreign interventions by the United States United States involvement in regime change Criticism of United States foreign policy Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Iraq–United States relations The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs Joint Special Operations Command Task Force in the Iraq War List of wars by death toll National Network to End the War Against Iraq Operation Iraqi Freedom documents United States military casualties of war Footnotes ^ disbanded in 2003 ^ 260 killed in 2003, [ 14 ] 15,196 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009), [ 15 ] 67 killed in March 2009, [ 16 ] 1,100 killed in 2010, [ 17 ] and 1,067 killed in 2011, [ 18 ] thus giving a total of 17,690 dead ^ The US DoD and the DMDC list 4,506 US fatalities during the Iraq War. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] In addition to these, two service members were also previously confirmed by the DoD to have died while supporting operations in Iraq, [ 22 ] [ 23 ] but have been excluded from the DoD and DMDC list. This brings the total of US fatalities in the Iraq War to 4,508. ^ 33 Ukrainians, [ 28 ] 31+ Italians, [ 29 ] [ 30 ] 30 Bulgarians, [ 31 ] [ 32 ] 20 Salvadorans, [ 33 ] 19 Georgians, [ 34 ] 18 Estonians, [ citation needed ] 14+ Poles, [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] 15 Spaniards, [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] 10 Romanians, [ 42 ] 6 Australians, [ 43 ] 5 Albanians, 4 Kazakhs, [ 44 ] 3 Filipinos, [ 45 ] and 2 Thais, [ 46 ] [ 47 ] for a total of 210+ wounded ^ 185 in Diyala from June 2007 to December 2007, [ 56 ] 4 in assassination of Abu Risha , 25 on 12 November 2007, [ 57 ] 528 in 2008, [ 58 ] 27 on 2 January 2009, [ 59 ] 13 on 16 November 2009, [ 60 ] 15 in December 2009, [ 61 ] 100+ from April to June 2010, [ 62 ] [ 63 ] 52 on 18 July 2010, [ 64 ] [ 65 ] leaving a total of 1,002+ dead [ 56 ] ^ 597 killed in 2003, [ 69 ] 23,984 killed from 2004 through 2009 (with the exceptions of May 2004 and March 2009), [ 15 ] 652 killed in May 2004, [ 70 ] 45 killed in March 2009, [ 16 ] 676 killed in 2010, [ 71 ] and 590 killed in 2011, [ 18 ] thus giving a total of 26,544 dead References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Graham, Bradley (7 April 2003). 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The New York Times . 25 February 2015. ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . ^ "Sharon Warned Bush" . 13 January 2007. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009 . Retrieved 18 June 2009 . ^ "MSN – Outlook, Office, Skype, Bing, Breaking News, and Latest Videos" . NBC News . 13 December 2003 . Retrieved 18 June 2009 . ^ "Putin warns on Iraq war" . CNN . 28 March 2003. ^ "Russia 'gave Saddam intelligence on invasion' " . The Independent . 25 March 2006 . Retrieved 19 September 2020 . ^ "Poll: Talk First, Fight Later" . CBS.com, 24 January 2003. Retrieved on 23 April 2007. ^ "Seventy-Two Percent of Americans Support War Against Iraq" . Gallup . 24 March 2003. ^ "Surveys reveal how we remember opposing the Iraq war – but at the time we supported it" . The Independent . 5 June 2015. ^ Stephen Eric Bronner, Kurt Jacobsen (Fall 2004). "Dubya's Fellow Travellers: Left Intellectuals and Mr. Bush's War" . Archived from the original on 2 December 2023 . Retrieved 8 December 2024 . ^ Judt, Tony (September 2006). "Bush's Useful Idiots" . London Review of Books . 28 (18). ^ "Un 91% de los españoles son contrarios a la intervención en Irak | Noticias de actualidad" [91% of Spaniards are against the intervention in Iraq]. El País (in European Spanish). 27 March 2003 . Retrieved 13 June 2023 . ^ "World View of U.S. Role Goes from Bad to Worse" (PDF) . BBC World Service . 23 January 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . ^ "Most people 'want Iraq pull-out' " . BBC News . 7 September 2007 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . ^ "Guardian July Poll" (PDF) . ICM Research. July 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2008. ^ Zogby, James (March 2007). "Four Years Later: Arab Opinion Troubled by Consequences of Iraq War" (PDF) . Arab American Institute . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2015. ^ "India: Pro-America, Pro-Bush" . Pew Global Attitudes Project . Pew Research Center. 28 February 2006. Archived from the original on 8 May 2010 . Retrieved 24 May 2007 . ^ Most Iraqis in Baghdad welcome US: NDTV poll The Indian Express ^ "How Iraqis View U.S. Role Is Key to Evaluating Progress in Iraq | The Washington Institute" . www.washingtoninstitute.org . Retrieved 13 August 2025 . ^ a b "The Iraqi Public on the U.S. Presence and the Future of Iraq" (PDF) . World Public Opinion. 27 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2008 . ^ Iraq Poll conducted by D3 Systems for the BBC, ABC News, ARD German TV and USA Today. More than 2,000 people were questioned in more than 450 neighbourhoods and villages across all 18 provinces of Iraq between 25 February and 5 March 2007. The margin of error is + or – 2.5%. ^ Iraqis Oppose Oil Development Plans, Poll Finds (6 August 2007) (Oil Change International, Institute for Policy Studies, War on Want, Platform and Global Policy Forum) ^ "Iraq poll March 2007: In graphics" . BBC . 19 March 2007. ^ "Poll: Most Iraqis Want US Troops to Leave Within a Year" . VOA . 31 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2023 . ^ Most Iraqis in Baghdad welcome US: NDTV poll The Indian Express ^ US under 50,000 – Iraqis 'down' on drawdown Arab Times Archived 21 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine Further reading Bellavia, David (2007). House to House: An Epic Memoir of War . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978-1-4165-7471-2 . A Bitter Legacy: Lessons of Debaathification in Iraq (Report). International Center for Transitional Justice. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Alshaibi, Wisam H. (2024). " The Anatomy of Regime Change: Transnational Political Opposition and Domestic Foreign Policy Elites in the Making of US Foreign Policy on Iraq ". American Journal of Sociology . 130 (3): 539–594. Butt, Ahsan. 2019. "Why did the United States Invade Iraq in 2003?" Security Studies Dexter Filkins (17 December 2012). "General Principles: How good was David Petraeus?" . The New Yorker . pp. 76– 81. Gates, Robert M. (2014). Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War . New York: Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978-0-307-95947-8 . 318 pages Gordon, Michael R. (2006). Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq . Pantheon. ISBN 978-1-55778-232-8 . michael gordon cobra II. Larson, Luke S. (2008). Senator's Son: An Iraq War Novel . Phoenix, Arizona: Key Edition Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4499-6986-8 . MacDonald, Michael. 2014. Overreach: Delusions of Regime Change in Iraq . Harvard University Press. Mikulaschek, Christoph and Jacob Shapiro. (2018). Lessons on Political Violence from America's Post-9/11 Wars . Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(1): 174–202. North, Richard (2009). Ministry of Defeat: The British War in Iraq 2003–2009 . Continuum Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4411-6997-6 . Payne, Andrew. 2019/2020. "Presidents, Politics, and Military Strategy: Electoral Constraints during the Iraq War." International Security 44(3):163–203 Bruce R. Pirnie; Edward O'Connell (2008). Counterinsurgency in Iraq (2003–2006) . Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-4297-2 . Thomas E. Ricks (2006). Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq . Penguin. ISBN 978-1-59420-103-5 . Robben, Antonius C.G.M. , ed. (2010). Iraq at a Distance: What Anthropologists Can Teach Us About the War . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4203-4 . Siracusa, Joseph M., and Laurens J. Visser, "George W. Bush, Diplomacy, and Going to War with Iraq, 2001–2003." The Journal of Diplomatic Research/Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi (2019) 1#1: 1–29 online Wertheim, Stephen, "Iraq and the Pathologies of Primacy: The Flawed Logic That Produced the War Is Alive and Well", Foreign Affairs , vol. 102, no. 3 (May/June 2023), pp. 136–140, 142–152. "Washington is still in thrall to primacy and caught in a doom loop, lurching from self-inflicted problems to even bigger self-inflicted problems, holding up the latter while covering up the former. In this sense, the Iraq war remains unfinished business for the United States." (p. 152.) External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata International Center for Transitional Justice, Iraq Dollar cost of war : total US cost of the Iraq War "Bleak Pentagon study admits 'civil war' in Iraq" , by Rupert Cornwell, The Independent , March 2007 High resolution maps of Iraq , GulfWarrior.org Presidential address by George W. Bush on the evening of 19 March 2003, announcing war against Iraq. Bibliography : The Second US–Iraq War (2003– ) 1st Major Survey of Iraq . Zogby International, 10 September 2003. Iraq at Polling Report.com . Chronological polls of Americans 18 and older Just War in Iraq 2003 (PDF) – Legal dissertation by Thomas Dyhr from University of Copenhagen. Iraq war stories , a Guardian and Observer archive in words and pictures documenting the human and political cost, The Guardian , April 2009. Iraq: The War Card Archived 3 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine . Center for Public Integrity . Jargin SV. "Health care in Iraq: 2013 vs. 2003" . CMAJ . 17 September 2013. Mather-Cosgrove, Bootie (17 March 2005). "The War with Iraq: Changing Views" . CBS News . v t e Iraq War (2003–2011) v t e Beginning of the Iraqi conflict Prelude Background Pre-1990 17 July Revolution Iranian Revolution 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Iran–Iraq War British / U.S. support for Iraq Chemical attacks against Iran Anfal campaign Iran–Contra affair 1990–2003 Gulf War Invasion of Kuwait Nayirah testimony Sanctions against Iraq No-fly zones 1991 uprisings UNSCOM Arms-to-Iraq affair Oil-for-Food Programme Investigations September 11 attacks Aftermath War on terror 2001 anthrax attacks U.S. War in Afghanistan Invasion Rationale WMD claims Yellowcake uranium Aluminum tubes Biological weapons Chemical weapons "Curveball" Mobile weapon labs Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory Anthrax claims Prague Ricin claims Oil as a possible rationale Issues American imperialism Bush Doctrine Wolfowitz Doctrine Colin Powell's UN presentation Disarmament crisis UNMOVIC Failed peace initiatives Iraq resolution / UK parliament's support for invasion Iraqi–Kurdish conflict Legality Legitimacy of the invasion Media coverage Military analyst program Rapid response operation Saddam's alleged shredder Preemptive war Saddam Hussein and human rights Dossiers and memos Habbush letter Downing Street memo September Dossier Vilnius letter Letter of the eight Bush–Blair 2003 memo February Dossier Bush–Aznar memo Prelude Background Pre-1990 17 July Revolution Iranian Revolution 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Iran–Iraq War British / U.S. support for Iraq Chemical attacks against Iran Anfal campaign Iran–Contra affair 1990–2003 Gulf War Invasion of Kuwait Nayirah testimony Sanctions against Iraq No-fly zones 1991 uprisings UNSCOM Arms-to-Iraq affair Oil-for-Food Programme Investigations September 11 attacks Aftermath War on terror 2001 anthrax attacks U.S. War in Afghanistan Invasion Rationale WMD claims Yellowcake uranium Aluminum tubes Biological weapons Chemical weapons "Curveball" Mobile weapon labs Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory Anthrax claims Prague Ricin claims Oil as a possible rationale Issues American imperialism Bush Doctrine Wolfowitz Doctrine Colin Powell's UN presentation Disarmament crisis UNMOVIC Failed peace initiatives Iraq resolution / UK parliament's support for invasion Iraqi–Kurdish conflict Legality Legitimacy of the invasion Media coverage Military analyst program Rapid response operation Saddam's alleged shredder Preemptive war Saddam Hussein and human rights Dossiers and memos Habbush letter Downing Street memo September Dossier Vilnius letter Letter of the eight Bush–Blair 2003 memo February Dossier Bush–Aznar memo Background Pre-1990 17 July Revolution Iranian Revolution 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Iran–Iraq War British / U.S. support for Iraq Chemical attacks against Iran Anfal campaign Iran–Contra affair 1990–2003 Gulf War Invasion of Kuwait Nayirah testimony Sanctions against Iraq No-fly zones 1991 uprisings UNSCOM Arms-to-Iraq affair Oil-for-Food Programme Investigations September 11 attacks Aftermath War on terror 2001 anthrax attacks U.S. War in Afghanistan Invasion Pre-1990 17 July Revolution Iranian Revolution 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Iran–Iraq War British / U.S. support for Iraq Chemical attacks against Iran Anfal campaign Iran–Contra affair 17 July Revolution Iranian Revolution 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge Iran–Iraq War British / U.S. support for Iraq Chemical attacks against Iran Anfal campaign British / U.S. support for Iraq Chemical attacks against Iran Anfal campaign Iran–Contra affair 1990–2003 Gulf War Invasion of Kuwait Nayirah testimony Sanctions against Iraq No-fly zones 1991 uprisings UNSCOM Arms-to-Iraq affair Oil-for-Food Programme Investigations September 11 attacks Aftermath War on terror 2001 anthrax attacks U.S. War in Afghanistan Invasion Gulf War Invasion of Kuwait Nayirah testimony Invasion of Kuwait Nayirah testimony Sanctions against Iraq No-fly zones 1991 uprisings UNSCOM Arms-to-Iraq affair Oil-for-Food Programme Investigations Investigations September 11 attacks Aftermath Aftermath War on terror 2001 anthrax attacks U.S. War in Afghanistan Invasion Invasion Rationale WMD claims Yellowcake uranium Aluminum tubes Biological weapons Chemical weapons "Curveball" Mobile weapon labs Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory Anthrax claims Prague Ricin claims Oil as a possible rationale WMD claims Yellowcake uranium Aluminum tubes Biological weapons Chemical weapons "Curveball" Mobile weapon labs Yellowcake uranium Aluminum tubes Biological weapons Chemical weapons "Curveball" Mobile weapon labs Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory Anthrax claims Prague Ricin claims Anthrax claims Prague Ricin claims Oil as a possible rationale Issues American imperialism Bush Doctrine Wolfowitz Doctrine Colin Powell's UN presentation Disarmament crisis UNMOVIC Failed peace initiatives Iraq resolution / UK parliament's support for invasion Iraqi–Kurdish conflict Legality Legitimacy of the invasion Media coverage Military analyst program Rapid response operation Saddam's alleged shredder Preemptive war Saddam Hussein and human rights American imperialism Bush Doctrine Wolfowitz Doctrine Bush Doctrine Wolfowitz Doctrine Colin Powell's UN presentation Disarmament crisis UNMOVIC UNMOVIC Failed peace initiatives Iraq resolution / UK parliament's support for invasion Iraqi–Kurdish conflict Legality Legitimacy of the invasion Media coverage Military analyst program Rapid response operation Saddam's alleged shredder Military analyst program Rapid response operation Saddam's alleged shredder Preemptive war Saddam Hussein and human rights Dossiers and memos Habbush letter Downing Street memo September Dossier Vilnius letter Letter of the eight Bush–Blair 2003 memo February Dossier Bush–Aznar memo Habbush letter Downing Street memo September Dossier Vilnius letter Letter of the eight Bush–Blair 2003 memo February Dossier Bush–Aznar memo Overview Key events Invasion (2003) Occupation (2003–2011) Insurgency 2003–06 period Anbar campaign Fallujah Capture of Saddam Hussein Interrogation Trial Execution / Reactions 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing Civil war (2006–08) 2007 U.S. troop surge timeline U.S. withdrawal Status of forces agreement Invasion (2003) Timeline Preparations for invasion Multi-National Force Battle of Nasiriyah Fall of Baghdad Battle of Debecka Pass Firdos Square statue Mission Accomplished speech US public opinion Occupation (2003–2011) Occupation of Ramadi De-Ba'athification 100 Orders CPA Order 2 CPA Order 17 U.S. military bases Blackwater Reconstruction Development Fund Economic reform UNAMI Al Qa'qaa high explosives U.S. kill or capture strategy Replacement governments Coalition Provisional Authority Iraqi Governing Council Interim Government 2005 parliamentary elections Transitional Government Constitution Ratification Overview Key events Invasion (2003) Occupation (2003–2011) Insurgency 2003–06 period Anbar campaign Fallujah Capture of Saddam Hussein Interrogation Trial Execution / Reactions 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing Civil war (2006–08) 2007 U.S. troop surge timeline U.S. withdrawal Status of forces agreement Invasion (2003) Timeline Preparations for invasion Multi-National Force Battle of Nasiriyah Fall of Baghdad Battle of Debecka Pass Firdos Square statue Mission Accomplished speech US public opinion Occupation (2003–2011) Occupation of Ramadi De-Ba'athification 100 Orders CPA Order 2 CPA Order 17 U.S. military bases Blackwater Reconstruction Development Fund Economic reform UNAMI Al Qa'qaa high explosives U.S. kill or capture strategy Replacement governments Coalition Provisional Authority Iraqi Governing Council Interim Government 2005 parliamentary elections Transitional Government Constitution Ratification Key events Invasion (2003) Occupation (2003–2011) Insurgency 2003–06 period Anbar campaign Fallujah Capture of Saddam Hussein Interrogation Trial Execution / Reactions 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing Civil war (2006–08) 2007 U.S. troop surge timeline U.S. withdrawal Status of forces agreement Invasion (2003) Occupation (2003–2011) Insurgency 2003–06 period 2003–06 period Anbar campaign Fallujah Capture of Saddam Hussein Interrogation Trial Execution / Reactions Interrogation Trial Execution / Reactions 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing Civil war (2006–08) 2007 U.S. troop surge timeline timeline U.S. withdrawal Status of forces agreement Status of forces agreement Invasion (2003) Timeline Preparations for invasion Multi-National Force Battle of Nasiriyah Fall of Baghdad Battle of Debecka Pass Firdos Square statue Mission Accomplished speech US public opinion Timeline Preparations for invasion Multi-National Force Battle of Nasiriyah Fall of Baghdad Battle of Debecka Pass Firdos Square statue Mission Accomplished speech US public opinion Occupation (2003–2011) Occupation of Ramadi De-Ba'athification 100 Orders CPA Order 2 CPA Order 17 U.S. military bases Blackwater Reconstruction Development Fund Economic reform UNAMI Al Qa'qaa high explosives U.S. kill or capture strategy Replacement governments Coalition Provisional Authority Iraqi Governing Council Interim Government 2005 parliamentary elections Transitional Government Constitution Ratification Occupation of Ramadi De-Ba'athification 100 Orders CPA Order 2 CPA Order 17 U.S. military bases Blackwater Reconstruction Development Fund Economic reform UNAMI Al Qa'qaa high explosives U.S. kill or capture strategy Occupation of Ramadi De-Ba'athification 100 Orders CPA Order 2 CPA Order 17 100 Orders CPA Order 2 CPA Order 17 U.S. military bases Blackwater Reconstruction Development Fund Development Fund Economic reform UNAMI Al Qa'qaa high explosives U.S. kill or capture strategy Replacement governments Coalition Provisional Authority Iraqi Governing Council Interim Government 2005 parliamentary elections Transitional Government Constitution Ratification Coalition Provisional Authority Iraqi Governing Council Iraqi Governing Council Interim Government 2005 parliamentary elections 2005 parliamentary elections Transitional Government Constitution Ratification Ratification Participants Countries Australia Ba'athist Iraq Denmark El Salvador Georgia Iran Italy Japan Poland South Korea Thailand Ukraine United Kingdom United States Insurgent groups Sunni groups Islamic Army in Iraq 1920 Revolution Brigades Jaish al-Rashideen Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance Hamas of Iraq Jeish Muhammad Mujahideen Shura Council Islamic State of Iraq Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Black Banner Organization Wakefulness and Holy War Abu Theeb 's group Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army Mujahideen Army Shia groups Mahdi Army Abu Deraa 's militia Badr Organization Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq Sheibani Network Soldiers of Heaven Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigade Kata'ib Hezbollah Ba'ath loyalists Fedayeen Saddam Al-Awda Popular Army Al-Abud Network Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Participants Countries Australia Ba'athist Iraq Denmark El Salvador Georgia Iran Italy Japan Poland South Korea Thailand Ukraine United Kingdom United States Insurgent groups Sunni groups Islamic Army in Iraq 1920 Revolution Brigades Jaish al-Rashideen Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance Hamas of Iraq Jeish Muhammad Mujahideen Shura Council Islamic State of Iraq Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Black Banner Organization Wakefulness and Holy War Abu Theeb 's group Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army Mujahideen Army Shia groups Mahdi Army Abu Deraa 's militia Badr Organization Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq Sheibani Network Soldiers of Heaven Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigade Kata'ib Hezbollah Ba'ath loyalists Fedayeen Saddam Al-Awda Popular Army Al-Abud Network Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Countries Australia Ba'athist Iraq Denmark El Salvador Georgia Iran Italy Japan Poland South Korea Thailand Ukraine United Kingdom United States Australia Ba'athist Iraq Denmark El Salvador Georgia Iran Italy Japan Poland South Korea Thailand Ukraine United Kingdom United States Insurgent groups Sunni groups Islamic Army in Iraq 1920 Revolution Brigades Jaish al-Rashideen Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance Hamas of Iraq Jeish Muhammad Mujahideen Shura Council Islamic State of Iraq Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Black Banner Organization Wakefulness and Holy War Abu Theeb 's group Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army Mujahideen Army Shia groups Mahdi Army Abu Deraa 's militia Badr Organization Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq Sheibani Network Soldiers of Heaven Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigade Kata'ib Hezbollah Ba'ath loyalists Fedayeen Saddam Al-Awda Popular Army Al-Abud Network Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Sunni groups Islamic Army in Iraq 1920 Revolution Brigades Jaish al-Rashideen Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance Hamas of Iraq Jeish Muhammad Mujahideen Shura Council Islamic State of Iraq Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Black Banner Organization Wakefulness and Holy War Abu Theeb 's group Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army Mujahideen Army Islamic Army in Iraq 1920 Revolution Brigades Jaish al-Rashideen Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance Hamas of Iraq Jeish Muhammad Mujahideen Shura Council Islamic State of Iraq Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Black Banner Organization Wakefulness and Holy War Abu Theeb 's group Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army Mujahideen Army Shia groups Mahdi Army Abu Deraa 's militia Badr Organization Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq Sheibani Network Soldiers of Heaven Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigade Kata'ib Hezbollah Mahdi Army Abu Deraa 's militia Badr Organization Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq Sheibani Network Soldiers of Heaven Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigade Kata'ib Hezbollah Ba'ath loyalists Fedayeen Saddam Al-Awda Popular Army Al-Abud Network Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Fedayeen Saddam Al-Awda Popular Army Al-Abud Network Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Battles and operations Operations 2003 Ancient Babylon Catalyst Desert Scorpion Desert Thrust Falconer Iron Hammer Iron Justice Ivy Blizzard Northern Delay Airborne Dragon Panther Squeeze Peninsula Strike Planet X Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn) Telic 2004 Baton Rouge Bulldog Mammoth Iron Saber New Dawn (Al Fajr) Phantom Fury Phantom Linebacker Plymouth Rock Vigilant Resolve Warrior's Rage 2005 Cyclone Iron Hammer Matador New Market Spear (Romhe) Squeeze Play Steel Curtain 2006 Al Majid Gaugamela Iron Triangle Sinbad Swarmer Together Forward 2007 Alljah Arbead II Ardennes Black Eagle Commando Eagle Forsythe Park Imposing Law Leyte Gulf Marne Avalanche Marne Torch Mawtini Phantom Strike Phantom Thunder Saber Guardian Sledgehammer Stampede 3 Tiger Hammer Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil) 2008 Defeat Al Qaeda in the North Augurs of Prosperity Phantom Phoenix 2009–2011 New Dawn Battles 2003 Invasion Umm Qasr Al Faw Basra I Nasiriyah Karbala I Haditha Dam Najaf I Samawah I Karbala II Al Kut Hillah Karbala Gap Debecka Pass Baghdad I Majar al-Kabir Ramadan Offensive 2004 Spring fighting Karbala City Hall Fallujah I Siege of Sadr City Ramadi I Good Friday ambush Baghdad International Airport Husaybah Danny Boy Najaf II CIMIC House Samarra Fallujah II Mosul 2005 Lake Tharthar Abu Ghraib Al-Qa'im Hit convoy Haditha Tal Afar 2006 Baghdad II Ramadi II Diwaniya Al Rumaythah Amarah Turki 2007 Haifa Street Karbala provincial HQ Najaf III Shurta Nasir Basra II Baqubah Route Bismarck Donkey Island Karbala III 2008 Spring fighting Iraqi Day of Ashura Nineveh Basra III Al-Qaeda offensive 2009–2011 Palm Grove (2010) Related events Turkish incursions into northern Iraq 2007 2008 Abu Kamal raid Battles and operations Operations 2003 Ancient Babylon Catalyst Desert Scorpion Desert Thrust Falconer Iron Hammer Iron Justice Ivy Blizzard Northern Delay Airborne Dragon Panther Squeeze Peninsula Strike Planet X Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn) Telic 2004 Baton Rouge Bulldog Mammoth Iron Saber New Dawn (Al Fajr) Phantom Fury Phantom Linebacker Plymouth Rock Vigilant Resolve Warrior's Rage 2005 Cyclone Iron Hammer Matador New Market Spear (Romhe) Squeeze Play Steel Curtain 2006 Al Majid Gaugamela Iron Triangle Sinbad Swarmer Together Forward 2007 Alljah Arbead II Ardennes Black Eagle Commando Eagle Forsythe Park Imposing Law Leyte Gulf Marne Avalanche Marne Torch Mawtini Phantom Strike Phantom Thunder Saber Guardian Sledgehammer Stampede 3 Tiger Hammer Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil) 2008 Defeat Al Qaeda in the North Augurs of Prosperity Phantom Phoenix 2009–2011 New Dawn Battles 2003 Invasion Umm Qasr Al Faw Basra I Nasiriyah Karbala I Haditha Dam Najaf I Samawah I Karbala II Al Kut Hillah Karbala Gap Debecka Pass Baghdad I Majar al-Kabir Ramadan Offensive 2004 Spring fighting Karbala City Hall Fallujah I Siege of Sadr City Ramadi I Good Friday ambush Baghdad International Airport Husaybah Danny Boy Najaf II CIMIC House Samarra Fallujah II Mosul 2005 Lake Tharthar Abu Ghraib Al-Qa'im Hit convoy Haditha Tal Afar 2006 Baghdad II Ramadi II Diwaniya Al Rumaythah Amarah Turki 2007 Haifa Street Karbala provincial HQ Najaf III Shurta Nasir Basra II Baqubah Route Bismarck Donkey Island Karbala III 2008 Spring fighting Iraqi Day of Ashura Nineveh Basra III Al-Qaeda offensive 2009–2011 Palm Grove (2010) Related events Turkish incursions into northern Iraq 2007 2008 Abu Kamal raid Operations 2003 Ancient Babylon Catalyst Desert Scorpion Desert Thrust Falconer Iron Hammer Iron Justice Ivy Blizzard Northern Delay Airborne Dragon Panther Squeeze Peninsula Strike Planet X Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn) Telic 2004 Baton Rouge Bulldog Mammoth Iron Saber New Dawn (Al Fajr) Phantom Fury Phantom Linebacker Plymouth Rock Vigilant Resolve Warrior's Rage 2005 Cyclone Iron Hammer Matador New Market Spear (Romhe) Squeeze Play Steel Curtain 2006 Al Majid Gaugamela Iron Triangle Sinbad Swarmer Together Forward 2007 Alljah Arbead II Ardennes Black Eagle Commando Eagle Forsythe Park Imposing Law Leyte Gulf Marne Avalanche Marne Torch Mawtini Phantom Strike Phantom Thunder Saber Guardian Sledgehammer Stampede 3 Tiger Hammer Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil) 2008 Defeat Al Qaeda in the North Augurs of Prosperity Phantom Phoenix 2009–2011 New Dawn 2003 Ancient Babylon Catalyst Desert Scorpion Desert Thrust Falconer Iron Hammer Iron Justice Ivy Blizzard Northern Delay Airborne Dragon Panther Squeeze Peninsula Strike Planet X Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn) Telic Ancient Babylon Catalyst Desert Scorpion Desert Thrust Falconer Iron Hammer Iron Justice Ivy Blizzard Northern Delay Airborne Dragon Airborne Dragon Panther Squeeze Peninsula Strike Planet X Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn) Telic 2004 Baton Rouge Bulldog Mammoth Iron Saber New Dawn (Al Fajr) Phantom Fury Phantom Linebacker Plymouth Rock Vigilant Resolve Warrior's Rage Baton Rouge Bulldog Mammoth Iron Saber New Dawn (Al Fajr) Phantom Fury Phantom Linebacker Plymouth Rock Vigilant Resolve Warrior's Rage 2005 Cyclone Iron Hammer Matador New Market Spear (Romhe) Squeeze Play Steel Curtain Cyclone Iron Hammer Matador New Market Spear (Romhe) Squeeze Play Steel Curtain 2006 Al Majid Gaugamela Iron Triangle Sinbad Swarmer Together Forward Al Majid Gaugamela Iron Triangle Sinbad Swarmer Together Forward 2007 Alljah Arbead II Ardennes Black Eagle Commando Eagle Forsythe Park Imposing Law Leyte Gulf Marne Avalanche Marne Torch Mawtini Phantom Strike Phantom Thunder Saber Guardian Sledgehammer Stampede 3 Tiger Hammer Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil) Alljah Arbead II Ardennes Black Eagle Commando Eagle Forsythe Park Imposing Law Leyte Gulf Marne Avalanche Marne Torch Mawtini Phantom Strike Phantom Thunder Saber Guardian Sledgehammer Stampede 3 Tiger Hammer Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil) 2008 Defeat Al Qaeda in the North Augurs of Prosperity Phantom Phoenix Defeat Al Qaeda in the North Augurs of Prosperity Phantom Phoenix 2009–2011 New Dawn New Dawn Battles 2003 Invasion Umm Qasr Al Faw Basra I Nasiriyah Karbala I Haditha Dam Najaf I Samawah I Karbala II Al Kut Hillah Karbala Gap Debecka Pass Baghdad I Majar al-Kabir Ramadan Offensive 2004 Spring fighting Karbala City Hall Fallujah I Siege of Sadr City Ramadi I Good Friday ambush Baghdad International Airport Husaybah Danny Boy Najaf II CIMIC House Samarra Fallujah II Mosul 2005 Lake Tharthar Abu Ghraib Al-Qa'im Hit convoy Haditha Tal Afar 2006 Baghdad II Ramadi II Diwaniya Al Rumaythah Amarah Turki 2007 Haifa Street Karbala provincial HQ Najaf III Shurta Nasir Basra II Baqubah Route Bismarck Donkey Island Karbala III 2008 Spring fighting Iraqi Day of Ashura Nineveh Basra III Al-Qaeda offensive 2009–2011 Palm Grove (2010) 2003 Invasion Umm Qasr Al Faw Basra I Nasiriyah Karbala I Haditha Dam Najaf I Samawah I Karbala II Al Kut Hillah Karbala Gap Debecka Pass Baghdad I Majar al-Kabir Ramadan Offensive Invasion Umm Qasr Al Faw Basra I Nasiriyah Karbala I Haditha Dam Najaf I Samawah I Karbala II Al Kut Hillah Karbala Gap Debecka Pass Baghdad I Umm Qasr Al Faw Basra I Nasiriyah Karbala I Haditha Dam Najaf I Samawah I Karbala II Al Kut Hillah Karbala Gap Debecka Pass Baghdad I Majar al-Kabir Ramadan Offensive Majar al-Kabir Ramadan Offensive 2004 Spring fighting Karbala City Hall Fallujah I Siege of Sadr City Ramadi I Good Friday ambush Baghdad International Airport Husaybah Danny Boy Najaf II CIMIC House Samarra Fallujah II Mosul Spring fighting Karbala City Hall Fallujah I Siege of Sadr City Ramadi I Good Friday ambush Baghdad International Airport Husaybah Danny Boy Najaf II CIMIC House Samarra Fallujah II Mosul 2005 Lake Tharthar Abu Ghraib Al-Qa'im Hit convoy Haditha Tal Afar Lake Tharthar Abu Ghraib Al-Qa'im Hit convoy Haditha Tal Afar 2006 Baghdad II Ramadi II Diwaniya Al Rumaythah Amarah Turki Baghdad II Ramadi II Diwaniya Al Rumaythah Amarah Turki 2007 Haifa Street Karbala provincial HQ Najaf III Shurta Nasir Basra II Baqubah Route Bismarck Donkey Island Karbala III Haifa Street Karbala provincial HQ Najaf III Shurta Nasir Basra II Baqubah Route Bismarck Donkey Island Karbala III 2008 Spring fighting Iraqi Day of Ashura Nineveh Basra III Al-Qaeda offensive Spring fighting Iraqi Day of Ashura Nineveh Basra III Al-Qaeda offensive 2009–2011 Palm Grove (2010) Palm Grove (2010) Related events Turkish incursions into northern Iraq 2007 2008 Abu Kamal raid Turkish incursions into northern Iraq 2007 2008 2007 2008 Abu Kamal raid War crimes Occupation forces Killings and massacres During the 2003 invasion U.S. killings of journalists Fallujah killings Killing of Nadhem Abdullah (2003) Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre (2004) Haifa Street helicopter incident (2005) Tal Afar shootings (2005) Basra prison incident (2005) Haditha massacre (2005) Mahmudiyah rape and killings (2006) Ishaqi massacre (2006) Baghdad detainee killings (2006) Hamdania incident (2006) Iraqi bodyguard killing (2006) Iron Triangle Murders (2006) Baghdad airstrike (2007) Nisour Square massacre (2007) Iraq War Logs (2010) Chemical weapons Use of white phosphorus by the United States (2004–05) Torture and abuse Abu Ghraib prison (2003–06) Camp Bucca (2003–09) Camp Nama (2003–04) Balad Air Base (2003–2011) Death of Nagem Hatab (2003) Killing of Baha Mousa (2003) Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush (2003) Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi (2003) Death of Fashad Mohamed (2004) § Other killings and bombings 2003 Jordanian embassy Canal Hotel Imam Ali mosque bombing Baghdad October 2003 2004 Erbil 2004 Ashura massacre Basra 2004 Mosul 2004 2004 church bombings Baghdad bombings 14 September 30 September Karbala and Najaf bombings Baqubah 2004 Kufa mosque bombing 2005 Al Hillah 2005 Erbil 2005 Musayyib bombing Baghdad bombings August September Balad 2005 Khanaqin bombings 2006 Karbala and Ramadi Al-Askari mosque 2006 Buratha mosque bombing Sadr City bombings July November Hayy Al-Jihad massacre 2007 Mustansiriya University Baghdad bombings 22 January 3 February 12 February 18 February 29 March 18 April 26 July 1 August Al Hillah 2007 Tal Afar 2007 Iraqi Parliament 2007 Karbala mosque bombings Massacres of Yazidis April massacre Qahtaniyah bombings Makhmour Abu Sayda Al-Askari mosque 2007 Al-Khilani mosque bombing Amirli bombing Kirkuk 2007 Al Amarah bombings 2008 Bagdad bombings February March June Balad 2008 Karbala 2008 Al-Karmah Dujail bombing Balad Ruz bombing Attacks on Christians in Mosul 2009 Bagdad bombings March 6 April June August October December Baghdad–Miqdadiyah Taza bombing Kirkuk 2009 Tal Afar 2009 2010 Nationwide attacks 10 May 25 August Bagdad bombings January February April August September November Baqubah 2010 Baghdad church massacre 2011 Nationwide attacks January August Bagdad bombings January August October Arba'een bombings Tikrit assault Al Hillah 2011 Samarra bombing Al Diwaniyah bombing Taji bombings Karbala 2011 Basra 2011 Other war crimes Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011) Archaeological looting Chlorine bombings Torture by the Wolf Brigade (2004–2011) Prosecution United States and the International Criminal Court Hague Invasion Act Prosecution for the 2003 invasion Abtan v. Blackwater Hamdan v. Rumsfeld Saleh v. Bush Taguba Report § All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetrators War crimes Occupation forces Killings and massacres During the 2003 invasion U.S. killings of journalists Fallujah killings Killing of Nadhem Abdullah (2003) Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre (2004) Haifa Street helicopter incident (2005) Tal Afar shootings (2005) Basra prison incident (2005) Haditha massacre (2005) Mahmudiyah rape and killings (2006) Ishaqi massacre (2006) Baghdad detainee killings (2006) Hamdania incident (2006) Iraqi bodyguard killing (2006) Iron Triangle Murders (2006) Baghdad airstrike (2007) Nisour Square massacre (2007) Iraq War Logs (2010) Chemical weapons Use of white phosphorus by the United States (2004–05) Torture and abuse Abu Ghraib prison (2003–06) Camp Bucca (2003–09) Camp Nama (2003–04) Balad Air Base (2003–2011) Death of Nagem Hatab (2003) Killing of Baha Mousa (2003) Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush (2003) Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi (2003) Death of Fashad Mohamed (2004) § Other killings and bombings 2003 Jordanian embassy Canal Hotel Imam Ali mosque bombing Baghdad October 2003 2004 Erbil 2004 Ashura massacre Basra 2004 Mosul 2004 2004 church bombings Baghdad bombings 14 September 30 September Karbala and Najaf bombings Baqubah 2004 Kufa mosque bombing 2005 Al Hillah 2005 Erbil 2005 Musayyib bombing Baghdad bombings August September Balad 2005 Khanaqin bombings 2006 Karbala and Ramadi Al-Askari mosque 2006 Buratha mosque bombing Sadr City bombings July November Hayy Al-Jihad massacre 2007 Mustansiriya University Baghdad bombings 22 January 3 February 12 February 18 February 29 March 18 April 26 July 1 August Al Hillah 2007 Tal Afar 2007 Iraqi Parliament 2007 Karbala mosque bombings Massacres of Yazidis April massacre Qahtaniyah bombings Makhmour Abu Sayda Al-Askari mosque 2007 Al-Khilani mosque bombing Amirli bombing Kirkuk 2007 Al Amarah bombings 2008 Bagdad bombings February March June Balad 2008 Karbala 2008 Al-Karmah Dujail bombing Balad Ruz bombing Attacks on Christians in Mosul 2009 Bagdad bombings March 6 April June August October December Baghdad–Miqdadiyah Taza bombing Kirkuk 2009 Tal Afar 2009 2010 Nationwide attacks 10 May 25 August Bagdad bombings January February April August September November Baqubah 2010 Baghdad church massacre 2011 Nationwide attacks January August Bagdad bombings January August October Arba'een bombings Tikrit assault Al Hillah 2011 Samarra bombing Al Diwaniyah bombing Taji bombings Karbala 2011 Basra 2011 Other war crimes Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011) Archaeological looting Chlorine bombings Torture by the Wolf Brigade (2004–2011) Prosecution United States and the International Criminal Court Hague Invasion Act Prosecution for the 2003 invasion Abtan v. Blackwater Hamdan v. Rumsfeld Saleh v. Bush Taguba Report § All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetrators Occupation forces Killings and massacres During the 2003 invasion U.S. killings of journalists Fallujah killings Killing of Nadhem Abdullah (2003) Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre (2004) Haifa Street helicopter incident (2005) Tal Afar shootings (2005) Basra prison incident (2005) Haditha massacre (2005) Mahmudiyah rape and killings (2006) Ishaqi massacre (2006) Baghdad detainee killings (2006) Hamdania incident (2006) Iraqi bodyguard killing (2006) Iron Triangle Murders (2006) Baghdad airstrike (2007) Nisour Square massacre (2007) Iraq War Logs (2010) Chemical weapons Use of white phosphorus by the United States (2004–05) Torture and abuse Abu Ghraib prison (2003–06) Camp Bucca (2003–09) Camp Nama (2003–04) Balad Air Base (2003–2011) Death of Nagem Hatab (2003) Killing of Baha Mousa (2003) Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush (2003) Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi (2003) Death of Fashad Mohamed (2004) Killings and massacres During the 2003 invasion U.S. killings of journalists Fallujah killings Killing of Nadhem Abdullah (2003) Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre (2004) Haifa Street helicopter incident (2005) Tal Afar shootings (2005) Basra prison incident (2005) Haditha massacre (2005) Mahmudiyah rape and killings (2006) Ishaqi massacre (2006) Baghdad detainee killings (2006) Hamdania incident (2006) Iraqi bodyguard killing (2006) Iron Triangle Murders (2006) Baghdad airstrike (2007) Nisour Square massacre (2007) Iraq War Logs (2010) During the 2003 invasion U.S. killings of journalists Fallujah killings U.S. killings of journalists Fallujah killings Killing of Nadhem Abdullah (2003) Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre (2004) Haifa Street helicopter incident (2005) Tal Afar shootings (2005) Basra prison incident (2005) Haditha massacre (2005) Mahmudiyah rape and killings (2006) Ishaqi massacre (2006) Baghdad detainee killings (2006) Hamdania incident (2006) Iraqi bodyguard killing (2006) Iron Triangle Murders (2006) Baghdad airstrike (2007) Nisour Square massacre (2007) Iraq War Logs (2010) Chemical weapons Use of white phosphorus by the United States (2004–05) Use of white phosphorus by the United States (2004–05) Torture and abuse Abu Ghraib prison (2003–06) Camp Bucca (2003–09) Camp Nama (2003–04) Balad Air Base (2003–2011) Death of Nagem Hatab (2003) Killing of Baha Mousa (2003) Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush (2003) Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi (2003) Death of Fashad Mohamed (2004) Abu Ghraib prison (2003–06) Camp Bucca (2003–09) Camp Nama (2003–04) Balad Air Base (2003–2011) Death of Nagem Hatab (2003) Killing of Baha Mousa (2003) Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush (2003) Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi (2003) Death of Fashad Mohamed (2004) § Other killings and bombings 2003 Jordanian embassy Canal Hotel Imam Ali mosque bombing Baghdad October 2003 2004 Erbil 2004 Ashura massacre Basra 2004 Mosul 2004 2004 church bombings Baghdad bombings 14 September 30 September Karbala and Najaf bombings Baqubah 2004 Kufa mosque bombing 2005 Al Hillah 2005 Erbil 2005 Musayyib bombing Baghdad bombings August September Balad 2005 Khanaqin bombings 2006 Karbala and Ramadi Al-Askari mosque 2006 Buratha mosque bombing Sadr City bombings July November Hayy Al-Jihad massacre 2007 Mustansiriya University Baghdad bombings 22 January 3 February 12 February 18 February 29 March 18 April 26 July 1 August Al Hillah 2007 Tal Afar 2007 Iraqi Parliament 2007 Karbala mosque bombings Massacres of Yazidis April massacre Qahtaniyah bombings Makhmour Abu Sayda Al-Askari mosque 2007 Al-Khilani mosque bombing Amirli bombing Kirkuk 2007 Al Amarah bombings 2008 Bagdad bombings February March June Balad 2008 Karbala 2008 Al-Karmah Dujail bombing Balad Ruz bombing Attacks on Christians in Mosul 2009 Bagdad bombings March 6 April June August October December Baghdad–Miqdadiyah Taza bombing Kirkuk 2009 Tal Afar 2009 2010 Nationwide attacks 10 May 25 August Bagdad bombings January February April August September November Baqubah 2010 Baghdad church massacre 2011 Nationwide attacks January August Bagdad bombings January August October Arba'een bombings Tikrit assault Al Hillah 2011 Samarra bombing Al Diwaniyah bombing Taji bombings Karbala 2011 Basra 2011 2003 Jordanian embassy Canal Hotel Imam Ali mosque bombing Baghdad October 2003 Jordanian embassy Canal Hotel Imam Ali mosque bombing Baghdad October 2003 2004 Erbil 2004 Ashura massacre Basra 2004 Mosul 2004 2004 church bombings Baghdad bombings 14 September 30 September Karbala and Najaf bombings Baqubah 2004 Kufa mosque bombing Erbil 2004 Ashura massacre Basra 2004 Mosul 2004 2004 church bombings Baghdad bombings 14 September 30 September 14 September 30 September Karbala and Najaf bombings Baqubah 2004 Kufa mosque bombing 2005 Al Hillah 2005 Erbil 2005 Musayyib bombing Baghdad bombings August September Balad 2005 Khanaqin bombings Al Hillah 2005 Erbil 2005 Musayyib bombing Baghdad bombings August September August September Balad 2005 Khanaqin bombings 2006 Karbala and Ramadi Al-Askari mosque 2006 Buratha mosque bombing Sadr City bombings July November Hayy Al-Jihad massacre Karbala and Ramadi Al-Askari mosque 2006 Buratha mosque bombing Sadr City bombings July November July November Hayy Al-Jihad massacre 2007 Mustansiriya University Baghdad bombings 22 January 3 February 12 February 18 February 29 March 18 April 26 July 1 August Al Hillah 2007 Tal Afar 2007 Iraqi Parliament 2007 Karbala mosque bombings Massacres of Yazidis April massacre Qahtaniyah bombings Makhmour Abu Sayda Al-Askari mosque 2007 Al-Khilani mosque bombing Amirli bombing Kirkuk 2007 Al Amarah bombings Mustansiriya University Baghdad bombings 22 January 3 February 12 February 18 February 29 March 18 April 26 July 1 August 22 January 3 February 12 February 18 February 29 March 18 April 26 July 1 August Al Hillah 2007 Tal Afar 2007 Iraqi Parliament 2007 Karbala mosque bombings Massacres of Yazidis April massacre Qahtaniyah bombings April massacre Qahtaniyah bombings Makhmour Abu Sayda Al-Askari mosque 2007 Al-Khilani mosque bombing Amirli bombing Kirkuk 2007 Al Amarah bombings 2008 Bagdad bombings February March June Balad 2008 Karbala 2008 Al-Karmah Dujail bombing Balad Ruz bombing Attacks on Christians in Mosul Bagdad bombings February March June February March June Balad 2008 Karbala 2008 Al-Karmah Dujail bombing Balad Ruz bombing Attacks on Christians in Mosul 2009 Bagdad bombings March 6 April June August October December Baghdad–Miqdadiyah Taza bombing Kirkuk 2009 Tal Afar 2009 Bagdad bombings March 6 April June August October December March 6 April June August October December Baghdad–Miqdadiyah Taza bombing Kirkuk 2009 Tal Afar 2009 2010 Nationwide attacks 10 May 25 August Bagdad bombings January February April August September November Baqubah 2010 Baghdad church massacre Nationwide attacks 10 May 25 August 10 May 25 August Bagdad bombings January February April August September November January February April August September November Baqubah 2010 Baghdad church massacre 2011 Nationwide attacks January August Bagdad bombings January August October Arba'een bombings Tikrit assault Al Hillah 2011 Samarra bombing Al Diwaniyah bombing Taji bombings Karbala 2011 Basra 2011 Nationwide attacks January August January August Bagdad bombings January August October January August October Arba'een bombings Tikrit assault Al Hillah 2011 Samarra bombing Al Diwaniyah bombing Taji bombings Karbala 2011 Basra 2011 Other war crimes Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011) Archaeological looting Chlorine bombings Torture by the Wolf Brigade (2004–2011) Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011) Archaeological looting Chlorine bombings Torture by the Wolf Brigade (2004–2011) Prosecution United States and the International Criminal Court Hague Invasion Act Prosecution for the 2003 invasion Abtan v. Blackwater Hamdan v. Rumsfeld Saleh v. Bush Taguba Report United States and the International Criminal Court Hague Invasion Act Hague Invasion Act Prosecution for the 2003 invasion Abtan v. Blackwater Hamdan v. Rumsfeld Saleh v. Bush Taguba Report § All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetrators Impact General Casualties Iraq Body Count Iraq Family Health Survey Lancet surveys ORB survey Damage to Baghdad Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster Human rights Humanitarian crisis 2007 cholera outbreak Financial cost Refugees Iraqi Christians Mandaeans Violence against Iraqi academics Political controversies Post-invasion WMD conjecture Iraq scandal in Finland Dixie Chicks comments Plame affair Hood event Death of David Kelly Hutton Inquiry Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz 2004 document leak Al Jazeera bombing memo Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy MoveOn.org ad controversy Six Days in Fallujah Role of Canada War resisters Investigations Senate Report on WMD Intelligence Duelfer Report Chilcot Inquiry Reactions Pre-war Pre-war international reactions Khuy Voyne! Saddam Hussein interview Views on the invasion U.S. public opinion Opposition Criticism United Nations Oprah's Anti-war series Iraqi map pendant Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan Photo Op A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq Bush shoe-throwing incident Protests Halloween 2002 February 15, 2003 March 20, 2003 Bring Them Home Now Tour January 20, 2005 September 24, 2005 January 27, 2007 March 17, 2007 2007 Port of Tacoma September 15, 2007 March 19, 2008 Aftermath in Iraq The rise of ISIL Insurgency (2011–13) War in Iraq (2013–17) War against ISIL (2014–present) U.S.-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) Insurgency (2017–present) Impact General Casualties Iraq Body Count Iraq Family Health Survey Lancet surveys ORB survey Damage to Baghdad Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster Human rights Humanitarian crisis 2007 cholera outbreak Financial cost Refugees Iraqi Christians Mandaeans Violence against Iraqi academics Political controversies Post-invasion WMD conjecture Iraq scandal in Finland Dixie Chicks comments Plame affair Hood event Death of David Kelly Hutton Inquiry Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz 2004 document leak Al Jazeera bombing memo Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy MoveOn.org ad controversy Six Days in Fallujah Role of Canada War resisters Investigations Senate Report on WMD Intelligence Duelfer Report Chilcot Inquiry Reactions Pre-war Pre-war international reactions Khuy Voyne! Saddam Hussein interview Views on the invasion U.S. public opinion Opposition Criticism United Nations Oprah's Anti-war series Iraqi map pendant Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan Photo Op A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq Bush shoe-throwing incident Protests Halloween 2002 February 15, 2003 March 20, 2003 Bring Them Home Now Tour January 20, 2005 September 24, 2005 January 27, 2007 March 17, 2007 2007 Port of Tacoma September 15, 2007 March 19, 2008 Aftermath in Iraq The rise of ISIL Insurgency (2011–13) War in Iraq (2013–17) War against ISIL (2014–present) U.S.-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) Insurgency (2017–present) General Casualties Iraq Body Count Iraq Family Health Survey Lancet surveys ORB survey Damage to Baghdad Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster Human rights Humanitarian crisis 2007 cholera outbreak Financial cost Refugees Iraqi Christians Mandaeans Violence against Iraqi academics Casualties Iraq Body Count Iraq Family Health Survey Lancet surveys ORB survey Iraq Body Count Iraq Family Health Survey Lancet surveys ORB survey Damage to Baghdad Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster Human rights Humanitarian crisis 2007 cholera outbreak 2007 cholera outbreak Financial cost Refugees Iraqi Christians Mandaeans Iraqi Christians Mandaeans Violence against Iraqi academics Political controversies Post-invasion WMD conjecture Iraq scandal in Finland Dixie Chicks comments Plame affair Hood event Death of David Kelly Hutton Inquiry Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz 2004 document leak Al Jazeera bombing memo Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy MoveOn.org ad controversy Six Days in Fallujah Role of Canada War resisters Investigations Senate Report on WMD Intelligence Duelfer Report Chilcot Inquiry Post-invasion WMD conjecture Iraq scandal in Finland Dixie Chicks comments Plame affair Hood event Death of David Kelly Hutton Inquiry Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz 2004 document leak Al Jazeera bombing memo Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy MoveOn.org ad controversy Six Days in Fallujah Role of Canada War resisters Post-invasion WMD conjecture Iraq scandal in Finland Dixie Chicks comments Plame affair Hood event Death of David Kelly Hutton Inquiry Hutton Inquiry Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz 2004 document leak Al Jazeera bombing memo Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy MoveOn.org ad controversy Six Days in Fallujah Role of Canada War resisters War resisters Investigations Senate Report on WMD Intelligence Duelfer Report Chilcot Inquiry Senate Report on WMD Intelligence Duelfer Report Chilcot Inquiry Reactions Pre-war Pre-war international reactions Khuy Voyne! Saddam Hussein interview Views on the invasion U.S. public opinion Opposition Criticism United Nations Oprah's Anti-war series Iraqi map pendant Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan Photo Op A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq Bush shoe-throwing incident Pre-war Pre-war international reactions Khuy Voyne! Saddam Hussein interview Pre-war international reactions Khuy Voyne! Saddam Hussein interview Views on the invasion U.S. public opinion Opposition Criticism United Nations Oprah's Anti-war series Iraqi map pendant Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan Photo Op A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq Bush shoe-throwing incident Views on the invasion U.S. public opinion U.S. public opinion Opposition Criticism United Nations Oprah's Anti-war series Iraqi map pendant Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan Photo Op A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq Bush shoe-throwing incident Protests Halloween 2002 February 15, 2003 March 20, 2003 Bring Them Home Now Tour January 20, 2005 September 24, 2005 January 27, 2007 March 17, 2007 2007 Port of Tacoma September 15, 2007 March 19, 2008 Halloween 2002 February 15, 2003 March 20, 2003 Bring Them Home Now Tour January 20, 2005 September 24, 2005 January 27, 2007 March 17, 2007 2007 Port of Tacoma September 15, 2007 March 19, 2008 Aftermath in Iraq The rise of ISIL Insurgency (2011–13) War in Iraq (2013–17) War against ISIL (2014–present) U.S.-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) Insurgency (2017–present) The rise of ISIL Insurgency (2011–13) War in Iraq (2013–17) War against ISIL (2014–present) U.S.-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) Insurgency (2017–present) Miscellaneous Terminology Axis of evil Outposts of tyranny "Baghdad Bob" "Chemical Ali" Coalition of the willing Dead checking Embedded journalism Freedom fries Friedman Unit "Mother of All Bombs" "Mrs. Anthrax" Old Europe and New Europe Regime change Shock and awe "Sixteen Words" "Smoking gun / mushroom cloud" Star Spangled Ice Cream Strategic reset "There are unknown unknowns" Triangle of Death "Yo, Blair" Critical Global arrogance Inverted totalitarianism "The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time" Memorials Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon) Al-Shaheed Monument Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London) Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial Old North Memorial Garden Saving Iraqi Culture Lists Assassinations Aviation shootdowns and accidents Bombings Coalition military operations Documentaries Iraqi security forces fatality reports Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards Private contractor deaths Timeline 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Miscellaneous Terminology Axis of evil Outposts of tyranny "Baghdad Bob" "Chemical Ali" Coalition of the willing Dead checking Embedded journalism Freedom fries Friedman Unit "Mother of All Bombs" "Mrs. Anthrax" Old Europe and New Europe Regime change Shock and awe "Sixteen Words" "Smoking gun / mushroom cloud" Star Spangled Ice Cream Strategic reset "There are unknown unknowns" Triangle of Death "Yo, Blair" Critical Global arrogance Inverted totalitarianism "The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time" Memorials Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon) Al-Shaheed Monument Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London) Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial Old North Memorial Garden Saving Iraqi Culture Lists Assassinations Aviation shootdowns and accidents Bombings Coalition military operations Documentaries Iraqi security forces fatality reports Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards Private contractor deaths Timeline 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Terminology Axis of evil Outposts of tyranny "Baghdad Bob" "Chemical Ali" Coalition of the willing Dead checking Embedded journalism Freedom fries Friedman Unit "Mother of All Bombs" "Mrs. Anthrax" Old Europe and New Europe Regime change Shock and awe "Sixteen Words" "Smoking gun / mushroom cloud" Star Spangled Ice Cream Strategic reset "There are unknown unknowns" Triangle of Death "Yo, Blair" Critical Global arrogance Inverted totalitarianism "The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time" Axis of evil Outposts of tyranny "Baghdad Bob" "Chemical Ali" Coalition of the willing Dead checking Embedded journalism Freedom fries Friedman Unit "Mother of All Bombs" "Mrs. Anthrax" Old Europe and New Europe Regime change Shock and awe "Sixteen Words" "Smoking gun / mushroom cloud" Star Spangled Ice Cream Strategic reset "There are unknown unknowns" Triangle of Death "Yo, Blair" Axis of evil Outposts of tyranny Outposts of tyranny "Baghdad Bob" "Chemical Ali" Coalition of the willing Dead checking Embedded journalism Freedom fries Friedman Unit "Mother of All Bombs" "Mrs. Anthrax" Old Europe and New Europe Regime change Shock and awe "Sixteen Words" "Smoking gun / mushroom cloud" Star Spangled Ice Cream Strategic reset "There are unknown unknowns" Triangle of Death "Yo, Blair" Critical Global arrogance Inverted totalitarianism "The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time" Global arrogance Inverted totalitarianism "The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time" Memorials Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon) Al-Shaheed Monument Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London) Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial Old North Memorial Garden Saving Iraqi Culture Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon) Al-Shaheed Monument Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London) Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial Old North Memorial Garden Saving Iraqi Culture Lists Assassinations Aviation shootdowns and accidents Bombings Coalition military operations Documentaries Iraqi security forces fatality reports Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards Private contractor deaths Assassinations Aviation shootdowns and accidents Bombings Coalition military operations Documentaries Iraqi security forces fatality reports Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards Private contractor deaths Timeline 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Related Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Chelsea Manning CIA black sites Efforts to impeach George W. Bush "Enhanced interrogation techniques" Torture in the United States Extraordinary rendition Green Zone Guantanamo Bay detention camp Gulf of Tonkin incident Resolution Military–industrial complex Neoconservatism Patriot Act Petrodollar warfare theory Post-9/11 Special Relationship The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs Unilateralism Unitary executive theory U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East WikiLeaks Ba'ath Party archives Related Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Chelsea Manning CIA black sites Efforts to impeach George W. Bush "Enhanced interrogation techniques" Torture in the United States Extraordinary rendition Green Zone Guantanamo Bay detention camp Gulf of Tonkin incident Resolution Military–industrial complex Neoconservatism Patriot Act Petrodollar warfare theory Post-9/11 Special Relationship The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs Unilateralism Unitary executive theory U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East WikiLeaks Ba'ath Party archives Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Chelsea Manning CIA black sites Efforts to impeach George W. Bush "Enhanced interrogation techniques" Torture in the United States Torture in the United States Extraordinary rendition Green Zone Guantanamo Bay detention camp Gulf of Tonkin incident Resolution Resolution Military–industrial complex Neoconservatism Patriot Act Petrodollar warfare theory Post-9/11 Special Relationship The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs Unilateralism Unitary executive theory U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East WikiLeaks Ba'ath Party archives Outline / Category / Wikinews / Multimedia Authority control databases International GND FAST WorldCat GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Israel Other NARA Yale LUX NARA Yale LUX Links to related articles v t e War on terror September 11 attacks War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) ( Withdrawal ) Iraq War (2003–2011) ( Withdrawal ) Participants Operational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia Targets Individuals Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Factions al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State Conflicts Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgian involvement in the Iraq War OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Policies Patriot Act (2001) Torture Memos (2002) Military Commissions Act of 2006 Military Commissions Act of 2009 President's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 Terrorist Surveillance Program Related Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the war on terror CIA black sites Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri Killing of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Situation Room photograph State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant CAGE Category Commons v t e Armed groups in the Iraqi conflict Iraqi government Iraqi Armed Forces Iraqi Army Iraqi Air Force Iraqi Navy Iraqi security forces Iraqi Police Iraqi Police Service National Police Supporting Forces Facilities Protection Service Ba'athists Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Fedayeen Saddam General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Al-Awda General Command of the Armed Forces, Resistance and Liberation in Iraq Popular Army New Return Patriotic Front Political Media Organ of the Ba'ath Party Popular Resistance for the Liberation of Iraq Al-Abud Network Free Iraqi Army Militias and others Shia Islamic militias Popular Mobilization Forces Mahdi Army Abu Deraa 's Mahdi Army faction Badr Organization Sheibani Network Soldiers of Heaven Free Iraqi Forces Special Groups (Iraq) Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigade Kata'ib Hezbollah Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda Kata'ib al-Imam Ali Kata'ib Jund al-Imam Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Saraya al-Jihad Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya Quwwat Sahl Ninawa Mukhtar Army Hezbollah Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas Jaysh al-Mu'ammal Liwa Ali al-Akbar Islamic Resistance in Iraq Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Sunni Islamic militias Tribal Mobilization Awakening groups 1920 Revolution Brigades Jaish al-Rashideen Islamic Army in Iraq Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance Hamas of Iraq Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq Kurdish militias Peshmerga Kurdistan Workers' Party Kurdistan Freedom Hawks Asayîşa Êzîdxanê Turkmen militias Iraqi Turkmen Front 16Brigade 52nd Brigade 92nd Brigade Brigade of Imam Hussein Sayyid al-Shuhada Bashir Regiment Assyrian militias Nineveh Plains Nineveh Plain Protection Units Nineveh Plain Forces Qaraqosh Protection Committee Dwekh Nawsha Syriac Military Council Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam Babylon Brigade Yazidi militias Asayîşa Êzîdxanê Êzîdxan Protection Force Sinjar Alliance Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units Insurgents Nationalist Salafis Mujahideen Army Mujahideen Battalions of the Salafi Group of Iraq Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions Mohammad's Army Salafi Jihadists Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Black Banner Organization Abu Theeb 's group Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army Hassan Al-Basri Brigades Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah Islamic State Mujahideen Shura Council Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Shield of Islam Brigade Wakefulness and Holy War White Flags Jaysh al-Fatiheen v t e List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 1910s World War I Italo-Turkish War Middle Eastern theatre Battle of Robat Karim Arab Revolt Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Mount Lebanon starvation Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt 1919 Egyptian revolution Turkish War of Independence Anglo-Turkish War Al-Jazeera Front Greco-Turkish War Turkish–Armenian War Franco-Turkish War Revolts United States Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1920s Franco-Syrian War Iraqi Revolt (1920) Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 1922 Dhabyani coup d'état Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt 1926 Dhabyani coup d'état 1928 Dhabyani coup d'état Sheikh Said rebellion 1930s Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi–Yemeni war (1934) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Dersim rebellion 1940s World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Allied invasion of Iraq Syria–Lebanon campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Al-Waziri coup Al-Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War Suez Crisis 1967 Six-Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1982 Lebanon War 1950s Buraimi dispute 1952 Egyptian revolution 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cyprus Emergency Suez Crisis Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1960s Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict First Iraqi–Kurdish War Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Dhofar rebellion North Yemen civil war Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup Mar. 1963 Syrian coup Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1948 Palestine war First Intifada Second Intifada 1965 Sharjawi coup d'état 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1966 Dhabyani coup d'état 1969 Saudi Arabian coup attempt 1970s Black September in Jordan 1972 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt Yemenite War of 1972 Turkish invasion of Cyprus Shatt al-Arab clashes Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey Islamist uprising in Syria 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq NDF Rebellion Yemenite War of 1979 Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 1980s Iran–Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–PKK conflict South Yemen civil war 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings 1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt Mecca massacre Abu Nidal's executions 1990s Gulf War (1990–1991) 1991 Iraqi uprisings Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) Yemeni civil war (1994) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) Operation Desert Fox al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 2000s 2003 American Invasion of Iraq Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran–Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War Fatah–Hamas conflict South Yemen insurgency 2010s 2011 Bahraini uprising Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) Syrian civil war Turkish involvement in Syria Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi crisis Iraqi Conflict following the American Invasion (2003–2017) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Yemeni crisis Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 2020s 2021 Beirut clashes Gaza war Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) Red Sea crisis 2024 Iran–Israel conflict Iran–Israel war This list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold. v t e Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States Listed chronologically Domestic Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries's Rebellion 1811 German Coast uprising Turner's Rebellion Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Harpers Ferry raid American Civil War New York City draft riots New Orleans Massacre of 1866 American Indian Wars Meridian race riot of 1871 Colfax Massacre Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Vicksburg riot Range War Hamburg riot Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Lincoln County War Colfax County War Rock Springs Riot Seattle riot of 1886 Johnson County War Coal Creek War 1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike Homestead strike Pullman Strike 1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation Colorado Coalfield War Red Summer Denver streetcar strike of 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain Tulsa riot Bonus Army 1943 Detroit race riot Puerto Rican revolts Ole Miss riot of 1962 1960s ghetto rebellions 1969 Greensboro uprising Occupation of Alcatraz Kent State shootings Wounded Knee Occupation 1992 Los Angeles riots 2020 racial unrest 2021 U.S. Capitol attack 2025 Los Angeles protests Foreign American Revolutionary War American–Algerian War (1785–1795) Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition 1840 Fiji expedition Ivory Coast expedition Mexican–American War 1855 Fiji expedition Second Opium War 1858 Fiji expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Bay of Pigs Invasion Vietnam War Dominican Civil War Iranian Revolution ( Operation Eagle Claw ) Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War ( 1983 Beirut barracks bombings ) Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War ( Operation Gothic Serpent ) Intervention in Haiti Bosnian War Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in North-West Pakistan First Libyan Civil War War against the Islamic State Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel war ( Operation Midnight Hammer ) Operation Southern Spear Related Conflicts in the U.S. Wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Territorial evolution Military history History of the Central Intelligence Agency Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector Cold War War on terror War crimes v t e Iraq topics History Chronology Ubaid period Hassuna culture Halaf culture Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period Samarra culture Uruk period Jemdet Nasr period Sumer Subartu Akkadian Empire Gutian dynasty Neo-Sumerian Empire Isin-Larsa period First Babylonian Empire Old Assyrian Period Middle Assyrian Empire Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire Simurrum culture Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Babylonian captivity Fall of Babylon Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Araba Sassanid Asorestan Sassanid Arbayistan 638–1958 Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq (incl. Mamluk dynasty ) Mandate for Mesopotamia Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Kings Arab Federation Republic 1958–1968 1968–2003 2003–2011 2011– present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region ( National Command ) Saddam Hussein Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq Weapons of mass destruction Iran–Iraq War Operation Opera Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War 1991 uprisings Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency (2011–2013) War (2014–2017) Fall of Mosul Mosul liberation Insurgency 2019–2021 protests 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis Geography Faw peninsula Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Borders Euphrates river Hamrin Mountains Iraqi Kurdistan Lakes Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Places Shatt al-Arab Syrian Desert Tigris river Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Wildlife Sinjar Mountains Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Council of Representatives 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homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Outline Index Category Portal v t e History of the United States Timeline Outline Events Pre-Colonial Geological Pre-Columbian era Colonial Exploration of North America European colonization Native American epidemics Settlement of Jamestown Thirteen Colonies Atlantic slave trade King William's War Queen Anne's War Dummer's War First Great Awakening War of Jenkins' Ear King George's War Prelude to Revolution American Enlightenment French and Indian War Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act Stamp Act Congress Sons of Liberty Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts First Continental Congress Continental Association 1776–1789 American Revolution War Second Continental Congress Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Treaty of Paris Confederation period Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Pennsylvania Mutiny Shays' Rebellion Northwest Ordinance Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 1789–1815 Bill of Rights Federalist Era Whiskey Rebellion Quasi-War Jeffersonian era Louisiana Purchase War of 1812 1815–1849 Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Jacksonian era Trail of Tears Nat Turner's slave rebellion Nullification crisis Westward expansion Mexican–American War Seneca Falls Convention First Industrial Revolution Second Great Awakening 1849–1865 Antebellum Era California Gold Rush Greater Reconstruction Prelude to War Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Kansas–Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott decision Election of Lincoln Secession Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 1865–1917 Reconstruction era Amendments First transcontinental railroad Ku Klux Klan Enforcement Acts Compromise of 1877 End Second Industrial Revolution Gilded Age The Gospel of Wealth Assassination of James A. Garfield Chinese Exclusion Act Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Haymarket affair Sherman Antitrust Act Progressive Era Spanish–American War Imperialism Assassination of William McKinley Square Deal Nadir of American race relations 1917–1945 World War I Paris Peace Conference First Red Scare Roaring Twenties Prohibition Women's suffrage Tulsa race massacre Second Klan Bath School disaster Harlem Renaissance Great Depression Wall Street crash of 1929 Dust Bowl New Deal World War II Pearl Harbor home front Manhattan Project Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945–1964 Strike wave of 1945–1946 Start of Cold War Truman Doctrine Early Cold War North Atlantic Treaty Korean War Ivy Mike McCarthyism Post-war boom Project Mercury Civil Rights Movement Early–mid Cold War Cuban Missile Crisis Assassination of John F. Kennedy 1964–1980 Great Society Space Race Project Gemini Apollo program Mid Cold War Détente Vietnam War Fall of Saigon Assassination of Malcolm X Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy Counterculture Second-wave feminism Gay liberation Stonewall riots Kent State massacre Roe v. Wade Watergate scandal Pardon of Richard Nixon Assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk Iran hostage crisis Moral Majority 1980–1991 Reagan era Presidential elections 1980 1984 1988 Reaganomics Iran–Contra affair Crack epidemic Late Cold War Invasion of Grenada Reagan Doctrine End of the Cold War Space Shuttle program War on drugs Invasion of Panama 1991–2016 Gulf War NAFTA Los Angeles riots WTC bombing Waco siege Republican Revolution Oklahoma City bombing Columbine Bush v. Gore September 11 attacks War on terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season Hurricane Katrina Virginia Tech shooting Great Recession Killing of Osama bin Laden 2012 Benghazi attack Rise in mass shootings Tucson Aurora Sandy Hook Orlando Hurricane Sandy Black Lives Matter Obergefell v. Hodges 2016–present 2016 presidential election Trumpism Unite the Right rally Continued rise in mass shootings Las Vegas Parkland El Paso Uvalde 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season Harvey Irma Maria COVID-19 pandemic recession George Floyd protests Murder Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election January 6 attack Afghanistan withdrawal Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Support of Ukraine 2023 labor strikes 2023 banking crisis Indictments of Donald Trump Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania 2025 shootings of Minnesota legislators Assassination of Charlie Kirk Topics American Century Antisemitism Cultural Cinema Music Newspapers Sports Demography Immigration Economy Banking Education Higher education Flag Government Abortion Capital punishment Civil Rights Corruption The Constitution Debt ceiling Direct democracy Foreign policy Law enforcement Postal service Taxation Voting rights Journalism Merchant Marine Military Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard Party Systems First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Religion Genocide Slavery Sexual slavery Technology and industry Agriculture Labor Lumber Medicine Railway Groups African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Indian American Japanese American Korean American Thai American Vietnamese American European American Albanian American English American Estonian American Finnish American Irish American Italian American Lithuanian American Polish American Serbian American Hispanic and Latino American Mexican American Jewish American Middle Eastern American Egyptian American Iranian American Iraqi American Lebanese American Palestinian American Saudi American Native Americans Cherokee Comanche Women LGBTQ Gay men Lesbians Transgender people Places Territorial evolution Admission to the Union Historical regions American frontier Manifest destiny Indian removal Regions New England The South The West Coast States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal District Washington, D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Cities Urban history Cities List of years Historiography Category Portal v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Asia South Asia India Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) Religious violence in India Pakistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) Religious violence in Pakistan Sri Lanka JVP insurrection (1971) Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009) JVP insurrection (1987–1989) Others Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) Operation All Clear East Asia China and Taiwan First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954–1955) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995–1996) Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis (2022–present) Korea (North and South) Korean conflict Maritime border incidents 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 2017–2018 crisis Southeast Asia Cambodia Cambodian conflict (1979–1998) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict Indonesia Papua conflict (1962–present) Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) Myanmar Myanmar conflict (1948–present) Karen conflict Kachin conflict Rohingya conflict Civil war (2021–present) Philippines Moro Conflict (1968-2019) ISIL Insurgency (2014-present) New People's army conflict (1969-present) Thailand Southern Thailand insurgency (2004–present) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict East Timor Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide 1999 crisis 2006 crisis Others FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 2013 Lahad Datu standoff Central Asia Afghanistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Afghan conflict Civil War 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–2001 2001–2021 War Republican insurgency Kazakhstan Ethnic conflicts Kyrgyzstan 1990 Osh clashes 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes Tajikistan Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) Uzbekistan Fergana massacre (1989) Andijan massacre (2005) West Asia Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Bahrain Bahraini uprising (2011) Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) Western Iran clashes (2016–present) Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) South Lebanon (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) Iraq Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 Iraqi conflict Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) ISIL insurgency (2017–present) Israel Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Lebanon South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) Lebanon conflict (2008) Palestine Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) Saudi Arabia Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Qatif conflict Syria Syrian Civil War (2011–present) Regional spillover Turkey Maoist insurgency DHKP/C insurgency Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–ISIL conflict Yemen Civil war (1994) al-Qaeda (1998–2015) Houthi (2004–2015) South Yemen (2009–2015) Yemeni crisis (2011–present) Houthi takeover (2014–2015) Civil War (2014–present) Inter-continental conflict Sinai insurgency (2011–2023) Related topics War on terror Operation Inherent Resolve Arab Spring Arab Winter Asian Spring Colour revolutions v t e Islamic State Names of the Islamic State History Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004) Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2003-2006) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006) Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004-2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014) Islamic State (2014–present) Timelines 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Members and Leaders Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu Hudhayfah al-Ansari Abdul Qadir Mumin Abu Yusaf Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi Abu Habib al-Libi Abu Jandal al-Masri Bajro Ikanović Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani Fatiha Mejjati Ahlam al-Nasr Issam Abuanza Musa Baluku Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi Zulfi Hoxha Captured, KIA , and targeted Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi Abu Ahmad al-Alwani Haji Bakr Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi Abdul Rauf Aliza Abu Sayyaf Ali Awni al-Harzi Tariq al-Harzi Abu Khattab al-Tunisi Maher Meshaal Abu Muslim al-Turkmani Abu Saleh Mohammed Emwazi Abu Nabil al-Anbari Abu Ali al-Anbari Abu Waheeb Ali Aswad al-Jiburi Abu Omar al-Shishani El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib Abu Mohammad al-Adnani Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Abu Muhammad al-Furqan André Poulin Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti Abu Bilal al-Harbi Ahmad Abousamra Turki al-Binali Tareq Kamleh Lavdrim Muhaxheri Abu Osama al-Masri Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir Abu Muhammad al-Shimali Gulmurod Khalimov Abdul Nasser Qardash (captured) Abu Yasser al-Issawi Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Yusuf al-Hindi Abu Omar al-Muhajir (captured) Othman al-Nazih Jamal Udeen Al-Harith Aine Davis (captured) Alexanda Kotey (captured) El Shafee Elsheikh (captured) Denis Cuspert Abdelhamid Abaaoud Boubaker El Hakim Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Locations "Provinces" Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan) Libyan Provinces (Libya) Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia) Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt) Algeria Province (Algeria) Yemen Province (Yemen) Abnaa ul-Khilafah (Somalia and Somaliland) Bengal Province (Bangladesh) Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali) (2015–2016) West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger) Central Africa Province (DR Congo, Tanzania and Uganda) Sahel Province (Mali, Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso) Hind Province (India) Tunisia Province Pakistan Province (Pakistan) Turkey Province (Turkey) Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan) Philippines Province (Philippines) Mozambique Province (Mozambique) Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria) (2016–2018) Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza) Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) (2014–2024) Ansar Khalifa (Philippines) (2014–2021) Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil) (2016–2018) East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia) (2014–2022) Egypt Province Other locations Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir) Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan) Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain) Lebanon Province Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium) Australia| Timeline Relations Iran and the Islamic State Philippines and the Islamic State United Kingdom and the Islamic State Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State Foreign fighters Name changes due to the Islamic State Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party Wars War on terror Iraq War Insurgency (2003–2011) Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) Insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Insurgency (2017–present) Syrian civil war Spillover Spillover in Lebanon Opposition–Islamic State conflict Sinai insurgency Second Libyan Civil War Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mozambique Islamist insurgency in the Sahel Mali War War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Conflict with Taliban Moro conflict (1968–2019) al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Boko Haram insurgency Military intervention against IS US intervention in Iraq US intervention in Syria Russian intervention in Syria Turkish operation Somalia Battles 2013 Akashat Hawija Raqqa Al-Shabah Ras al-Ayn Tell Abyad Latakia Menagh Sidi Ali Ben Aoun Sadad Qalamoun Aleppo Al-Yaarubiyah Tell Hamis and Tell Brak Anbar 2014 Fallujah N Aleppo Markada N Iraq (Jun) Mosul Salahuddin Baiji (Jun) Tikrit N Iraq (Aug) Kobanî Sinjar (Aug) Derna Ramadi Deir ez-Zor Baiji (14–15) Sinjar (Dec) Zumar Amirli 2015 Nofaliya W Africa Egyptian airstrikes in Libya Niger raid E al-Hasakah Tikrit Sirte Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr) Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Yarmouk Qalamoun Palmyra (May) W al-Hasakah Al-Hasakah city Tell Abyad Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Al-Hasakah Kobani Palmyra (Jul–Aug) Ramadi (15–16) Al-Qaryatayn Al-Hawl Homs (Nov–Dec) Sinjar E Aleppo (15–16) Niveneh Plains Tishrin Dam 2016 Deir ez-Zor (Jan) Fallujah (Feb–May) Nangarhar Ben Guerdane Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi Khanasir Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr) Palmyra (Mar) N Aleppo (Mar–Jun) Hīt Tipo-Tipo Sirte Ar-Rutbah N Raqqa Fallujah (May–Jun) Manbij Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun) Abu Kamal al-Rai (Aug) N al-Bab (Sep) W al-Bab (Sep) Dabiq W al-Bab (Oct–Nov) Al-Bab Aleppo Palmyra 2017 Mosul (16–17) Raqqa (16–17) Palmyra Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb) E Aleppo (Jan–Apr) E Homs Hama W Nineveh Tabqa Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17) Syrian Desert (May–Jul) Maskanah Marawi Raqqa S Raqqa C Syria Tal Afar Deir ez-Zor (17–19) Hawija E Syria (Sep–Dec) NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18) Abu Kamal W Iraq 2018 As-Suwayda (Jun) S Syria As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov) 2019 Hajin Baghuz Fawqani Barisha raid 2020 Chinagodrar Danag Mocímboa da Praia Al Bayda 2021 Tessit Palma Sambisa Dangarous 2022 Al-Hasakah Atme raid Andéramboukane Talataye 2023 Falagountou Tin-Akoff Attacks 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (May) Badush prison massacre (Jun) Camp Speicher massacre (Jun) Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming (Oct) 2015 Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (Jan) Corinthia Hotel (Jan) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Beheading of Copts in Libya (Feb) Al Qubbah bombings (Feb) Bardo National Museum (Mar) Sanaa bombings (Mar) Jalalabad bombing (Apr) Killing of Christian migrants in Libya (Apr) Curtis Culwell Center (May) Qatif & Dammam bombings (May) 26 June Kobanî massacre Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (Jun) Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse Khan Bani Saad bombing (Jul) Suruç bombing Baghdad bombing (Aug) Sanaa bombing (Sep) Ankara bombings Saihat shooting Metrojet Flight 9268 Beirut bombings (Nov) Paris (Nov) Tunis bombing (Nov) San Bernardino (Dec) Qamishli bombings (Dec) 2016 Zliten truck bombing Hurghada (Jan) Baghdad–Miqdadiyah attacks (Jan) Istanbul bombing (Jan) Jakarta (Jan) Ramadi bombing (Jan) Mahasin mosque Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan) Mosul massacre Dikwa bombings (Feb) Homs bombings (Feb) Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Istanbul bombing (Mar) Brussels bombings Aden bombing Iskandariya bombing Baghdad bombing (Apr) Samawa bombing Gaziantep bombing (May) Baghdad bombings (11 May) Real Madrid fan club massacres Baghdad gas plant Yemen police bombings (15 May) Baghdad bombings (17 May) Jableh & Tartous bombings (May) Yemen bombings (23 May) Aktobe shootings Pulse nightclub shooting Magnanville stabbing Mukalla (Jun) Movida Bar Atatürk Airport Dhaka (Jul) Karrada bombing Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum Nice truck Würzburg train Kabul bombing (Jul) Ansbach bombing Normandy church Qamishli bombings (Jul) Charleroi stabbing Shchelkovo Highway police station Aden bombing (Aug) Syria bombings (5 Sep) Baghdad bombings (9 Sep) Baghdad bombings (Oct) Quetta police college Hamam al-Alil massacre Khuzdar bombing Samarinda bombing Hillah bombing (Nov) Aden bombings (Dec) Botroseya bombing Al-Karak Berlin truck Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin Baghdad bombings (Dec) 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting Baghdad bombings (2 Jan) Azaz bombing (Jan) Sehwan bombing Kabul (Mar) Westminster St Petersburg Metro bombing Egypt church bombings Mastung bombing Manchester Arena bombing Jakarta bombings Minya Al-Faqma bombing London Bridge Brighton siege Tehran Pakistan attacks (Jun) Hurghada Quetta bombing (Aug) Barcelona Brussels (Aug) Nasiriyah Afghanistan (20 Oct) New York City truck Sinai mosque Kabul bombing (28 Dec) Saint Menas church 2018 Baghdad bombings Save The Children Jalalabad Kizlyar church shooting Kabul bombing (Mar) Carcasonne & Trèbes Kabul bombing (22 Apr) Kabul bombings (30 Apr) Tripoli Mako Brimob standoff Paris knife Surabaya bombings Liège Jalalabad bombing (Jul) Mastung & Bannu bombings Quetta bombing As-Suwayda Tajikistan attack Kabul (Sep) Ahvaz military parade Minya bus Melbourne stabbing Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings Sri Lanka Easter bombings Sainthamaruthu shootout Kabul bombing (17 Aug) 2020 Kabul shooting (6 Mar) Kabul gurdwara Xitaxi Afghanistan (May) Jalalabad prison Jolo bombings Kabul University Vienna Afghanistan (Dec) 2021 Machh January Baghdad bombings Kabul school bombing Kabul airport Kunduz bombing Kandahar bombing Kampala bombings Kabul hospital 2022 Diyala massacre Peshawar mosque Hadera shooting Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings Bourasso and Namissiguima Kuje prison break 5 August Kabul bombing August Kabul mosque bombing Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul Shah Cheragh Kabul hotel 2023 Kabul airport bombing Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing Al-Sukhnah Hama Khar bombing Arras school stabbing Pul-i-Khumri bombing Brussels shooting Kabul bombing (Nov) Paris Mindanao State University bombing 2024 Kerman bombings Istanbul church shooting Balochistan bombings Sibi bombing Mucojo attack Karabulak clash Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing Tillabéri attack Crocus City Hall attack 2024 Guzara Attack 2024 Bamyan shooting 2024 Beirut US embassy shooting Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis 2024 Dagestan attacks 2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade 2024 Muscat mosque shooting 2024 Kabul bus bombing Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis 2024 Solingen stabbing 2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing 2024 Afghanistan bus shooting 2025 2025 New Orleans truck attack Malam-Fatori Suicide Bombing Kasanga massacre 2025 Villach stabbing attack 2025 Darul Uloom Haqqania bombing Fambita mosque attack 2025 Southern Syria bombings 2025 Balçova police station shooting December 2025 Palmyra attack 2025 Bondi Beach shooting Politics and structure Finances Education Ideology Medicare Military Armoured warfare Human rights Genocide of Christians Genocide of Shias Genocide of Yazidis Genocide of Turkmen Persecution of gay and bisexual men Killing of captives Beheading incidents Destruction of cultural heritage Occupation of Mosul Executions in Mosul Society Members Terrorist cell in Brussels Territorial claims al-Barakah district Collaboration Media A Second Message to America Al-Bayan Al-Fatihin Al-Furat Media Center Al-Hayat Media Center Al-I'tisam Media Foundation Al-Naba Al-Raud Amaq News Agency Dar al-Islam Dabiq Dawlat al-Islam Qamat Flames of War: The Fighting Has Just Begun Huroof I'lam foundation Istok Konstantiniyye Rumiyah Salil al-Sawarim The End of Sykes-Picot The Chosen Few of Different Lands Turkey and the Fire of Racism Voice of Khorasan Related topics Defeating ISIS The Islamic State (documentary) ISIS-chan Islamism Islam and democracy Islam and nationalism List of military equipment of ISIS Millenarianism Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency Shia–Sunni relations Slavery in 21st-century jihadism Theocracy v t e Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States Listed chronologically Domestic Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries's Rebellion 1811 German Coast uprising Turner's Rebellion Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Harpers Ferry raid American Civil War New York City draft riots New Orleans Massacre of 1866 American Indian Wars Meridian race riot of 1871 Colfax Massacre Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Vicksburg riot Range War Hamburg riot Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Lincoln County War Colfax County War Rock Springs Riot Seattle riot of 1886 Johnson County War Coal Creek War 1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike Homestead strike Pullman Strike 1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation Colorado Coalfield War Red Summer Denver streetcar strike of 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain Tulsa riot Bonus Army 1943 Detroit race riot Puerto Rican revolts Ole Miss riot of 1962 1960s ghetto rebellions 1969 Greensboro uprising Occupation of Alcatraz Kent State shootings Wounded Knee Occupation 1992 Los Angeles riots 2020 racial unrest 2021 U.S. Capitol attack 2025 Los Angeles protests Foreign American Revolutionary War American–Algerian War (1785–1795) Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition 1840 Fiji expedition Ivory Coast expedition Mexican–American War 1855 Fiji expedition Second Opium War 1858 Fiji expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Bay of Pigs Invasion Vietnam War Dominican Civil War Iranian Revolution ( Operation Eagle Claw ) Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War ( 1983 Beirut barracks bombings ) Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War ( Operation Gothic Serpent ) Intervention in Haiti Bosnian War Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in North-West Pakistan First Libyan Civil War War against the Islamic State Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel war ( Operation Midnight Hammer ) Operation Southern Spear Related Conflicts in the U.S. Wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Territorial evolution Military history History of the Central Intelligence Agency Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector Cold War War on terror War crimes v t e George W. Bush 43rd President of the United States (2001–2009) 46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000) Presidency ( timeline ) Transition Vote counts 2001 2005 Inaugurations 2001 2005 Timeline 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 January 2009 Domestic policy Legislation and programs Economic policy Foreign policy International trips Bush Doctrine Russia summits Slovenia Slovakia Special Relationship State visit to the United Kingdom 2007 state visit by Elizabeth II to the United States War in Afghanistan Patriot Act No Child Left Behind Act 2003 invasion of Iraq Capture of Saddam Hussein Status of Forces Agreement Relations with Iran Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act USA Freedom Corps Department of Homeland Security Space policy Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty War on terror President's Council on Service and Civic Participation award Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy Email controversy Judicial appointments Supreme Court candidates John Roberts Harriet Miers Samuel Alito controversies Cabinet Cheney vice presidency Pardons Impeachment efforts Executive orders Presidential proclamations State funeral of Ronald Reagan State funeral of Gerald Ford Obama transition Life and legacy Childhood home Early life and career Presidential library Official White House portrait Military service controversy Killian documents controversy authenticity issues Professional life Governorship of Texas Prairie Chapel Ranch Walker's Point Estate Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Speeches Joint session of Congress (Feb 2001) Remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington (2001) Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks) (2001) Mission Accomplished (2003) State of the Union addresses 2002 ( "Axis of evil" ) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Elections U.S. House 1978 Gubernatorial 1994 1998 Presidential 2000 campaign primaries running mate selection convention debates election Bush v. Gore 2004 campaign primaries convention debates election Public image Bushisms Nicknames Fictionalized portrayals Miss Me Yet? " Yo, Blair " Books A Charge to Keep (1999) Decision Points (2010) 41: A Portrait of My Father (2014) Portraits of Courage (2017) Out of Many, One (2021) Popular culture Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004 documentary) W. (2008 film) Family Laura Bush (wife) Barbara Pierce Bush (daughter) Jenna Bush Hager (daughter) George H. W. Bush (father presidency ) Barbara Bush (mother) Robin Bush (sister) Jeb Bush (brother) Neil Bush (brother) Marvin Bush (brother) Dorothy Bush Koch (sister) Barney (dog) Miss Beazley (dog) India (cat) Spot Fetcher (dog) ← Bill Clinton Barack Obama → Category v t e War on terror v t e September 11 attacks War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) ( Withdrawal ) Iraq War (2003–2011) ( Withdrawal ) September 11 attacks War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) ( Withdrawal ) Iraq War (2003–2011) ( Withdrawal ) Participants Operational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia Targets Individuals Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Factions al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State Operational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia Targets Individuals Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Factions al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State Individuals Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Osama bin Laden Hamza bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki Sirajuddin Haqqani Jalaluddin Haqqani Anas Haqqani Khalil Haqqani Hafiz Saeed Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Factions al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State Conflicts Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgian involvement in the Iraq War OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgian involvement in the Iraq War OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgian involvement in the Iraq War OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Policies Patriot Act (2001) Torture Memos (2002) Military Commissions Act of 2006 Military Commissions Act of 2009 President's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 Terrorist Surveillance Program Patriot Act (2001) Torture Memos (2002) Military Commissions Act of 2006 Military Commissions Act of 2009 President's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 Terrorist Surveillance Program Related Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the war on terror CIA black sites Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri Killing of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Situation Room photograph State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant CAGE Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the war on terror CIA black sites Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri Killing of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Situation Room photograph State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant CAGE Category Commons Category Commons v t e Armed groups in the Iraqi conflict v t e Iraqi government Iraqi Armed Forces Iraqi Army Iraqi Air Force Iraqi Navy Iraqi security forces Iraqi Police Iraqi Police Service National Police Supporting Forces Facilities Protection Service Iraqi Armed Forces Iraqi Army Iraqi Air Force Iraqi Navy Iraqi Army Iraqi Air Force Iraqi Navy Iraqi security forces Iraqi Police Iraqi Police Service National Police Supporting Forces Iraqi Police Service National Police Supporting Forces Facilities Protection Service Ba'athists Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Fedayeen Saddam General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Al-Awda General Command of the Armed Forces, Resistance and Liberation in Iraq Popular Army New Return Patriotic Front Political Media Organ of the Ba'ath Party Popular Resistance for the Liberation of Iraq Al-Abud Network Free Iraqi Army Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order Fedayeen Saddam General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Al-Awda General Command of the Armed Forces, Resistance and Liberation in Iraq Popular Army New Return Patriotic Front Political Media Organ of the Ba'ath Party Popular Resistance for the Liberation of Iraq Al-Abud Network Free Iraqi Army Militias and others Shia Islamic militias Popular Mobilization Forces Mahdi Army Abu Deraa 's Mahdi Army faction Badr Organization Sheibani Network Soldiers of Heaven Free Iraqi Forces Special Groups (Iraq) Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigade Kata'ib Hezbollah Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda Kata'ib al-Imam Ali Kata'ib Jund al-Imam Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Saraya al-Jihad Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya Quwwat Sahl Ninawa Mukhtar Army Hezbollah Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas Jaysh al-Mu'ammal Liwa Ali al-Akbar Islamic Resistance in Iraq Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Sunni Islamic militias Tribal Mobilization Awakening groups 1920 Revolution Brigades Jaish al-Rashideen Islamic Army in Iraq Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance Hamas of Iraq Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq Kurdish militias Peshmerga Kurdistan Workers' Party Kurdistan Freedom Hawks Asayîşa Êzîdxanê Turkmen militias Iraqi Turkmen Front 16Brigade 52nd Brigade 92nd Brigade Brigade of Imam Hussein Sayyid al-Shuhada Bashir Regiment Assyrian militias Nineveh Plains Nineveh Plain Protection Units Nineveh Plain Forces Qaraqosh Protection Committee Dwekh Nawsha Syriac Military Council Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam Babylon Brigade Yazidi militias Asayîşa Êzîdxanê Êzîdxan Protection Force Sinjar Alliance Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units Shia Islamic militias Popular Mobilization Forces Mahdi Army Abu Deraa 's Mahdi Army faction Badr Organization Sheibani Network Soldiers of Heaven Free Iraqi Forces Special Groups (Iraq) Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigade Kata'ib Hezbollah Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda Kata'ib al-Imam Ali Kata'ib Jund al-Imam Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Saraya al-Jihad Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya Quwwat Sahl Ninawa Mukhtar Army Hezbollah Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas Jaysh al-Mu'ammal Liwa Ali al-Akbar Islamic Resistance in Iraq Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Popular Mobilization Forces Mahdi Army Abu Deraa 's Mahdi Army faction Badr Organization Sheibani Network Soldiers of Heaven Free Iraqi Forces Special Groups (Iraq) Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigade Kata'ib Hezbollah Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigade Kata'ib Hezbollah Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda Kata'ib al-Imam Ali Kata'ib Jund al-Imam Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Saraya al-Jihad Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya Quwwat Sahl Ninawa Mukhtar Army Hezbollah Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas Jaysh al-Mu'ammal Liwa Ali al-Akbar Islamic Resistance in Iraq Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada Sunni Islamic militias Tribal Mobilization Awakening groups 1920 Revolution Brigades Jaish al-Rashideen Islamic Army in Iraq Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance Hamas of Iraq Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq Tribal Mobilization Awakening groups 1920 Revolution Brigades Jaish al-Rashideen Islamic Army in Iraq Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance Hamas of Iraq Harakat Ahrar al-Iraq Kurdish militias Peshmerga Kurdistan Workers' Party Kurdistan Freedom Hawks Asayîşa Êzîdxanê Peshmerga Kurdistan Workers' Party Kurdistan Freedom Hawks Asayîşa Êzîdxanê Turkmen militias Iraqi Turkmen Front 16Brigade 52nd Brigade 92nd Brigade Brigade of Imam Hussein Sayyid al-Shuhada Bashir Regiment Iraqi Turkmen Front 16Brigade 52nd Brigade 92nd Brigade Brigade of Imam Hussein Sayyid al-Shuhada Bashir Regiment Assyrian militias Nineveh Plains Nineveh Plain Protection Units Nineveh Plain Forces Qaraqosh Protection Committee Dwekh Nawsha Syriac Military Council Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam Babylon Brigade Nineveh Plains Nineveh Plain Protection Units Nineveh Plain Forces Qaraqosh Protection Committee Dwekh Nawsha Nineveh Plain Protection Units Nineveh Plain Forces Qaraqosh Protection Committee Dwekh Nawsha Syriac Military Council Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam Babylon Brigade Yazidi militias Asayîşa Êzîdxanê Êzîdxan Protection Force Sinjar Alliance Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units Asayîşa Êzîdxanê Êzîdxan Protection Force Sinjar Alliance Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units Insurgents Nationalist Salafis Mujahideen Army Mujahideen Battalions of the Salafi Group of Iraq Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions Mohammad's Army Salafi Jihadists Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Black Banner Organization Abu Theeb 's group Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army Hassan Al-Basri Brigades Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah Islamic State Mujahideen Shura Council Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Shield of Islam Brigade Wakefulness and Holy War White Flags Jaysh al-Fatiheen Nationalist Salafis Mujahideen Army Mujahideen Battalions of the Salafi Group of Iraq Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions Mohammad's Army Mujahideen Army Mujahideen Battalions of the Salafi Group of Iraq Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions Mohammad's Army Salafi Jihadists Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Black Banner Organization Abu Theeb 's group Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army Hassan Al-Basri Brigades Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah Islamic State Mujahideen Shura Council Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Shield of Islam Brigade Wakefulness and Holy War White Flags Jaysh al-Fatiheen Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan Black Banner Organization Abu Theeb 's group Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army Hassan Al-Basri Brigades Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah Islamic State Mujahideen Shura Council Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Mujahideen Shura Council Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah Al-Qaeda in Iraq Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Shield of Islam Brigade Wakefulness and Holy War White Flags Jaysh al-Fatiheen v t e List of modern conflicts in the Middle East v t e 1910s World War I Italo-Turkish War Middle Eastern theatre Battle of Robat Karim Arab Revolt Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Mount Lebanon starvation Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt 1919 Egyptian revolution Turkish War of Independence Anglo-Turkish War Al-Jazeera Front Greco-Turkish War Turkish–Armenian War Franco-Turkish War Revolts United States Mahmud Barzanji revolts World War I Italo-Turkish War Middle Eastern theatre Battle of Robat Karim Arab Revolt Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Mount Lebanon starvation Middle Eastern theatre Battle of Robat Karim Battle of Robat Karim Arab Revolt Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Mount Lebanon starvation Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt 1919 Egyptian revolution Turkish War of Independence Anglo-Turkish War Al-Jazeera Front Greco-Turkish War Turkish–Armenian War Franco-Turkish War Revolts United States Anglo-Turkish War Al-Jazeera Front Al-Jazeera Front Greco-Turkish War Turkish–Armenian War Franco-Turkish War Revolts United States Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1920s Franco-Syrian War Iraqi Revolt (1920) Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 1922 Dhabyani coup d'état Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt 1926 Dhabyani coup d'état 1928 Dhabyani coup d'état Sheikh Said rebellion Franco-Syrian War Iraqi Revolt (1920) Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 1922 Dhabyani coup d'état Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt 1926 Dhabyani coup d'état 1928 Dhabyani coup d'état Sheikh Said rebellion 1930s Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi–Yemeni war (1934) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Dersim rebellion Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi–Yemeni war (1934) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Dersim rebellion 1940s World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Allied invasion of Iraq Syria–Lebanon campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Al-Waziri coup Al-Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War Suez Crisis 1967 Six-Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1982 Lebanon War World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Allied invasion of Iraq Syria–Lebanon campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Italian bombing of Palestine Allied invasion of Iraq Syria–Lebanon campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Al-Waziri coup Al-Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Iran crisis of 1946 Arab–Israeli conflict 1948 Arab–Israeli War Suez Crisis 1967 Six-Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1982 Lebanon War 1948 Arab–Israeli War Suez Crisis 1967 Six-Day War 1973 Yom Kippur War 1982 Lebanon War 1950s Buraimi dispute 1952 Egyptian revolution 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cyprus Emergency Suez Crisis Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising Buraimi dispute 1952 Egyptian revolution 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cyprus Emergency Suez Crisis Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1960s Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict First Iraqi–Kurdish War Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Dhofar rebellion North Yemen civil war Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup Mar. 1963 Syrian coup Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1948 Palestine war First Intifada Second Intifada 1965 Sharjawi coup d'état 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1966 Dhabyani coup d'état 1969 Saudi Arabian coup attempt Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict First Iraqi–Kurdish War Second Iraqi–Kurdish War First Iraqi–Kurdish War Second Iraqi–Kurdish War Dhofar rebellion North Yemen civil war Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup Mar. 1963 Syrian coup Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1948 Palestine war First Intifada Second Intifada 1948 Palestine war First Intifada Second Intifada 1965 Sharjawi coup d'état 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1966 Dhabyani coup d'état 1969 Saudi Arabian coup attempt 1970s Black September in Jordan 1972 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt Yemenite War of 1972 Turkish invasion of Cyprus Shatt al-Arab clashes Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey Islamist uprising in Syria 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq NDF Rebellion Yemenite War of 1979 Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq Black September in Jordan 1972 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt Yemenite War of 1972 Turkish invasion of Cyprus Shatt al-Arab clashes Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey Islamist uprising in Syria 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq NDF Rebellion Yemenite War of 1979 Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 1980s Iran–Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–PKK conflict South Yemen civil war 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings 1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt Mecca massacre Abu Nidal's executions Iran–Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–PKK conflict Turkey–PKK conflict South Yemen civil war 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings 1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt Mecca massacre Abu Nidal's executions 1990s Gulf War (1990–1991) 1991 Iraqi uprisings Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) Yemeni civil war (1994) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) Operation Desert Fox al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq Gulf War (1990–1991) 1991 Iraqi uprisings Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) Yemeni civil war (1994) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) Operation Desert Fox al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 2000s 2003 American Invasion of Iraq Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran–Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War Fatah–Hamas conflict South Yemen insurgency 2003 American Invasion of Iraq Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran–Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War 2006 Lebanon War Fatah–Hamas conflict South Yemen insurgency 2010s 2011 Bahraini uprising Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) Syrian civil war Turkish involvement in Syria Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi crisis Iraqi Conflict following the American Invasion (2003–2017) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Yemeni crisis Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 2011 Bahraini uprising Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) Syrian civil war Turkish involvement in Syria Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Turkish involvement in Syria Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi crisis Iraqi Conflict following the American Invasion (2003–2017) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Iraqi Conflict following the American Invasion (2003–2017) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Yemeni crisis Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 2020s 2021 Beirut clashes Gaza war Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) Red Sea crisis 2024 Iran–Israel conflict Iran–Israel war 2021 Beirut clashes Gaza war Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) Red Sea crisis 2024 Iran–Israel conflict Iran–Israel war This list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold. v t e Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States v t e Listed chronologically Domestic Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries's Rebellion 1811 German Coast uprising Turner's Rebellion Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Harpers Ferry raid American Civil War New York City draft riots New Orleans Massacre of 1866 American Indian Wars Meridian race riot of 1871 Colfax Massacre Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Vicksburg riot Range War Hamburg riot Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Lincoln County War Colfax County War Rock Springs Riot Seattle riot of 1886 Johnson County War Coal Creek War 1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike Homestead strike Pullman Strike 1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation Colorado Coalfield War Red Summer Denver streetcar strike of 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain Tulsa riot Bonus Army 1943 Detroit race riot Puerto Rican revolts Ole Miss riot of 1962 1960s ghetto rebellions 1969 Greensboro uprising Occupation of Alcatraz Kent State shootings Wounded Knee Occupation 1992 Los Angeles riots 2020 racial unrest 2021 U.S. Capitol attack 2025 Los Angeles protests Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries's Rebellion 1811 German Coast uprising Turner's Rebellion Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Harpers Ferry raid American Civil War New York City draft riots New Orleans Massacre of 1866 American Indian Wars Meridian race riot of 1871 Colfax Massacre Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Vicksburg riot Range War Hamburg riot Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Lincoln County War Colfax County War Rock Springs Riot Seattle riot of 1886 Johnson County War Coal Creek War 1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike Homestead strike Pullman Strike 1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation Colorado Coalfield War Red Summer Denver streetcar strike of 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain Tulsa riot Bonus Army 1943 Detroit race riot Puerto Rican revolts Ole Miss riot of 1962 1960s ghetto rebellions 1969 Greensboro uprising Occupation of Alcatraz Kent State shootings Wounded Knee Occupation 1992 Los Angeles riots 2020 racial unrest 2021 U.S. Capitol attack 2025 Los Angeles protests Foreign American Revolutionary War American–Algerian War (1785–1795) Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition 1840 Fiji expedition Ivory Coast expedition Mexican–American War 1855 Fiji expedition Second Opium War 1858 Fiji expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Bay of Pigs Invasion Vietnam War Dominican Civil War Iranian Revolution ( Operation Eagle Claw ) Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War ( 1983 Beirut barracks bombings ) Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War ( Operation Gothic Serpent ) Intervention in Haiti Bosnian War Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in North-West Pakistan First Libyan Civil War War against the Islamic State Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel war ( Operation Midnight Hammer ) Operation Southern Spear American Revolutionary War American–Algerian War (1785–1795) Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition 1840 Fiji expedition Ivory Coast expedition Mexican–American War 1855 Fiji expedition Second Opium War 1858 Fiji expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Bay of Pigs Invasion Vietnam War Dominican Civil War Iranian Revolution ( Operation Eagle Claw ) Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War ( 1983 Beirut barracks bombings ) Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War ( Operation Gothic Serpent ) Intervention in Haiti Bosnian War Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in North-West Pakistan First Libyan Civil War War against the Islamic State Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel war ( Operation Midnight Hammer ) Operation Southern Spear Related Conflicts in the U.S. Wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Territorial evolution Military history History of the Central Intelligence Agency Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector Cold War War on terror War crimes Conflicts in the U.S. Wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Territorial evolution Military history History of the Central Intelligence Agency Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector Cold War War on terror War crimes v t e Iraq topics v t e History Chronology Ubaid period Hassuna culture Halaf culture Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period Samarra culture Uruk period Jemdet Nasr period Sumer Subartu Akkadian Empire Gutian dynasty Neo-Sumerian Empire Isin-Larsa period First Babylonian Empire Old Assyrian Period Middle Assyrian Empire Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire Simurrum culture Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Babylonian captivity Fall of Babylon Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Araba Sassanid Asorestan Sassanid Arbayistan 638–1958 Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq (incl. Mamluk dynasty ) Mandate for Mesopotamia Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Kings Arab Federation Republic 1958–1968 1968–2003 2003–2011 2011– present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region ( National Command ) Saddam Hussein Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq Weapons of mass destruction Iran–Iraq War Operation Opera Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War 1991 uprisings Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency (2011–2013) War (2014–2017) Fall of Mosul Mosul liberation Insurgency 2019–2021 protests 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis History Chronology Ubaid period Hassuna culture Halaf culture Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period Samarra culture Uruk period Jemdet Nasr period Sumer Subartu Akkadian Empire Gutian dynasty Neo-Sumerian Empire Isin-Larsa period First Babylonian Empire Old Assyrian Period Middle Assyrian Empire Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire Simurrum culture Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Babylonian captivity Fall of Babylon Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Araba Sassanid Asorestan Sassanid Arbayistan 638–1958 Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq (incl. Mamluk dynasty ) Mandate for Mesopotamia Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Kings Arab Federation Republic 1958–1968 1968–2003 2003–2011 2011– present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region ( National Command ) Saddam Hussein Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq Weapons of mass destruction Iran–Iraq War Operation Opera Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War 1991 uprisings Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency (2011–2013) War (2014–2017) Fall of Mosul Mosul liberation Insurgency 2019–2021 protests 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis Chronology Ubaid period Hassuna culture Halaf culture Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period Samarra culture Uruk period Jemdet Nasr period Sumer Subartu Akkadian Empire Gutian dynasty Neo-Sumerian Empire Isin-Larsa period First Babylonian Empire Old Assyrian Period Middle Assyrian Empire Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire Simurrum culture Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Babylonian captivity Fall of Babylon Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Araba Sassanid Asorestan Sassanid Arbayistan Ubaid period Hassuna culture Halaf culture Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period Samarra culture Uruk period Jemdet Nasr period Sumer Subartu Akkadian Empire Gutian dynasty Neo-Sumerian Empire Isin-Larsa period First Babylonian Empire Old Assyrian Period Middle Assyrian Empire Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire Simurrum culture Babylonia Assyria Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Babylonian captivity Fall of Babylon Achaemenid Assyria Seleucid Babylonia Parthian Babylonia Araba Sassanid Asorestan Sassanid Arbayistan 638–1958 Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq (incl. Mamluk dynasty ) Mandate for Mesopotamia Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Kings Arab Federation Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Buyid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu Aq Qoyunlu Safavids Ottoman Iraq (incl. Mamluk dynasty ) Mandate for Mesopotamia Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Iraq Kings Kings Arab Federation Republic 1958–1968 1968–2003 2003–2011 2011– present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region ( National Command ) Saddam Hussein Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq Weapons of mass destruction Iran–Iraq War Operation Opera Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War 1991 uprisings Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency (2011–2013) War (2014–2017) Fall of Mosul Mosul liberation Insurgency 2019–2021 protests 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 1958–1968 1968–2003 2003–2011 2011– present Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region ( National Command ) Saddam Hussein Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq Weapons of mass destruction Iran–Iraq War Operation Opera Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War 1991 uprisings 1991 uprisings Sanctions Iraq War U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal U.S. invasion Iraqi insurgency U.S. troop withdrawal Insurgency (2011–2013) War (2014–2017) Fall of Mosul Mosul liberation Fall of Mosul Mosul liberation Insurgency 2019–2021 protests 2019–2021 protests 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis Geography Faw peninsula Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Borders Euphrates river Hamrin Mountains Iraqi Kurdistan Lakes Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Places Shatt al-Arab Syrian Desert Tigris river Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Wildlife Sinjar Mountains Geography Faw peninsula Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Borders Euphrates river Hamrin Mountains Iraqi Kurdistan Lakes Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Places Shatt al-Arab Syrian Desert Tigris river Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Wildlife Sinjar Mountains Faw peninsula Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Borders Euphrates river Hamrin Mountains Iraqi Kurdistan Lakes Islands Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Places Shatt al-Arab Syrian Desert Tigris river Umm Qasr Zagros Mountains Wildlife Sinjar Mountains Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Council of Representatives (legislative) Democracy Elections Foreign aid Foreign relations Government Council of Ministers Presidency Council President List Vice President Prime Minister List Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq in Saddam Hussein's Iraq in post-invasion Iraq in ISIL-controlled territory LGBT Freedom of religion Women Law Law enforcement Military Chief of the General Staff Political parties Judiciary Wars and conflicts Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Council of Representatives (legislative) Democracy Elections Foreign aid Foreign relations Government Council of Ministers Presidency Council President List Vice President Prime Minister List Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq in Saddam Hussein's Iraq in post-invasion Iraq in ISIL-controlled territory LGBT Freedom of religion 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Year Society Demographics Iraqis Languages Mesopotamian Arabic Aramaic Kurdish Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects Persian Minorities Armenians Assyrians Circassians Kurds Mandaeans Marsh Arabs Persians Solluba Iraqi Turkmen /Turkoman Jews Religion Secularism Islam Christianity Mandaeism Yazidis Irreligion General Art Cinema Cuisine Culture Literature Education Health Media Television Music Smoking Sports Squatting Public holidays Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) Mandaean New Year Demographics Iraqis Languages Mesopotamian Arabic Aramaic Kurdish Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects Persian Minorities Armenians Assyrians Circassians Kurds Mandaeans Marsh Arabs Persians Solluba Iraqi Turkmen /Turkoman Jews Religion Secularism Islam Christianity Mandaeism Yazidis Irreligion Iraqis Languages Mesopotamian Arabic Aramaic Kurdish Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects Persian Mesopotamian Arabic Aramaic Kurdish Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects Persian Minorities Armenians Assyrians Circassians Kurds Mandaeans Marsh Arabs Persians Solluba Iraqi Turkmen /Turkoman Jews Armenians Assyrians Circassians Kurds Mandaeans Marsh Arabs Persians Solluba Iraqi Turkmen /Turkoman Jews Religion Secularism Islam Christianity Mandaeism Yazidis Irreligion Islam Christianity Mandaeism Yazidis Irreligion General Art Cinema Cuisine Culture Literature Education Health Media Television Music Smoking Sports Squatting Public holidays Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) Mandaean New Year Art Cinema Cuisine Culture Literature Education Health Media Television Music Smoking Sports Squatting Public holidays Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) Mandaean New Year Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) Mandaean New Year Category Portal WikiProject Commons Category Portal WikiProject Commons v t e United States v t e History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen 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industrial By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold 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rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great 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reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites 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recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Township Town meeting Special district School district list School district list list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties 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Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Capital punishment Crime incarceration incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal illegal National security Terrorism Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Outline Index Category Portal Outline Index Category Portal v t e History of the United States v t e Timeline Outline Timeline Outline Events Pre-Colonial Geological Pre-Columbian era Colonial Exploration of North America European colonization Native American epidemics Settlement of Jamestown Thirteen Colonies Atlantic slave trade King William's War Queen Anne's War Dummer's War First Great Awakening War of Jenkins' Ear King George's War Prelude to Revolution American Enlightenment French and Indian War Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act Stamp Act Congress Sons of Liberty Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts First Continental Congress Continental Association 1776–1789 American Revolution War Second Continental Congress Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Treaty of Paris Confederation period Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Pennsylvania Mutiny Shays' Rebellion Northwest Ordinance Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 1789–1815 Bill of Rights Federalist Era Whiskey Rebellion Quasi-War Jeffersonian era Louisiana Purchase War of 1812 1815–1849 Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Jacksonian era Trail of Tears Nat Turner's slave rebellion Nullification crisis Westward expansion Mexican–American War Seneca Falls Convention First Industrial Revolution Second Great Awakening 1849–1865 Antebellum Era California Gold Rush Greater Reconstruction Prelude to War Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Kansas–Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott decision Election of Lincoln Secession Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 1865–1917 Reconstruction era Amendments First transcontinental railroad Ku Klux Klan Enforcement Acts Compromise of 1877 End Second Industrial Revolution Gilded Age The Gospel of Wealth Assassination of James A. Garfield Chinese Exclusion Act Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Haymarket affair Sherman Antitrust Act Progressive Era Spanish–American War Imperialism Assassination of William McKinley Square Deal Nadir of American race relations 1917–1945 World War I Paris Peace Conference First Red Scare Roaring Twenties Prohibition Women's suffrage Tulsa race massacre Second Klan Bath School disaster Harlem Renaissance Great Depression Wall Street crash of 1929 Dust Bowl New Deal World War II Pearl Harbor home front Manhattan Project Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945–1964 Strike wave of 1945–1946 Start of Cold War Truman Doctrine Early Cold War North Atlantic Treaty Korean War Ivy Mike McCarthyism Post-war boom Project Mercury Civil Rights Movement Early–mid Cold War Cuban Missile Crisis Assassination of John F. Kennedy 1964–1980 Great Society Space Race Project Gemini Apollo program Mid Cold War Détente Vietnam War Fall of Saigon Assassination of Malcolm X Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy Counterculture Second-wave feminism Gay liberation Stonewall riots Kent State massacre Roe v. Wade Watergate scandal Pardon of Richard Nixon Assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk Iran hostage crisis Moral Majority 1980–1991 Reagan era Presidential elections 1980 1984 1988 Reaganomics Iran–Contra affair Crack epidemic Late Cold War Invasion of Grenada Reagan Doctrine End of the Cold War Space Shuttle program War on drugs Invasion of Panama 1991–2016 Gulf War NAFTA Los Angeles riots WTC bombing Waco siege Republican Revolution Oklahoma City bombing Columbine Bush v. Gore September 11 attacks War on terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season Hurricane Katrina Virginia Tech shooting Great Recession Killing of Osama bin Laden 2012 Benghazi attack Rise in mass shootings Tucson Aurora Sandy Hook Orlando Hurricane Sandy Black Lives Matter Obergefell v. Hodges 2016–present 2016 presidential election Trumpism Unite the Right rally Continued rise in mass shootings Las Vegas Parkland El Paso Uvalde 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season Harvey Irma Maria COVID-19 pandemic recession George Floyd protests Murder Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election January 6 attack Afghanistan withdrawal Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Support of Ukraine 2023 labor strikes 2023 banking crisis Indictments of Donald Trump Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania 2025 shootings of Minnesota legislators Assassination of Charlie Kirk Events Pre-Colonial Geological Pre-Columbian era Colonial Exploration of North America European colonization Native American epidemics Settlement of Jamestown Thirteen Colonies Atlantic slave trade King William's War Queen Anne's War Dummer's War First Great Awakening War of Jenkins' Ear King George's War Prelude to Revolution American Enlightenment French and Indian War Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act Stamp Act Congress Sons of Liberty Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts First Continental Congress Continental Association 1776–1789 American Revolution War Second Continental Congress Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Treaty of Paris Confederation period Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Pennsylvania Mutiny Shays' Rebellion Northwest Ordinance Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 1789–1815 Bill of Rights Federalist Era Whiskey Rebellion Quasi-War Jeffersonian era Louisiana Purchase War of 1812 1815–1849 Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Jacksonian era Trail of Tears Nat Turner's slave rebellion Nullification crisis Westward expansion Mexican–American War Seneca Falls Convention First Industrial Revolution Second Great Awakening 1849–1865 Antebellum Era California Gold Rush Greater Reconstruction Prelude to War Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Kansas–Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott decision Election of Lincoln Secession Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 1865–1917 Reconstruction era Amendments First transcontinental railroad Ku Klux Klan Enforcement Acts Compromise of 1877 End Second Industrial Revolution Gilded Age The Gospel of Wealth Assassination of James A. Garfield Chinese Exclusion Act Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Haymarket affair Sherman Antitrust Act Progressive Era Spanish–American War Imperialism Assassination of William McKinley Square Deal Nadir of American race relations 1917–1945 World War I Paris Peace Conference First Red Scare Roaring Twenties Prohibition Women's suffrage Tulsa race massacre Second Klan Bath School disaster Harlem Renaissance Great Depression Wall Street crash of 1929 Dust Bowl New Deal World War II Pearl Harbor home front Manhattan Project Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945–1964 Strike wave of 1945–1946 Start of Cold War Truman Doctrine Early Cold War North Atlantic Treaty Korean War Ivy Mike McCarthyism Post-war boom Project Mercury Civil Rights Movement Early–mid Cold War Cuban Missile Crisis Assassination of John F. Kennedy 1964–1980 Great Society Space Race Project Gemini Apollo program Mid Cold War Détente Vietnam War Fall of Saigon Assassination of Malcolm X Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy Counterculture Second-wave feminism Gay liberation Stonewall riots Kent State massacre Roe v. Wade Watergate scandal Pardon of Richard Nixon Assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk Iran hostage crisis Moral Majority 1980–1991 Reagan era Presidential elections 1980 1984 1988 Reaganomics Iran–Contra affair Crack epidemic Late Cold War Invasion of Grenada Reagan Doctrine End of the Cold War Space Shuttle program War on drugs Invasion of Panama 1991–2016 Gulf War NAFTA Los Angeles riots WTC bombing Waco siege Republican Revolution Oklahoma City bombing Columbine Bush v. Gore September 11 attacks War on terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season Hurricane Katrina Virginia Tech shooting Great Recession Killing of Osama bin Laden 2012 Benghazi attack Rise in mass shootings Tucson Aurora Sandy Hook Orlando Hurricane Sandy Black Lives Matter Obergefell v. Hodges 2016–present 2016 presidential election Trumpism Unite the Right rally Continued rise in mass shootings Las Vegas Parkland El Paso Uvalde 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season Harvey Irma Maria COVID-19 pandemic recession George Floyd protests Murder Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election January 6 attack Afghanistan withdrawal Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Support of Ukraine 2023 labor strikes 2023 banking crisis Indictments of Donald Trump Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania 2025 shootings of Minnesota legislators Assassination of Charlie Kirk Pre-Colonial Geological Pre-Columbian era Geological Pre-Columbian era Colonial Exploration of North America European colonization Native American epidemics Settlement of Jamestown Thirteen Colonies Atlantic slave trade King William's War Queen Anne's War Dummer's War First Great Awakening War of Jenkins' Ear King George's War Prelude to Revolution American Enlightenment French and Indian War Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act Stamp Act Congress Sons of Liberty Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts First Continental Congress Continental Association Exploration of North America European colonization Native American epidemics Settlement of Jamestown Thirteen Colonies Atlantic slave trade King William's War Queen Anne's War Dummer's War First Great Awakening War of Jenkins' Ear King George's War Prelude to Revolution American Enlightenment French and Indian War Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act Stamp Act Congress Sons of Liberty Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts First Continental Congress Continental Association American Enlightenment French and Indian War Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act Stamp Act Congress Sons of Liberty Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts First Continental Congress Continental Association 1776–1789 American Revolution War Second Continental Congress Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Treaty of Paris Confederation period Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Pennsylvania Mutiny Shays' Rebellion Northwest Ordinance Drafting and ratification of the Constitution American Revolution War Second Continental Congress Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Treaty of Paris War Second Continental Congress Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Treaty of Paris Confederation period Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Pennsylvania Mutiny Shays' Rebellion Northwest Ordinance Drafting and ratification of the Constitution Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Pennsylvania Mutiny Shays' Rebellion Northwest Ordinance Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 1789–1815 Bill of Rights Federalist Era Whiskey Rebellion Quasi-War Jeffersonian era Louisiana Purchase War of 1812 Bill of Rights Federalist Era Whiskey Rebellion Quasi-War Whiskey Rebellion Quasi-War Jeffersonian era Louisiana Purchase War of 1812 Louisiana Purchase War of 1812 1815–1849 Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Jacksonian era Trail of Tears Nat Turner's slave rebellion Nullification crisis Westward expansion Mexican–American War Seneca Falls Convention First Industrial Revolution Second Great Awakening Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Jacksonian era Trail of Tears Nat Turner's slave rebellion Nullification crisis Westward expansion Mexican–American War Seneca Falls Convention Trail of Tears Nat Turner's slave rebellion Nullification crisis Westward expansion Mexican–American War Seneca Falls Convention First Industrial Revolution Second Great Awakening 1849–1865 Antebellum Era California Gold Rush Greater Reconstruction Prelude to War Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Kansas–Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott decision Election of Lincoln Secession Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Antebellum Era California Gold Rush Greater Reconstruction Prelude to War Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Kansas–Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott decision Election of Lincoln Secession Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Kansas–Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas Dred Scott decision Election of Lincoln Secession Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 1865–1917 Reconstruction era Amendments First transcontinental railroad Ku Klux Klan Enforcement Acts Compromise of 1877 End Second Industrial Revolution Gilded Age The Gospel of Wealth Assassination of James A. Garfield Chinese Exclusion Act Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Haymarket affair Sherman Antitrust Act Progressive Era Spanish–American War Imperialism Assassination of William McKinley Square Deal Nadir of American race relations Reconstruction era Amendments First transcontinental railroad Ku Klux Klan Enforcement Acts Compromise of 1877 End Amendments First transcontinental railroad Ku Klux Klan Enforcement Acts Compromise of 1877 End Second Industrial Revolution Gilded Age The Gospel of Wealth Assassination of James A. Garfield Chinese Exclusion Act Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Haymarket affair Sherman Antitrust Act The Gospel of Wealth Assassination of James A. Garfield Chinese Exclusion Act Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Haymarket affair Sherman Antitrust Act Progressive Era Spanish–American War Imperialism Assassination of William McKinley Square Deal Spanish–American War Imperialism Assassination of William McKinley Square Deal Nadir of American race relations 1917–1945 World War I Paris Peace Conference First Red Scare Roaring Twenties Prohibition Women's suffrage Tulsa race massacre Second Klan Bath School disaster Harlem Renaissance Great Depression Wall Street crash of 1929 Dust Bowl New Deal World War II Pearl Harbor home front Manhattan Project Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki World War I Paris Peace Conference Paris Peace Conference First Red Scare Roaring Twenties Prohibition Women's suffrage Tulsa race massacre Second Klan Bath School disaster Harlem Renaissance Prohibition Women's suffrage Tulsa race massacre Second Klan Bath School disaster Harlem Renaissance Great Depression Wall Street crash of 1929 Dust Bowl New Deal Wall Street crash of 1929 Dust Bowl New Deal World War II Pearl Harbor home front Manhattan Project Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Pearl Harbor home front Manhattan Project Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945–1964 Strike wave of 1945–1946 Start of Cold War Truman Doctrine Early Cold War North Atlantic Treaty Korean War Ivy Mike McCarthyism Post-war boom Project Mercury Civil Rights Movement Early–mid Cold War Cuban Missile Crisis Assassination of John F. Kennedy Strike wave of 1945–1946 Start of Cold War Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine Early Cold War North Atlantic Treaty Korean War Ivy Mike McCarthyism North Atlantic Treaty Korean War Ivy Mike McCarthyism Post-war boom Project Mercury Civil Rights Movement Early–mid Cold War Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis Assassination of John F. Kennedy 1964–1980 Great Society Space Race Project Gemini Apollo program Mid Cold War Détente Vietnam War Fall of Saigon Assassination of Malcolm X Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy Counterculture Second-wave feminism Gay liberation Stonewall riots Kent State massacre Roe v. Wade Watergate scandal Pardon of Richard Nixon Assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk Iran hostage crisis Moral Majority Great Society Space Race Project Gemini Apollo program Project Gemini Apollo program Mid Cold War Détente Vietnam War Fall of Saigon Détente Vietnam War Fall of Saigon Assassination of Malcolm X Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy Counterculture Second-wave feminism Gay liberation Stonewall riots Stonewall riots Kent State massacre Roe v. Wade Watergate scandal Pardon of Richard Nixon Assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk Iran hostage crisis Moral Majority 1980–1991 Reagan era Presidential elections 1980 1984 1988 Reaganomics Iran–Contra affair Crack epidemic Late Cold War Invasion of Grenada Reagan Doctrine End of the Cold War Space Shuttle program War on drugs Invasion of Panama Reagan era Presidential elections 1980 1984 1988 Reaganomics Iran–Contra affair Presidential elections 1980 1984 1988 1980 1984 1988 Reaganomics Iran–Contra affair Crack epidemic Late Cold War Invasion of Grenada Reagan Doctrine End of the Cold War Invasion of Grenada Reagan Doctrine End of the Cold War Space Shuttle program War on drugs Invasion of Panama 1991–2016 Gulf War NAFTA Los Angeles riots WTC bombing Waco siege Republican Revolution Oklahoma City bombing Columbine Bush v. Gore September 11 attacks War on terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season Hurricane Katrina Virginia Tech shooting Great Recession Killing of Osama bin Laden 2012 Benghazi attack Rise in mass shootings Tucson Aurora Sandy Hook Orlando Hurricane Sandy Black Lives Matter Obergefell v. Hodges Gulf War NAFTA Los Angeles riots WTC bombing Waco siege Republican Revolution Oklahoma City bombing Columbine Bush v. Gore September 11 attacks War on terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in Afghanistan Iraq War 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina Virginia Tech shooting Great Recession Killing of Osama bin Laden 2012 Benghazi attack Rise in mass shootings Tucson Aurora Sandy Hook Orlando Tucson Aurora Sandy Hook Orlando Hurricane Sandy Black Lives Matter Obergefell v. Hodges 2016–present 2016 presidential election Trumpism Unite the Right rally Continued rise in mass shootings Las Vegas Parkland El Paso Uvalde 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season Harvey Irma Maria COVID-19 pandemic recession George Floyd protests Murder Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election January 6 attack Afghanistan withdrawal Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Support of Ukraine 2023 labor strikes 2023 banking crisis Indictments of Donald Trump Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania 2025 shootings of Minnesota legislators Assassination of Charlie Kirk 2016 presidential election Trumpism Unite the Right rally Continued rise in mass shootings Las Vegas Parkland El Paso Uvalde Las Vegas Parkland El Paso Uvalde 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season Harvey Irma Maria Harvey Irma Maria COVID-19 pandemic recession recession George Floyd protests Murder Murder Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election January 6 attack January 6 attack Afghanistan withdrawal Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization Support of Ukraine 2023 labor strikes 2023 banking crisis Indictments of Donald Trump Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania 2025 shootings of Minnesota legislators Assassination of Charlie Kirk Topics American Century Antisemitism Cultural Cinema Music Newspapers Sports Demography Immigration Economy Banking Education Higher education Flag Government Abortion Capital punishment Civil Rights Corruption The Constitution Debt ceiling Direct democracy Foreign policy Law enforcement Postal service Taxation Voting rights Journalism Merchant Marine Military Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard Party Systems First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Religion Genocide Slavery Sexual slavery Technology and industry Agriculture Labor Lumber Medicine Railway Topics American Century Antisemitism Cultural Cinema Music Newspapers Sports Demography Immigration Economy Banking Education Higher education Flag Government 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Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Cities Urban history Cities Territorial evolution Admission to the Union Historical regions American frontier Manifest destiny Indian removal Admission to the Union Historical regions American frontier Manifest destiny Indian removal Regions New England The South The West Coast New England The South The West Coast States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal District Washington, D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Cities Urban history Cities Urban history Cities List of years Historiography Category Portal List of years Historiography Category Portal v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Asia v t e South Asia India Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) Religious violence in India Pakistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) Religious violence in Pakistan Sri Lanka JVP insurrection (1971) Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009) JVP insurrection (1987–1989) Others Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) Operation All Clear India Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) Religious violence in India Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) Religious violence in India Pakistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) Religious violence in Pakistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) Kargil War (1999) Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present) Religious violence in Pakistan Sri Lanka JVP insurrection (1971) Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009) JVP insurrection (1987–1989) JVP insurrection (1971) Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009) JVP insurrection (1987–1989) Others Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) Operation All Clear Maldives political crisis (2011–2013) Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) Operation All Clear East Asia China and Taiwan First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954–1955) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995–1996) Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis (2022–present) Korea (North and South) Korean conflict Maritime border incidents 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 2017–2018 crisis China and Taiwan First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954–1955) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995–1996) Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis (2022–present) First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1954–1955) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1995–1996) Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis (2022–present) Korea (North and South) Korean conflict Maritime border incidents 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 2017–2018 crisis Korean conflict Maritime border incidents 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 2017–2018 crisis Maritime border incidents 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 2017–2018 crisis Southeast Asia Cambodia Cambodian conflict (1979–1998) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict Indonesia Papua conflict (1962–present) Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) Myanmar Myanmar conflict (1948–present) Karen conflict Kachin conflict Rohingya conflict Civil war (2021–present) Philippines Moro Conflict (1968-2019) ISIL Insurgency (2014-present) New People's army conflict (1969-present) Thailand Southern Thailand insurgency (2004–present) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict East Timor Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide 1999 crisis 2006 crisis Others FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 2013 Lahad Datu standoff Cambodia Cambodian conflict (1979–1998) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict Cambodian conflict (1979–1998) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict Indonesia Papua conflict (1962–present) Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) Papua conflict (1962–present) Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide East Timor genocide Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) Myanmar Myanmar conflict (1948–present) Karen conflict Kachin conflict Rohingya conflict Civil war (2021–present) Myanmar conflict (1948–present) Karen conflict Kachin conflict Rohingya conflict Civil war (2021–present) Karen conflict Kachin conflict Rohingya conflict Civil war (2021–present) Philippines Moro Conflict (1968-2019) ISIL Insurgency (2014-present) New People's army conflict (1969-present) Moro Conflict (1968-2019) ISIL Insurgency (2014-present) New People's army conflict (1969-present) Thailand Southern Thailand insurgency (2004–present) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict Southern Thailand insurgency (2004–present) Cambodian–Thai border 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict 2008–2013 crisis 2025 conflict East Timor Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide 1999 crisis 2006 crisis Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) East Timor genocide East Timor genocide 1999 crisis 2006 crisis Others FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 2013 Lahad Datu standoff FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 2013 Lahad Datu standoff Central Asia Afghanistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Afghan conflict Civil War 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–2001 2001–2021 War Republican insurgency Kazakhstan Ethnic conflicts Kyrgyzstan 1990 Osh clashes 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes Tajikistan Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) Uzbekistan Fergana massacre (1989) Andijan massacre (2005) Afghanistan Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Afghan conflict Civil War 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–2001 2001–2021 War Republican insurgency Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes Afghan conflict Civil War 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–2001 2001–2021 War Republican insurgency Civil War 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–2001 1989–1992 1992–1996 1996–2001 2001–2021 War Republican insurgency Kazakhstan Ethnic conflicts Ethnic conflicts Kyrgyzstan 1990 Osh clashes 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes 1990 Osh clashes 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes Tajikistan Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) Uzbekistan Fergana massacre (1989) Andijan massacre (2005) Fergana massacre (1989) Andijan massacre (2005) West Asia Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Bahrain Bahraini uprising (2011) Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) Western Iran clashes (2016–present) Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) South Lebanon (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) Iraq Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 Iraqi conflict Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) ISIL insurgency (2017–present) Israel Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Lebanon South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) Lebanon conflict (2008) Palestine Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) Saudi Arabia Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Qatif conflict Syria Syrian Civil War (2011–present) Regional spillover Turkey Maoist insurgency DHKP/C insurgency Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–ISIL conflict Yemen Civil war (1994) al-Qaeda (1998–2015) Houthi (2004–2015) South Yemen (2009–2015) Yemeni crisis (2011–present) Houthi takeover (2014–2015) Civil War (2014–present) Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War First War 2016 conflict Second War Bahrain Bahraini uprising (2011) Bahraini uprising (2011) Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) Western Iran clashes (2016–present) Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) South Lebanon (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) Kurdish separatism in Iran KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) Western Iran clashes (2016–present) KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) Western Iran clashes (2016–present) Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) South Lebanon (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Syrian arena (2012–2024) South Lebanon (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) Iraq Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 Iraqi conflict Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) ISIL insurgency (2017–present) Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003) Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997 Iraqi conflict Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) ISIL insurgency (2017–present) Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) ISIL insurgency (2017–present) Israel Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Iran–Israel (1985–present) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Syrian arena (2012–2024) Lebanon South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) Lebanon conflict (2008) South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) Lebanon War (2006) Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007) Lebanon conflict (2008) Palestine Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) Second Intifada (2000–2005) Gaza–Israel (2006–present) Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) Saudi Arabia Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Qatif conflict Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present) Qatif conflict Qatif conflict Syria Syrian Civil War (2011–present) Regional spillover Syrian Civil War (2011–present) Regional spillover Regional spillover Turkey Maoist insurgency DHKP/C insurgency Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–ISIL conflict Maoist insurgency DHKP/C insurgency Kurdish–Turkish conflict Turkey–ISIL conflict Yemen Civil war (1994) al-Qaeda (1998–2015) Houthi (2004–2015) South Yemen (2009–2015) Yemeni crisis (2011–present) Houthi takeover (2014–2015) Civil War (2014–present) Civil war (1994) al-Qaeda (1998–2015) Houthi (2004–2015) South Yemen (2009–2015) Yemeni crisis (2011–present) Houthi takeover (2014–2015) Civil War (2014–present) Houthi takeover (2014–2015) Civil War (2014–present) Inter-continental conflict Sinai insurgency (2011–2023) Sinai insurgency (2011–2023) Related topics War on terror Operation Inherent Resolve Arab Spring Arab Winter Asian Spring Colour revolutions War on terror Operation Inherent Resolve Arab Spring Arab Winter Asian Spring Colour revolutions v t e Islamic State v t e Names of the Islamic State History Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004) Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2003-2006) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006) Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004-2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014) Islamic State (2014–present) Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004) Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2003-2006) Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006) Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004-2006) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006–2013) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–2014) Islamic State (2014–present) Timelines 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Members and Leaders Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu Hudhayfah al-Ansari Abdul Qadir Mumin Abu Yusaf Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi Abu Habib al-Libi Abu Jandal al-Masri Bajro Ikanović Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani Fatiha Mejjati Ahlam al-Nasr Issam Abuanza Musa Baluku Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi Zulfi Hoxha Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu Hudhayfah al-Ansari Abdul Qadir Mumin Abu Yusaf Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi Abu Habib al-Libi Abu Jandal al-Masri Bajro Ikanović Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani Fatiha Mejjati Ahlam al-Nasr Issam Abuanza Musa Baluku Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi Zulfi Hoxha Captured, KIA , and targeted Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi Abu Ahmad al-Alwani Haji Bakr Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi Abdul Rauf Aliza Abu Sayyaf Ali Awni al-Harzi Tariq al-Harzi Abu Khattab al-Tunisi Maher Meshaal Abu Muslim al-Turkmani Abu Saleh Mohammed Emwazi Abu Nabil al-Anbari Abu Ali al-Anbari Abu Waheeb Ali Aswad al-Jiburi Abu Omar al-Shishani El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib Abu Mohammad al-Adnani Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Abu Muhammad al-Furqan André Poulin Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti Abu Bilal al-Harbi Ahmad Abousamra Turki al-Binali Tareq Kamleh Lavdrim Muhaxheri Abu Osama al-Masri Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir Abu Muhammad al-Shimali Gulmurod Khalimov Abdul Nasser Qardash (captured) Abu Yasser al-Issawi Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Yusuf al-Hindi Abu Omar al-Muhajir (captured) Othman al-Nazih Jamal Udeen Al-Harith Aine Davis (captured) Alexanda Kotey (captured) El Shafee Elsheikh (captured) Denis Cuspert Abdelhamid Abaaoud Boubaker El Hakim Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi Abu Ahmad al-Alwani Haji Bakr Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi Abdul Rauf Aliza Abu Sayyaf Ali Awni al-Harzi Tariq al-Harzi Abu Khattab al-Tunisi Maher Meshaal Abu Muslim al-Turkmani Abu Saleh Mohammed Emwazi Abu Nabil al-Anbari Abu Ali al-Anbari Abu Waheeb Ali Aswad al-Jiburi Abu Omar al-Shishani El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib Abu Mohammad al-Adnani Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Abu Muhammad al-Furqan André Poulin Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti Abu Bilal al-Harbi Ahmad Abousamra Turki al-Binali Tareq Kamleh Lavdrim Muhaxheri Abu Osama al-Masri Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir Abu Muhammad al-Shimali Gulmurod Khalimov Abdul Nasser Qardash (captured) Abu Yasser al-Issawi Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi Yusuf al-Hindi Abu Omar al-Muhajir (captured) Othman al-Nazih Jamal Udeen Al-Harith Aine Davis (captured) Alexanda Kotey (captured) El Shafee Elsheikh (captured) Denis Cuspert Abdelhamid Abaaoud Boubaker El Hakim Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Locations "Provinces" Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan) Libyan Provinces (Libya) Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia) Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt) Algeria Province (Algeria) Yemen Province (Yemen) Abnaa ul-Khilafah (Somalia and Somaliland) Bengal Province (Bangladesh) Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali) (2015–2016) West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger) Central Africa Province (DR Congo, Tanzania and Uganda) Sahel Province (Mali, Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso) Hind Province (India) Tunisia Province Pakistan Province (Pakistan) Turkey Province (Turkey) Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan) Philippines Province (Philippines) Mozambique Province (Mozambique) Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria) (2016–2018) Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza) Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) (2014–2024) Ansar Khalifa (Philippines) (2014–2021) Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil) (2016–2018) East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia) (2014–2022) Egypt Province Other locations Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir) Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan) Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain) Lebanon Province Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium) Australia| Timeline "Provinces" Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan) Libyan Provinces (Libya) Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia) Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt) Algeria Province (Algeria) Yemen Province (Yemen) Abnaa ul-Khilafah (Somalia and Somaliland) Bengal Province (Bangladesh) Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali) (2015–2016) West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger) Central Africa Province (DR Congo, Tanzania and Uganda) Sahel Province (Mali, Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso) Hind Province (India) Tunisia Province Pakistan Province (Pakistan) Turkey Province (Turkey) Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan) Philippines Province (Philippines) Mozambique Province (Mozambique) Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria) (2016–2018) Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza) Abu Sayyaf (Philippines) (2014–2024) Ansar Khalifa (Philippines) (2014–2021) Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil) (2016–2018) East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia) (2014–2022) Egypt Province Other locations Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir) Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan) Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain) Lebanon Province Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium) Australia| Timeline Timeline Relations Iran and the Islamic State Philippines and the Islamic State United Kingdom and the Islamic State Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State Foreign fighters Name changes due to the Islamic State Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party Iran and the Islamic State Philippines and the Islamic State United Kingdom and the Islamic State Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State Foreign fighters Name changes due to the Islamic State Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party Wars War on terror Iraq War Insurgency (2003–2011) Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) Insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Insurgency (2017–present) Syrian civil war Spillover Spillover in Lebanon Opposition–Islamic State conflict Sinai insurgency Second Libyan Civil War Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mozambique Islamist insurgency in the Sahel Mali War War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Conflict with Taliban Moro conflict (1968–2019) al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Boko Haram insurgency Military intervention against IS US intervention in Iraq US intervention in Syria Russian intervention in Syria Turkish operation Somalia War on terror Iraq War Insurgency (2003–2011) Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) Insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Insurgency (2017–present) Insurgency (2003–2011) Iraqi civil war (2006–2008) Insurgency (2011–2013) War in Iraq (2013–2017) Insurgency (2017–present) Syrian civil war Spillover Spillover in Lebanon Opposition–Islamic State conflict Spillover Spillover in Lebanon Opposition–Islamic State conflict Sinai insurgency Second Libyan Civil War Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Mozambique Islamist insurgency in the Sahel Mali War Mali War War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Conflict with Taliban Conflict with Taliban Moro conflict (1968–2019) al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Boko Haram insurgency Military intervention against IS US intervention in Iraq US intervention in Syria Russian intervention in Syria Turkish operation US intervention in Iraq US intervention in Syria Russian intervention in Syria Turkish operation Somalia Battles 2013 Akashat Hawija Raqqa Al-Shabah Ras al-Ayn Tell Abyad Latakia Menagh Sidi Ali Ben Aoun Sadad Qalamoun Aleppo Al-Yaarubiyah Tell Hamis and Tell Brak Anbar 2014 Fallujah N Aleppo Markada N Iraq (Jun) Mosul Salahuddin Baiji (Jun) Tikrit N Iraq (Aug) Kobanî Sinjar (Aug) Derna Ramadi Deir ez-Zor Baiji (14–15) Sinjar (Dec) Zumar Amirli 2015 Nofaliya W Africa Egyptian airstrikes in Libya Niger raid E al-Hasakah Tikrit Sirte Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr) Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Yarmouk Qalamoun Palmyra (May) W al-Hasakah Al-Hasakah city Tell Abyad Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Al-Hasakah Kobani Palmyra (Jul–Aug) Ramadi (15–16) Al-Qaryatayn Al-Hawl Homs (Nov–Dec) Sinjar E Aleppo (15–16) Niveneh Plains Tishrin Dam 2016 Deir ez-Zor (Jan) Fallujah (Feb–May) Nangarhar Ben Guerdane Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi Khanasir Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr) Palmyra (Mar) N Aleppo (Mar–Jun) Hīt Tipo-Tipo Sirte Ar-Rutbah N Raqqa Fallujah (May–Jun) Manbij Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun) Abu Kamal al-Rai (Aug) N al-Bab (Sep) W al-Bab (Sep) Dabiq W al-Bab (Oct–Nov) Al-Bab Aleppo Palmyra 2017 Mosul (16–17) Raqqa (16–17) Palmyra Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb) E Aleppo (Jan–Apr) E Homs Hama W Nineveh Tabqa Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17) Syrian Desert (May–Jul) Maskanah Marawi Raqqa S Raqqa C Syria Tal Afar Deir ez-Zor (17–19) Hawija E Syria (Sep–Dec) NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18) Abu Kamal W Iraq 2018 As-Suwayda (Jun) S Syria As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov) 2019 Hajin Baghuz Fawqani Barisha raid 2020 Chinagodrar Danag Mocímboa da Praia Al Bayda 2021 Tessit Palma Sambisa Dangarous 2022 Al-Hasakah Atme raid Andéramboukane Talataye 2023 Falagountou Tin-Akoff Battles 2013 Akashat Hawija Raqqa Al-Shabah Ras al-Ayn Tell Abyad Latakia Menagh Sidi Ali Ben Aoun Sadad Qalamoun Aleppo Al-Yaarubiyah Tell Hamis and Tell Brak Anbar Akashat Hawija Raqqa Al-Shabah Ras al-Ayn Tell Abyad Latakia Menagh Sidi Ali Ben Aoun Sadad Qalamoun Aleppo Al-Yaarubiyah Tell Hamis and Tell Brak Anbar 2014 Fallujah N Aleppo Markada N Iraq (Jun) Mosul Salahuddin Baiji (Jun) Tikrit N Iraq (Aug) Kobanî Sinjar (Aug) Derna Ramadi Deir ez-Zor Baiji (14–15) Sinjar (Dec) Zumar Amirli Fallujah N Aleppo Markada N Iraq (Jun) Mosul Salahuddin Baiji (Jun) Tikrit N Iraq (Aug) Kobanî Sinjar (Aug) Derna Ramadi Deir ez-Zor Baiji (14–15) Sinjar (Dec) Zumar Amirli 2015 Nofaliya W Africa Egyptian airstrikes in Libya Niger raid E al-Hasakah Tikrit Sirte Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr) Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Yarmouk Qalamoun Palmyra (May) W al-Hasakah Al-Hasakah city Tell Abyad Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Al-Hasakah Kobani Palmyra (Jul–Aug) Ramadi (15–16) Al-Qaryatayn Al-Hawl Homs (Nov–Dec) Sinjar E Aleppo (15–16) Niveneh Plains Tishrin Dam Nofaliya W Africa Egyptian airstrikes in Libya Niger raid E al-Hasakah Tikrit Sirte Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr) Sarrin (Mar–Apr) Yarmouk Qalamoun Palmyra (May) W al-Hasakah Al-Hasakah city Tell Abyad Sarrin (Jun–Jul) Al-Hasakah Kobani Palmyra (Jul–Aug) Ramadi (15–16) Al-Qaryatayn Al-Hawl Homs (Nov–Dec) Sinjar E Aleppo (15–16) Niveneh Plains Tishrin Dam 2016 Deir ez-Zor (Jan) Fallujah (Feb–May) Nangarhar Ben Guerdane Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi Khanasir Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr) Palmyra (Mar) N Aleppo (Mar–Jun) Hīt Tipo-Tipo Sirte Ar-Rutbah N Raqqa Fallujah (May–Jun) Manbij Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun) Abu Kamal al-Rai (Aug) N al-Bab (Sep) W al-Bab (Sep) Dabiq W al-Bab (Oct–Nov) Al-Bab Aleppo Palmyra Deir ez-Zor (Jan) Fallujah (Feb–May) Nangarhar Ben Guerdane Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar) Al-Shaddadi Khanasir Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr) Palmyra (Mar) N Aleppo (Mar–Jun) Hīt Tipo-Tipo Sirte Ar-Rutbah N Raqqa Fallujah (May–Jun) Manbij Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun) Abu Kamal al-Rai (Aug) N al-Bab (Sep) W al-Bab (Sep) Dabiq W al-Bab (Oct–Nov) Al-Bab Aleppo Palmyra 2017 Mosul (16–17) Raqqa (16–17) Palmyra Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb) E Aleppo (Jan–Apr) E Homs Hama W Nineveh Tabqa Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17) Syrian Desert (May–Jul) Maskanah Marawi Raqqa S Raqqa C Syria Tal Afar Deir ez-Zor (17–19) Hawija E Syria (Sep–Dec) NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18) Abu Kamal W Iraq Mosul (16–17) Raqqa (16–17) Palmyra Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb) E Aleppo (Jan–Apr) E Homs Hama W Nineveh Tabqa Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17) Syrian Desert (May–Jul) Maskanah Marawi Raqqa S Raqqa C Syria Tal Afar Deir ez-Zor (17–19) Hawija E Syria (Sep–Dec) NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18) Abu Kamal W Iraq 2018 As-Suwayda (Jun) S Syria As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov) As-Suwayda (Jun) S Syria As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov) 2019 Hajin Baghuz Fawqani Barisha raid Hajin Baghuz Fawqani Barisha raid 2020 Chinagodrar Danag Mocímboa da Praia Al Bayda Chinagodrar Danag Mocímboa da Praia Al Bayda 2021 Tessit Palma Sambisa Dangarous Tessit Palma Sambisa Dangarous 2022 Al-Hasakah Atme raid Andéramboukane Talataye Al-Hasakah Atme raid Andéramboukane Talataye 2023 Falagountou Tin-Akoff Falagountou Tin-Akoff Attacks 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (May) Badush prison massacre (Jun) Camp Speicher massacre (Jun) Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming (Oct) 2015 Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (Jan) Corinthia Hotel (Jan) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Beheading of Copts in Libya (Feb) Al Qubbah bombings (Feb) Bardo National Museum (Mar) Sanaa bombings (Mar) Jalalabad bombing (Apr) Killing of Christian migrants in Libya (Apr) Curtis Culwell Center (May) Qatif & Dammam bombings (May) 26 June Kobanî massacre Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (Jun) Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse Khan Bani Saad bombing (Jul) Suruç bombing Baghdad bombing (Aug) Sanaa bombing (Sep) Ankara bombings Saihat shooting Metrojet Flight 9268 Beirut bombings (Nov) Paris (Nov) Tunis bombing (Nov) San Bernardino (Dec) Qamishli bombings (Dec) 2016 Zliten truck bombing Hurghada (Jan) Baghdad–Miqdadiyah attacks (Jan) Istanbul bombing (Jan) Jakarta (Jan) Ramadi bombing (Jan) Mahasin mosque Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan) Mosul massacre Dikwa bombings (Feb) Homs bombings (Feb) Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Istanbul bombing (Mar) Brussels bombings Aden bombing Iskandariya bombing Baghdad bombing (Apr) Samawa bombing Gaziantep bombing (May) Baghdad bombings (11 May) Real Madrid fan club massacres Baghdad gas plant Yemen police bombings (15 May) Baghdad bombings (17 May) Jableh & Tartous bombings (May) Yemen bombings (23 May) Aktobe shootings Pulse nightclub shooting Magnanville stabbing Mukalla (Jun) Movida Bar Atatürk Airport Dhaka (Jul) Karrada bombing Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum Nice truck Würzburg train Kabul bombing (Jul) Ansbach bombing Normandy church Qamishli bombings (Jul) Charleroi stabbing Shchelkovo Highway police station Aden bombing (Aug) Syria bombings (5 Sep) Baghdad bombings (9 Sep) Baghdad bombings (Oct) Quetta police college Hamam al-Alil massacre Khuzdar bombing Samarinda bombing Hillah bombing (Nov) Aden bombings (Dec) Botroseya bombing Al-Karak Berlin truck Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin Baghdad bombings (Dec) 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting Baghdad bombings (2 Jan) Azaz bombing (Jan) Sehwan bombing Kabul (Mar) Westminster St Petersburg Metro bombing Egypt church bombings Mastung bombing Manchester Arena bombing Jakarta bombings Minya Al-Faqma bombing London Bridge Brighton siege Tehran Pakistan attacks (Jun) Hurghada Quetta bombing (Aug) Barcelona Brussels (Aug) Nasiriyah Afghanistan (20 Oct) New York City truck Sinai mosque Kabul bombing (28 Dec) Saint Menas church 2018 Baghdad bombings Save The Children Jalalabad Kizlyar church shooting Kabul bombing (Mar) Carcasonne & Trèbes Kabul bombing (22 Apr) Kabul bombings (30 Apr) Tripoli Mako Brimob standoff Paris knife Surabaya bombings Liège Jalalabad bombing (Jul) Mastung & Bannu bombings Quetta bombing As-Suwayda Tajikistan attack Kabul (Sep) Ahvaz military parade Minya bus Melbourne stabbing Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings Sri Lanka Easter bombings Sainthamaruthu shootout Kabul bombing (17 Aug) 2020 Kabul shooting (6 Mar) Kabul gurdwara Xitaxi Afghanistan (May) Jalalabad prison Jolo bombings Kabul University Vienna Afghanistan (Dec) 2021 Machh January Baghdad bombings Kabul school bombing Kabul airport Kunduz bombing Kandahar bombing Kampala bombings Kabul hospital 2022 Diyala massacre Peshawar mosque Hadera shooting Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings Bourasso and Namissiguima Kuje prison break 5 August Kabul bombing August Kabul mosque bombing Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul Shah Cheragh Kabul hotel 2023 Kabul airport bombing Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing Al-Sukhnah Hama Khar bombing Arras school stabbing Pul-i-Khumri bombing Brussels shooting Kabul bombing (Nov) Paris Mindanao State University bombing 2024 Kerman bombings Istanbul church shooting Balochistan bombings Sibi bombing Mucojo attack Karabulak clash Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing Tillabéri attack Crocus City Hall attack 2024 Guzara Attack 2024 Bamyan shooting 2024 Beirut US embassy shooting Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis 2024 Dagestan attacks 2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade 2024 Muscat mosque shooting 2024 Kabul bus bombing Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis 2024 Solingen stabbing 2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing 2024 Afghanistan bus shooting 2025 2025 New Orleans truck attack Malam-Fatori Suicide Bombing Kasanga massacre 2025 Villach stabbing attack 2025 Darul Uloom Haqqania bombing Fambita mosque attack 2025 Southern Syria bombings 2025 Balçova police station shooting December 2025 Palmyra attack 2025 Bondi Beach shooting Attacks 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (May) Badush prison massacre (Jun) Camp Speicher massacre (Jun) Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming (Oct) Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting (May) Badush prison massacre (Jun) Camp Speicher massacre (Jun) Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming (Oct) 2015 Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (Jan) Corinthia Hotel (Jan) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Beheading of Copts in Libya (Feb) Al Qubbah bombings (Feb) Bardo National Museum (Mar) Sanaa bombings (Mar) Jalalabad bombing (Apr) Killing of Christian migrants in Libya (Apr) Curtis Culwell Center (May) Qatif & Dammam bombings (May) 26 June Kobanî massacre Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (Jun) Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse Khan Bani Saad bombing (Jul) Suruç bombing Baghdad bombing (Aug) Sanaa bombing (Sep) Ankara bombings Saihat shooting Metrojet Flight 9268 Beirut bombings (Nov) Paris (Nov) Tunis bombing (Nov) San Bernardino (Dec) Qamishli bombings (Dec) Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege (Jan) Corinthia Hotel (Jan) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Beheading of Copts in Libya (Feb) Al Qubbah bombings (Feb) Bardo National Museum (Mar) Sanaa bombings (Mar) Jalalabad bombing (Apr) Killing of Christian migrants in Libya (Apr) Curtis Culwell Center (May) Qatif & Dammam bombings (May) 26 June Kobanî massacre Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (Jun) Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse Kobanî massacre Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (Jun) Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse Khan Bani Saad bombing (Jul) Suruç bombing Baghdad bombing (Aug) Sanaa bombing (Sep) Ankara bombings Saihat shooting Metrojet Flight 9268 Beirut bombings (Nov) Paris (Nov) Tunis bombing (Nov) San Bernardino (Dec) Qamishli bombings (Dec) 2016 Zliten truck bombing Hurghada (Jan) Baghdad–Miqdadiyah attacks (Jan) Istanbul bombing (Jan) Jakarta (Jan) Ramadi bombing (Jan) Mahasin mosque Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan) Mosul massacre Dikwa bombings (Feb) Homs bombings (Feb) Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Istanbul bombing (Mar) Brussels bombings Aden bombing Iskandariya bombing Baghdad bombing (Apr) Samawa bombing Gaziantep bombing (May) Baghdad bombings (11 May) Real Madrid fan club massacres Baghdad gas plant Yemen police bombings (15 May) Baghdad bombings (17 May) Jableh & Tartous bombings (May) Yemen bombings (23 May) Aktobe shootings Pulse nightclub shooting Magnanville stabbing Mukalla (Jun) Movida Bar Atatürk Airport Dhaka (Jul) Karrada bombing Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum Nice truck Würzburg train Kabul bombing (Jul) Ansbach bombing Normandy church Qamishli bombings (Jul) Charleroi stabbing Shchelkovo Highway police station Aden bombing (Aug) Syria bombings (5 Sep) Baghdad bombings (9 Sep) Baghdad bombings (Oct) Quetta police college Hamam al-Alil massacre Khuzdar bombing Samarinda bombing Hillah bombing (Nov) Aden bombings (Dec) Botroseya bombing Al-Karak Berlin truck Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin Baghdad bombings (Dec) Zliten truck bombing Hurghada (Jan) Baghdad–Miqdadiyah attacks (Jan) Istanbul bombing (Jan) Jakarta (Jan) Ramadi bombing (Jan) Mahasin mosque Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan) Mosul massacre Dikwa bombings (Feb) Homs bombings (Feb) Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb) Baghdad bombings (Feb) Istanbul bombing (Mar) Brussels bombings Aden bombing Iskandariya bombing Baghdad bombing (Apr) Samawa bombing Gaziantep bombing (May) Baghdad bombings (11 May) Real Madrid fan club massacres Baghdad gas plant Yemen police bombings (15 May) Baghdad bombings (17 May) Jableh & Tartous bombings (May) Yemen bombings (23 May) Aktobe shootings Pulse nightclub shooting Magnanville stabbing Mukalla (Jun) Movida Bar Atatürk Airport Dhaka (Jul) Karrada bombing Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum Nice truck Würzburg train Kabul bombing (Jul) Ansbach bombing Normandy church Qamishli bombings (Jul) Charleroi stabbing Shchelkovo Highway police station Aden bombing (Aug) Syria bombings (5 Sep) Baghdad bombings (9 Sep) Baghdad bombings (Oct) Quetta police college Hamam al-Alil massacre Khuzdar bombing Samarinda bombing Hillah bombing (Nov) Aden bombings (Dec) Botroseya bombing Al-Karak Berlin truck Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin Baghdad bombings (Dec) 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting Baghdad bombings (2 Jan) Azaz bombing (Jan) Sehwan bombing Kabul (Mar) Westminster St Petersburg Metro bombing Egypt church bombings Mastung bombing Manchester Arena bombing Jakarta bombings Minya Al-Faqma bombing London Bridge Brighton siege Tehran Pakistan attacks (Jun) Hurghada Quetta bombing (Aug) Barcelona Brussels (Aug) Nasiriyah Afghanistan (20 Oct) New York City truck Sinai mosque Kabul bombing (28 Dec) Saint Menas church Istanbul nightclub shooting Baghdad bombings (2 Jan) Azaz bombing (Jan) Sehwan bombing Kabul (Mar) Westminster St Petersburg Metro bombing Egypt church bombings Mastung bombing Manchester Arena bombing Jakarta bombings Minya Al-Faqma bombing London Bridge Brighton siege Tehran Pakistan attacks (Jun) Hurghada Quetta bombing (Aug) Barcelona Brussels (Aug) Nasiriyah Afghanistan (20 Oct) New York City truck Sinai mosque Kabul bombing (28 Dec) Saint Menas church 2018 Baghdad bombings Save The Children Jalalabad Kizlyar church shooting Kabul bombing (Mar) Carcasonne & Trèbes Kabul bombing (22 Apr) Kabul bombings (30 Apr) Tripoli Mako Brimob standoff Paris knife Surabaya bombings Liège Jalalabad bombing (Jul) Mastung & Bannu bombings Quetta bombing As-Suwayda Tajikistan attack Kabul (Sep) Ahvaz military parade Minya bus Melbourne stabbing Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland Baghdad bombings Save The Children Jalalabad Kizlyar church shooting Kabul bombing (Mar) Carcasonne & Trèbes Kabul bombing (22 Apr) Kabul bombings (30 Apr) Tripoli Mako Brimob standoff Paris knife Surabaya bombings Liège Jalalabad bombing (Jul) Mastung & Bannu bombings Quetta bombing As-Suwayda Tajikistan attack Kabul (Sep) Ahvaz military parade Minya bus Melbourne stabbing Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings Sri Lanka Easter bombings Sainthamaruthu shootout Kabul bombing (17 Aug) Jolo Cathedral bombings Sri Lanka Easter bombings Sainthamaruthu shootout Kabul bombing (17 Aug) 2020 Kabul shooting (6 Mar) Kabul gurdwara Xitaxi Afghanistan (May) Jalalabad prison Jolo bombings Kabul University Vienna Afghanistan (Dec) Kabul shooting (6 Mar) Kabul gurdwara Xitaxi Afghanistan (May) Jalalabad prison Jolo bombings Kabul University Vienna Afghanistan (Dec) 2021 Machh January Baghdad bombings Kabul school bombing Kabul airport Kunduz bombing Kandahar bombing Kampala bombings Kabul hospital Machh January Baghdad bombings Kabul school bombing Kabul airport Kunduz bombing Kandahar bombing Kampala bombings Kabul hospital 2022 Diyala massacre Peshawar mosque Hadera shooting Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings Bourasso and Namissiguima Kuje prison break 5 August Kabul bombing August Kabul mosque bombing Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul Shah Cheragh Kabul hotel Diyala massacre Peshawar mosque Hadera shooting Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings Bourasso and Namissiguima Kuje prison break 5 August Kabul bombing August Kabul mosque bombing Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul Shah Cheragh Kabul hotel 2023 Kabul airport bombing Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing Al-Sukhnah Hama Khar bombing Arras school stabbing Pul-i-Khumri bombing Brussels shooting Kabul bombing (Nov) Paris Mindanao State University bombing Kabul airport bombing Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing Al-Sukhnah Hama Khar bombing Arras school stabbing Pul-i-Khumri bombing Brussels shooting Kabul bombing (Nov) Paris Mindanao State University bombing 2024 Kerman bombings Istanbul church shooting Balochistan bombings Sibi bombing Mucojo attack Karabulak clash Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing Tillabéri attack Crocus City Hall attack 2024 Guzara Attack 2024 Bamyan shooting 2024 Beirut US embassy shooting Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis 2024 Dagestan attacks 2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade 2024 Muscat mosque shooting 2024 Kabul bus bombing Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis 2024 Solingen stabbing 2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing 2024 Afghanistan bus shooting Kerman bombings Istanbul church shooting Balochistan bombings Sibi bombing Mucojo attack Karabulak clash Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing Tillabéri attack Crocus City Hall attack 2024 Guzara Attack 2024 Bamyan shooting 2024 Beirut US embassy shooting Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis 2024 Dagestan attacks 2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade 2024 Muscat mosque shooting 2024 Kabul bus bombing Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis 2024 Solingen stabbing 2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing 2024 Afghanistan bus shooting 2025 2025 New Orleans truck attack Malam-Fatori Suicide Bombing Kasanga massacre 2025 Villach stabbing attack 2025 Darul Uloom Haqqania bombing Fambita mosque attack 2025 Southern Syria bombings 2025 Balçova police station shooting December 2025 Palmyra attack 2025 Bondi Beach shooting 2025 New Orleans truck attack Malam-Fatori Suicide Bombing Kasanga massacre 2025 Villach stabbing attack 2025 Darul Uloom Haqqania bombing Fambita mosque attack 2025 Southern Syria bombings 2025 Balçova police station shooting December 2025 Palmyra attack 2025 Bondi Beach shooting Politics and structure Finances Education Ideology Medicare Military Armoured warfare Human rights Genocide of Christians Genocide of Shias Genocide of Yazidis Genocide of Turkmen Persecution of gay and bisexual men Killing of captives Beheading incidents Destruction of cultural heritage Occupation of Mosul Executions in Mosul Finances Education Ideology Medicare Military Armoured warfare Armoured warfare Human rights Genocide of Christians Genocide of Shias Genocide of Yazidis Genocide of Turkmen Persecution of gay and bisexual men Killing of captives Beheading incidents Destruction of cultural heritage Occupation of Mosul Executions in Mosul Executions in Mosul Society Members Terrorist cell in Brussels Territorial claims al-Barakah district Collaboration Members Terrorist cell in Brussels Terrorist cell in Brussels Territorial claims al-Barakah district al-Barakah district Collaboration Media A Second Message to America Al-Bayan Al-Fatihin Al-Furat Media Center Al-Hayat Media Center Al-I'tisam Media Foundation Al-Naba Al-Raud Amaq News Agency Dar al-Islam Dabiq Dawlat al-Islam Qamat Flames of War: The Fighting Has Just Begun Huroof I'lam foundation Istok Konstantiniyye Rumiyah Salil al-Sawarim The End of Sykes-Picot The Chosen Few of Different Lands Turkey and the Fire of Racism Voice of Khorasan A Second Message to America Al-Bayan Al-Fatihin Al-Furat Media Center Al-Hayat Media Center Al-I'tisam Media Foundation Al-Naba Al-Raud Amaq News Agency Dar al-Islam Dabiq Dawlat al-Islam Qamat Flames of War: The Fighting Has Just Begun Huroof I'lam foundation Istok Konstantiniyye Rumiyah Salil al-Sawarim The End of Sykes-Picot The Chosen Few of Different Lands Turkey and the Fire of Racism Voice of Khorasan Related topics Defeating ISIS The Islamic State (documentary) ISIS-chan Islamism Islam and democracy Islam and nationalism List of military equipment of ISIS Millenarianism Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency Shia–Sunni relations Slavery in 21st-century jihadism Theocracy Defeating ISIS The Islamic State (documentary) ISIS-chan Islamism Islam and democracy Islam and nationalism List of military equipment of ISIS Millenarianism Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency Shia–Sunni relations Slavery in 21st-century jihadism Theocracy v t e Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States v t e Listed chronologically Domestic Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries's Rebellion 1811 German Coast uprising Turner's Rebellion Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Harpers Ferry raid American Civil War New York City draft riots New Orleans Massacre of 1866 American Indian Wars Meridian race riot of 1871 Colfax Massacre Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Vicksburg riot Range War Hamburg riot Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Lincoln County War Colfax County War Rock Springs Riot Seattle riot of 1886 Johnson County War Coal Creek War 1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike Homestead strike Pullman Strike 1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation Colorado Coalfield War Red Summer Denver streetcar strike of 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain Tulsa riot Bonus Army 1943 Detroit race riot Puerto Rican revolts Ole Miss riot of 1962 1960s ghetto rebellions 1969 Greensboro uprising Occupation of Alcatraz Kent State shootings Wounded Knee Occupation 1992 Los Angeles riots 2020 racial unrest 2021 U.S. Capitol attack 2025 Los Angeles protests Shays' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries's Rebellion 1811 German Coast uprising Turner's Rebellion Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Harpers Ferry raid American Civil War New York City draft riots New Orleans Massacre of 1866 American Indian Wars Meridian race riot of 1871 Colfax Massacre Brooks–Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Vicksburg riot Range War Hamburg riot Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Lincoln County War Colfax County War Rock Springs Riot Seattle riot of 1886 Johnson County War Coal Creek War 1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike Homestead strike Pullman Strike 1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation Colorado Coalfield War Red Summer Denver streetcar strike of 1920 Battle of Blair Mountain Tulsa riot Bonus Army 1943 Detroit race riot Puerto Rican revolts Ole Miss riot of 1962 1960s ghetto rebellions 1969 Greensboro uprising Occupation of Alcatraz Kent State shootings Wounded Knee Occupation 1992 Los Angeles riots 2020 racial unrest 2021 U.S. Capitol attack 2025 Los Angeles protests Foreign American Revolutionary War American–Algerian War (1785–1795) Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition 1840 Fiji expedition Ivory Coast expedition Mexican–American War 1855 Fiji expedition Second Opium War 1858 Fiji expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish–American War Philippine–American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Bay of Pigs Invasion Vietnam War Dominican Civil War Iranian Revolution ( Operation Eagle Claw ) 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Taxonomy and etymology Toggle Taxonomy and etymology subsection 1.1 Phylogeny 1.1 Phylogeny 2 Characteristics 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior and ecology Toggle Behavior and ecology subsection 4.1 Diet 4.2 Predators and parasites 4.1 Diet 4.2 Predators and parasites 5 Status and conservation Toggle Status and conservation subsection 5.1 Threats and decline 5.2 Conservation 5.1 Threats and decline 5.2 Conservation 6 References Toggle References subsection 6.1 Bibliography 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Volcano rabbit العربية Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kotava Lietuvių Magyar Malti مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Volcano rabbit Chapultepec Zoo , Mexico City Conservation status Endangered ( IUCN 3.1 ) [ 1 ] CITES Appendix I [ 2 ] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Lagomorpha Family: Leporidae Genus: Romerolagus Merriam , 1896 Species: R. diazi Binomial name Romerolagus diazi ( Ferrari-Pérez in A. Díaz, 1893) Volcano rabbit range Zoomed-in range map showing relief of area surrounding Mexico City Synonyms [ 3 ] Lepus diazi ( Ferrari-Pérez in A. Díaz, 1893) Romerolagus nelsoni C. H. Merriam , 1896 Lepus diazi ( Ferrari-Pérez in A. Díaz, 1893) Romerolagus nelsoni C. H. Merriam , 1896 The volcano rabbit ( Romerolagus diazi ) ( Spanish : conejo de los volcanes ), also known as the teporingo or zacatuche , is a species of small rabbit that lives in pine and alder forests on volcanic slopes in Mexico . It is the only species in the genus Romerolagus , and is considered to be the most primitive species among the rabbits and hares . It has small rounded ears, short legs, a large forehead, and short, thick fur. It is one of the world's smallest rabbits, lives in groups that consist of between two and five members, and makes burrows (underground nests) and runways (worn-down, frequently traveled surface paths) among bunchgrasses . Up to 3 young are produced per litter, born in nests formed from shallow depressions in the ground lined with fur and plant matter. Uniquely among the rabbits, the volcano rabbit emits high-pitched sounds to warn other rabbits of danger, a habit common in the related pikas . It is awake and most active in the evening and early morning. Populations have been estimated as approximately 7,000 adult individuals over their entire range. Human developments surrounding the volcano rabbit's habitat—including overgrazing , hunting, and burning of the species' preferred scrublands —have caused significant declines in population, even in protected parks . Both the IUCN and the Mexican government consider the volcano rabbit an endangered species , and it is listed on Appendix I of the CITES treaty, which is intended to restrict trade of the animal. Taxonomy and etymology Romerolagus diazi was first described by the head of the Mexican Geographical and Exploring Commission, Fernando Ferrari-Pérez , in 1893 as a member of the hares (genus Lepus ), using the scientific name Lepus diazi and common name conejo del Volcán (volcano rabbit). [ 4 ] The species name diazi honors the Mexican cartographer [ 5 ] Agustín Díaz, who published the work where the species was first described. [ 6 ] The type specimen was collected on the northeastern slopes of Ixtaccíhuatl , a volcano near San Martín Texmelucan , in the Mexican state of Puebla . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] It was separately described as the Popocatepetl rabbit, Romerolagus nelsoni , in 1896 by American zoologist Clinton Hart Merriam in an account that made no reference to the earlier work of Ferrari-Pérez. Merriam noted a type specimen that was collected on Popocatépetl at an altitude of 3,350 metres (10,990 feet) by Edward William Nelson , an American naturalist for whom Merriam named the species. Merriam noted several characteristics that differed significantly from any member of the hares, such as its anatomy and means of locomotion (running on all four legs rather than hopping), and gave it the genus name Romerolagus in honor of Matías Romero , Mexican ambassador in the United States and a supporter of the United States Biological Survey in Mexico. [ 9 ] American zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. noted the discrepancy between the two descriptions and, after consulting with Nelson and Ferrari-Pérez in 1911, clarified the nomenclature of the species by using the name Romerolagus diazi , a new combination , and making Romerolagus nelsoni and Lepus diazi synonyms of the new name. [ 4 ] From this point up until the 1950s, the authority of the species was attributed to Díaz alone; biologist Paulino Rojas Mendoza argued in 1952 that the correct name under International Code of Zoological Nomenclature rules would be one that credits Ferrari-Pérez as well. [ 10 ] Since then, the scientific name and authority of the volcano rabbit has been Romerolagus diazi (Ferrari-Pérez in A. Díaz, 1893). [ 11 ] [ 3 ] The volcano rabbit is named for its preferred habitat, that being the slopes of volcanoes . One Nahuatl name, zacatochtle , refers to the rabbit's relationship with subalpine tussock grass in the genus Festuca (referred to as zacate in Spanish , zacatl in Nahuatl). The name comes from the combination of zacatl and tochtle ( ' rabbit ' ), and has been modified to the currently-used epithet zacatuche ( ' grass rabbit ' ). [ 12 ] [ 11 ] Another common name, teporingo , likely derives from Classical Nahuatl , combining tepētl ( ' mountain ' ), olīn ( ' movement ' ) and the suffix - co referring to location. [ 13 ] Several accounts of the species find no obvious etymology for this name, [ 11 ] and tentatively ascribe it to a corruption of another name in Nahuatl. [ 14 ] Phylogeny No subspecies of the volcano rabbit are recognized, [ 8 ] [ 1 ] and it is the only species within its genus. [ 7 ] No fossils of the volcano rabbit are known, [ 15 ] but analysis of its morphology and genetic records [ 16 ] indicate that it is the most mophologically primitive living leporid . [ 12 ] The species has high genetic diversity and is separated into five haplogroups (lines of descent based on specific alleles ) across its distribution; these groups appear to have some level of gene flow between them due to the short distance between populations. [ 17 ] It was in 1929 placed in the subfamily Paleolaginae by Lee R. Dice , [ 18 ] alongside Pentalagus , Pronolagus , and the extinct † Allolagus and † Palaeolagus . [ 19 ] The following cladogram is based on mitochondrial genome analysis of the volcano rabbit, the European rabbit, the snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus ), and the black-tailed jackrabbit ( Lepus californicus ), [ 16 ] as well as a broader phylogenetic tree produced by biologist Leandro Iraçabal Nunes and colleagues: [ 20 ] Lagomorpha Leporidae Caprolagus (hispid hare) Pentalagus (Amami rabbit) Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits) Lepus (hares) Oryctolagus (European rabbit) Romerolagus ( volcano rabbit ) Pronolagus (Red rock hares) Poelagus (Bunyoro rabbit) Nesolagus (striped rabbits) Ochotonidae (pikas) Lagomorpha Leporidae Caprolagus (hispid hare) Pentalagus (Amami rabbit) Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits) Lepus (hares) Oryctolagus (European rabbit) Romerolagus ( volcano rabbit ) Pronolagus (Red rock hares) Poelagus (Bunyoro rabbit) Nesolagus (striped rabbits) Ochotonidae (pikas) Leporidae Caprolagus (hispid hare) Pentalagus (Amami rabbit) Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits) Lepus (hares) Oryctolagus (European rabbit) Romerolagus ( volcano rabbit ) Pronolagus (Red rock hares) Poelagus (Bunyoro rabbit) Nesolagus (striped rabbits) Caprolagus (hispid hare) Pentalagus (Amami rabbit) Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits) Lepus (hares) Oryctolagus (European rabbit) Romerolagus ( volcano rabbit ) Caprolagus (hispid hare) Pentalagus (Amami rabbit) Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits) Lepus (hares) Oryctolagus (European rabbit) Caprolagus (hispid hare) Pentalagus (Amami rabbit) Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits) Lepus (hares) Caprolagus (hispid hare) Pentalagus (Amami rabbit) Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits) Caprolagus (hispid hare) Pentalagus (Amami rabbit) Caprolagus (hispid hare) Caprolagus (hispid hare) Pentalagus (Amami rabbit) Pentalagus (Amami rabbit) Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits) Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits) Lepus (hares) Lepus (hares) Oryctolagus (European rabbit) Oryctolagus (European rabbit) Romerolagus ( volcano rabbit ) Romerolagus ( volcano rabbit ) Pronolagus (Red rock hares) Poelagus (Bunyoro rabbit) Nesolagus (striped rabbits) Pronolagus (Red rock hares) Poelagus (Bunyoro rabbit) Pronolagus (Red rock hares) Pronolagus (Red rock hares) Poelagus (Bunyoro rabbit) Poelagus (Bunyoro rabbit) Nesolagus (striped rabbits) Nesolagus (striped rabbits) Ochotonidae (pikas) Ochotonidae (pikas) Characteristics The volcano rabbit is one of the smallest rabbits in the world, [ 21 ] having an adult weight that ranges from 386 to 602 g (0.851 to 1.327 lb) [ 12 ] and a total length of 23.4 to 31.1 centimeters (9.2 to 12.2 in). Its ears are small and rounded, measuring less than 4 centimeters (1.6 in) in length, [ 22 ] and the hind feet are short, measuring 4.2 to 5.5 centimeters (1.7 to 2.2 in). [ 12 ] It has a vestigial tail that is only visible in young rabbits and becomes hidden under the skin in adulthood. [ 21 ] Three pairs of mammary glands are present in female rabbits. [ 7 ] The volcano rabbit has dense, short fur. [ 23 ] Its fur is yellowish brown across all of its body, and is softer on the rabbit's underside. [ 12 ] Each hair is black at the base and tip and antimony yellow in the middle. This fur color changes only near the nose, eyes, and at the base of the ears, where it appears more buff . [ 24 ] The dark coloration of the volcano rabbit's fur blends in with the volcanic soils in its habitat, an adaptation that may help it evade predators. [ 21 ] Its coat does not change color from one season to the next, though it does undergo molting in four stages over the course of the year. First, hair is lost, then melanin disappears, then melanin is deposited at the site of hair loss, after which hair regrows. [ 25 ] The volcano rabbit strongly resembles pikas , closely related mountain-dwelling lagomorphs , [ 26 ] though Marcus Ward Lyon Jr. , a naturalist credited with the complete classification of the rabbit and hare genera , notes it as being closest in appearance to the Amami rabbit . [ 27 ] The skull of the volcano rabbit has small triangle-shaped projections from the brow ridge towards the back of the head. [ 28 ] It has a long palate , and a distinctly separated interparietal bone . [ 29 ] [ 22 ] Like other leporids, it has a dental formula of 2.0.3.3 1.0.2.3 × 2 = 28 , indicating that it has two pairs of upper and one pair of lower incisors , no canines , three upper and two lower premolars on each side, and three upper and lower molars on either side of the jaw. [ 26 ] [ 30 ] The cheekbones are wide, larger towards the back of the head, and the auditory bullae (bony structures that enclose the external structure of the ear) are large compared to those of other leporids , [ 29 ] larger than the foramen magnum (the hole at the base of the skull that the spinal cord passes through). [ 22 ] The clavicle is complete and connects directly to the sternum , [ 7 ] which is on average smaller than that of other rabbits and hares. [ 25 ] The central part of the sternum is segmented into 3 parts, which are articulated with 6 pairs of the ribs . The rabbit's navicular bone is short and does not extend below the metatarsal bones . [ 31 ] It has a strong curve to its pelvis . [ 25 ] The rabbit's morphological features, specifically the arrangement of its teeth, resembles that of several extinct leporids from the Tertiary period , including † Nekrolagus , which lived during the Pliocene . [ 7 ] The hip bones of the volcano rabbit are more similar to another extinct species, † Limnolagus , aside from being thinner and more pronounced towards the front and bottom part of the spine. [ 32 ] Distribution and habitat Volcano rabbits are endemic to an area of only 386 square kilometers (149 sq mi) [ 16 ] just southeast of Mexico City , in alpine scrublands surrounding four volcanoes ( Cerro Tláloc , Popocatépetl , Iztaccíhuatl , and El Pelado). [ 35 ] The largest of these volcanic regions is within the Iztaccíhuatl–Popocatépetl National Park , with other areas including the Chichinautzin and Pelado volcanoes. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 35 ] The highly vegetated Altzomoni peak within the park is noted as being able to sustain a notably large volcano rabbit population compared to other regions. [ 38 ] Historically, the volcano rabbit likely occupied larger areas within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Sierra Chichinautzin mountain range. [ 12 ] The range of the volcano rabbit has since been fragmented into 16 (later 19) individual patches [ 1 ] across these volcanoes due to human disturbance. [ 33 ] Volcano rabbits are commonly found at altitudes between 3,150 and 3,400 meters (10,330 and 11,150 ft), but can occur anywhere from 2,800 to 4,250 meters (9,190 to 13,940 ft). [ 12 ] The local climate in the volcano rabbit's habitat is temperate, subhumid, and has a mean annual temperature of 9.6 °C (49.3 °F). Annual rainfall averages about 1,500 millimeters (59 in). [ 26 ] The soil consists mostly of andosols and lithosols , [ 33 ] and the vegetation includes varieties from the Nearctic and Neotropical realms, [ 33 ] with plants coming from both coniferous forest and tropical communities. This diversity in vegetation is attributed to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt acting as a barrier between these realms. [ 39 ] The plants Festuca tolucensis and Pinus hartwegii are abundant in volcano rabbit habitats. [ 33 ] The species prefers habitats with tall, dense vegetation from a variety of bunch grasses referred to as zacatón , such as Muhlenbergia macroura and Festuca amplissima . [ 23 ] Volcano rabbits show strong preferences for thickly vegetated pine , alder , and mixed pine-alder forest habitats. [ 40 ] Human activity in the area has had a great impact upon the volcano rabbit's habitat, which has been fragmented by highways, farming, afforestation , and unsound fire and grazing practices. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 41 ] A study on the effects of climate change upon volcano rabbit populations concluded that fluctuations in climate affected rabbits more on the edge of their habitable range. [ 42 ] The volcano rabbit was once considered to live on the volcano Nevado de Toluca , and a specimen was collected there in 1975 [ 36 ] by mammalogist Ticul Álvarez. [ 43 ] Research conducted by Jurgen Hoth and colleagues in 1987 found no records of the species there, and noted that it had not been seen in at least 15 years, according to local accounts. [ 36 ] There was a sighting of a single rabbit in the region in August 2003, but it was declared extinct within this portion of its range in 2018. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Populations exist elsewhere within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and in captivity. [ 36 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] By 2019, the International Union for Conservation of Nature no longer mentioned the Nevado de Toluca as a current or potential site for the distribution of this species. [ 1 ] Behavior and ecology Volcano rabbit groups consist of between two and five members. The rabbit creates runways similar to those made by microtine rodents to navigate their habitat. Its burrows consist of tunnels with the entrances beneath dense grass clumps [ 48 ] or in cracks in the soil, and can have a length of up to 5 meters (16 ft) and depth of up to 40 centimeters (16 in) under the soil's surface. [ 12 ] These burrows may have other entrances to allow for escape, and the tunnels often weave around rocks and roots or split into multiple paths. Volcano rabbits may opportunistically use burrows abandoned by other mammals, such as gophers and badgers , [ 48 ] as do some other species of rabbit. [ 49 ] It is particularly reliant on dense grasses for use as cover to make its nests. [ 36 ] As it is a slow mover compared to other rabbits, it is more inclined to seek out cover in higher, less open areas, a behavior also seen in the pygmy rabbit ( S. idahoensis ). [ 50 ] The volcano rabbit produces high-pitched vocalizations to warn others in its group of danger, a behavior seen in pikas that is unique among the rabbits. [ 51 ] [ 12 ] Little is known about its longevity, and it is expected to have an average lifespan of less than a year in the wild, like other rabbits and hares. [ 26 ] It has been described as a diurnal animal, [ 52 ] and is most active in the evening and early morning, though large groups of volcano rabbits have been spotted outside their burrows just around noon. [ 53 ] The reproductive behavior of volcano rabbits has been infrequently observed, with most records coming from individuals in captivity. Males will often select a single female out of a group to mate with, though when this mate is taken away they will choose another. The mating process begins with the male following closely behind its partner until the female turns around, at which point the two start circling around each other. After a few turns, the male mounts the female and begins copulation. [ 54 ] The species has a very narrow gestational period . In a 1985 study, all females gave birth between 39 and 41 days after coitus; [ 55 ] later works note the gestational period as 39 days. Up to three young are produced per litter, [ 12 ] with 4 to 5 litters produced per year. The young are weaned when they are roughly 28 days old, and reach sexual maturity after 185 days. [ 56 ] The species is sexually active year-round, though the period of greatest activity is during the summer. Their nests, shallow depressions dug in the ground lined with shredded grasses, plant fragments, and fur, are built only from April to September. [ 12 ] These nests are 11 centimeters (4 in) in depth and 15 cm (6 in) wide, on average. This nesting behavior is similar to that of female cottontail rabbits . [ 48 ] The young are delivered in these nests, similar to burrowing rabbits which give birth in a nesting chamber. [ 51 ] The volcano rabbit has difficulty breeding in captivity when there is little undergrowth, which has been connected to the rabbit's dependence on areas of dense cover. [ 50 ] Female volcano rabbits are more dominant than males, with aggression between females being more violent and occurring more often than aggression between female and male rabbits. [ 23 ] In groups, only female rabbits are dominant, and males are never aggressive towards females. [ 12 ] Males may chase each other, but are not known to fight. One observation of captive rabbits noted that though the first confrontation between a male and female volcano rabbit resulted in the female attacking the male, later conflicts were less violent. [ 57 ] Diet The volcano rabbit feeds primarily on grasses such as Festuca amplissima , Muhlenbergia macroura , Jarava ichu , and Eryngium rosei . [ 58 ] The rabbits also use these plants as cover to hide from predators. M. macroura was found in 89% of volcano rabbit pellets in one study, suggesting that this is the base of their diet. By itself, this grass does not provide the necessary energy and protein needs of the rabbits. [ 59 ] The rest of the rabbit's required nutrition is obtained from other, more easily digestible plant life, including various flowers, seeds, roots, leaves and bulbs. [ 60 ] The volcano rabbit's diet also includes the plants F. tolucensis , [ 61 ] Alchemilla sibbaldiifolia , Museniopsis arguta and Cunila tritifolium . [ 26 ] Protein acquisition is a limiting factor on population sizes, and regions with more available biomass are able to support larger populations. [ 38 ] In captivity, volcano rabbits have been given pellet food typical for chinchillas , [ 26 ] alfalfa hay , and M. macroura grass. [ 60 ] Predators and parasites The volcano rabbit is prey for several species; in Iztaccíhuatl–Popocatépetl National Park, it makes up 12.5% of prey for the bobcat , and 5.5% for the coyote . Long-tailed weasels , red-tailed hawks , and rattlesnakes are also significant predators. [ 1 ] Feral dogs present around villages may also prey upon the volcano rabbit. [ 12 ] Nematodes , cestodes , fleas and mites affect the volcano rabbit, several of which are species-specific. [ 12 ] It is parasitized by the mites Cheyletiella romerolagi [ 62 ] and Cheyletiella parasitovorax , which is notable as there is usually only one species of Cheyletiella mite found on a given host species. Other species-specific parasites are Boreostrongylus romerolagi , Dermatoxys romerolagi , Lamothiella romerolagi , Anoplocephaloides romerolagi , Cediopsylla tepolita , and Hoplopsyllus pectinatus . [ 12 ] Ticks (in family Ixodidae ), chiggers (in family Trombiculidae ), and botfly larvae (in family Cuterebridae ) have also been found on wild volcano rabbits. [ 57 ] Status and conservation The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) currently lists the volcano rabbit as an endangered species , and in 2019 estimated that roughly 7,000 rabbits remained in the wild, noting that the population was decreasing. [ 1 ] Prior studies placed this population number between 11,000 and 25,000 individuals. [ 12 ] The Mexican government, through the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources , also lists the species as endangered. [ 12 ] Threats and decline Studies conducted during the 1980s and 1990s agreed that human and natural causes have contributed to the volcano rabbit's habitat becoming smaller and more fragmented. The rabbit's range has shrunk significantly during the last 18,000 years due to a 5–6 °C (9.0–11 °F) increase in temperature, and is potentially only 10% of the size that it once was. [ 25 ] Habitat fragmentation is a common cause of population decline in Mexican mammals, and the volcano rabbit is particularly affected due to its specific habitat and diet needs. [ 41 ] Patches of vegetation that R. diazi uses for survival are becoming more isolated and smaller, rendering the environment more open and therefore less suitable for its survival. Because the volcano rabbit inhabits the area surrounding Mexico City, a highly populated urban zone, its habitat suffers from rapid agricultural and urban expansion. [ 25 ] Agricultural developments such as increased logging, grass harvesting and livestock grazing are cited as detrimental to R. diazi populations, [ 36 ] as are unsound management policies of its habitat in National Parks and outside, mainly by afforestation and the digging of ineffective water infiltration ditches. [ 37 ] [ 12 ] Human disturbances enable cottontail rabbits to expand into regions once occupied by the volcano rabbit, though it is unclear if the volcano rabbit is being pushed to mountain habitats due to competition from other species. This replacement may be driven more by habitat requirements rather than one rabbit species being driven out by others. Cottontail rabbits are largely crepuscular , as opposed to the volcano rabbit's diurnal behavior, which lessens the possibility of direct competition between species, [ 52 ] and these species have been observed in sympatry with each other in some cases. [ 25 ] Climate change has been cited as a potentially damaging factor to the volcano rabbit, as increasing temperature causes the species to move to higher elevations where the habitat is less suitable overall. [ 1 ] Hunting is another threat to the volcano rabbit, despite the fact that R. diazi is listed under Appendix 1 of CITES , a treaty that severely restricts the trade of listed species. [ 2 ] [ 8 ] Under Mexican law, it is illegal to hunt the volcano rabbit, but regions inhabited by the volcano rabbit have been largely abandoned by law enforcement, thus the law protecting the rabbit is poorly enforced. [ 12 ] The species is hunted despite the fact that its small size and rough fur makes it a very poor source of meat and skins. [ 63 ] Hunting, livestock grazing, and fires can harm R. diazi even within the boundaries of national parks; [ 1 ] wildfires around grassland areas in particular can cause extinction of small populations, though the burned areas are often quickly repopulated if undisturbed by human activity and if Muhlenbergia macroura is present. [ 64 ] Conservation Captive breeding has been attempted to establish colonies of the volcano rabbit. One of the first attempts to do so was by British naturalist Gerald Durrell in 1968, though the colony failed as the only male successfully brought to Durrell's zoo on Jersey died of coccidiosis and only produced a litter of four young, all of which were female. [ 65 ] Since then, further attempts have been met with varying success, [ 46 ] but captive-bred infants have high mortality. [ 23 ] The only breeding group in captivity, in Chapultepec Zoo , began with a small number of rabbits, and over the course of 20 generations has lost genetic diversity in comparison with the wild population. [ 66 ] The IUCN created an action plan for the volcano rabbit in 1990 that proposed several measures to conserve the species. The plan emphasized grassland and protected area management, as well as increased public awareness and education, and noted that the species should not be considered for use as a laboratory animal , as this could lead to endangerment of wild populations as demand increases. [ 23 ] A more extensive plan was proposed in the 1994 book El Conejo Zacatuche, tan lejos de Dios y tan cerca de la Ciudad de México ( ' The Zacatuche Rabbit, so far from God and so close to Mexico City ' ), which included natural history information on the species and other lagomorphs, [ 67 ] the impact humans have on the volcano rabbit, [ 68 ] and proposed remedial actions, [ 69 ] but by 2018 no part of the plan had been implemented. [ 44 ] Some populations have been able to recover due to volcanic activity at Popocatépetl, which has restricted incursions by herders and tourists. [ 12 ] References ^ a b c d e f g h Velázquez & Guerrero 2019 ^ a b CITES 1973 ^ a b American Society of Mammalogists ^ a b Miller 1911 ^ Sánchez Lamego 1975 ^ Díaz 1893 ^ a b c d e Cervantes, Lorenzo & Hoffmann 1990 , p. 1 ^ a b c Hoffmann & Smith 2005 ^ Merriam 1896 ^ Rojas Mendoza 1952 , pp. 33–34 ^ a b c Cervantes, Lorenzo & Hoffmann 1990 , p. 6 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Velázquez & Gopar-Merino 2018 ^ Carlos et al. 2009 ^ Rojas Mendoza 1952 , p. 22 ^ Paleobiology Database ^ a b c López-Cuamatzi, Ortega & Baeza 2022 ^ Osuna et al. 2020 ^ Rojas Mendoza 1952 , pp. 25–26 ^ Dice 1929 ^ Iraçabal et al. 2024 ^ a b c Schai-Braun & Hackländer 2016 , p. 64 ^ a b c Álvarez-Castañeda 2024 , p. 533 ^ a b c d e Fa & Bel 1990 ^ Rojas Mendoza 1952 , p. 51 ^ a b c d e f Velazquez, Cervantes & Galindo-Leal 1993 ^ a b c d e f Pintus & Bourne ^ Rojas Mendoza 1952 , p. 44 ^ Cervantes, Lorenzo & Hoffmann 1990 , p. 2 ^ a b Rojas Mendoza 1952 , pp. 39–40 ^ Rojas Mendoza 1952 , p. 40 ^ Rojas Mendoza 1952 , p. 39 ^ Rojas Mendoza 1952 , p. 43 ^ a b c d e Velazquez & Heil 1996 ^ Beaman 1965 ^ a b Velazquez 1994 , pp. 743–749 ^ a b c d e f g Hoth et al. 1987 ^ a b c Hoth 2015 ^ a b Martínez-García et al. 2012 , p. 431 ^ Velázquez & Cleef 1993 , p. 188 ^ Fa, Romero & Lopez-Paniagua 1992 , p. 364 ^ a b Velazquez 1993 ^ Anderson et al. 2009 ^ Álvarez-Castañeda 2003 ^ a b Mexico News Daily 2018 ^ Sarukhan & Santana 2018 ^ a b Hoth & Granados 1987 ^ Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales 2018 ^ a b c Cervantes, Lorenzo & Hoffmann 1990 , p. 4 ^ Beever & French 2018 ^ a b Fa, Romero & Lopez-Paniagua 1992 , p. 367 ^ a b Bell & Smith 2006 ^ a b Fa, Romero & Lopez-Paniagua 1992 , p. 368 ^ Schai-Braun & Hackländer 2016 , p. 111 ^ Schai-Braun & Hackländer 2016 , p. 96 ^ Matsuzaki, Kamiya & Suzuki 1985 ^ Heldstab 2021 ^ a b Cervantes, Lorenzo & Hoffmann 1990 , p. 5 ^ Martínez-García et al. 2012 , p. 430 ^ Martínez-García et al. 2012 , p. 424 ^ a b Martínez-García et al. 2012 , p. 432 ^ Martínez-García et al. 2012 , p. 429 ^ Fain & Bochkov 2001 , p. 293 ^ Rojas Mendoza 1952 , p. 65 ^ Uriostegui-Velarde et al. 2024 ^ Botting 1999 , pp. 338–341 ^ Contretas Montiel et al. 2009 ^ Romero & Velázquez 1994 , pp. 13–18 ^ Romero & Velázquez 1994 , pp. 46–54 ^ Romero & Velázquez 1994 , pp. 55–60 Bibliography .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Álvarez-Castañeda, Sergio Ticul (2003). "José Ticul Álvarez Solórzano: 1935–2001" . Journal of Mammalogy . 84 (2): 762– 770. doi : 10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0762:JTLS>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0022-2372 . Álvarez-Castañeda, Sergio Ticul (2024). "Order Lagomorpha" . Mammals of North America - Volume 1 . Springer Nature Switzerland . pp. 515– 557. doi : 10.1007/978-3-031-41661-3_8 . ISBN 978-3-031-41660-6 . Retrieved February 24, 2025 . " Romerolagus diazi " . ASM Mammal Diversity Database . American Society of Mammalogists . Retrieved April 11, 2025 . Anderson, B. J.; Akcakaya, H. R.; Araujo, M. B.; Fordham, D. A.; Martinez-Meyer, E.; Thuiller, W.; Brook, B. W. (2009). "Dynamics of range margins for metapopulations under climate change" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 276 (1661): 1415– 1420. doi : 10.1098/rspb.2008.1681 . PMC 2677226 . PMID 19324811 . Beaman, John H. (1965). "A preliminary ecological study of the Alpine flora of Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl" . 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"Volcano rabbit declared extinct due to lost habitat" . Mexico News Daily . September 29, 2018 . Retrieved September 30, 2018 . Miller, Gerrit Smith Jr. (1911). "The volcano rabbit of Mount Iztaccihuad" . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . 24 : 228– 229 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library . Osuna, Felipe; González, Dolores; de los Monteros, Alejandro Espinosa; Guerrero, José Antonio (December 1, 2020). "Phylogeography of the volcano rabbit ( Romerolagus diazi ): the evolutionary history of a mountain specialist molded by the climatic-volcanism interaction in the Central Mexican highlands" . Journal of Mammalian Evolution . 27 (4): 745– 757. doi : 10.1007/s10914-019-09493-6 . ISSN 1573-7055 . " Romerolagus Merriam 1896 (volcano rabbit)" . Paleobiology Database . Retrieved April 10, 2025 . Pintus, Kathryn; Bourne, Debra. " Romerolagus diazi – Volcano rabbit" . Wildpro . Twycross Zoo . Archived from the original on July 16, 2019 . Retrieved March 17, 2025 . Rojas Mendoza, Paulino (1952). Estudio biologico del conejo de los volcanes [ Biological study of the volcano rabbit ] (Licenciatura en biologo thesis) (in Spanish). Faculty of Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico . Romero, Francisco J.; Velázquez, Alejandro (1994). El Conejo Zacatuche, tan lejos de Dios y tan cerca de la Ciudad de México [ The Zacatuche Rabbit, so far from God and so close to Mexico City ] (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Ecología. ISBN 968-838-327-9 . Sánchez Lamego, Miguel A. (1975). "Agustín Díaz, ilustre cartógrafo mexicano" [Agustín Díaz, distinguished Mexican cartographer]. Jistoria Mexicana . 24 (4): 556– 565. JSTOR 25135478 . Sarukhan, Jose; Santana, Oscar Gonzalez (December 24, 2018). "Expansión urbana pone en peligro de extinción al teporingo" [Urban expansion endangers the teporingo]. Dirección General de Comunicación Social (in Spanish). Schai-Braun, S. C.; Hackländer, K. (2016). "Family Leporidae (Hares and Rabbits)". In Wilson, D.E.; Lacher, T.E.; Mittermeier, R.A. (eds.). Handbook of the Mammals of the World . Vol. 6. Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Lynx Edicions . pp. 62– 149. ISBN 978-84-941892-3-4 . Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (September 28, 2018). "El teporingo no está extinto! Cuidémoslo" [The volcano rabbit is not extinct! Let's look after it]. Gobierno de México (in Spanish) . Retrieved September 30, 2018 . Uriostegui-Velarde, Juan M.; González-Romero, Alberto; Rizo-Aguilar, Areli; Brito-González, Dennia; Guerrero, José Antonio (2024). "Response of the subalpine bunchgrasses to wildfires and its effects in the relative abundance of the volcano rabbit in the Ajusco-Chichinautzin Mountain Range" . PeerJ . 12 e17510. doi : 10.7717/peerj.17510 . ISSN 2167-8359 . PMC 11216220 . PMID 38952973 . Velazquez, Alejandro (1993). "Man-made and ecological habitat fragmentation – study case of the volcano rabbit ( Romerolagus diazi )" (PDF) . Journal of Mammalian Biology . 58 (1): 54– 61. ISSN 0044-3468 . Velazquez, Alejandro (1994). "Distribution and population size of Romerolagus diazi on El Pelado Volcano, Mexico". Journal of Mammalogy . 75 (3): 743– 749. doi : 10.2307/1382525 . JSTOR 1382525 . Velazquez, A.; Cervantes, F.A.; Galindo-Leal, C. (1993). "The volcano rabbit Romerolagus diazi , a peculiar lagomorph" (PDF) . Lutra . 36 : 62– 69. OCLC 912160954 . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2013 . Retrieved June 30, 2025 . Velázquez, Alejandro; Cleef, Antoine M. (September 28, 1993). "The plant communities of the volcanoes "Tláloc" and "Pelado", Mexico". Phytocoenologia . 22 (2): 145– 191. Bibcode : 1993Phytc..22..145V . doi : 10.1127/phyto/22/1993/145 . Velázquez, Alejandro; Gopar-Merino, Fernando (2018). " Romerolagus diazi (Ferrari-Pérez, 1893) Volcano rabbit". In Smith, Andrew T.; Johnston, Charlotte H.; Alves, Paulo C.; Hackländer, Klaus (eds.). Lagomorphs: Pikas, Rabbits, and Hares of the World . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 114– 116. doi : 10.1353/book.57193 . ISBN 978-1-4214-2341-8 . LCCN 2017004268 . Velázquez, A.; Guerrero, J.A. (2019). " Romerolagus diazi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 e.T19742A45180356. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T19742A45180356.en . Retrieved April 10, 2025 . Velazquez, Alejandro; Heil, Gerrit W. (1996). "Habitat suitability study for the conservation of the volcano rabbit ( Romerolagus diazi )". Journal of Applied Ecology . 33 (3): 543– 554. Bibcode : 1996JApEc..33..543V . doi : 10.2307/2404983 . JSTOR 2404983 . External links These Endangered Rabbits Live on the Slope of a Mexican Volcano - 1992 documentary on the volcano rabbit A Survival Blueprint for the conservation of the Volcano rabbit Romerolagus diazi and its habitat – EDGE of Existence programme publication .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Extant Lagomorpha species v t e Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Euarchontoglires Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Eutheria Superorder Euarchontoglires Family Ochotonidae (Pikas) Ochotona Subgenus Pika : Alpine pika ( O. alpina ) Helan Shan pika ( O. argentata ) Collared pika ( O. collaris ) Korean pika ( O. coreana ) Hoffmann's pika ( O. hoffmanni ) Northern pika ( O. hyperborea ) Manchurian pika ( O. mantchurica ) Kazakh pika ( O. opaca ) Pallas's pika ( O. pallasi ) American pika ( O. princeps ) Turuchan pika ( O. turuchanensis ) Subgenus Ochotona : Gansu pika ( O. cansus ) Plateau pika ( O. curzoniae ) Daurian pika ( O. dauurica ) Nubra pika ( O. nubrica ) Steppe pika ( O. pusilla ) Afghan pika ( O. rufescens ) Tsing-ling pika ( O. syrinx ) Moupin pika ( O. thibetana ) Thomas's pika ( O. thomasi ) Subgenus Conothoa : Chinese red pika ( O. erythrotis ) Forrest's pika ( O. forresti ) Glover's pika ( O. gloveri ) Ili pika ( O. iliensis ) Koslov's pika ( O. koslowi ) Ladak pika ( O. ladacensis ) Large-eared pika ( O. macrotis ) Royle's pika ( O. roylei ) Turkestan red pika ( O. rutila ) Family Ochotonidae (Pikas) Ochotona Subgenus Pika : Alpine pika ( O. alpina ) Helan Shan pika ( O. argentata ) Collared pika ( O. collaris ) Korean pika ( O. coreana ) Hoffmann's pika ( O. hoffmanni ) Northern pika ( O. hyperborea ) Manchurian pika ( O. mantchurica ) Kazakh pika ( O. opaca ) Pallas's pika ( O. pallasi ) American pika ( O. princeps ) Turuchan pika ( O. turuchanensis ) Subgenus Ochotona : Gansu pika ( O. cansus ) Plateau pika ( O. curzoniae ) Daurian pika ( O. dauurica ) Nubra pika ( O. nubrica ) Steppe pika ( O. pusilla ) Afghan pika ( O. rufescens ) Tsing-ling pika ( O. syrinx ) Moupin pika ( O. thibetana ) Thomas's pika ( O. thomasi ) Subgenus Conothoa : Chinese red pika ( O. erythrotis ) Forrest's pika ( O. forresti ) Glover's pika ( O. gloveri ) Ili pika ( O. iliensis ) Koslov's pika ( O. koslowi ) Ladak pika ( O. ladacensis ) Large-eared pika ( O. macrotis ) Royle's pika ( O. roylei ) Turkestan red pika ( O. rutila ) Ochotona Subgenus Pika : Alpine pika ( O. alpina ) Helan Shan pika ( O. argentata ) Collared pika ( O. collaris ) Korean pika ( O. coreana ) Hoffmann's pika ( O. hoffmanni ) Northern pika ( O. hyperborea ) Manchurian pika ( O. mantchurica ) Kazakh pika ( O. opaca ) Pallas's pika ( O. pallasi ) American pika ( O. princeps ) Turuchan pika ( O. turuchanensis ) Subgenus Ochotona : Gansu pika ( O. cansus ) Plateau pika ( O. curzoniae ) Daurian pika ( O. dauurica ) Nubra pika ( O. nubrica ) Steppe pika ( O. pusilla ) Afghan pika ( O. rufescens ) Tsing-ling pika ( O. syrinx ) Moupin pika ( O. thibetana ) Thomas's pika ( O. thomasi ) Subgenus Conothoa : Chinese red pika ( O. erythrotis ) Forrest's pika ( O. forresti ) Glover's pika ( O. gloveri ) Ili pika ( O. iliensis ) Koslov's pika ( O. koslowi ) Ladak pika ( O. ladacensis ) Large-eared pika ( O. macrotis ) Royle's pika ( O. roylei ) Turkestan red pika ( O. rutila ) Subgenus Pika : Alpine pika ( O. alpina ) Helan Shan pika ( O. argentata ) Collared pika ( O. collaris ) Korean pika ( O. coreana ) Hoffmann's pika ( O. hoffmanni ) Northern pika ( O. hyperborea ) Manchurian pika ( O. mantchurica ) Kazakh pika ( O. opaca ) Pallas's pika ( O. pallasi ) American pika ( O. princeps ) Turuchan pika ( O. turuchanensis ) Subgenus Ochotona : Gansu pika ( O. cansus ) Plateau pika ( O. curzoniae ) Daurian pika ( O. dauurica ) Nubra pika ( O. nubrica ) Steppe pika ( O. pusilla ) Afghan pika ( O. rufescens ) Tsing-ling pika ( O. syrinx ) Moupin pika ( O. thibetana ) Thomas's pika ( O. thomasi ) Subgenus Conothoa : Chinese red pika ( O. erythrotis ) Forrest's pika ( O. forresti ) Glover's pika ( O. gloveri ) Ili pika ( O. iliensis ) Koslov's pika ( O. koslowi ) Ladak pika ( O. ladacensis ) Large-eared pika ( O. macrotis ) Royle's pika ( O. roylei ) Turkestan red pika ( O. rutila ) Family Leporidae ( Rabbits and Hares ) Pentalagus Amami rabbit ( P. furnessi ) Bunolagus Riverine rabbit ( B. monticularis ) Nesolagus Sumatran striped rabbit ( N. netscheri ) Annamite striped rabbit ( N. timminsi ) Romerolagus Volcano rabbit ( R. diazi ) Brachylagus Pygmy rabbit ( B. idahoensis ) Sylvilagus (Cottontail rabbits) Subgenus Tapeti : Andean tapeti ( S. andinus ) Swamp rabbit ( S. aquaticus ) Common tapeti ( S. brasiliensis ) Dice's cottontail ( S. dicei ) Central American tapeti ( S. gabbi ) Omilteme cottontail ( S. insonus ) Marsh rabbit ( S. palustris ) Suriname tapeti ( S. parentum ) Santa Marta tapeti ( S. sanctaemartae ) Coastal tapeti ( S. tapetillus ) Venezuelan lowland rabbit ( S. varynaensis ) Subgenus Sylvilagus : Desert cottontail ( S. audubonii ) Mexican cottontail ( S. cunicularis ) Eastern cottontail ( S. floridanus ) Tres Marias rabbit ( S. graysoni ) Mountain cottontail ( S. nuttallii ) Appalachian cottontail ( S. obscurus ) Robust cottontail ( S. holzneri ) New England cottontail ( S. transitionalis ) Subgenus Microlagus : Brush rabbit ( S. bachmani ) Oryctolagus European rabbit ( O. cuniculus ) Poelagus Bunyoro rabbit ( P. marjorita ) Pronolagus (Red rock hares) Natal red rock hare ( P. crassicaudatus ) Jameson's red rock hare ( P. randensis ) Smith's red rock hare ( P. rupestris ) Hewitt's red rock hare ( P. saundersiae ) Caprolagus Hispid hare ( C. hispidus ) Lepus (Hares) Subgenus Macrotolagus : Antelope jackrabbit ( L. alleni ) Subgenus Poecilolagus : Snowshoe hare ( L. americanus ) Subgenus Lepus : Arctic hare ( L. arcticus ) Alaskan hare ( L. othus ) Mountain hare ( L. timidus ) Subgenus Proeulagus : Black jackrabbit ( L. insularis ) Desert hare ( L. tibetanus ) Tolai hare ( L. tolai ) Subgenus Eulagos : Broom hare ( L. castroviejoi ) Yunnan hare ( L. comus ) Korean hare ( L. coreanus ) European hare ( L. europaeus ) Manchurian hare ( L. mandshuricus ) Ethiopian highland hare ( L. starcki ) Subgenus Sabanalagus : Ethiopian hare ( L. fagani ) African savanna hare ( L. victoriae ) Subgenus Indolagus : Hainan hare ( L. hainanus ) Indian hare ( L. nigricollis ) Burmese hare ( L. peguensis ) Subgenus Sinolagus : Chinese hare ( L. sinensis ) Subgenus Tarimolagus : Yarkand hare ( L. yarkandensis ) Subgenus incertae sedis : Tamaulipas jackrabbit ( L. altamirae ) Japanese hare ( L. brachyurus ) Black-tailed jackrabbit ( L. californicus ) White-sided jackrabbit ( L. callotis ) Cape hare ( L. capensis ) Corsican hare ( L. corsicanus ) Tehuantepec jackrabbit ( L. flavigularis ) Granada hare ( L. granatensis ) Abyssinian hare ( L. habessinicus ) Woolly hare ( L. oiostolus ) Cape scrub hare ( L. saxatilis ) White-tailed jackrabbit ( L. townsendii ) Family Leporidae ( Rabbits and Hares ) Pentalagus Amami rabbit ( P. furnessi ) Bunolagus Riverine rabbit ( B. monticularis ) Nesolagus Sumatran striped rabbit ( N. netscheri ) Annamite striped rabbit ( N. timminsi ) Romerolagus Volcano rabbit ( R. diazi ) Brachylagus Pygmy rabbit ( B. idahoensis ) Sylvilagus (Cottontail rabbits) Subgenus Tapeti : Andean tapeti ( S. andinus ) Swamp rabbit ( S. aquaticus ) Common tapeti ( S. brasiliensis ) Dice's cottontail ( S. dicei ) Central American tapeti ( S. gabbi ) Omilteme cottontail ( S. insonus ) Marsh rabbit ( S. palustris ) Suriname tapeti ( S. parentum ) Santa Marta tapeti ( S. sanctaemartae ) Coastal tapeti ( S. tapetillus ) Venezuelan lowland rabbit ( S. varynaensis ) Subgenus Sylvilagus : Desert cottontail ( S. audubonii ) Mexican cottontail ( S. cunicularis ) Eastern cottontail ( S. floridanus ) Tres Marias rabbit ( S. graysoni ) Mountain cottontail ( S. nuttallii ) Appalachian cottontail ( S. obscurus ) Robust cottontail ( S. holzneri ) New England cottontail ( S. transitionalis ) Subgenus Microlagus : Brush rabbit ( S. bachmani ) Oryctolagus European rabbit ( O. cuniculus ) Poelagus Bunyoro rabbit ( P. marjorita ) Pronolagus (Red rock hares) Natal red rock hare ( P. crassicaudatus ) Jameson's red rock hare ( P. randensis ) Smith's red rock hare ( P. rupestris ) Hewitt's red rock hare ( P. saundersiae ) Caprolagus Hispid hare ( C. hispidus ) Lepus (Hares) Subgenus Macrotolagus : Antelope jackrabbit ( L. alleni ) Subgenus Poecilolagus : Snowshoe hare ( L. americanus ) Subgenus Lepus : Arctic hare ( L. arcticus ) Alaskan hare ( L. othus ) Mountain hare ( L. timidus ) Subgenus Proeulagus : Black jackrabbit ( L. insularis ) Desert hare ( L. tibetanus ) Tolai hare ( L. tolai ) Subgenus Eulagos : Broom hare ( L. castroviejoi ) Yunnan hare ( L. comus ) Korean hare ( L. coreanus ) European hare ( L. europaeus ) Manchurian hare ( L. mandshuricus ) Ethiopian highland hare ( L. starcki ) Subgenus Sabanalagus : Ethiopian hare ( L. fagani ) African savanna hare ( L. victoriae ) Subgenus Indolagus : Hainan hare ( L. hainanus ) Indian hare ( L. nigricollis ) Burmese hare ( L. peguensis ) Subgenus Sinolagus : Chinese hare ( L. sinensis ) Subgenus Tarimolagus : Yarkand hare ( L. yarkandensis ) Subgenus incertae sedis : Tamaulipas jackrabbit ( L. altamirae ) Japanese hare ( L. brachyurus ) Black-tailed jackrabbit ( L. californicus ) White-sided jackrabbit ( L. callotis ) Cape hare ( L. capensis ) Corsican hare ( L. corsicanus ) Tehuantepec jackrabbit ( L. flavigularis ) Granada hare ( L. granatensis ) Abyssinian hare ( L. habessinicus ) Woolly hare ( L. oiostolus ) Cape scrub hare ( L. saxatilis ) White-tailed jackrabbit ( L. townsendii ) Pentalagus Amami rabbit ( P. furnessi ) Amami rabbit ( P. furnessi ) Bunolagus Riverine rabbit ( B. monticularis ) Riverine rabbit ( B. monticularis ) Nesolagus Sumatran striped rabbit ( N. netscheri ) Annamite striped rabbit ( N. timminsi ) Sumatran striped rabbit ( N. netscheri ) Annamite striped rabbit ( N. timminsi ) Romerolagus Volcano rabbit ( R. diazi ) Volcano rabbit ( R. diazi ) Brachylagus Pygmy rabbit ( B. idahoensis ) Pygmy rabbit ( B. idahoensis ) Sylvilagus (Cottontail rabbits) Subgenus Tapeti : Andean tapeti ( S. andinus ) Swamp rabbit ( S. aquaticus ) Common tapeti ( S. brasiliensis ) Dice's cottontail ( S. dicei ) Central American tapeti ( S. gabbi ) Omilteme cottontail ( S. insonus ) Marsh rabbit ( S. palustris ) Suriname tapeti ( S. parentum ) Santa Marta tapeti ( S. sanctaemartae ) Coastal tapeti ( S. tapetillus ) Venezuelan lowland rabbit ( S. varynaensis ) Subgenus Sylvilagus : Desert cottontail ( S. audubonii ) Mexican cottontail ( S. cunicularis ) Eastern cottontail ( S. floridanus ) Tres Marias rabbit ( S. graysoni ) Mountain cottontail ( S. nuttallii ) Appalachian cottontail ( S. obscurus ) Robust cottontail ( S. holzneri ) New England cottontail ( S. transitionalis ) Subgenus Microlagus : Brush rabbit ( S. bachmani ) Subgenus Tapeti : Andean tapeti ( S. andinus ) Swamp rabbit ( S. aquaticus ) Common tapeti ( S. brasiliensis ) Dice's cottontail ( S. dicei ) Central American tapeti ( S. gabbi ) Omilteme cottontail ( S. insonus ) Marsh rabbit ( S. palustris ) Suriname tapeti ( S. parentum ) Santa Marta tapeti ( S. sanctaemartae ) Coastal tapeti ( S. tapetillus ) Venezuelan lowland rabbit ( S. varynaensis ) Subgenus Sylvilagus : Desert cottontail ( S. audubonii ) Mexican cottontail ( S. cunicularis ) Eastern cottontail ( S. floridanus ) Tres Marias rabbit ( S. graysoni ) Mountain cottontail ( S. nuttallii ) Appalachian cottontail ( S. obscurus ) Robust cottontail ( S. holzneri ) New England cottontail ( S. transitionalis ) Subgenus Microlagus : Brush rabbit ( S. bachmani ) Oryctolagus European rabbit ( O. cuniculus ) European rabbit ( O. cuniculus ) Poelagus Bunyoro rabbit ( P. marjorita ) Bunyoro rabbit ( P. marjorita ) Pronolagus (Red rock hares) Natal red rock hare ( P. crassicaudatus ) Jameson's red rock hare ( P. randensis ) Smith's red rock hare ( P. rupestris ) Hewitt's red rock hare ( P. saundersiae ) Natal red rock hare ( P. crassicaudatus ) Jameson's red rock hare ( P. randensis ) Smith's red rock hare ( P. rupestris ) Hewitt's red rock hare ( P. saundersiae ) Caprolagus Hispid hare ( C. hispidus ) Hispid hare ( C. hispidus ) Lepus (Hares) Subgenus Macrotolagus : Antelope jackrabbit ( L. alleni ) Subgenus Poecilolagus : Snowshoe hare ( L. americanus ) Subgenus Lepus : Arctic hare ( L. arcticus ) Alaskan hare ( L. othus ) Mountain hare ( L. timidus ) Subgenus Proeulagus : Black jackrabbit ( L. insularis ) Desert hare ( L. tibetanus ) Tolai hare ( L. tolai ) Subgenus Eulagos : Broom hare ( L. castroviejoi ) Yunnan hare ( L. comus ) Korean hare ( L. coreanus ) European hare ( L. europaeus ) Manchurian hare ( L. mandshuricus ) Ethiopian highland hare ( L. starcki ) Subgenus Sabanalagus : Ethiopian hare ( L. fagani ) African savanna hare ( L. victoriae ) Subgenus Indolagus : Hainan hare ( L. hainanus ) Indian hare ( L. nigricollis ) Burmese hare ( L. peguensis ) Subgenus Sinolagus : Chinese hare ( L. sinensis ) Subgenus Tarimolagus : Yarkand hare ( L. yarkandensis ) Subgenus incertae sedis : Tamaulipas jackrabbit ( L. altamirae ) Japanese hare ( L. brachyurus ) Black-tailed jackrabbit ( L. californicus ) White-sided jackrabbit ( L. callotis ) Cape hare ( L. capensis ) Corsican hare ( L. corsicanus ) Tehuantepec jackrabbit ( L. flavigularis ) Granada hare ( L. granatensis ) Abyssinian hare ( L. habessinicus ) Woolly hare ( L. oiostolus ) Cape scrub hare ( L. saxatilis ) White-tailed jackrabbit ( L. townsendii ) Subgenus Macrotolagus : Antelope jackrabbit ( L. alleni ) Subgenus Poecilolagus : Snowshoe hare ( L. americanus ) Subgenus Lepus : Arctic hare ( L. arcticus ) Alaskan hare ( L. othus ) Mountain hare ( L. timidus ) Subgenus Proeulagus : Black jackrabbit ( L. insularis ) Desert hare ( L. tibetanus ) Tolai hare ( L. tolai ) Subgenus Eulagos : Broom hare ( L. castroviejoi ) Yunnan hare ( L. comus ) Korean hare ( L. coreanus ) European hare ( L. europaeus ) Manchurian hare ( L. mandshuricus ) Ethiopian highland hare ( L. starcki ) Subgenus Sabanalagus : Ethiopian hare ( L. fagani ) African savanna hare ( L. victoriae ) Subgenus Indolagus : Hainan hare ( L. hainanus ) Indian hare ( L. nigricollis ) Burmese hare ( L. peguensis ) Subgenus Sinolagus : Chinese hare ( L. sinensis ) Subgenus Tarimolagus : Yarkand hare ( L. yarkandensis ) Subgenus incertae sedis : Tamaulipas jackrabbit ( L. altamirae ) Japanese hare ( L. brachyurus ) Black-tailed jackrabbit ( L. californicus ) White-sided jackrabbit ( L. callotis ) Cape hare ( L. capensis ) Corsican hare ( L. corsicanus ) Tehuantepec jackrabbit ( L. flavigularis ) Granada hare ( L. granatensis ) Abyssinian hare ( L. habessinicus ) Woolly hare ( L. oiostolus ) Cape scrub hare ( L. saxatilis ) White-tailed jackrabbit ( L. townsendii ) v t e Genera of rabbits , pikas and their extinct relatives v t e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Magnorder: Boreoeutheria Superorder: Euarchontoglires Clade: Glires Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Magnorder: Boreoeutheria Superorder: Euarchontoglires Clade: Glires Lagomorpha Lagomorpha † Eurolagus † Hsiuannania † Hypsimylus † Lushilagus † Palaeolagus † Shamolagus Ochotonidae † Alloptox † Amphilagus † Bellatona † Cuyamalagus † Desmatolagus † Gripholagomys † Hesperolagomys † Kenyalagomys † Lagopsis Ochotona † Ochotonoides † Ochotonoma † Oklahomalagus † Oreolagus † Piezodus † Prolagus † Russellagus † Sinolagomys † Titanomys † Tonomochota Leporidae See below ↓ Lagomorpha Lagomorpha † Eurolagus † Hsiuannania † Hypsimylus † Lushilagus † Palaeolagus † Shamolagus Ochotonidae † Alloptox † Amphilagus † Bellatona † Cuyamalagus † Desmatolagus † Gripholagomys † Hesperolagomys † Kenyalagomys † Lagopsis Ochotona † Ochotonoides † Ochotonoma † Oklahomalagus † Oreolagus † Piezodus † Prolagus † Russellagus † Sinolagomys † Titanomys † Tonomochota Leporidae See below ↓ Lagomorpha † Eurolagus † Hsiuannania † Hypsimylus † Lushilagus † Palaeolagus † Shamolagus Ochotonidae † Alloptox † Amphilagus † Bellatona † Cuyamalagus † Desmatolagus † Gripholagomys † Hesperolagomys † Kenyalagomys † Lagopsis Ochotona † Ochotonoides † Ochotonoma † Oklahomalagus † Oreolagus † Piezodus † Prolagus † Russellagus † Sinolagomys † Titanomys † Tonomochota Leporidae See below ↓ † Eurolagus † Hsiuannania † Hypsimylus † Lushilagus † Palaeolagus † Shamolagus † Eurolagus † Hsiuannania † Hypsimylus † Lushilagus † Palaeolagus † Shamolagus Ochotonidae † Alloptox † Amphilagus † Bellatona † Cuyamalagus † Desmatolagus † Gripholagomys † Hesperolagomys † Kenyalagomys † Lagopsis Ochotona † Ochotonoides † Ochotonoma † Oklahomalagus † Oreolagus † Piezodus † Prolagus † Russellagus † Sinolagomys † Titanomys † Tonomochota † Alloptox † Amphilagus † Bellatona † Cuyamalagus † Desmatolagus † Gripholagomys † Hesperolagomys † Kenyalagomys † Lagopsis Ochotona † Ochotonoides † Ochotonoma † Oklahomalagus † Oreolagus † Piezodus † Prolagus † Russellagus † Sinolagomys † Titanomys † Tonomochota Leporidae See below ↓ See below ↓ See below ↓ Leporidae † Archaeolaginae Archaeolagus Hypolagus Notolagus Panolax Leporinae † Aililepus Brachylagus Bunolagus Caprolagus Lepus Nesolagus † Nuralagus Oryctolagus Pentalagus † Pliolagus † Pliosiwalagus Poelagus † Pratilepus Pronolagus Romerolagus † Serengetilagus Sylvilagus † Palaeolaginae Litolagus Megalagus Mytonolagus Palaeolagus † Dasyporcina Agispelagus Aluralagus Austrolagomys Aztlanolagus Chadrolagus Gobiolagus Lagotherium Lepoides Nekrolagus Ordolagus Paranotolagus Pewelagus Pliopentalagus Pronotolagus Tachylagus Trischizolagus Veterilepus Leporidae † Archaeolaginae Archaeolagus Hypolagus Notolagus Panolax Leporinae † Aililepus Brachylagus Bunolagus Caprolagus Lepus Nesolagus † Nuralagus Oryctolagus Pentalagus † Pliolagus † Pliosiwalagus Poelagus † Pratilepus Pronolagus Romerolagus † Serengetilagus Sylvilagus † Palaeolaginae Litolagus Megalagus Mytonolagus Palaeolagus † Dasyporcina Agispelagus Aluralagus Austrolagomys Aztlanolagus Chadrolagus Gobiolagus Lagotherium Lepoides Nekrolagus Ordolagus Paranotolagus Pewelagus Pliopentalagus Pronotolagus Tachylagus Trischizolagus Veterilepus † Archaeolaginae Archaeolagus Hypolagus Notolagus Panolax Archaeolagus Hypolagus Notolagus Panolax Leporinae † Aililepus Brachylagus Bunolagus Caprolagus Lepus Nesolagus † Nuralagus Oryctolagus Pentalagus † Pliolagus † Pliosiwalagus Poelagus † Pratilepus Pronolagus Romerolagus † Serengetilagus Sylvilagus † Aililepus Brachylagus Bunolagus Caprolagus Lepus Nesolagus † Nuralagus Oryctolagus Pentalagus † Pliolagus † Pliosiwalagus Poelagus † Pratilepus Pronolagus Romerolagus † Serengetilagus Sylvilagus † Palaeolaginae Litolagus Megalagus Mytonolagus Palaeolagus † Dasyporcina Agispelagus Aluralagus Austrolagomys Aztlanolagus Chadrolagus Gobiolagus Lagotherium Lepoides Nekrolagus Ordolagus Paranotolagus Pewelagus Pliopentalagus Pronotolagus Tachylagus Trischizolagus Veterilepus Litolagus Megalagus Mytonolagus Palaeolagus Litolagus Megalagus Mytonolagus Palaeolagus † Dasyporcina Agispelagus Aluralagus Austrolagomys Aztlanolagus Chadrolagus Gobiolagus Lagotherium Lepoides Nekrolagus Ordolagus Paranotolagus Pewelagus Pliopentalagus Pronotolagus Tachylagus Trischizolagus Veterilepus Agispelagus Aluralagus Austrolagomys Aztlanolagus Chadrolagus Gobiolagus Lagotherium Lepoides Nekrolagus Ordolagus Paranotolagus Pewelagus Pliopentalagus Pronotolagus Tachylagus Trischizolagus Veterilepus Taxon identifiers Romerolagus diazi Wikidata : Q668030 Wikispecies : Romerolagus diazi ADW : Romerolagus_diazi CoL : 6WWMV ECOS: 2086 EoL : 311970 GBIF : 2436686 iNaturalist : 43155 IRMNG : 10228566 ITIS : 625364 IUCN : 19742 MDD : 1001120 MSW : 13500280 NCBI : 48089 Observation.org : 87402 Open Tree of Life : 923736 Species+ : 10330 Xeno-canto : Romerolagus-diazi Wikidata : Q668030 Wikispecies : Romerolagus diazi ADW : Romerolagus_diazi CoL : 6WWMV ECOS: 2086 EoL : 311970 GBIF : 2436686 iNaturalist : 43155 IRMNG : 10228566 ITIS : 625364 IUCN : 19742 MDD : 1001120 MSW : 13500280 NCBI : 48089 Observation.org : 87402 Open Tree of Life : 923736 Species+ : 10330 Xeno-canto : Romerolagus-diazi Lepus diazi Wikidata : Q50121061 CoL : 6PPYH GBIF : 10296528 ITIS : 1089931 Wikidata : Q50121061 CoL : 6PPYH GBIF : 10296528 ITIS : 1089931 Authority control databases : National Israel Israel IUCN Red List endangered species Fauna listed on CITES Appendix I EDGE species Endemic mammals of Mexico Fauna of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Mammals described in 1893 Rabbits Taxa named by Fernando Ferrari-Pérez Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use mdy dates from April 2025 Articles with 'species' microformats Articles 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot Toggle Plot subsection 1.1 Original ending 1.1 Original ending 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Pre-production 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Pre-production 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Other media Toggle Other media subsection 6.1 Future 6.2 Comics 6.3 Role-playing game 6.4 Video games 6.1 Future 6.2 Comics 6.3 Role-playing game 6.4 Video games 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Army of Darkness العربية Azərbaycanca Català Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Army of Darkness Theatrical release poster by John Bolton Directed by Sam Raimi Written by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sam Raimi Ivan Raimi Sam Raimi Ivan Raimi Produced by Robert Tapert Starring Bruce Campbell Embeth Davidtz Bruce Campbell Embeth Davidtz Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Bob Murawski R. O. C. Sandstorm Bob Murawski R. O. C. Sandstorm Music by Joseph LoDuca Production companies Dino De Laurentiis Communications Renaissance Pictures Introvision International Dino De Laurentiis Communications Renaissance Pictures Introvision International Distributed by Universal Pictures Release dates October 9, 1992 ( 1992-10-09 ) ( Sitges ) February 19, 1993 ( 1993-02-19 ) (United States) October 9, 1992 ( 1992-10-09 ) ( Sitges ) February 19, 1993 ( 1993-02-19 ) (United States) Running time 81 minutes (United States) 89 minutes (International) [ 1 ] 81 minutes (United States) 89 minutes (International) [ 1 ] Country United States Language English Budget $11 million [ 2 ] Box office $21.5 million [ 2 ] Army of Darkness [ a ] is a 1992 American comedy horror film directed and co-written by Sam Raimi . It is the third in the Evil Dead film series and stars Bruce Campbell and Embeth Davidtz . The plot follows Ash Williams as he is trapped in the Middle Ages and battles the undead in his quest to return to the present. The film was made as part of a production deal with Universal Pictures after the financial success of Darkman (1990). Filming took place in California in 1991. The makeup and creature effects for the film were handled by two different companies: Tony Gardner and his company Alterian, Inc. were responsible for the makeup effects for Ash and Sheila, while Kurtzman, Nicotero & Berger EFX Group was credited for the remaining special makeup effects characters. [ 4 ] Tom Sullivan , who had previously worked on Within the Woods , The Evil Dead , and Evil Dead II , also contributed to the visual effects. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Army of Darkness had its premiere at the Sitges Film Festival on October 9, 1992, and was released in the United States on February 19, 1993. It grossed $22 million on an $11 million budget and received mixed reviews from critics. Plot Having been accidentally transported to the Middle Ages , [ b ] Ash Williams is captured by Lord Arthur 's men, who suspect him of being a spy for Duke Henry, with whom Arthur is at war. He is enslaved along with the captured Henry, his shotgun and chainsaw are confiscated, and he is taken to Arthur's castle. Ash is thrown in a pit where he kills a Deadite and regains his weapons from Arthur's Wise Man. After demanding that Henry and his men be set free and killing a Deadite publicly, Ash is celebrated as a hero. He grows attracted to Sheila, the sister of one of Arthur's fallen knights. According to the Wise Man, the only way that Ash can return to his time is through the magical Necronomicon Ex-Mortis . Ash then starts his search for the Necronomicon . As he enters a haunted forest, an unseen force pursues Ash into a windmill, and he crashes into a mirror. Small reflections of Ash in the mirror shards come to life and antagonize him, with one becoming a life-sized copy of him, which Ash dismembers and buries. When he arrives at the Necronomicon ' s location, he finds three books instead of one, and has to determine which one is real. Realizing at the last moment that he has forgotten the last word of the phrase that will allow him to remove the book safely – " Klaatu barada nikto " – he tries to mumble and cough his way through the pronunciation. He grabs the book and begins rushing back. Meanwhile, unknown to Ash, his ruse has failed and his body's copy rises from the dead, uniting other Deadites into the Army of Darkness. Upon his return, Ash demands to be returned to his own time. However, Sheila is abducted by a flying Deadite and later transformed into one by "Evil Ash". Ash becomes determined to lead the outnumbered humans against the Army, and the people reluctantly agree. Using knowledge from textbooks in his 1973 Oldsmobile Delta 88 and enlisting the help of Duke Henry, Ash successfully leads the soldiers to victory over the Deadites, blows up "Evil Ash", saves Sheila, and brings peace between Arthur and Henry. Using a passage from the Necronomicon , the Wise Man tells him how to return to the present by giving him a potion after reciting the same phrase as earlier. Back in the present, Ash recounts his story to a fellow employee at the S-Mart department store. As he talks to a female co-worker who is interested in his story, a surviving Deadite, present because Ash once again forgot the last word, attacks the customers. Ash kills it using a Winchester rifle and exclaims, "Hail to the king, baby", before passionately kissing the co-worker. Original ending For the film's original ending, using a passage from the Necronomicon , the Wise Man tells Ash to swallow six drops of the potion to return to the present; unfortunately, due to a distraction by falling rocks, Ash miscalculates the amount of potion needed to be able to correctly return to his own time, swallowing seven instead of six. As a result, Ash wakes up in a post-apocalyptic London where human civilization is destroyed, and he screams in dismay at having overslept. Universal Pictures objected to this climax, feeling that it was too negative and depressing in tone; as such, a more positive and optimistic ending was filmed and ultimately incorporated into the theatrical cut. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Cast Bruce Campbell as Ashley "Ash" J. Williams and "Evil Ash" Embeth Davidtz as Sheila Marcus Gilbert as Lord Arthur Ian Abercrombie as Wise Man Richard Grove as Duke Henry the Red Timothy Patrick Quill as Blacksmith Michael Earl Reid as Gold Tooth Bridget Fonda as Linda Bill Moseley as Deadite Captain Patricia Tallman as Possessed Witch Bob Bergen as Necronomicon Ex-Mortis [ 10 ] /Creature Voices [ 11 ] Ted Raimi as Cowardly Warrior/Second Supportive Villager/S-Mart Clerk [ 12 ] /Skeleton Voices Angela Featherstone as Girl in S-Mart (uncredited) [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Production Development Plans to make a third Evil Dead film had been circulating for a number of years, even prior to the production of Darkman . [ 15 ] Evil Dead II made enough money internationally that Dino De Laurentiis was willing to finance a sequel. [ 15 ] Director and script writer Sam Raimi drew from a variety of sources, including literature with A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court and Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver's Travels and films like The 7th Voyage of Sinbad , Jason and the Argonauts , The Three Stooges , and Conan the Barbarian . Evil Dead II , according to Bruce Campbell , "was originally designed to go back into the past to 1300, but we couldn't muster it at the time, so we decided to make an interim version, not knowing if the 1300 story would ever get made". [ 16 ] Promotional drawings were created and published in Variety during the casting process before the budget was deemed too little for the plot. The working title for the project was Medieval Dead , before it was later known as Evil Dead III: Army of Darkness . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The title "Army of Darkness" came from an idea by Irvin Shapiro , during the production of Evil Dead II . [ 19 ] Writing Initially, Raimi invited Scott Spiegel to co-write Army of Darkness because he had done a good job on Evil Dead II , but he was busy on rewrites for the Clint Eastwood film The Rookie . [ 20 ] After the good experience of writing the screenplay for a film called Easy Wheels , Sam and his brother Ivan decided to co-write the film together. [ 21 ] They worked on the script throughout the pre-production and production of Darkman . [ 15 ] After filming Darkman , they took the script out and worked on it in more detail. Raimi says that Ivan "has a good sense of character" and that he brought more comedy into the script. [ 21 ] Campbell remembers, "We all decided, 'Get him out of the cabin.' There were earlier drafts where part three still took place there, but we thought, 'Well, we all know that cabin, it's time to move on.' The three of us decided to keep it in 1300, because it's more interesting". [ 16 ] Campbell and Tapert would read the script drafts, give Raimi their notes and he would decide which suggestions to keep and which ones to discard. [ 22 ] Pre-production The initial budget was $8 million; during pre-production, however, it became obvious that this was not going to be enough. [ 15 ] Darkman was also a financial success and De Laurentiis had a multi-picture deal with Universal and so Army of Darkness became one of the films. The studio decided to contribute half of the film's $12 million budget. [ 23 ] However, the film's ambitious scope and its extensive effects work forced Campbell, Raimi and producer Robert Tapert to put up $1 million of their collective salaries to shoot a new ending and not film a scene where a possessed woman pushes down some giant pillars. [ 15 ] Visual effects supervisor William Mesa showed Raimi storyboards he had from Victor Fleming 's film Joan of Arc that depicted huge battle scenes and he picked out 25 shots to use in Army of Darkness . [ 24 ] A storyboard artist worked closely with the director in order to blend the shots from the Joan of Arc storyboards with the battle scenes in his film. [ 24 ] Traci Lords was among the actresses auditioning for the film, saying in 2001, "I didn't get the part but I clicked with Bruce [Campbell]," with whom she would later work as a guest star in the TV series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys . [ 25 ] Filming Principal photography took place between soundstage and on-location work. Army of Darkness was filmed in Bronson Canyon and Vasquez Rocks Natural Area Park . The interior shots were filmed on an Introvision stage in Hollywood . Raimi's use of the Introvision process was a tribute to the stop-motion animation work of Ray Harryhausen . [ 24 ] Introvision uses front-projected images with live actors instead of the traditional rear projection that Harryhausen and others used. Introvision blended components with more realistic-looking results. To achieve this effect, Raimi used 60-foot-tall Scotchlite front-projection screens, miniatures and background plates. [ 24 ] According to the director, the advantage of using this technique was "the incredible amount of interaction between the background, which doesn't exist, and the foreground, which is usually your character". [ 26 ] Shooting began in mid-1991, and it lasted for about 100 days. [ 27 ] It was a mid-summer shoot and while on location on a huge castle set that was built near Acton , California, on the edge of the Mojave Desert , the cast and crew endured very hot conditions during the day and very cold temperatures at night. [ 28 ] Most of the film took place at night and the filmmakers shot most of the film during the summer when the days were longest and the nights were the shortest. It would take an hour and a half to light an area leaving the filmmakers only six hours left to shoot a scene. [ 29 ] Money problems forced cinematographer Bill Pope to shoot only for certain hours Monday through Friday because he could not be paid his standard fee. Mesa shot many of the action sequences on the weekend. [ 30 ] It was a difficult shoot for Campbell who had to learn elaborate choreography for the battle scenes, which involved him remembering a number system because the actor was often fighting opponents that were not really there. [ 31 ] Mesa remembers, "Bruce was cussing and swearing some of the time because you had to work on the number system. Sam would tell us to make it as complicated and hard for Bruce as possible. 'Make him go through torture!' So we'd come up with these shots that were really, really difficult, and sometimes they would take thirty-seven takes". [ 31 ] Some scenes, like Evil Ash walking along the graveyard while his skeleton minions come to life, blended stop-motion animation with live-action skeleton puppets that were mechanically rigged, with prosthetics and visual effects. [ 31 ] During the filming of a scene in which Campbell flipped a stuntman down a set of stairs, the lower part of his face contacted with a piece of armor, which resulted in him bleeding. [ 32 ] Campbell was brought to a local emergency room to have the wound mended by a plastic surgeon , who, upon seeing the number of artificial cuts and slashes on Campbell's face, asked, "Which one is it?" [ 32 ] In order to maintain the continuity of the injuries and dirt on Ash's face, the on-set makeup specialist utilized a plastic template that fit over Campbell's face. [ 32 ] The filmmakers initially intended to reshoot the shot from Evil Dead II in which Ash and the Oldsmobile fall from the sky onto the ground of medieval England, with Campbell later stating that the reason they sought to reshoot it rather than reusing the footage from the previous film was due to "a rights issue". [ 33 ] Campbell was initially supposed to jump from a ladder onto the ground, and the Oldsmobile dropped from its suspension on an aircraft cable attached to a crane on a nearby access road. [ 34 ] However, the support legs under the crane gave out, causing the car to prematurely crash to the ground and the crane to fall off a cliff into a gravel pit. [ 34 ] Campbell noted that, "Ironically, after all the hassle, we wound up using the footage from 1986." [ 34 ] Post-production While Dino De Laurentiis gave Raimi and his crew freedom to shoot the film the way they wanted, Universal took over during post-production. [ 7 ] Universal was not happy with Raimi's cut, specifically its ending in which Ash wakes up in a futuristic, post-apocalyptic wasteland, as they felt it was too negative. [ 7 ] A more upbeat ending was shot a month later in a lumber store in Malibu, California. (Raimi later noted, "Actually, I kind of like the fact that there are two endings, that in one alternate universe Bruce is screwed, and in another universe he's some cheesy hero".) [ 35 ] Two months after principal filming was finished, a round of re-shoots began in Santa Monica and involved Ash in the windmill and the scenes with Bridget Fonda . [ 7 ] Raimi needed $3 million to finish his film, but Universal was not willing to give him the money and delayed its release due to a dispute with De Laurentiis over the rights to the Hannibal Lecter character which Universal needed so that they could film a sequel to The Silence of the Lambs . [ 36 ] The matter was finally resolved, but the release date for Army of Darkness was pushed back from summer of 1992 to February 1993. For the film's poster, Universal brought Campbell in to take several reference head shots and asked him to strike a sly look on his face. They showed him a rough of the Frank Frazetta -like painting. The actor had a day to approve it or, as he was told, there would be no ad campaign for the film. [ 37 ] Raimi ran into further troubles when the Motion Picture Association of America gave it an NC-17 rating for a shot of a female Deadite being killed early on in the film. Universal wanted a PG-13 rating, so Raimi made a few cuts and was still stuck with an R rating. [ 38 ] In response, Universal turned the film over to outside film editors who cut the film to 81 minutes and another version running 87 minutes that was eventually released in theaters, still with an R rating. [ 38 ] The film was dedicated to The Evil Dead sales agent and Evil Dead II executive producer Irvin Shapiro , who died before the film's production in 1989. Music Danny Elfman , who composed the score for Darkman , wrote the "March of the Dead" theme for Army of Darkness . [ 38 ] After the re-shoots were completed, Joseph LoDuca , who composed the music for The Evil Dead and Evil Dead II , returned to score the film. [ 39 ] The composer used his knowledge of synthesizers and was able to present many cues in a mock-up form before he recorded them with the Seattle Symphony . [ 38 ] A vinyl release of the score was revealed during the MondoCon in Austin, Texas , on October 3 and 4, 2015 over Mondo Records . [ 40 ] Reception Box office Army of Darkness was released by Universal on February 19, 1993, in 1,387 theaters in the United States, grossing $4.4 million (38.5% of total gross) in its first weekend. On a budget of $11 million, the film earned $11.5 million in the US and $21.5 million worldwide. [ 41 ] Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 69% based on 90 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Some of the evil magic is gone as this trilogy capper dispenses with most of the scares, but Bruce Campbell's hammy charm and Sam Raimi's homage to classic visual effects make for a fun enough adventure." [ 42 ] On Metacritic , the film holds a weighted average score of 59 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. [ 43 ] Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "The movie isn't as funny or entertaining as Evil Dead II , however, maybe because the comic approach seems recycled." [ 44 ] In her review for The New York Times , Janet Maslin wrote that "Mr. Campbell's manly, mock-heroic posturing is perfectly in keeping with the director's droll outlook." [ 45 ] Desson Howe, in his review for The Washington Post praised the film's style: "Bill Pope's cinematography is gymnastic and appropriately frenetic. The visual and make-up effects (from artist-technicians William Mesa, Tony Gardner and others) are incredibly imaginative." [ 46 ] However, Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "C+" rating and wrote, "This spoofy cast of thousands looks a little too much like a crew of bland Hollywood extras . By the time Army of Darkness turns into a retread of Jason and the Argonauts , featuring an army of fighting skeletons, the film has fallen into a ditch between parody and spectacle." [ 47 ] Accolades This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Army of Darkness won the Saturn Award for Best Horror Film (1994). [ 48 ] It was also nominated for Best Make-Up . Army of Darkness was nominated for the Grand Prize at Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival, and won the Golden Raven at the Brussels International Festival of Fantasy Film in 1993. The film also won the Critics' Award at Fantasporto , and was nominated for the International Fantasy Film Award in the category of Best Film in 1993. It was also nominated for Best Film at Sitges , the Spanish International Film Festival. Other media Future In March 2013, shortly before the release of Evil Dead , a loose continuation of the franchise, Raimi stated that the next Evil Dead film will be Army of Darkness 2 . Campbell confirmed that he would star as an older, but not necessarily wiser, Ash. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] At a WonderCon panel in March, Campbell and Fede Álvarez , director of the 2013 film, stated that their ultimate plan was for Álvarez's Evil Dead 2 and Raimi's Army of Darkness 2 to be followed by a seventh film which would merge the narratives of Ash and Mia. [ 51 ] Later in October, Campbell once again confirmed in an interview with ComicBook.com that he will be reprising his role as Ash in the sequel. [ 52 ] Fede Álvarez posted a status update on his Twitter account that Raimi will direct the sequel. [ 53 ] Campbell later commented that the rumor about him returning was false. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] In July 2014, Campbell stated it was likely the planned sequel would instead be a TV series with him as the star. The ten-episode season of Ash vs Evil Dead [ 56 ] [ 57 ] premiered on Starz on October 31, 2015, with the pilot co-written and directed by Sam Raimi. [ 58 ] Due to legal issues with Universal, the events from Army of Darkness could not specifically be mentioned in the first season; it was later resolved and the events from that film were mentioned in the second season. [ 59 ] In addition to Campbell, the series stars Dana DeLorenzo , Ray Santiago , [ 58 ] and Lucy Lawless . The series was later canceled after three seasons, with Campbell officially retiring from the role of Ash in live action. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] A new Evil Dead film, entitled Evil Dead Rise , written and directed by Lee Cronin and starring Alyssa Sutherland , Lily Sullivan , Gabrielle Echols, Morgan Davies , Nell Fisher , and Mia Challis was theatrically released on April 21, 2023. [ 62 ] Comics Army of Darkness had a comic book adaptation and several comic book sequels . The movie adaptation, from publisher Dark Horse Comics , was published before the film's theatrical release. [ 63 ] Army of Darkness (movie adaptation) Army of Darkness: Ashes 2 Ashes Army of Darkness: Shop till You Drop Dead Darkman vs. Army of Darkness Army of Darkness vs. Re-Animator Army of Darkness: Old School Army of Darkness: Ash vs. The Classic Monsters Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness Army of Darkness: From the Ashes Army of Darkness: Long Road Home Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors Army of Darkness/Xena: Warrior Princess: Why Not? Xena vs. Army of Darkness: What Again? Army of Darkness vs. Hack/Slash [ 64 ] Role-playing game Eden Studios, Inc. published the Army of Darkness Roleplaying Game in 2005. Video games The 2000 video game Evil Dead: Hail to the King , and its 2003 sequel Evil Dead: A Fistful of Boomstick , act as sequels to Army of Darkness , taking place several years after the events of the film. Both games were published by THQ ; Hail to the King was released for PlayStation , Dreamcast , and Microsoft Windows , and A Fistful of Boomstick was released for PlayStation 2 and Xbox . In 2011, a tower defense mobile game titled Army of Darkness: Defense , developed by Backflip Studios and published by MGM Interactive , was released for iOS and Android . The 2022 video game Evil Dead: The Game —published by Saber Interactive for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 5 , Windows , Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S —includes playable characters from Army of Darkness , including Ash, [ 65 ] Lord Arthur, [ 66 ] Duke Henry the Red, [ 65 ] and Evil Ash. [ 67 ] A "Castle Kandar" map, featuring locations from Army of Darkness , was made available as downloadable content (DLC). [ 68 ] See also List of films featuring miniature people Notes ^ Titled onscreen as Bruce Campbell vs. Army of Darkness . [ 3 ] ^ As depicted in Evil Dead II (1987). References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Army Of Darkness" . bbfc.co.uk . 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Archived from the original on December 20, 2016 . Retrieved November 3, 2016 . ^ "Fede Alvarez on Twitter: ""@thielebenjamin: Hey @fedalvar will you be directing the Army Of Darkness 2 movie?" Sam Raimi will!" " . Twitter.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 3, 2016 . ^ "Bruce Campbell says No Army of Darkness 2" . YouTube.com. November 5, 2013. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016 . Retrieved November 3, 2016 . ^ Turek, Ryan (November 5, 2013). "Bruce Campbell Wants to Set the Record Straight About Army of Darkness 2, And He Feels Bad for You" . M.shocktillyoudrop.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013 . Retrieved November 3, 2016 . ^ Andreeva, Nellie (November 10, 2014). " 'Evil Dead' Series From Sam Raimi Ordered By Starz; Bruce Campbell Stars" . Deadline . Archived from the original on February 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 3, 2016 . ^ Alex Stedman (July 28, 2014). "Bruce Campbell Says He Plans to Star in Sam Raimi's 'The Evil Dead' TV Series" . Variety . Archived from the original on August 7, 2016 . Retrieved November 3, 2016 . ^ a b "Starz's Evil Dead television series has found Ash's two new sidekicks" . Blastr . Archived from the original on March 3, 2016 . Retrieved November 3, 2016 . ^ MrDisgusting on (August 14, 2015). " "Ash vs Evil Dead": Why Doesn't Ash Work At S-Mart?" . Bloody Disgusting!. Archived from the original on October 15, 2016 . Retrieved November 3, 2016 . ^ Otterson, Joe (April 20, 2018). " 'Ash vs. Evil Dead' Canceled at Starz After Three Seasons" . Variety . Retrieved September 12, 2022 . ^ Collis, Clark (April 23, 2018). " 'Ash vs. Evil Dead' star Bruce Campbell says he's 'retired' from playing Ash" . EW.com . Retrieved September 12, 2022 . ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (August 24, 2022). " 'Aquaman 2' Heads To Christmas 2023, 'Shazam: Fury Of The Gods' Goes To March; HBO Max Pics 'House Party' & 'Evil Dead Rise' Going Theatrical – Warner Bros. Release Date Changes" . Deadline . Retrieved September 12, 2022 . ^ Mangels, Andy (January 1993). "Hollywood Heroes". Wizard (17). Wizard Entertainment : 36. ^ Nadler, Lonnie (April 12, 2013). "Bloody-disgusting.com" . Bloody-disgusting.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 3, 2016 . ^ a b Franey, Joel (February 3, 2023). "All the Evil Dead game class" . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on July 17, 2023 . Retrieved July 17, 2023 . ^ Ridwan, Bello (March 5, 2023). "Evil Dead The Game: Best Characters For The Splatter Royale Mode" . Game Rant . Archived from the original on July 17, 2023 . Retrieved July 17, 2023 . ^ Shahid, M. Salman (January 7, 2023). "Evil Dead: The Game How to Play Evil Ash" . Game Rant . Archived from the original on July 17, 2023 . Retrieved July 17, 2023 . ^ Trush, Brandon (July 25, 2022). " 'Evil Dead: The Game' DLC Review – Castle Kandar Map and Quality of Life Improvements" . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 17, 2023 . Retrieved July 17, 2023 . Sources Warren, Bill (2000). The Evil Dead Companion . Macmillan. ISBN 0312275013 . Campbell, Bruce (2002). If Chins Could Kill: Confessions of a B Movie Actor . LA Weekly Books for Thomas Dunne Books / St. Martin's Press . ISBN 9780312291457 . Muir, John Kenneth (2004). The Unseen Force: The Films of Sam Raimi . Applause Books . ISBN 9781557836076 . External links Official website Army of Darkness at IMDb Army of Darkness at Box Office Mojo Army of Darkness at Rotten Tomatoes Army of Darkness at Evil Dead Archives .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Evil Dead v t e Feature films Original trilogy The Evil Dead (1981) Evil Dead II (1987) Army of Darkness (1992) Standalone films Evil Dead (2013) Evil Dead Rise (2023) Evil Dead Burn (2026) Original trilogy The Evil Dead (1981) Evil Dead II (1987) Army of Darkness (1992) The Evil Dead (1981) Evil Dead II (1987) Army of Darkness (1992) Standalone films Evil Dead (2013) Evil Dead Rise (2023) Evil Dead Burn (2026) Evil Dead (2013) Evil Dead Rise (2023) Evil Dead Burn (2026) Television Ash vs Evil Dead (2015–2018) Ash vs Evil Dead (2015–2018) Comics Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash: The Nightmare Warriors Video games The Evil Dead Hail to the King A Fistful of Boomstick Regeneration Army of Darkness: Defense Evil Dead: The Game The Evil Dead Hail to the King A Fistful of Boomstick Regeneration Army of Darkness: Defense Evil Dead: The Game Tabletop games Army of Darkness Roleplaying Game Army of Darkness Roleplaying Game Musicals Evil Dead The Musical The Elvis Dead Evil Dead The Musical The Elvis Dead Characters Ash Williams Ash Williams Related media Films Within the Woods My Name Is Bruce Wither Evil Head Hail to the Deadites La Casa (film series) Video games Poker Night 2 Dead by Daylight Fortnite Battle Royale Films Within the Woods My Name Is Bruce Wither Evil Head Hail to the Deadites La Casa (film series) Within the Woods My Name Is Bruce Wither Evil Head Hail to the Deadites La Casa (film series) Video games Poker Night 2 Dead by Daylight Fortnite Battle Royale Poker Night 2 Dead by Daylight Fortnite Battle Royale Category Category v t e Sam Raimi v t e Unrealized projects Unrealized projects Films directed It's Murder! (1977) Within the Woods (short, 1978) The Evil Dead (1981) Crimewave (1985) Evil Dead II (1987) Darkman (1990) Army of Darkness (1992) The Quick and the Dead (1995) A Simple Plan (1998) For Love of the Game (1999) The Gift (2000) Spider-Man (2002) Spider-Man 2 (2004) Spider-Man 3 (2007) Drag Me to Hell (2009) Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) The Black Ghiandola (short, 2017) Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022) Send Help (2026) It's Murder! (1977) Within the Woods (short, 1978) The Evil Dead (1981) Crimewave (1985) Evil Dead II (1987) Darkman (1990) Army of Darkness (1992) The Quick and the Dead (1995) A Simple Plan (1998) For Love of the Game (1999) The Gift (2000) Spider-Man (2002) Spider-Man 2 (2004) Spider-Man 3 (2007) Drag Me to Hell (2009) Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) The Black Ghiandola (short, 2017) Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022) Send Help (2026) Written only Easy Wheels (1989) The Nutt House (1992) The Hudsucker Proxy (1994) Man with the Screaming Brain (2005) Easy Wheels (1989) The Nutt House (1992) The Hudsucker Proxy (1994) Man with the Screaming Brain (2005) Produced only Timecop (1994) The Grudge (2004) Boogeyman (2005) The Grudge 2 (2006) The Messengers (2007) 30 Days of Night (2007) The Possession (2012) Evil Dead (2013) Murder of a Cat (2014) Poltergeist (2015) Don't Breathe (2016) Crawl (2019) The Grudge (2019) The Unholy (2021) Don't Breathe 2 (2021) Nightbooks (2021) Umma (2022) 65 (2023) Boy Kills World (2023) Don't Move (2024) Locked (2025) Timecop (1994) The Grudge (2004) Boogeyman (2005) The Grudge 2 (2006) The Messengers (2007) 30 Days of Night (2007) The Possession (2012) Evil Dead (2013) Murder of a Cat (2014) Poltergeist (2015) Don't Breathe (2016) Crawl (2019) The Grudge (2019) The Unholy (2021) Don't Breathe 2 (2021) Nightbooks (2021) Umma (2022) 65 (2023) Boy Kills World (2023) Don't Move (2024) Locked (2025) Related articles Ghost House Pictures Ted Raimi (brother) Ivan Raimi (brother) Ghost House Pictures Ted Raimi (brother) Ivan Raimi (brother) v t e Saturn Award for Best Horror Film v t e Blacula (1972) The Exorcist (1973) Young Frankenstein (1974/75) Burnt Offerings (1976) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane (1977) The Wicker Man (1978) Dracula (1979) The Howling (1980) An American Werewolf in London (1981) Poltergeist (1982) The Dead Zone (1983) Gremlins (1984) Fright Night (1985) The Fly (1986) The Lost Boys (1987) Beetlejuice (1988) Arachnophobia (1989/90) The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992) Army of Darkness (1993) Interview with the Vampire (1994) From Dusk till Dawn (1995) Scream (1996) The Devil's Advocate (1997) Apt Pupil (1998) The Sixth Sense (1999) Final Destination (2000) The Others (2001) The Ring (2002) 28 Days Later (2003) Shaun of the Dead (2004) The Exorcism of Emily Rose (2005) The Descent (2006) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008) Drag Me to Hell (2009) Let Me In (2010) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011) The Cabin in the Woods (2012) The Conjuring (2013) Dracula Untold (2014) Crimson Peak (2015) Don't Breathe (2016) Get Out (2017) A Quiet Place (2018/19) The Invisible Man (2019/20) The Black Phone (2021/22) Talk to Me (2022/23) Alien: Romulus (2023/24) Blacula (1972) The Exorcist (1973) Young Frankenstein (1974/75) Burnt Offerings (1976) The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane (1977) The Wicker Man (1978) Dracula (1979) The Howling (1980) An American Werewolf in London (1981) Poltergeist (1982) The Dead Zone (1983) Gremlins (1984) Fright Night (1985) The Fly (1986) The Lost Boys (1987) Beetlejuice (1988) Arachnophobia (1989/90) The Silence of the Lambs (1991) Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992) Army of Darkness (1993) Interview with the Vampire (1994) From Dusk till Dawn (1995) Scream (1996) The Devil's Advocate (1997) Apt Pupil (1998) The Sixth Sense (1999) Final Destination (2000) The Others (2001) The Ring (2002) 28 Days Later (2003) Shaun of the Dead (2004) The Exorcism of Emily Rose (2005) The Descent (2006) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008) Drag Me to Hell (2009) Let Me In (2010) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011) The Cabin in the Woods (2012) The Conjuring (2013) Dracula Untold (2014) Crimson Peak (2015) Don't Breathe (2016) Get Out (2017) A Quiet Place (2018/19) The Invisible Man (2019/20) The Black Phone (2021/22) Talk to Me (2022/23) Alien: Romulus (2023/24) Authority control databases VIAF GND VIAF GND 1992 films The Evil Dead (franchise) films American films with live action and animation 1992 comedy horror films 1990s dark fantasy films American comedy horror films American sequel films American dark fantasy films Demons in film American fantasy adventure films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films about amputees Films directed by Sam Raimi 1992 fantasy films Films set in 13th-century Plantagenet England Films using stop-motion animation 1990s films about time travel Puppet films Renaissance Pictures productions Films adapted into comics Universal Pictures films Films set in castles Films with screenplays by Ivan Raimi Films with screenplays by Sam Raimi American supernatural horror films American sword and sorcery films 1990s English-language films 1992 American films Films scored by Joseph LoDuca English-language comedy horror films English-language science fantasy films Saturn Award–winning films Articles with 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 3.1 Caribbean 3.2 United States and Canada 3.1 Caribbean 3.2 United States and Canada 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Hurricane Connie Español Français Simple English 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Surface weather map of Hurricane Connie shortly before landfall in North Carolina on August 12 Meteorological history Formed August 3, 1955 Dissipated August 15, 1955 Category 4 major hurricane 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 140 mph (220 km/h) Lowest pressure 944 mbar ( hPa ); 27.88 inHg Overall effects Fatalities 77 Damage $86 million (1955 USD ) Areas affected Leeward Islands , Puerto Rico , North Carolina , Mid-Atlantic states , New England , Ontario IBTrACS Part of the 1955 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Connie was a Category 4 hurricane that contributed to significant flooding across the eastern United States in August 1955, just days before Hurricane Diane affected the same general area. Connie formed on August 3 from a tropical wave in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It moved quickly west-northwestward, strengthening into a hurricane by August 4. Connie first posed a threat to the Lesser Antilles , ultimately passing about 105 mi (169 km) north of the island group. In the United States Virgin Islands , three people died due to the hurricane, and a few homes were destroyed. The outer rainbands produced hurricane-force wind gusts and intense precipitation, reaching 8.65 in (220 mm) in Puerto Rico . On the island, Connie destroyed 60 homes and caused crop damage. After affecting Puerto Rico, Connie reached maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (230 km/h), and a barometric pressure of 944 mbar (27.9 inHg), as observed by the Hurricane Hunters on August 7. The hurricane later weakened, slowed its forward motion, and turned to the north, striking North Carolina on August 12 as a Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson scale . Connie was the first of three damaging tropical cyclones in the 1955 hurricane season to hit the state, along with Diane and Ione . The storm progressed inland after moving through the Chesapeake Bay region, and was later absorbed by a cold front over Lake Huron on August 15. Ahead of the storm, the United States Weather Bureau issued widespread hurricane warnings , spurring evacuations, flight cancelations, and beach closures. Connie produced strong winds, high tides, and heavy rainfall as it moved ashore, causing heavy crop damage and 27 deaths in North Carolina. Four people were killed in Washington, D.C. due to a traffic accident caused by slick roads. In Chesapeake Bay, Connie capsized a boat, killing 14 people and prompting a change in Coast Guard regulations. There were six deaths each in Pennsylvania and New Jersey , and 14 deaths in New York , where record rainfall flooded houses and subways. At least 295,000 people nationwide lost electric power during the storm. Damage in the United States totaled around $86 million (1955 USD ). [ nb 1 ] The rains from Connie contributed to flooding from Hurricane Diane that caused $700 million in damage. The remnants of Connie killed three people in Ontario , and also destroyed a few houses and boats in the province. As a result of its impacts, including a death toll of 77, the name Connie was retired from the Atlantic hurricane naming list. Meteorological history A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression to the west of the Cape Verde islands on August 3, 1955, based on reports from two nearby ships. The depression moved quickly west-northwestward and intensified into Tropical Storm Connie. A Hurricane Hunters flight on August 4 reported a developing eye feature . Observations from the flight, as well as a nearby ship, suggested that Connie attained hurricane status on August 4. The hurricane continued to intensify as it approached the northern Lesser Antilles , passing about 105 mi (169 km) north of the island group on August 6. Later that day, the storm strengthened to major hurricane status, or a Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson scale . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] After passing the Lesser Antilles, Connie turned more to the northwest as it rounded a large ridge . A Hurricane Hunters flight on August 7 observed an eye shaped like an inverted cone – larger at flight-level, and a diameter of 9 mi (14 km) at the surface. The plane also observed a minimum barometric pressure of 944 mbar (27.88 inHg ), the lowest in association with the hurricane. Based on the observations, the Hurricane Research Division estimated maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (230 km/h), making Connie a Category 4 hurricane. [ 2 ] The hurricane progressed northwestward, passing northeast of The Bahamas . The eye grew in size, and the combination of upwelling and cooler air resulted in weakening. Connie fell below major hurricane status on August 9. A building ridge to its northeast, as well as some interaction with developing Hurricane Diane to its southeast, caused Connie to move slower toward the west-northwest. On August 10, the hurricane turned to the north as it moved toward the southeast United States coast. On August 12, Connie restrengthened slightly, reaching a secondary peak intensity of 100 mph (160 km/h). The hurricane made landfall near Fort Macon State Park in North Carolina at that intensity around 15:00 UTC . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Hurricane Connie weakened as it moved through eastern North Carolina. The storm approached the Atlantic coast near the North Carolina/ Virginia border. After passing through the Hampton Roads area, Connie turned back to the north-northwest, steered by a strengthening upper-level trough and low, located over Illinois. On August 13, Connie fell below hurricane intensity as it moved through the Chesapeake Bay region. The track shifted to the northwest, and Connie moved across western Pennsylvania, into Lake Erie . While still a tropical storm, Connie moved across portions of Southwestern Ontario , Lake Huron , and Michigan. On August 15, an approaching cold front absorbed the dissipating storm. [ 2 ] Preparations On August 5, Hurricane Connie began to become an apparent threat to the northeastern Caribbean Islands, with maximum winds in the storm reaching 125 mph (201 km/h). The National Weather Bureau issued hurricane warnings for Barbuda , Saba and Antigua . The Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico were placed on hurricane alert as warnings were possible later that day. [ 3 ] Along the northern coast of Puerto Rico, the threat of Connie forced 40,000 people to evacuate their homes. [ 4 ] After Connie affected Puerto Rico, a storm warning was issued for the northern coast of the Dominican Republic , and a hurricane warning was issued for the eastern Bahamas. [ 5 ] While Connie was meandering in the western Atlantic Ocean, its potential track posed problems for forecasters, due to its slow movement near the southeast United States coastline. [ 1 ] On August 7, a hurricane warning was issued from North Carolina to Norfolk, Virginia , with a hurricane alert issued farther north to New York City. [ 6 ] The Weather Bureau later extended the hurricane warnings to Delaware Breakwater , with storm warnings farther northeast to Provincetown, Massachusetts . The alert for North Carolina was up for about three days until Connie moved inland. [ 7 ] Ahead of the storm, the United States military flew its planes away from the coast to safer shelters further inland. [ 8 ] Two people were killed when they crashed the Navy plane they were evacuating. Large Naval ships rode out the storm at sea, while smaller vessels anchored in Tangier . More than 100 merchant vessels from a dozen counties anchored in the waters of Hampton Roads, or while small boats were secured at port. The American Red Cross opened at least 79 shelters, and mobilized 41 officials with hurricane experience. The Coast Guard ordered four towns along beaches to evacuate, and overall about 14,000 people evacuated the coastline. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] About 2,000 people evacuated from flood-prone areas in New Bern, North Carolina . [ 7 ] In Philadelphia, the Boy Scouts evacuated 800 scouts from Camp Delmont due to the threat of the hurricane. [ 12 ] The threat of Connie also canceled a flight by President Dwight Eisenhower from Gettysburg to Washington, D.C., prompting him to travel instead by car. [ 13 ] More than 300 residents evacuated in North Jersey. [ 14 ] Beaches were closed in New Jersey and New York. An annual parade in Ocean City, New Jersey , was postponed due to the storm. Dozens of flights in and out of the New York area were canceled due to weather conditions. The storm also prompted the Canadian Army to halt military exercises. [ 15 ] Impact Caribbean As the hurricane passed north of the Lesser Antilles, the outer rainbands of Connie produced wind gusts as high as 104 mph (167 km/h) on Tortola in the British Virgin Islands . [ 4 ] On Anguilla , sustained winds reached 51 mph (82 km/h). [ 2 ] Wind gusts reached 46 mph (74 km/h) in Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands , although there were estimates of 80 mph (130 km/h) wind gusts on Saint Thomas . [ 4 ] The outer rainbands of Connie also produced heavy rainfall in the northeastern Caribbean. [ 1 ] The highest precipitation total in Puerto Rico was 8.65 in (220 mm) along the lower Río Blanco , [ 16 ] of which 7.50 in (191 mm) fell in one day. Rainfall reached 7.04 in (179 mm) in Charlotte Amalie on Saint Thomas. Two people drowned on the island, and one person was electrocuted due to Connie's passage. The hurricane also destroyed a few shacks and boats on Saint Thomas. In Puerto Rico, high winds and waves destroyed 60 poorly built houses. Connie also damaged crops and utilities in Puerto Rico. [ 4 ] Later, San Salvador Island in the Bahamas reported winds of 24 mph (39 km/h). [ 2 ] United States and Canada Hurricane Connie produced hurricane-force winds in North Carolina and Virginia. [ 2 ] Across the Northeastern United States, many areas were in drought conditions before the storm struck. Unusually moist air caused above normal air and water temperatures, resulting in heavy rainfall across the eastern United States. Storm-related rainfall spread from the South Carolina, northeast to Maine, and as far west as Michigan. Record rainfall occurred in Philadelphia and New York City, and the highest precipitation related to Connie was 13.24 in (336 mm) at Fort Schuyler in New York.Connie's rains preceded additional rainfall from Hurricane Diane just four days later, which together caused widespread flooding. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 16 ] Along Connie's western periphery, the rainbands spawned at least six tornadoes, of which five in South Carolina and one in North Carolina. [ 1 ] Damage from Connie in the United States was estimated at $86,065,000, mostly in North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. [ 19 ] When Connie struck North Carolina, it produced sustained winds of 72 mph (116 km/h) in Morehead City , with gusts to 83 mph (134 km/h). Wind gusts near where the hurricane moved ashore reached 100 mph (160 km/h), although it was uncertain whether the gust was estimated or measured. [ 1 ] Frying Pan Shoals , located offshore, reported a gust of 92 mph (148 km/h). [ 20 ] The hurricane produced tides up to 8 ft (2.4 m) above normal while moving slowly ashore, which resulted in significant beach erosion . [ 1 ] Tides were higher at Swansboro, North Carolina than during Hurricane Hazel the previous October, [ 20 ] and many piers that were rebuilt after Hazel were damaged or again destroyed by Connie. [ 7 ] The storm surge flooded low-lying portions of Wilmington . [ 21 ] High waves in advance of the storm flooded coastal roads along the Outer Banks. [ 9 ] Rainfall amounts of over 10 in (250 mm) in the area west of where Connie made landfall. [ 16 ] Stream flooding occurred as far inland as Raleigh , but was most significant near the coast. [ 22 ] Along the Pamlico River in Washington , National Guardsmen were ordered to help about 1,000 people evacuate during the storm. [ 7 ] Outer rainbands knocked out power lines in coastal North Carolina. [ 20 ] Flooding-induced rainfall closed U.S. Route 17 near New Bern . [ 7 ] Throughout North Carolina, the hurricane caused about $40 million in damage, of which about 75% was from crop damage. [ 1 ] There were 27 deaths in the state related to Connie, including traffic deaths, drownings, people in damaged buildings, and electrocutions. [ 21 ] In South Carolina to the south of the center, the hurricane destroyed 40 buildings in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina . [ 21 ] Connie also damaged fishing piers, breakwaters , and housing shingles. Newspapers considered the damage "mild" compared to that from Hazel the previous year. [ 23 ] As Connie progressed northward, it continued to drop significant amounts of precipitation. Totals of over 10 in (250 mm) were reported on both sides of Chesapeake Bay, in Pennsylvania, and in southeastern New York. [ 16 ] Rainfall in Richmond, Virginia , totaled 8.79 in (223 mm) on August 12, breaking the day's precipitation record. [ 24 ] Severe river flooding occurred in Virginia, from the coast inland to Richmond . [ 22 ] Floods washed out a portion of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad near Lankford , and covered portions of five area highways, including U.S. 1 and U.S. 301 . The storm downed trees and caused scattered power outages for at least 5,000 people in the state. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Ten river gauges in Virginia, as well as sixteen in neighboring Maryland, reached the highest stage on record. [ 22 ] More than 100 traffic accidents occurred in Washington D.C. due to slick roads; one accident killed four people, after a car was sideswiped and knocked into a swollen creek where the occupants drowned. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] The combination of strong winds and high waves wrecked a 125 ft (38 m) schooner in the Chesapeake Bay named the Levin J. Marvel . [ 21 ] The 64-year old boat was described as "unseaworthy" when it left from Annapolis, Maryland , and capsized near Fairhaven . Of the 23 passengers and four crew members, 14 people drowned, making it "one of the worst maritime calamities in the history of Tidewater Maryland", as described by The Baltimore Sun . The other passengers were later rescued after holding onto wreckage. [ 27 ] Farther from the storm's immediate landfall, Connie's precipitation was beneficial Delaware due to prior drought conditions. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Wind gusts in the state reached 60 mph (97 km/h) on a control tower at the New Castle County Airport . [ 30 ] The storm spawned a waterspout in Bethany Beach , which knocked off the roofs of a dozen homes, caused a six-hour power outage, and caused a minor injury when a teenager was flown 60 ft (18 m). [ 31 ] The rains caused flooding that was described as "inconsequential" by the United States Geological Survey , due to preceding drought conditions. [ 29 ] There were six storm deaths in New Jersey – one by drowning, one by electrocution, and four in traffic accidents. The winds and rains knocked down trees and power lines, leaving about 180,000 people without power, and about 20,000 people without phone service. Nearly every police and fire department in Bergen County , along with over 500 electricians, responded to the outages. Manville declared a state of emergency that lasted for 19.5 hours, after three nearby rivers exceeded their banks. A nun in Tenafly required rescue from a trapped elevator during a power outage. Flooding closed portions of the White Horse Pike and other roads near Camden , causing traffic jams. [ 14 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] There were also six deaths in neighboring Pennsylvania – four due to traffic accidents, and two people in their cars swept away by floods. Rainfall reached 9 in (230 mm) in southeastern Pennsylvania, with 4.83 in (123 mm) recorded in Philadelphia over a 24-hour period; it was the city's highest daily rainfall in 57 years. The deluge exceeded the capacity of sewers and creeks, closed roads, and entered the basements of homes, forcing hundreds of residents to evacuate. [ 18 ] [ 35 ] [ 34 ] Three days' of rainfall caused creeks to rise in the Lehigh Valley . [ 28 ] About 10,000 people lost power in Pennsylvania, but service was quickly restored. [ 28 ] U.S. Marines evacuated a group of 63 Girl Scouts from Camp Helena near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania , after floods from a nearby creek threatened the group. [ 36 ] A boy required rescue from the flooded Darby Creek . [ 37 ] Heavy rainfall, totaling over 10 in (250 mm) affected southeastern New York, causing heavy damage, and killing 11 people in the New York metropolitan area , and three people upstate . [ 16 ] [ 29 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Hurricane Connie brought the heaviest rain seen in New York City in over 50 years, totaling 5.32 in (135 mm) within a 20-hour span. [ 26 ] Large areas of the city were flooded, inundating subways and thousands of houses. About 100,000 people lost power in the city. [ 40 ] High winds and tides from the storm cancelled ferry service, [ 40 ] and forced LaGuardia Airport to temporarily shut down after flooding reached 1 ft (0.30 m) deep. [ 21 ] [ 18 ] Flooding washed out a portion of the Delaware and Hudson Railway in the Helderberg Mountains , causing two trains to derail; there were no injuries. [ 39 ] In Monroe and Wayne counties, the storm damaged the peach and apple crops. [ 41 ] The Chenango County Fair closed early due to the storms' rains. [ 42 ] In coastal Connecticut, the rainfall from Connie increased levels along streams, but there was little damage. [ 22 ] When the remnants of Connie entered Ontario on August 14, it continued to produce winds of up to 46 mph (74 km/h), and the storm dropped 2.56 in (65 mm) of rainfall near the Great Lakes. In Burlington , 27 boats were destroyed, and one fisherman drowned in Lake Erie after his boat sank during the storm. Two other people drowned in the province. Connie destroyed six houses and damaged several others due to high waves. The storm also caused power outages and damage to the tobacco crop. [ 43 ] Late in the storm's path through the United States, Connie produced wind gusts of 65 mph (105 km/h) along Lake Huron in Michigan , causing high waves that damaged or sank many small boats. Damage in Michigan was estimated at $150,000. [ 44 ] Aftermath Flooding caused by Connie generally did not attract much media attention; however, the floods were important in setting the conditions for later significant flooding across the Northeastern United States. [ 22 ] Just five days after Connie struck North Carolina, [ 1 ] Hurricane Diane affected the same area, but instead of continuing to the northwest it turned to the northeast. Diane produced further rainfall in already wet areas from Connie. [ 45 ] Damage from Diane totaled at least $700 million, [ 1 ] and six states were declared federal disaster areas from the combined hurricanes' impact; this allowed federal assistance for the affected areas. [ 45 ] Immediately after the storm, the U.S. Small Business Administration authorized low-interest loans for homes and businesses affected by Connie. [ 46 ] The loss of the Levin J. Marvel during the hurricane prompted the United States Congress to pass a law in 1956, which allowed the Coast Guard to inspect all vessels with more than six passengers; the previous law only allowed inspections for boats of more than 700 tons, much higher than the 183 tons that the Marvel displaced . The inexperienced captain was charged with negligence and manslaughter and stood trial before the United States District Court for the District of Maryland in Baltimore. Those charges carried a prison term of 11 years. Judge Robert Dorsey Watkins , however, acquitted him of the manslaughter charge, instead sentencing him to one-year probation for negligence. [ 27 ] Due to its destructive impact and high death toll, the name Connie was retired from the Atlantic hurricane naming list by the U.S. Weather Bureau after the 1955 season. It was one of four names retired from that year. [ 47 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal List of North Carolina hurricanes (1950–1979) List of Virginia hurricanes 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane – one of the most damaging hurricanes in the Mid-Atlantic Hurricane Isabel – a hurricane in 2003 that also struck North Carolina and also moved over the Great Lakes Notes ^ All damage totals are in 1955 United States dollars unless otherwise noted. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Gordon E. Dunn; Walter R. Davis; Paul L. Moore (December 1955). "Hurricanes of 1955" (PDF) . Monthly Weather Review . 83 (12): 315. Bibcode : 1955MWRv...83..315D . doi : 10.1175/1520-0493(1955)083<0315:HO>2.0.CO;2 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-07 . Retrieved March 5, 2019 . ^ a b c d e f g Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (Report). Hurricane Research Division. May 2015. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04 . Retrieved February 28, 2019 . ^ "Hurricane Connie Nears Leeward Isles" . Free Lance-Star . Associated Press. August 5, 1955 . Retrieved March 4, 2019 . ^ a b c d Climatological Data: Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands . Vol. 1. Asheville, North Carolina: United States Weather Bureau. 1957. p. 54 . Retrieved March 4, 2019 . ^ "Puerto Rico Escapes Lash of Hurricane" . Daytona Beach Morning-Herald . Associated Press. August 6, 1955 . Retrieved March 4, 2019 . ^ "Hurricane Connie on Her Way" . The Nevada Daily Mail . Associated Press. August 7, 1955 . Retrieved March 4, 2019 . ^ a b c d e "Coastal, NC Hurricane Connie Strikes Coast, Aug 1955" . The Robesonian . August 12, 1955. GenDisasters.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-17 . Retrieved March 4, 2019 . ^ "Connie May Chase Planes and Curb Talbott Farewell" . The Milwaukee Journal . Associated Press. August 10, 1955. Archived from the original on March 7, 2019 . Retrieved March 4, 2019 . ^ a b "Hurricane Idles 225 Miles SE Wilmington Pointing at N.C." The Robesonian . August 10, 1955 . Retrieved January 23, 2013 . ^ "Hurricane Loses Some Punch Raking Northward Along N. Carolina Coast" . Ellensburg Daily Record . Associated Press. August 12, 1955. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017 . Retrieved March 4, 2019 . ^ "Ships of Dozen Nations Huddled in Hampton Roads, Await Storm" . The Boston Globe . Associated Press. August 12, 1955. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019 . Retrieved April 3, 2019 . ^ "Connie Speeds Closing of Boy Scout Camp" . The Reading Eagle . Associated Press. August 11, 1955. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11 . Retrieved March 4, 2019 . ^ "Eisenhower Abandons Plane Trip Because of Hurricane" . The Reading Eagle . Associated Press. August 11, 1955. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017 . Retrieved March 4, 2019 . ^ a b "Gale Winds and Rain Whipped By Connie Sweep New Jersey" . The Progress-Index . Petersburg, Virginia. August 13, 1955. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019 . Retrieved April 3, 2019 . ^ Charles Grutzner (August 12, 1955). "City Alert Ended as Connie Whirls Toward Carolina" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 8, 2019 . Retrieved March 7, 2019 . – via The New York Times (subscription required) ^ a b c d e David M. Roth (March 6, 2013). "Hurricane Connie – August 6–14, 1955" . Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 2018-08-23 . Retrieved March 4, 2019 . ^ Jerome Namias; Carlos R. Dunn (August 1955). "The Weather and Circulation of August 1955" . Monthly Weather Review . 83 (8): 163. Bibcode : 1955MWRv...83..163N . doi : 10.1175/1520-0493(1955)083<0163:TWACOA>2.0.CO;2 . ^ a b c "Hurricane Connie Now Medium-Sized" . Lewiston Morning-Tribune . Associated Press. August 14, 1955 . Retrieved January 24, 2013 . ^ E.V.W. Jones (February 5, 1956). "1955 Broke All Records for Hurricane Damage" . Meriden Record . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ a b c "Hurricane Connie Is Losing Punch; Carolina Area Pounded" . The Reading Eagle . Associated Press. August 11, 1955 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ a b c d e David Longshore (2008). Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, New Edition . Facts on File, Inc. p. 105. ISBN 9781438118796 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ a b c d e Floods of August–October 1955: New England to North Carolina . Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey. 1960. pp. 15, 27 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ " 'Connie' Damage In S.C. Not To Be Estimated Yet" . The Greenville News . Associated Press. August 13, 1955. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019 . Retrieved April 3, 2019 . ^ a b "Connie's Heavy Rains Do Moderate Damage" . The Free Lance-Star . August 13, 1955 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ a b "North Carolina Hardest Hit by Hurricane Connie's Fury" . Star-Gazette . Elmyra, New York. Associated Press. August 14, 1955. p. 43. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019 . Retrieved April 6, 2019 . ^ a b "Vacationers Caught As Gales Spread Out" . The Victoria Advocate . United Press. August 13, 1955 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ a b Frederick N. Rasmussen (April 24, 2004). "Ship was a tragedy waiting to happen" . The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on 2015-10-15 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ a b c "Connie's Visit to Valley Evaluated as Beneficial; Cleanup Near Complete" . The Morning Call . Allentown, Pennsylvania. August 14, 1955 . Retrieved April 5, 2019 . ^ a b c National Weather Summary – Hydrologic Events and Floods and Droughts . United States Geological Survey. 1991. pp. 225, 419 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ "One Cottage is Smashed; Power Cut" . The News Journal . Wilmington, Delaware. August 13, 1955. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019 . Retrieved April 3, 2019 . ^ "Swirls into Penna.; Passes Wilmington 75 Miles to West" . The News Journal . Wilmington, Delaware. August 13, 1955. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019 . Retrieved April 3, 2019 . ^ "Bergen Still Mopping Up In Hurricane Aftermath" . Bergen Evening Record . Hackensack, New Jersey. August 15, 1955. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019 . Retrieved April 4, 2019 . ^ "Somerset Battered, Soaked By Connie, Still Drying Out" . The Central New Jersey Home News . August 15, 1955. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019 . Retrieved April 3, 2019 . ^ a b "Connie Blows Out in Central Penna.; Floods Block Phila. Area Traffic" . The Philadelphia Inquirer . August 14, 1955 . Retrieved April 6, 2019 . ^ Ben Gelber (2002). The Pennsylvania Weather Book . Rutgers University Press. pp. 204, 235. ISBN 9780813530567 . Retrieved January 23, 2013 . ^ "Storm Threat Closes Camp for 63 Scouts" . The Morning Call . Allentown, Pennsylvania. August 14, 1955. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019 . Retrieved April 3, 2019 . ^ "Heaviest Rain in 57 Yrs. Hits City" . The Philadelphia Inquirer . August 14, 1955 . Retrieved April 6, 2019 . ^ "Heavy Rains, Winds Hit State" . The Star-Gazette . Elmyra, New York. Associated Press. August 14, 1955. Archived from the original on April 8, 2019 . Retrieved April 6, 2019 . ^ a b "Connie Claims Lives of 14 in State" . The Ithaca Journal . Associated Press. August 14, 1955. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019 . Retrieved April 6, 2019 . ^ a b "New York Wallows in Heavy Rains" . The Times Daily . Associated Press. August 13, 1955. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ "Steady Rain, Winds Hurt Fruit Crop, Fell Trees, Wires" . Democrat and Chronicle . Rochester, New York. August 14, 1955. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019 . Retrieved April 6, 2019 . ^ "Connie-Incited Rains Wash Out Closing Events of Chenango Fair" . The Sunday Press . Binghamton, New York. August 14, 1955. ^ 1955-Connie (Report). Environment Canada. November 9, 2009. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ Lucius W. Dye (August 1955). Climatological Data: Michigan . Vol. 70. p. 116 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ a b Lee Davis (2008). "Hurricanes" . Natural Disasters . Facts on File Science Library. p. 282. ISBN 9781438118789 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . ^ "U.S. to Grant Loans for Connie Damage" . The Morning News . Wilmington, Delaware. August 13, 1955. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019 . Retrieved April 6, 2019 . ^ Gary Padgett; Jack Beven; James Lewis Free; Sandy Delgado (May 23, 2012). "Subject: B3) What storm names have been retired?" . Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006 . Retrieved March 9, 2019 . External links Flood of '55 from The Hartford Courant .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes v t e 1853–1949 1850s Three (1853) "Last Island" (1856) 1860s "Great Nassau" (1866) 1870s Seven (1878) 1880s Two (1880) Eight (1880) "Cuba" (1882) "Indianola" (1886) 1890s "Chenière Caminada" (1893) Six (1894) "Georgia" (1898) "San Ciriaco" (1899) 1900s "Galveston" (1900) Four (1906) 1910s "Cuba" (1910) "Galveston" (1915) "New Orleans" (1915) "Texas" (1916) "Nueva Gerona" (1917) "Florida Keys" (1919) 1920s "Tampa Bay" (1921) "Nassau" (1926) Four (1926) "Miami" (1926) "Havana–Bermuda" (1926) "Bahamas" (1929) 1930s "San Zenón" (1930) "British Honduras" (1931) "Freeport" (1932) "San Ciprián" (1932) 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane (1933) "Treasure Coast" (1933) "Outer Banks" (1933) Two (1935) "Cuba" (1935) Five (1939) 1940s "Nicaragua" (1941) Three (1943) "Cuba–Florida" (1944) "Homestead" (1945) George (1947) Dog (1948) Easy (1948) "Florida" (1949) 1853–1949 1850s Three (1853) "Last Island" (1856) 1860s "Great Nassau" (1866) 1870s Seven (1878) 1880s Two (1880) Eight (1880) "Cuba" (1882) "Indianola" (1886) 1890s "Chenière Caminada" (1893) Six (1894) "Georgia" (1898) "San Ciriaco" (1899) 1900s "Galveston" (1900) Four (1906) 1910s "Cuba" (1910) "Galveston" (1915) "New Orleans" (1915) "Texas" (1916) "Nueva Gerona" (1917) "Florida Keys" (1919) 1920s "Tampa Bay" (1921) "Nassau" (1926) Four (1926) "Miami" (1926) "Havana–Bermuda" (1926) "Bahamas" (1929) 1930s "San Zenón" (1930) "British Honduras" (1931) "Freeport" (1932) "San Ciprián" (1932) 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane (1933) "Treasure Coast" (1933) "Outer Banks" (1933) Two (1935) "Cuba" (1935) Five (1939) 1940s "Nicaragua" (1941) Three (1943) "Cuba–Florida" (1944) "Homestead" (1945) George (1947) Dog (1948) Easy (1948) "Florida" (1949) 1850s Three (1853) "Last Island" (1856) Three (1853) "Last Island" (1856) 1860s "Great Nassau" (1866) "Great Nassau" (1866) 1870s Seven (1878) Seven (1878) 1880s Two (1880) Eight (1880) "Cuba" (1882) "Indianola" (1886) Two (1880) Eight (1880) "Cuba" (1882) "Indianola" (1886) 1890s "Chenière Caminada" (1893) Six (1894) "Georgia" (1898) "San Ciriaco" (1899) "Chenière Caminada" (1893) Six (1894) "Georgia" (1898) "San Ciriaco" (1899) 1900s "Galveston" (1900) Four (1906) "Galveston" (1900) Four (1906) 1910s "Cuba" (1910) "Galveston" (1915) "New Orleans" (1915) "Texas" (1916) "Nueva Gerona" (1917) "Florida Keys" (1919) "Cuba" (1910) "Galveston" (1915) "New Orleans" (1915) "Texas" (1916) "Nueva Gerona" (1917) "Florida Keys" (1919) 1920s "Tampa Bay" (1921) "Nassau" (1926) Four (1926) "Miami" (1926) "Havana–Bermuda" (1926) "Bahamas" (1929) "Tampa Bay" (1921) "Nassau" (1926) Four (1926) "Miami" (1926) "Havana–Bermuda" (1926) "Bahamas" (1929) 1930s "San Zenón" (1930) "British Honduras" (1931) "Freeport" (1932) "San Ciprián" (1932) 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane (1933) "Treasure Coast" (1933) "Outer Banks" (1933) Two (1935) "Cuba" (1935) Five (1939) "San Zenón" (1930) "British Honduras" (1931) "Freeport" (1932) "San Ciprián" (1932) 1933 Chesapeake–Potomac hurricane (1933) "Treasure Coast" (1933) "Outer Banks" (1933) Two (1935) "Cuba" (1935) Five (1939) 1940s "Nicaragua" (1941) Three (1943) "Cuba–Florida" (1944) "Homestead" (1945) George (1947) Dog (1948) Easy (1948) "Florida" (1949) "Nicaragua" (1941) Three (1943) "Cuba–Florida" (1944) "Homestead" (1945) George (1947) Dog (1948) Easy (1948) "Florida" (1949) 1950–present 1950s Dog (1950) Fox (1950) King (1950) Charlie (1951) Easy (1951) Fox (1952) Hazel (1954) Connie (1955) Ione (1955) Carrie (1957) Cleo (1958) Daisy (1958) Helene (1958) Gracie (1959) 1960s Donna (1960) Betsy (1961) Carla (1961) Frances (1961) Flora (1963) Cleo (1964) Dora (1964) Gladys (1964) Hilda (1964) Betsy (1965) 1970s Celia (1970) Carmen (1974) Gladys (1975) 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(2017) Jose (2017) Florence (2018) Danielle (2010) Earl (2010) Igor (2010) Julia (2010) Katia (2011) Ophelia (2011) Gonzalo (2014) Joaquin (2015) Nicole (2016) Harvey (2017) Jose (2017) Florence (2018) 2020s Laura (2020) Teddy (2020) Delta (2020) Eta (2020) Iota (2020) Ida (2021) Sam (2021) Fiona (2022) Franklin (2023) Idalia (2023) Helene (2024) Kirk (2024) Gabrielle (2025) Laura (2020) Teddy (2020) Delta (2020) Eta (2020) Iota (2020) Ida (2021) Sam (2021) Fiona (2022) Franklin (2023) Idalia (2023) Helene (2024) Kirk (2024) Gabrielle (2025) Category Tropical cyclones portal Category Tropical cyclones portal v t e Retired Atlantic hurricane names v t e 1950s Carol (1954) Edna (1954) Hazel (1954) Connie (1955) Diane (1955) Ione (1955) Janet (1955) Audrey (1957) Carol (1954) Edna (1954) Hazel (1954) Connie (1955) Diane (1955) Ione (1955) Janet (1955) Audrey (1957) 1960s Donna (1960) Carla (1961) Hattie (1961) Flora (1963) Cleo (1964) Dora (1964) Hilda (1964) Betsy (1965) Inez (1966) Beulah (1967) Camille (1969) Donna (1960) Carla (1961) Hattie (1961) Flora (1963) Cleo (1964) Dora (1964) Hilda (1964) Betsy (1965) Inez (1966) Beulah (1967) Camille (1969) 1970s Celia (1970) Agnes (1972) Carmen (1974) Fifi (1974) Eloise (1975) Anita (1977) Greta (1978) David (1979) Frederic (1979) Celia (1970) Agnes (1972) Carmen (1974) Fifi (1974) Eloise (1975) Anita (1977) Greta (1978) David (1979) Frederic (1979) 1980s Allen (1980) Alicia (1983) Elena (1985) Gloria (1985) Gilbert (1988) Joan (1988) Hugo (1989) Allen (1980) Alicia (1983) Elena (1985) Gloria (1985) Gilbert (1988) Joan (1988) Hugo (1989) 1990s Diana (1990) Klaus (1990) Bob (1991) Andrew (1992) Luis (1995) Marilyn (1995) Opal (1995) Roxanne (1995) Cesar (1996) Fran (1996) Hortense (1996) Georges (1998) Mitch (1998) Floyd (1999) Lenny (1999) Diana (1990) Klaus (1990) Bob (1991) Andrew (1992) Luis (1995) Marilyn (1995) Opal (1995) Roxanne (1995) Cesar (1996) Fran (1996) Hortense (1996) Georges (1998) Mitch (1998) Floyd (1999) Lenny (1999) 2000s Keith (2000) Allison (2001) Iris (2001) Michelle (2001) Isidore (2002) Lili (2002) Fabian (2003) Isabel (2003) Juan (2003) Charley (2004) Frances (2004) Ivan (2004) Jeanne (2004) Dennis (2005) Katrina (2005) Rita (2005) Stan (2005) Wilma (2005) Dean (2007) Felix (2007) Noel (2007) Gustav (2008) Ike (2008) Paloma (2008) Keith (2000) Allison (2001) Iris (2001) Michelle (2001) Isidore (2002) Lili (2002) Fabian (2003) Isabel (2003) Juan (2003) Charley (2004) Frances (2004) Ivan (2004) Jeanne (2004) Dennis (2005) Katrina (2005) Rita (2005) Stan (2005) Wilma (2005) Dean (2007) Felix (2007) Noel (2007) Gustav (2008) Ike (2008) Paloma (2008) 2010s Igor (2010) Tomas (2010) Irene (2011) Sandy (2012) Ingrid (2013) Erika (2015) Joaquin (2015) Matthew (2016) Otto (2016) Harvey (2017) Irma (2017) Maria (2017) Nate (2017) Florence (2018) Michael (2018) Dorian (2019) Igor (2010) Tomas (2010) Irene (2011) Sandy (2012) Ingrid (2013) Erika (2015) Joaquin (2015) Matthew (2016) Otto (2016) Harvey (2017) Irma (2017) Maria (2017) Nate (2017) Florence (2018) Michael (2018) Dorian (2019) 2020s Laura (2020) Eta (2020) Iota (2020) Ida (2021) Fiona (2022) Ian (2022) Beryl (2024) Helene (2024) Milton (2024) Laura (2020) Eta (2020) Iota (2020) Ida (2021) Fiona (2022) Ian (2022) Beryl (2024) Helene (2024) Milton (2024) Category Portal Category Portal v t e Tropical cyclones of the 1955 Atlantic hurricane season v t e 1 Alice TS Brenda 4 Connie 2 Diane 2 Edith TS Five 2 Flora 1 Gladys 4 Ione 3 Hilda 5 Janet TS Eleven TS Twelve 2 Katie Category Category 1955 Atlantic hurricane season Cape Verde hurricanes Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes Retired Atlantic hurricanes Hurricanes in Delaware Hurricanes in North Carolina Hurricanes in New England 1955 natural disasters in the United States Hurricanes in Michigan Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription-only content Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Pages using 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Category : Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional) فارسی Category Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Pages in category "Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)" The following 15 pages are in this category, out of 15 total. This list may not reflect recent changes . C Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles F Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles H Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles I Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles J Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles K Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles M Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles N Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names) P Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles S Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles Wikipedia Manual of Style Noindexed pages This page was last edited on 17 December 2022, at 20:56 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Footnotes Wikipedia : Common sourcing mistakes (notability) Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version This is an essay on notability . It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors. This page is not an encyclopedia article or a Wikipedia policy , as it has not been reviewed by the community and may reflect various opinions. This page in a nutshell: There are three common mistakes you should avoid when sourcing an article or proposed article to demonstrate that the topic is notable: i) adding citations but to unreliable sources; ii) adding citations to connected (non-independent) sources; and iii) adding citations to sources that merely mention the topic. .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:NERROR WP:NERROR WP:CSMN WP:CSMN WP:NERROR WP:NERROR WP:CSMN WP:CSMN Wikipedia is an encyclopedia , a specific type of reference work properly containing articles on topics of knowledge. Wikipedia employs the concept of notability to avoid indiscriminate inclusion of topics by attempting to ensure that the subjects of articles are "worthy of notice" – by including articles only on topics that the world has taken note of by substantively treating them in reliable sources unconnected with the topic. The general notability standard thus presumes that topics are notable if they have "received significant coverage in reliable sources that are independent of the subject ". Wikipedia's notability standards works hand in glove with its policy on verifiability of information . In short the "right way" to write an article is to gather the right types of sources first [ 1 ] (as explained below), and, if and only if they exist, write only what they verify, citing those sources as you write for the information they provide ( without copying the words used [ 2 ] ). At the same time such sources verify the information content, they act to demonstrate the notability of the topic by their substantive treatment of it. If notability cannot be established for an article, it is likely to be merged , redirected or deleted . In order to establish notability, we ask that users cite , using inline citations , to: published, reliable , secondary sources that are entirely independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. There are a number of common mistakes seen in addressing this issue: Adding citations but to unreliable sources : We are looking for treatment in sources like mainstream newspaper articles, non-vanity books, established magazines, scholarly journals, television and radio documentaries, etc. – sources with editorial oversight and a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. This means generally not random personal websites, blogs, forum posts, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, self-published sources like open wikis (including other Wikipedia articles ), etc. In short, read and understand Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources . Adding citations to connected (non-independent) sources : While primary and other connected sources may be useful to verify certain facts, they must be used with caution [ 1 ] and do nothing to establish notability. In short, we are looking for secondary sources written by third parties to a topic that have no vested interest in the subject of their writing or coverage. This means generally not anything written by or on behalf of the subject or anyone connected with the person or organization in any way; not the subject's own website, not the subject's social media, not interviews (with the person, or of an organization's employees, officers or other insiders), and not press releases, regardless of where they are republished. An unconnected source is, for example, a newspaper reporter covering a story that they are not involved in except in their capacity as a reporter . Adding citations to sources that merely mention the topic : You can cite numerous, published, reliable, secondary, independent sources and it will not help establish notability if they do not treat the topic substantively – think generally two or more paragraphs of text focused on the topic at issue. Remember: it is much better to cite two good sources that treat a topic in detail, than twenty that just mention it in passing. Moreover, citation overkill to sources containing mere passing mentions of the topic is a badge of a non-notable topic and, if good sources are actually present in the mix, they will be hidden among these others from those seeking to assess a topic's demonstration of notability. If insufficient reliable, secondary and independent sources exist treating a topic in substantive detail, then Wikipedia should not have an article on the topic. Remember that no amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability . Footnotes ^ a b Primary sources may only be used to support: "straightforward, descriptive statements of facts that can be verified by any educated person with access to the primary source but without further, specialized knowledge." In addition to a number of other prohibitions on their use set out at the linked policy page, additional restrictions are provided on the use of primary sources in articles that are biographies of living persons. See WP:BLPPRIMARY and WP:BLPPRIVACY . ^ Short quotations of copyrighted material are allowed under fair use , but any such quotations must be marked as such using quote marks (or by less common methods, such as block-indenting), and must by policy be immediately followed by an inline citation to the source of the quotation. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 4,794 results for author: Zhang, W Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10504 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL DR-Arena: an Automated Evaluation Framework for Deep Research Agents Authors: Yiwen Gao , Ruochen Zhao , Yang Deng , Wenxuan Zhang Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly operate as Deep Research (DR) Agents capable of autonomous investigation and information synthesis, reliable evaluation of their task performance has become a critical bottleneck. Current benchmarks predominantly rely on static datasets, which suffer from several limitations: limited task generality, temporal misalignment, and data contamination. To add… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly operate as Deep Research (DR) Agents capable of autonomous investigation and information synthesis, reliable evaluation of their task performance has become a critical bottleneck. Current benchmarks predominantly rely on static datasets, which suffer from several limitations: limited task generality, temporal misalignment, and data contamination. To address these, we introduce DR-Arena, a fully automated evaluation framework that pushes DR agents to their capability limits through dynamic investigation. DR-Arena constructs real-time Information Trees from fresh web trends to ensure the evaluation rubric is synchronized with the live world state, and employs an automated Examiner to generate structured tasks testing two orthogonal capabilities: Deep reasoning and Wide coverage. DR-Arena further adopts Adaptive Evolvement Loop, a state-machine controller that dynamically escalates task complexity based on real-time performance, demanding deeper deduction or wider aggregation until a decisive capability boundary emerges. Experiments with six advanced DR agents demonstrate that DR-Arena achieves a Spearman correlation of 0.94 with the LMSYS Search Arena leaderboard. This represents the state-of-the-art alignment with human preferences without any manual efforts, validating DR-Arena as a reliable alternative for costly human adjudication. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 22 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.10504 [ pdf , ps , other ] DR-Arena: an Automated Evaluation Framework for Deep Research Agents Authors: Yiwen Gao , Ruochen Zhao , Yang Deng , Wenxuan Zhang Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly operate as Deep Research (DR) Agents capable of autonomous investigation and information synthesis, reliable evaluation of their task performance has become a critical bottleneck. Current benchmarks predominantly rely on static datasets, which suffer from several limitations: limited task generality, temporal misalignment, and data contamination. To add… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly operate as Deep Research (DR) Agents capable of autonomous investigation and information synthesis, reliable evaluation of their task performance has become a critical bottleneck. Current benchmarks predominantly rely on static datasets, which suffer from several limitations: limited task generality, temporal misalignment, and data contamination. To address these, we introduce DR-Arena, a fully automated evaluation framework that pushes DR agents to their capability limits through dynamic investigation. DR-Arena constructs real-time Information Trees from fresh web trends to ensure the evaluation rubric is synchronized with the live world state, and employs an automated Examiner to generate structured tasks testing two orthogonal capabilities: Deep reasoning and Wide coverage. DR-Arena further adopts Adaptive Evolvement Loop, a state-machine controller that dynamically escalates task complexity based on real-time performance, demanding deeper deduction or wider aggregation until a decisive capability boundary emerges. Experiments with six advanced DR agents demonstrate that DR-Arena achieves a Spearman correlation of 0.94 with the LMSYS Search Arena leaderboard. This represents the state-of-the-art alignment with human preferences without any manual efforts, validating DR-Arena as a reliable alternative for costly human adjudication. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 22 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.10485 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Panning for Gold: Expanding Domain-Specific Knowledge Graphs with General Knowledge Authors: Runhao Zhao , Weixin Zeng , Wentao Zhang , Chong Chen , Zhengpin Li , Xiang Zhao , Lei Chen Abstract : Domain-specific knowledge graphs (DKGs) often lack coverage compared to general knowledge graphs (GKGs). To address this, we introduce Domain-specific Knowledge Graph Fusion (DKGF), a novel task that enriches DKGs by integrating relevant facts from GKGs. DKGF faces two key challenges: high ambiguity in domain relevance and misalignment in knowledge granularity across graphs. We propose ExeFuse, a… ▽ More Domain-specific knowledge graphs (DKGs) often lack coverage compared to general knowledge graphs (GKGs). To address this, we introduce Domain-specific Knowledge Graph Fusion (DKGF), a novel task that enriches DKGs by integrating relevant facts from GKGs. DKGF faces two key challenges: high ambiguity in domain relevance and misalignment in knowledge granularity across graphs. We propose ExeFuse, a simple yet effective Fact-as-Program paradigm. It treats each GKG fact as a latent semantic program, maps abstract relations to granularity-aware operators, and verifies domain relevance via program executability on the target DKG. This unified probabilistic framework jointly resolves relevance and granularity issues. We construct two benchmarks, DKGF(W-I) and DKGF(Y-I), with 21 evaluation configurations. Extensive experiments validate the task's importance and our model's effectiveness, providing the first standardized testbed for DKGF. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.10485 [ pdf , ps , other ] Panning for Gold: Expanding Domain-Specific Knowledge Graphs with General Knowledge Authors: Runhao Zhao , Weixin Zeng , Wentao Zhang , Chong Chen , Zhengpin Li , Xiang Zhao , Lei Chen Abstract : Domain-specific knowledge graphs (DKGs) often lack coverage compared to general knowledge graphs (GKGs). To address this, we introduce Domain-specific Knowledge Graph Fusion (DKGF), a novel task that enriches DKGs by integrating relevant facts from GKGs. DKGF faces two key challenges: high ambiguity in domain relevance and misalignment in knowledge granularity across graphs. We propose ExeFuse, a… ▽ More Domain-specific knowledge graphs (DKGs) often lack coverage compared to general knowledge graphs (GKGs). To address this, we introduce Domain-specific Knowledge Graph Fusion (DKGF), a novel task that enriches DKGs by integrating relevant facts from GKGs. DKGF faces two key challenges: high ambiguity in domain relevance and misalignment in knowledge granularity across graphs. We propose ExeFuse, a simple yet effective Fact-as-Program paradigm. It treats each GKG fact as a latent semantic program, maps abstract relations to granularity-aware operators, and verifies domain relevance via program executability on the target DKG. This unified probabilistic framework jointly resolves relevance and granularity issues. We construct two benchmarks, DKGF(W-I) and DKGF(Y-I), with 21 evaluation configurations. Extensive experiments validate the task's importance and our model's effectiveness, providing the first standardized testbed for DKGF. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.10061 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI CoF-T2I: Video Models as Pure Visual Reasoners for Text-to-Image Generation Authors: Chengzhuo Tong , Mingkun Chang , Shenglong Zhang , Yuran Wang , Cheng Liang , Zhizheng Zhao , Ruichuan An , Bohan Zeng , Yang Shi , Yifan Dai , Ziming Zhao , Guanbin Li , Pengfei Wan , Yuanxing Zhang , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Recent video generation models have revealed the emergence of Chain-of-Frame (CoF) reasoning, enabling frame-by-frame visual inference. With this capability, video models have been successfully applied to various visual tasks (e.g., maze solving, visual puzzles). However, their potential to enhance text-to-image (T2I) generation remains largely unexplored due to the absence of a clearly defined vi… ▽ More Recent video generation models have revealed the emergence of Chain-of-Frame (CoF) reasoning, enabling frame-by-frame visual inference. With this capability, video models have been successfully applied to various visual tasks (e.g., maze solving, visual puzzles). However, their potential to enhance text-to-image (T2I) generation remains largely unexplored due to the absence of a clearly defined visual reasoning starting point and interpretable intermediate states in the T2I generation process. To bridge this gap, we propose CoF-T2I, a model that integrates CoF reasoning into T2I generation via progressive visual refinement, where intermediate frames act as explicit reasoning steps and the final frame is taken as output. To establish such an explicit generation process, we curate CoF-Evol-Instruct, a dataset of CoF trajectories that model the generation process from semantics to aesthetics. To further improve quality and avoid motion artifacts, we enable independent encoding operation for each frame. Experiments show that CoF-T2I significantly outperforms the base video model and achieves competitive performance on challenging benchmarks, reaching 0.86 on GenEval and 7.468 on Imagine-Bench. These results indicate the substantial promise of video models for advancing high-quality text-to-image generation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.10061 [ pdf , ps , other ] CoF-T2I: Video Models as Pure Visual Reasoners for Text-to-Image Generation Authors: Chengzhuo Tong , Mingkun Chang , Shenglong Zhang , Yuran Wang , Cheng Liang , Zhizheng Zhao , Ruichuan An , Bohan Zeng , Yang Shi , Yifan Dai , Ziming Zhao , Guanbin Li , Pengfei Wan , Yuanxing Zhang , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Recent video generation models have revealed the emergence of Chain-of-Frame (CoF) reasoning, enabling frame-by-frame visual inference. With this capability, video models have been successfully applied to various visual tasks (e.g., maze solving, visual puzzles). However, their potential to enhance text-to-image (T2I) generation remains largely unexplored due to the absence of a clearly defined vi… ▽ More Recent video generation models have revealed the emergence of Chain-of-Frame (CoF) reasoning, enabling frame-by-frame visual inference. With this capability, video models have been successfully applied to various visual tasks (e.g., maze solving, visual puzzles). However, their potential to enhance text-to-image (T2I) generation remains largely unexplored due to the absence of a clearly defined visual reasoning starting point and interpretable intermediate states in the T2I generation process. To bridge this gap, we propose CoF-T2I, a model that integrates CoF reasoning into T2I generation via progressive visual refinement, where intermediate frames act as explicit reasoning steps and the final frame is taken as output. To establish such an explicit generation process, we curate CoF-Evol-Instruct, a dataset of CoF trajectories that model the generation process from semantics to aesthetics. To further improve quality and avoid motion artifacts, we enable independent encoding operation for each frame. Experiments show that CoF-T2I significantly outperforms the base video model and achieves competitive performance on challenging benchmarks, reaching 0.86 on GenEval and 7.468 on Imagine-Bench. These results indicate the substantial promise of video models for advancing high-quality text-to-image generation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.10013 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.SP cs.DC Clustering-Based User Selection in Federated Learning: Metadata Exploitation for 3GPP Networks Authors: Ce Zheng , Shiyao Ma , Ke Zhang , Chen Sun , Wenqi Zhang Abstract : Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training without sharing raw user data, but conventional simulations often rely on unrealistic data partitioning and current user selection methods ignore data correlation among users. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a metadatadriven FL framework. We first introduce a novel data partition model based on a homogeneous Poisson poin… ▽ More Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training without sharing raw user data, but conventional simulations often rely on unrealistic data partitioning and current user selection methods ignore data correlation among users. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a metadatadriven FL framework. We first introduce a novel data partition model based on a homogeneous Poisson point process (HPPP), capturing both heterogeneity in data quantity and natural overlap among user datasets. Building on this model, we develop a clustering-based user selection strategy that leverages metadata, such as user location, to reduce data correlation and enhance label diversity across training rounds. Extensive experiments on FMNIST and CIFAR-10 demonstrate that the proposed framework improves model performance, stability, and convergence in non-IID scenarios, while maintaining comparable performance under IID settings. Furthermore, the method shows pronounced advantages when the number of selected users per round is small. These findings highlight the framework's potential for enhancing FL performance in realistic deployments and guiding future standardization. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: accepted in 2026 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) arXiv:2601.10013 [ pdf , ps , other ] Clustering-Based User Selection in Federated Learning: Metadata Exploitation for 3GPP Networks Authors: Ce Zheng , Shiyao Ma , Ke Zhang , Chen Sun , Wenqi Zhang Abstract : Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training without sharing raw user data, but conventional simulations often rely on unrealistic data partitioning and current user selection methods ignore data correlation among users. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a metadatadriven FL framework. We first introduce a novel data partition model based on a homogeneous Poisson poin… ▽ More Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training without sharing raw user data, but conventional simulations often rely on unrealistic data partitioning and current user selection methods ignore data correlation among users. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a metadatadriven FL framework. We first introduce a novel data partition model based on a homogeneous Poisson point process (HPPP), capturing both heterogeneity in data quantity and natural overlap among user datasets. Building on this model, we develop a clustering-based user selection strategy that leverages metadata, such as user location, to reduce data correlation and enhance label diversity across training rounds. Extensive experiments on FMNIST and CIFAR-10 demonstrate that the proposed framework improves model performance, stability, and convergence in non-IID scenarios, while maintaining comparable performance under IID settings. Furthermore, the method shows pronounced advantages when the number of selected users per round is small. These findings highlight the framework's potential for enhancing FL performance in realistic deployments and guiding future standardization. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: accepted in 2026 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) arXiv:2601.09263 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV BrainSegNet: A Novel Framework for Whole-Brain MRI Parcellation Enhanced by Large Models Authors: Yucheng Li , Xiaofan Wang , Junyi Wang , Yijie Li , Xi Zhu , Mubai Du , Dian Sheng , Wei Zhang , Fan Zhang Abstract : Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are… ▽ More Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are not tailored for the high precision required in brain parcellation. To address this, we propose BrainSegNet, a novel framework that adapts SAM for accurate whole-brain parcellation into 95 regions. We enhance SAM by integrating U-Net skip connections and specialized modules into its encoder and decoder, enabling fine-grained anatomical precision. Key components include a hybrid encoder combining U-Net skip connections with SAM's transformer blocks, a multi-scale attention decoder with pyramid pooling for varying-sized structures, and a boundary refinement module to sharpen edges. Experimental results on the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset demonstrate that BrainSegNet outperforms several state-of-the-art methods, achieving higher accuracy and robustness in complex, multi-label parcellation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09263 [ pdf , ps , other ] BrainSegNet: A Novel Framework for Whole-Brain MRI Parcellation Enhanced by Large Models Authors: Yucheng Li , Xiaofan Wang , Junyi Wang , Yijie Li , Xi Zhu , Mubai Du , Dian Sheng , Wei Zhang , Fan Zhang Abstract : Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are… ▽ More Whole-brain parcellation from MRI is a critical yet challenging task due to the complexity of subdividing the brain into numerous small, irregular shaped regions. Traditionally, template-registration methods were used, but recent advances have shifted to deep learning for faster workflows. While large models like the Segment Anything Model (SAM) offer transferable feature representations, they are not tailored for the high precision required in brain parcellation. To address this, we propose BrainSegNet, a novel framework that adapts SAM for accurate whole-brain parcellation into 95 regions. We enhance SAM by integrating U-Net skip connections and specialized modules into its encoder and decoder, enabling fine-grained anatomical precision. Key components include a hybrid encoder combining U-Net skip connections with SAM's transformer blocks, a multi-scale attention decoder with pyramid pooling for varying-sized structures, and a boundary refinement module to sharpen edges. Experimental results on the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset demonstrate that BrainSegNet outperforms several state-of-the-art methods, achieving higher accuracy and robustness in complex, multi-label parcellation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09233 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CL GIFT: Unlocking Global Optimality in Post-Training via Finite-Temperature Gibbs Initialization Authors: Zhengyang Zhao , Lu Ma , Yizhen Jiang , Xiaochen Ma , Zimo Meng , Chengyu Shen , Lexiang Tang , Haoze Sun , Peng Pei , Wentao Zhang Abstract : The prevailing post-training paradigm for Large Reasoning Models (LRMs)--Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL)--suffers from an intrinsic optimization mismatch: the rigid supervision inherent in SFT induces distributional collapse, thereby exhausting the exploration space necessary for subsequent RL. In this paper, we reformulate SFT within a unified post-training fr… ▽ More The prevailing post-training paradigm for Large Reasoning Models (LRMs)--Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL)--suffers from an intrinsic optimization mismatch: the rigid supervision inherent in SFT induces distributional collapse, thereby exhausting the exploration space necessary for subsequent RL. In this paper, we reformulate SFT within a unified post-training framework and propose Gibbs Initialization with Finite Temperature (GIFT). We characterize standard SFT as a degenerate zero-temperature limit that suppresses base priors. Conversely, GIFT incorporates supervision as a finite-temperature energy potential, establishing a distributional bridge that ensures objective consistency throughout the post-training pipeline. Our experiments demonstrate that GIFT significantly outperforms standard SFT and other competitive baselines when utilized for RL initialization, providing a mathematically principled pathway toward achieving global optimality in post-training. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09233 [ pdf , ps , other ] GIFT: Unlocking Global Optimality in Post-Training via Finite-Temperature Gibbs Initialization Authors: Zhengyang Zhao , Lu Ma , Yizhen Jiang , Xiaochen Ma , Zimo Meng , Chengyu Shen , Lexiang Tang , Haoze Sun , Peng Pei , Wentao Zhang Abstract : The prevailing post-training paradigm for Large Reasoning Models (LRMs)--Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL)--suffers from an intrinsic optimization mismatch: the rigid supervision inherent in SFT induces distributional collapse, thereby exhausting the exploration space necessary for subsequent RL. In this paper, we reformulate SFT within a unified post-training fr… ▽ More The prevailing post-training paradigm for Large Reasoning Models (LRMs)--Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL)--suffers from an intrinsic optimization mismatch: the rigid supervision inherent in SFT induces distributional collapse, thereby exhausting the exploration space necessary for subsequent RL. In this paper, we reformulate SFT within a unified post-training framework and propose Gibbs Initialization with Finite Temperature (GIFT). We characterize standard SFT as a degenerate zero-temperature limit that suppresses base priors. Conversely, GIFT incorporates supervision as a finite-temperature energy potential, establishing a distributional bridge that ensures objective consistency throughout the post-training pipeline. Our experiments demonstrate that GIFT significantly outperforms standard SFT and other competitive baselines when utilized for RL initialization, providing a mathematically principled pathway toward achieving global optimality in post-training. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08739 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL PrivGemo: Privacy-Preserving Dual-Tower Graph Retrieval for Empowering LLM Reasoning with Memory Augmentation Authors: Xingyu Tan , Xiaoyang Wang , Qing Liu , Xiwei Xu , Xin Yuan , Liming Zhu , Wenjie Zhang Abstract : Knowledge graphs (KGs) provide structured evidence that can ground large language model (LLM) reasoning for knowledge-intensive question answering. However, many practical KGs are private, and sending retrieved triples or exploration traces to closed-source LLM APIs introduces leakage risk. Existing privacy treatments focus on masking entity names, but they still face four limitations: structural… ▽ More Knowledge graphs (KGs) provide structured evidence that can ground large language model (LLM) reasoning for knowledge-intensive question answering. However, many practical KGs are private, and sending retrieved triples or exploration traces to closed-source LLM APIs introduces leakage risk. Existing privacy treatments focus on masking entity names, but they still face four limitations: structural leakage under semantic masking, uncontrollable remote interaction, fragile multi-hop and multi-entity reasoning, and limited experience reuse for stability and efficiency. To address these issues, we propose PrivGemo, a privacy-preserving retrieval-augmented framework for KG-grounded reasoning with memory-guided exposure control. PrivGemo uses a dual-tower design to keep raw KG knowledge local while enabling remote reasoning over an anonymized view that goes beyond name masking to limit both semantic and structural exposure. PrivGemo supports multi-hop, multi-entity reasoning by retrieving anonymized long-hop paths that connect all topic entities, while keeping grounding and verification on the local KG. A hierarchical controller and a privacy-aware experience memory further reduce unnecessary exploration and remote interactions. Comprehensive experiments on six benchmarks show that PrivGemo achieves overall state-of-the-art results, outperforming the strongest baseline by up to 17.1%. Furthermore, PrivGemo enables smaller models (e.g., Qwen3-4B) to achieve reasoning performance comparable to that of GPT-4-Turbo. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08739 [ pdf , ps , other ] PrivGemo: Privacy-Preserving Dual-Tower Graph Retrieval for Empowering LLM Reasoning with Memory Augmentation Authors: Xingyu Tan , Xiaoyang Wang , Qing Liu , Xiwei Xu , Xin Yuan , Liming Zhu , Wenjie Zhang Abstract : Knowledge graphs (KGs) provide structured evidence that can ground large language model (LLM) reasoning for knowledge-intensive question answering. However, many practical KGs are private, and sending retrieved triples or exploration traces to closed-source LLM APIs introduces leakage risk. Existing privacy treatments focus on masking entity names, but they still face four limitations: structural… ▽ More Knowledge graphs (KGs) provide structured evidence that can ground large language model (LLM) reasoning for knowledge-intensive question answering. However, many practical KGs are private, and sending retrieved triples or exploration traces to closed-source LLM APIs introduces leakage risk. Existing privacy treatments focus on masking entity names, but they still face four limitations: structural leakage under semantic masking, uncontrollable remote interaction, fragile multi-hop and multi-entity reasoning, and limited experience reuse for stability and efficiency. To address these issues, we propose PrivGemo, a privacy-preserving retrieval-augmented framework for KG-grounded reasoning with memory-guided exposure control. PrivGemo uses a dual-tower design to keep raw KG knowledge local while enabling remote reasoning over an anonymized view that goes beyond name masking to limit both semantic and structural exposure. PrivGemo supports multi-hop, multi-entity reasoning by retrieving anonymized long-hop paths that connect all topic entities, while keeping grounding and verification on the local KG. A hierarchical controller and a privacy-aware experience memory further reduce unnecessary exploration and remote interactions. Comprehensive experiments on six benchmarks show that PrivGemo achieves overall state-of-the-art results, outperforming the strongest baseline by up to 17.1%. Furthermore, PrivGemo enables smaller models (e.g., Qwen3-4B) to achieve reasoning performance comparable to that of GPT-4-Turbo. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08699 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL RAGShaper: Eliciting Sophisticated Agentic RAG Skills via Automated Data Synthesis Authors: Zhengwei Tao , Bo Li , Jialong Wu , Guochen Yan , Huanyao Zhang , Jiahao Xu , Haitao Mi , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) empowers large language models to autonomously plan and retrieve information for complex problem-solving. However, the development of robust agents is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality training data that reflects the noise and complexity of real-world retrieval environments. Conventional manual annotation is unscalable and often fails to capture… ▽ More Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) empowers large language models to autonomously plan and retrieve information for complex problem-solving. However, the development of robust agents is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality training data that reflects the noise and complexity of real-world retrieval environments. Conventional manual annotation is unscalable and often fails to capture the dynamic reasoning strategies required to handle retrieval failures. To bridge this gap, we introduce RAGShaper, a novel data synthesis framework designed to automate the construction of RAG tasks and robust agent trajectories. RAGShaper incorporates an InfoCurator to build dense information trees enriched with adversarial distractors spanning Perception and Cognition levels. Furthermore, we propose a constrained navigation strategy that forces a teacher agent to confront these distractors, thereby eliciting trajectories that explicitly demonstrate error correction and noise rejection. Comprehensive experiments confirm that models trained on our synthesized corpus significantly outperform existing baselines, exhibiting superior robustness in noise-intensive and complex retrieval tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08699 [ pdf , ps , other ] RAGShaper: Eliciting Sophisticated Agentic RAG Skills via Automated Data Synthesis Authors: Zhengwei Tao , Bo Li , Jialong Wu , Guochen Yan , Huanyao Zhang , Jiahao Xu , Haitao Mi , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) empowers large language models to autonomously plan and retrieve information for complex problem-solving. However, the development of robust agents is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality training data that reflects the noise and complexity of real-world retrieval environments. Conventional manual annotation is unscalable and often fails to capture… ▽ More Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) empowers large language models to autonomously plan and retrieve information for complex problem-solving. However, the development of robust agents is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality training data that reflects the noise and complexity of real-world retrieval environments. Conventional manual annotation is unscalable and often fails to capture the dynamic reasoning strategies required to handle retrieval failures. To bridge this gap, we introduce RAGShaper, a novel data synthesis framework designed to automate the construction of RAG tasks and robust agent trajectories. RAGShaper incorporates an InfoCurator to build dense information trees enriched with adversarial distractors spanning Perception and Cognition levels. Furthermore, we propose a constrained navigation strategy that forces a teacher agent to confront these distractors, thereby eliciting trajectories that explicitly demonstrate error correction and noise rejection. Comprehensive experiments confirm that models trained on our synthesized corpus significantly outperform existing baselines, exhibiting superior robustness in noise-intensive and complex retrieval tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08676 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Advancing ESG Intelligence: An Expert-level Agent and Comprehensive Benchmark for Sustainable Finance Authors: Yilei Zhao , Wentao Zhang , Lei Xiao , Yandan Zheng , Mengpu Liu , Wei Yang Bryan Lim Abstract : Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria are essential for evaluating corporate sustainability and ethical performance. However, professional ESG analysis is hindered by data fragmentation across unstructured sources, and existing large language models (LLMs) often struggle with the complex, multi-step workflows required for rigorous auditing. To address these limitations, we introduce… ▽ More Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria are essential for evaluating corporate sustainability and ethical performance. However, professional ESG analysis is hindered by data fragmentation across unstructured sources, and existing large language models (LLMs) often struggle with the complex, multi-step workflows required for rigorous auditing. To address these limitations, we introduce ESGAgent, a hierarchical multi-agent system empowered by a specialized toolset, including retrieval augmentation, web search and domain-specific functions, to generate in-depth ESG analysis. Complementing this agentic system, we present a comprehensive three-level benchmark derived from 310 corporate sustainability reports, designed to evaluate capabilities ranging from atomic common-sense questions to the generation of integrated, in-depth analysis. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that ESGAgent outperforms state-of-the-art closed-source LLMs with an average accuracy of 84.15% on atomic question-answering tasks, and excels in professional report generation by integrating rich charts and verifiable references. These findings confirm the diagnostic value of our benchmark, establishing it as a vital testbed for assessing general and advanced agentic capabilities in high-stakes vertical domains. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08676 [ pdf , ps , other ] Advancing ESG Intelligence: An Expert-level Agent and Comprehensive Benchmark for Sustainable Finance Authors: Yilei Zhao , Wentao Zhang , Lei Xiao , Yandan Zheng , Mengpu Liu , Wei Yang Bryan Lim Abstract : Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria are essential for evaluating corporate sustainability and ethical performance. However, professional ESG analysis is hindered by data fragmentation across unstructured sources, and existing large language models (LLMs) often struggle with the complex, multi-step workflows required for rigorous auditing. To address these limitations, we introduce… ▽ More Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria are essential for evaluating corporate sustainability and ethical performance. However, professional ESG analysis is hindered by data fragmentation across unstructured sources, and existing large language models (LLMs) often struggle with the complex, multi-step workflows required for rigorous auditing. To address these limitations, we introduce ESGAgent, a hierarchical multi-agent system empowered by a specialized toolset, including retrieval augmentation, web search and domain-specific functions, to generate in-depth ESG analysis. Complementing this agentic system, we present a comprehensive three-level benchmark derived from 310 corporate sustainability reports, designed to evaluate capabilities ranging from atomic common-sense questions to the generation of integrated, in-depth analysis. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that ESGAgent outperforms state-of-the-art closed-source LLMs with an average accuracy of 84.15% on atomic question-answering tasks, and excels in professional report generation by integrating rich charts and verifiable references. These findings confirm the diagnostic value of our benchmark, establishing it as a vital testbed for assessing general and advanced agentic capabilities in high-stakes vertical domains. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08605 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI ExpSeek: Self-Triggered Experience Seeking for Web Agents Authors: Wenyuan Zhang , Xinghua Zhang , Haiyang Yu , Shuaiyi Nie , Bingli Wu , Juwei Yue , Tingwen Liu , Yongbin Li Abstract : Experience intervention in web agents emerges as a promising technical paradigm, enhancing agent interaction capabilities by providing valuable insights from accumulated experiences. However, existing methods predominantly inject experience passively as global context before task execution, struggling to adapt to dynamically changing contextual observations during agent-environment interaction. We… ▽ More Experience intervention in web agents emerges as a promising technical paradigm, enhancing agent interaction capabilities by providing valuable insights from accumulated experiences. However, existing methods predominantly inject experience passively as global context before task execution, struggling to adapt to dynamically changing contextual observations during agent-environment interaction. We propose ExpSeek, which shifts experience toward step-level proactive seeking: (1) estimating step-level entropy thresholds to determine intervention timing using the model's intrinsic signals; (2) designing step-level tailor-designed experience content. Experiments on Qwen3-8B and 32B models across four challenging web agent benchmarks demonstrate that ExpSeek achieves absolute improvements of 9.3% and 7.5%, respectively. Our experiments validate the feasibility and advantages of entropy as a self-triggering signal, reveal that even a 4B small-scale experience model can significantly boost the performance of larger agent models. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.08605 [ pdf , ps , other ] ExpSeek: Self-Triggered Experience Seeking for Web Agents Authors: Wenyuan Zhang , Xinghua Zhang , Haiyang Yu , Shuaiyi Nie , Bingli Wu , Juwei Yue , Tingwen Liu , Yongbin Li Abstract : Experience intervention in web agents emerges as a promising technical paradigm, enhancing agent interaction capabilities by providing valuable insights from accumulated experiences. However, existing methods predominantly inject experience passively as global context before task execution, struggling to adapt to dynamically changing contextual observations during agent-environment interaction. We… ▽ More Experience intervention in web agents emerges as a promising technical paradigm, enhancing agent interaction capabilities by providing valuable insights from accumulated experiences. However, existing methods predominantly inject experience passively as global context before task execution, struggling to adapt to dynamically changing contextual observations during agent-environment interaction. We propose ExpSeek, which shifts experience toward step-level proactive seeking: (1) estimating step-level entropy thresholds to determine intervention timing using the model's intrinsic signals; (2) designing step-level tailor-designed experience content. Experiments on Qwen3-8B and 32B models across four challenging web agent benchmarks demonstrate that ExpSeek achieves absolute improvements of 9.3% and 7.5%, respectively. Our experiments validate the feasibility and advantages of entropy as a self-triggering signal, reveal that even a 4B small-scale experience model can significantly boost the performance of larger agent models. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.08276 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI ToolACE-MCP: Generalizing History-Aware Routing from MCP Tools to the Agent Web Authors: Zhiyuan Yao , Zishan Xu , Yifu Guo , Zhiguang Han , Cheng Yang , Shuo Zhang , Weinan Zhang , Xingshan Zeng , Weiwen Liu Abstract : With the rise of the Agent Web and Model Context Protocol (MCP), the agent ecosystem is evolving into an open collaborative network, exponentially increasing accessible tools. However, current architectures face severe scalability and generality bottlenecks. To address this, we propose ToolACE-MCP, a pipeline for training history-aware routers to empower precise navigation in large-scale ecosystem… ▽ More With the rise of the Agent Web and Model Context Protocol (MCP), the agent ecosystem is evolving into an open collaborative network, exponentially increasing accessible tools. However, current architectures face severe scalability and generality bottlenecks. To address this, we propose ToolACE-MCP, a pipeline for training history-aware routers to empower precise navigation in large-scale ecosystems. By leveraging a dependency-rich candidate Graph to synthesize multi-turn trajectories, we effectively train routers with dynamic context understanding to create the plug-and-play Light Routing Agent. Experiments on the real-world benchmarks MCP-Universe and MCP-Mark demonstrate superior performance. Notably, ToolACE-MCP exhibits critical properties for the future Agent Web: it not only generalizes to multi-agent collaboration with minimal adaptation but also maintains exceptional robustness against noise and scales effectively to massive candidate spaces. These findings provide a strong empirical foundation for universal orchestration in open-ended ecosystems. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08276 [ pdf , ps , other ] ToolACE-MCP: Generalizing History-Aware Routing from MCP Tools to the Agent Web Authors: Zhiyuan Yao , Zishan Xu , Yifu Guo , Zhiguang Han , Cheng Yang , Shuo Zhang , Weinan Zhang , Xingshan Zeng , Weiwen Liu Abstract : With the rise of the Agent Web and Model Context Protocol (MCP), the agent ecosystem is evolving into an open collaborative network, exponentially increasing accessible tools. However, current architectures face severe scalability and generality bottlenecks. To address this, we propose ToolACE-MCP, a pipeline for training history-aware routers to empower precise navigation in large-scale ecosystem… ▽ More With the rise of the Agent Web and Model Context Protocol (MCP), the agent ecosystem is evolving into an open collaborative network, exponentially increasing accessible tools. However, current architectures face severe scalability and generality bottlenecks. To address this, we propose ToolACE-MCP, a pipeline for training history-aware routers to empower precise navigation in large-scale ecosystems. By leveraging a dependency-rich candidate Graph to synthesize multi-turn trajectories, we effectively train routers with dynamic context understanding to create the plug-and-play Light Routing Agent. Experiments on the real-world benchmarks MCP-Universe and MCP-Mark demonstrate superior performance. Notably, ToolACE-MCP exhibits critical properties for the future Agent Web: it not only generalizes to multi-agent collaboration with minimal adaptation but also maintains exceptional robustness against noise and scales effectively to massive candidate spaces. These findings provide a strong empirical foundation for universal orchestration in open-ended ecosystems. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08275 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR Markovian Pre-Trained Transformer for Next-Item Recommendation Authors: Cong Xu , Guoliang Li , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang Abstract : We introduce the Markovian Pre-trained Transformer (MPT) for next-item recommendation, a transferable model fully pre-trained on synthetic Markov chains, yet capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance by fine-tuning a lightweight adaptor. This counterintuitive success stems from the observation of the `Markovian' nature: advanced sequential recommenders coincidentally rely on the latest int… ▽ More We introduce the Markovian Pre-trained Transformer (MPT) for next-item recommendation, a transferable model fully pre-trained on synthetic Markov chains, yet capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance by fine-tuning a lightweight adaptor. This counterintuitive success stems from the observation of the `Markovian' nature: advanced sequential recommenders coincidentally rely on the latest interaction to make predictions, while the historical interactions serve mainly as auxiliary cues for inferring the user's general, non-sequential identity. This characteristic necessitates the capabilities of a universal recommendation model to effectively summarize the user sequence, with particular emphasis on the latest interaction. MPT inherently has the potential to be universal and transferable. On the one hand, when trained to predict the next state of Markov chains, it acquires the capabilities to estimate transition probabilities from the context (one adaptive manner for summarizing sequences) and attend to the last state to ensure accurate state transitions. On the other hand, unlike the heterogeneous interaction data, an unlimited amount of controllable Markov chains is available to boost the model capacity. We conduct extensive experiments on five public datasets from three distinct platforms to validate the superiority of Markovian pre-training over traditional recommendation pre-training and recent language pre-training paradigms. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08275 [ pdf , ps , other ] Markovian Pre-Trained Transformer for Next-Item Recommendation Authors: Cong Xu , Guoliang Li , Jun Wang , Wei Zhang Abstract : We introduce the Markovian Pre-trained Transformer (MPT) for next-item recommendation, a transferable model fully pre-trained on synthetic Markov chains, yet capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance by fine-tuning a lightweight adaptor. This counterintuitive success stems from the observation of the `Markovian' nature: advanced sequential recommenders coincidentally rely on the latest int… ▽ More We introduce the Markovian Pre-trained Transformer (MPT) for next-item recommendation, a transferable model fully pre-trained on synthetic Markov chains, yet capable of achieving state-of-the-art performance by fine-tuning a lightweight adaptor. This counterintuitive success stems from the observation of the `Markovian' nature: advanced sequential recommenders coincidentally rely on the latest interaction to make predictions, while the historical interactions serve mainly as auxiliary cues for inferring the user's general, non-sequential identity. This characteristic necessitates the capabilities of a universal recommendation model to effectively summarize the user sequence, with particular emphasis on the latest interaction. MPT inherently has the potential to be universal and transferable. On the one hand, when trained to predict the next state of Markov chains, it acquires the capabilities to estimate transition probabilities from the context (one adaptive manner for summarizing sequences) and attend to the last state to ensure accurate state transitions. On the other hand, unlike the heterogeneous interaction data, an unlimited amount of controllable Markov chains is available to boost the model capacity. We conduct extensive experiments on five public datasets from three distinct platforms to validate the superiority of Markovian pre-training over traditional recommendation pre-training and recent language pre-training paradigms. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08182 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Second-order Gaussian directional derivative representations for image high-resolution corner detection Authors: Dongbo Xie , Junjie Qiu , Changming Sun , Weichuan Zhang Abstract : Corner detection is widely used in various computer vision tasks, such as image matching and 3D reconstruction. Our research indicates that there are theoretical flaws in Zhang et al.'s use of a simple corner model to obtain a series of corner characteristics, as the grayscale information of two adjacent corners can affect each other. In order to address the above issues, a second-order Gaussian d… ▽ More Corner detection is widely used in various computer vision tasks, such as image matching and 3D reconstruction. Our research indicates that there are theoretical flaws in Zhang et al.'s use of a simple corner model to obtain a series of corner characteristics, as the grayscale information of two adjacent corners can affect each other. In order to address the above issues, a second-order Gaussian directional derivative (SOGDD) filter is used in this work to smooth two typical high-resolution angle models (i.e. END-type and L-type models). Then, the SOGDD representations of these two corner models were derived separately, and many characteristics of high-resolution corners were discovered, which enabled us to demonstrate how to select Gaussian filtering scales to obtain intensity variation information from images, accurately depicting adjacent corners. In addition, a new high-resolution corner detection method for images has been proposed for the first time, which can accurately detect adjacent corner points. The experimental results have verified that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of localization error, robustness to image blur transformation, image matching, and 3D reconstruction. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08182 [ pdf , ps , other ] Second-order Gaussian directional derivative representations for image high-resolution corner detection Authors: Dongbo Xie , Junjie Qiu , Changming Sun , Weichuan Zhang Abstract : Corner detection is widely used in various computer vision tasks, such as image matching and 3D reconstruction. Our research indicates that there are theoretical flaws in Zhang et al.'s use of a simple corner model to obtain a series of corner characteristics, as the grayscale information of two adjacent corners can affect each other. In order to address the above issues, a second-order Gaussian d… ▽ More Corner detection is widely used in various computer vision tasks, such as image matching and 3D reconstruction. Our research indicates that there are theoretical flaws in Zhang et al.'s use of a simple corner model to obtain a series of corner characteristics, as the grayscale information of two adjacent corners can affect each other. In order to address the above issues, a second-order Gaussian directional derivative (SOGDD) filter is used in this work to smooth two typical high-resolution angle models (i.e. END-type and L-type models). Then, the SOGDD representations of these two corner models were derived separately, and many characteristics of high-resolution corners were discovered, which enabled us to demonstrate how to select Gaussian filtering scales to obtain intensity variation information from images, accurately depicting adjacent corners. In addition, a new high-resolution corner detection method for images has been proposed for the first time, which can accurately detect adjacent corner points. The experimental results have verified that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of localization error, robustness to image blur transformation, image matching, and 3D reconstruction. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08174 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Towards Cross-Platform Generalization: Domain Adaptive 3D Detection with Augmentation and Pseudo-Labeling Authors: Xiyan Feng , Wenbo Zhang , Lu Zhang , Yunzhi Zhuge , Huchuan Lu , You He Abstract : This technical report represents the award-winning solution to the Cross-platform 3D Object Detection task in the RoboSense2025 Challenge. Our approach is built upon PVRCNN++, an efficient 3D object detection framework that effectively integrates point-based and voxel-based features. On top of this foundation, we improve cross-platform generalization by narrowing domain gaps through tailored data… ▽ More This technical report represents the award-winning solution to the Cross-platform 3D Object Detection task in the RoboSense2025 Challenge. Our approach is built upon PVRCNN++, an efficient 3D object detection framework that effectively integrates point-based and voxel-based features. On top of this foundation, we improve cross-platform generalization by narrowing domain gaps through tailored data augmentation and a self-training strategy with pseudo-labels. These enhancements enabled our approach to secure the 3rd place in the challenge, achieving a 3D AP of 62.67% for the Car category on the phase-1 target domain, and 58.76% and 49.81% for Car and Pedestrian categories respectively on the phase-2 target domain. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08174 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards Cross-Platform Generalization: Domain Adaptive 3D Detection with Augmentation and Pseudo-Labeling Authors: Xiyan Feng , Wenbo Zhang , Lu Zhang , Yunzhi Zhuge , Huchuan Lu , You He Abstract : This technical report represents the award-winning solution to the Cross-platform 3D Object Detection task in the RoboSense2025 Challenge. Our approach is built upon PVRCNN++, an efficient 3D object detection framework that effectively integrates point-based and voxel-based features. On top of this foundation, we improve cross-platform generalization by narrowing domain gaps through tailored data… ▽ More This technical report represents the award-winning solution to the Cross-platform 3D Object Detection task in the RoboSense2025 Challenge. Our approach is built upon PVRCNN++, an efficient 3D object detection framework that effectively integrates point-based and voxel-based features. On top of this foundation, we improve cross-platform generalization by narrowing domain gaps through tailored data augmentation and a self-training strategy with pseudo-labels. These enhancements enabled our approach to secure the 3rd place in the challenge, achieving a 3D AP of 62.67% for the Car category on the phase-1 target domain, and 58.76% and 49.81% for Car and Pedestrian categories respectively on the phase-2 target domain. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07389 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.IT On the Non-decoupling of Supervised Fine-tuning and Reinforcement Learning in Post-training Authors: Xueyan Niu , Bo Bai , Wei Han , Weixi Zhang Abstract : Post-training of large language models routinely interleaves supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with reinforcement learning (RL). These two methods have different objectives: SFT minimizes the cross-entropy loss between model outputs and expert responses, while RL maximizes reward signals derived from human preferences or rule-based verifiers. Modern reasoning models have widely adopted the practice of… ▽ More Post-training of large language models routinely interleaves supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with reinforcement learning (RL). These two methods have different objectives: SFT minimizes the cross-entropy loss between model outputs and expert responses, while RL maximizes reward signals derived from human preferences or rule-based verifiers. Modern reasoning models have widely adopted the practice of alternating SFT and RL training. However, there is no theoretical account of whether they can be decoupled. We prove that decoupling is impossible in either order: (1) SFT-then-RL coupling: RL increases SFT loss under SFT optimality and (2) RL-then-SFT coupling: SFT lowers the reward achieved by RL. Experiments on Qwen3-0.6B confirm the predicted degradation, verifying that SFT and RL cannot be separated without loss of prior performance in the post-training △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07389 [ pdf , ps , other ] On the Non-decoupling of Supervised Fine-tuning and Reinforcement Learning in Post-training Authors: Xueyan Niu , Bo Bai , Wei Han , Weixi Zhang Abstract : Post-training of large language models routinely interleaves supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with reinforcement learning (RL). These two methods have different objectives: SFT minimizes the cross-entropy loss between model outputs and expert responses, while RL maximizes reward signals derived from human preferences or rule-based verifiers. Modern reasoning models have widely adopted the practice of… ▽ More Post-training of large language models routinely interleaves supervised fine-tuning (SFT) with reinforcement learning (RL). These two methods have different objectives: SFT minimizes the cross-entropy loss between model outputs and expert responses, while RL maximizes reward signals derived from human preferences or rule-based verifiers. Modern reasoning models have widely adopted the practice of alternating SFT and RL training. However, there is no theoretical account of whether they can be decoupled. We prove that decoupling is impossible in either order: (1) SFT-then-RL coupling: RL increases SFT loss under SFT optimality and (2) RL-then-SFT coupling: SFT lowers the reward achieved by RL. Experiments on Qwen3-0.6B confirm the predicted degradation, verifying that SFT and RL cannot be separated without loss of prior performance in the post-training △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07262 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC ColorBrowserAgent: An Intelligent GUI Agent for Complex Long-Horizon Web Automation Authors: Jiamu Zhou , Jihong Wang , Weiming Zhang , Weiwen Liu , Zhuosheng Zhang , Xingyu Lou , Weinan Zhang , Huarong Deng , Jun Wang Abstract : The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAge… ▽ More The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAgent, a framework designed for Collaborative Autonomy in complex web tasks. Our approach integrates two human-centred mechanisms: (1) Progressive Progress Summarization, which mimics human short-term memory to maintain coherence over extended interactions; and (2) Human-in-the-Loop Knowledge Adaptation, which bridges the knowledge gap in diverse environments by soliciting expert intervention only when necessary. This symbiotic design allows the agent to learn from human tips without extensive retraining, effectively combining the scalability of AI with the adaptability of human cognition. Evaluated on the WebArena benchmark using GPT-5, ColorBrowserAgent achieves a state-of-the-art success rate of 71.2\%, demonstrating the efficacy of interactive human assistance in robust web automation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07262 [ pdf , ps , other ] ColorBrowserAgent: An Intelligent GUI Agent for Complex Long-Horizon Web Automation Authors: Jiamu Zhou , Jihong Wang , Weiming Zhang , Weiwen Liu , Zhuosheng Zhang , Xingyu Lou , Weinan Zhang , Huarong Deng , Jun Wang Abstract : The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAge… ▽ More The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAgent, a framework designed for Collaborative Autonomy in complex web tasks. Our approach integrates two human-centred mechanisms: (1) Progressive Progress Summarization, which mimics human short-term memory to maintain coherence over extended interactions; and (2) Human-in-the-Loop Knowledge Adaptation, which bridges the knowledge gap in diverse environments by soliciting expert intervention only when necessary. This symbiotic design allows the agent to learn from human tips without extensive retraining, effectively combining the scalability of AI with the adaptability of human cognition. Evaluated on the WebArena benchmark using GPT-5, ColorBrowserAgent achieves a state-of-the-art success rate of 71.2\%, demonstrating the efficacy of interactive human assistance in robust web automation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06965 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Unified Personalized Understanding, Generating and Editing Authors: Yu Zhong , Tianwei Lin , Ruike Zhu , Yuqian Yuan , Haoyu Zheng , Liang Liang , Wenqiao Zhang , Feifei Shao , Haoyuan Li , Wanggui He , Hao Jiang , Yueting Zhuang Abstract : Unified large multimodal models (LMMs) have achieved remarkable progress in general-purpose multimodal understanding and generation. However, they still operate under a ``one-size-fits-all'' paradigm and struggle to model user-specific concepts (e.g., generate a photo of \texttt{<maeve>}) in a consistent and controllable manner. Existing personalization methods typically rely on external retrieval… ▽ More Unified large multimodal models (LMMs) have achieved remarkable progress in general-purpose multimodal understanding and generation. However, they still operate under a ``one-size-fits-all'' paradigm and struggle to model user-specific concepts (e.g., generate a photo of \texttt{<maeve>}) in a consistent and controllable manner. Existing personalization methods typically rely on external retrieval, which is inefficient and poorly integrated into unified multimodal pipelines. Recent personalized unified models introduce learnable soft prompts to encode concept information, yet they either couple understanding and generation or depend on complex multi-stage training, leading to cross-task interference and ultimately to fuzzy or misaligned personalized knowledge. We present \textbf{OmniPersona}, an end-to-end personalization framework for unified LMMs that, for the first time, integrates personalized understanding, generation, and image editing within a single architecture. OmniPersona introduces structurally decoupled concept tokens, allocating dedicated subspaces for different tasks to minimize interference, and incorporates an explicit knowledge replay mechanism that propagates personalized attribute knowledge across tasks, enabling consistent personalized behavior. To systematically evaluate unified personalization, we propose \textbf{\texttt{OmniPBench}}, extending the public UnifyBench concept set with personalized editing tasks and cross-task evaluation protocols integrating understanding, generation, and editing. Experimental results demonstrate that OmniPersona delivers competitive and robust performance across diverse personalization tasks. We hope OmniPersona will serve as a strong baseline and spur further research on controllable, unified personalization. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06965 [ pdf , ps , other ] Unified Personalized Understanding, Generating and Editing Authors: Yu Zhong , Tianwei Lin , Ruike Zhu , Yuqian Yuan , Haoyu Zheng , Liang Liang , Wenqiao Zhang , Feifei Shao , Haoyuan Li , Wanggui He , Hao Jiang , Yueting Zhuang Abstract : Unified large multimodal models (LMMs) have achieved remarkable progress in general-purpose multimodal understanding and generation. However, they still operate under a ``one-size-fits-all'' paradigm and struggle to model user-specific concepts (e.g., generate a photo of \texttt{<maeve>}) in a consistent and controllable manner. Existing personalization methods typically rely on external retrieval… ▽ More Unified large multimodal models (LMMs) have achieved remarkable progress in general-purpose multimodal understanding and generation. However, they still operate under a ``one-size-fits-all'' paradigm and struggle to model user-specific concepts (e.g., generate a photo of \texttt{<maeve>}) in a consistent and controllable manner. Existing personalization methods typically rely on external retrieval, which is inefficient and poorly integrated into unified multimodal pipelines. Recent personalized unified models introduce learnable soft prompts to encode concept information, yet they either couple understanding and generation or depend on complex multi-stage training, leading to cross-task interference and ultimately to fuzzy or misaligned personalized knowledge. We present \textbf{OmniPersona}, an end-to-end personalization framework for unified LMMs that, for the first time, integrates personalized understanding, generation, and image editing within a single architecture. OmniPersona introduces structurally decoupled concept tokens, allocating dedicated subspaces for different tasks to minimize interference, and incorporates an explicit knowledge replay mechanism that propagates personalized attribute knowledge across tasks, enabling consistent personalized behavior. To systematically evaluate unified personalization, we propose \textbf{\texttt{OmniPBench}}, extending the public UnifyBench concept set with personalized editing tasks and cross-task evaluation protocols integrating understanding, generation, and editing. Experimental results demonstrate that OmniPersona delivers competitive and robust performance across diverse personalization tasks. We hope OmniPersona will serve as a strong baseline and spur further research on controllable, unified personalization. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06861 [ pdf ] cs.CL cs.AI BiasLab: A Multilingual, Dual-Framing Framework for Robust Measurement of Output-Level Bias in Large Language Models Authors: William Guey , Wei Zhang , Pei-Luen Patrick Rau , Pierrick Bougault , Vitor D. de Moura , Bertan Ucar , Jose O. Gomes Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes contexts where their outputs influence real-world decisions. However, evaluating bias in LLM outputs remains methodologically challenging due to sensitivity to prompt wording, limited multilingual coverage, and the lack of standardized metrics that enable reliable comparison across models. This paper introduces BiasLab, an open-… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes contexts where their outputs influence real-world decisions. However, evaluating bias in LLM outputs remains methodologically challenging due to sensitivity to prompt wording, limited multilingual coverage, and the lack of standardized metrics that enable reliable comparison across models. This paper introduces BiasLab, an open-source, model-agnostic evaluation framework for quantifying output-level (extrinsic) bias through a multilingual, robustness-oriented experimental design. BiasLab constructs mirrored probe pairs under a strict dual-framing scheme: an affirmative assertion favoring Target A and a reverse assertion obtained by deterministic target substitution favoring Target B, while preserving identical linguistic structure. To reduce dependence on prompt templates, BiasLab performs repeated evaluation under randomized instructional wrappers and enforces a fixed-choice Likert response format to maximize comparability across models and languages. Responses are normalized into agreement labels using an LLM-based judge, aligned for polarity consistency across framings, and aggregated into quantitative bias indicators with descriptive statistics including effect sizes and neutrality rates. The framework supports evaluation across diverse bias axes, including demographic, cultural, political, and geopolitical topics, and produces reproducible artifacts such as structured reports and comparative visualizations. BiasLab contributes a standardized methodology for cross-lingual and framing-sensitive bias measurement that complements intrinsic and dataset-based audits, enabling researchers and institutions to benchmark robustness and make better-informed deployment decisions. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: source code and reproducibility scripts available on GitHub arXiv:2601.06861 [ pdf ] BiasLab: A Multilingual, Dual-Framing Framework for Robust Measurement of Output-Level Bias in Large Language Models Authors: William Guey , Wei Zhang , Pei-Luen Patrick Rau , Pierrick Bougault , Vitor D. de Moura , Bertan Ucar , Jose O. Gomes Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes contexts where their outputs influence real-world decisions. However, evaluating bias in LLM outputs remains methodologically challenging due to sensitivity to prompt wording, limited multilingual coverage, and the lack of standardized metrics that enable reliable comparison across models. This paper introduces BiasLab, an open-… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes contexts where their outputs influence real-world decisions. However, evaluating bias in LLM outputs remains methodologically challenging due to sensitivity to prompt wording, limited multilingual coverage, and the lack of standardized metrics that enable reliable comparison across models. This paper introduces BiasLab, an open-source, model-agnostic evaluation framework for quantifying output-level (extrinsic) bias through a multilingual, robustness-oriented experimental design. BiasLab constructs mirrored probe pairs under a strict dual-framing scheme: an affirmative assertion favoring Target A and a reverse assertion obtained by deterministic target substitution favoring Target B, while preserving identical linguistic structure. To reduce dependence on prompt templates, BiasLab performs repeated evaluation under randomized instructional wrappers and enforces a fixed-choice Likert response format to maximize comparability across models and languages. Responses are normalized into agreement labels using an LLM-based judge, aligned for polarity consistency across framings, and aggregated into quantitative bias indicators with descriptive statistics including effect sizes and neutrality rates. The framework supports evaluation across diverse bias axes, including demographic, cultural, political, and geopolitical topics, and produces reproducible artifacts such as structured reports and comparative visualizations. BiasLab contributes a standardized methodology for cross-lingual and framing-sensitive bias measurement that complements intrinsic and dataset-based audits, enabling researchers and institutions to benchmark robustness and make better-informed deployment decisions. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: source code and reproducibility scripts available on GitHub arXiv:2601.06445 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI LitVISTA: A Benchmark for Narrative Orchestration in Literary Text Authors: Mingzhe Lu , Yiwen Wang , Yanbing Liu , Qi You , Chong Liu , Ruize Qin , Haoyu Dong , Wenyu Zhang , Jiarui Zhang , Yue Hu , Yunpeng Li Abstract : Computational narrative analysis aims to capture rhythm, tension, and emotional dynamics in literary texts. Existing large language models can generate long stories but overly focus on causal coherence, neglecting the complex story arcs and orchestration inherent in human narratives. This creates a structural misalignment between model- and human-generated narratives. We propose VISTA Space, a hig… ▽ More Computational narrative analysis aims to capture rhythm, tension, and emotional dynamics in literary texts. Existing large language models can generate long stories but overly focus on causal coherence, neglecting the complex story arcs and orchestration inherent in human narratives. This creates a structural misalignment between model- and human-generated narratives. We propose VISTA Space, a high-dimensional representational framework for narrative orchestration that unifies human and model narrative perspectives. We further introduce LitVISTA, a structurally annotated benchmark grounded in literary texts, enabling systematic evaluation of models' narrative orchestration capabilities. We conduct oracle evaluations on a diverse selection of frontier LLMs, including GPT, Claude, Grok, and Gemini. Results reveal systematic deficiencies: existing models fail to construct a unified global narrative view, struggling to jointly capture narrative function and structure. Furthermore, even advanced thinking modes yield only limited gains for such literary narrative understanding. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06445 [ pdf , ps , other ] LitVISTA: A Benchmark for Narrative Orchestration in Literary Text Authors: Mingzhe Lu , Yiwen Wang , Yanbing Liu , Qi You , Chong Liu , Ruize Qin , Haoyu Dong , Wenyu Zhang , Jiarui Zhang , Yue Hu , Yunpeng Li Abstract : Computational narrative analysis aims to capture rhythm, tension, and emotional dynamics in literary texts. Existing large language models can generate long stories but overly focus on causal coherence, neglecting the complex story arcs and orchestration inherent in human narratives. This creates a structural misalignment between model- and human-generated narratives. We propose VISTA Space, a hig… ▽ More Computational narrative analysis aims to capture rhythm, tension, and emotional dynamics in literary texts. Existing large language models can generate long stories but overly focus on causal coherence, neglecting the complex story arcs and orchestration inherent in human narratives. This creates a structural misalignment between model- and human-generated narratives. We propose VISTA Space, a high-dimensional representational framework for narrative orchestration that unifies human and model narrative perspectives. We further introduce LitVISTA, a structurally annotated benchmark grounded in literary texts, enabling systematic evaluation of models' narrative orchestration capabilities. We conduct oracle evaluations on a diverse selection of frontier LLMs, including GPT, Claude, Grok, and Gemini. Results reveal systematic deficiencies: existing models fail to construct a unified global narrative view, struggling to jointly capture narrative function and structure. Furthermore, even advanced thinking modes yield only limited gains for such literary narrative understanding. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06352 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI CARD: Cluster-level Adaptation with Reward-guided Decoding for Personalized Text Generation Authors: Yutong Song , Jiang Wu , Weijia Zhang , Chengze Shen , Shaofan Yuan , Weitao Lu , Jian Wang , Amir Rahmani , Nikil Dutt , Yu Wang Abstract : Adapting large language models to individual users remains challenging due to the tension between fine-grained personalization and scalable deployment. We present CARD, a hierarchical framework that achieves effective personalization through progressive refinement. CARD first clusters users according to shared stylistic patterns and learns cluster-specific LoRA adapters, enabling robust generaliza… ▽ More Adapting large language models to individual users remains challenging due to the tension between fine-grained personalization and scalable deployment. We present CARD, a hierarchical framework that achieves effective personalization through progressive refinement. CARD first clusters users according to shared stylistic patterns and learns cluster-specific LoRA adapters, enabling robust generalization and strong low-resource performance. To capture individual differences within each cluster, we propose an implicit preference learning mechanism that contrasts user-authored text with cluster-level generations, allowing the model to infer user-specific style preferences without manual annotation. At inference time, CARD injects personalization exclusively at decoding via lightweight user preference vectors and low-rank logit corrections, while keeping the base model frozen. Experiments on the LaMP and LongLaMP benchmarks show that CARD achieves competitive or superior generation quality compared to state-of-the-art baselines, while significantly improving efficiency and scalability for practical personalized text generation. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06352 [ pdf , ps , other ] CARD: Cluster-level Adaptation with Reward-guided Decoding for Personalized Text Generation Authors: Yutong Song , Jiang Wu , Weijia Zhang , Chengze Shen , Shaofan Yuan , Weitao Lu , Jian Wang , Amir Rahmani , Nikil Dutt , Yu Wang Abstract : Adapting large language models to individual users remains challenging due to the tension between fine-grained personalization and scalable deployment. We present CARD, a hierarchical framework that achieves effective personalization through progressive refinement. CARD first clusters users according to shared stylistic patterns and learns cluster-specific LoRA adapters, enabling robust generaliza… ▽ More Adapting large language models to individual users remains challenging due to the tension between fine-grained personalization and scalable deployment. We present CARD, a hierarchical framework that achieves effective personalization through progressive refinement. CARD first clusters users according to shared stylistic patterns and learns cluster-specific LoRA adapters, enabling robust generalization and strong low-resource performance. To capture individual differences within each cluster, we propose an implicit preference learning mechanism that contrasts user-authored text with cluster-level generations, allowing the model to infer user-specific style preferences without manual annotation. At inference time, CARD injects personalization exclusively at decoding via lightweight user preference vectors and low-rank logit corrections, while keeping the base model frozen. Experiments on the LaMP and LongLaMP benchmarks show that CARD achieves competitive or superior generation quality compared to state-of-the-art baselines, while significantly improving efficiency and scalability for practical personalized text generation. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06227 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI When Smaller Wins: Dual-Stage Distillation and Pareto-Guided Compression of Liquid Neural Networks for Edge Battery Prognostics Authors: Dhivya Dharshini Kannan , Wei Li , Wei Zhang , Jianbiao Wang , Zhi Wei Seh , Man-Fai Ng Abstract : Battery management systems increasingly require accurate battery health prognostics under strict on-device constraints. This paper presents DLNet, a practical framework with dual-stage distillation of liquid neural networks that turns a high-capacity model into compact and edge-deployable models for battery health prediction. DLNet first applies Euler discretization to reformulate liquid dynamics… ▽ More Battery management systems increasingly require accurate battery health prognostics under strict on-device constraints. This paper presents DLNet, a practical framework with dual-stage distillation of liquid neural networks that turns a high-capacity model into compact and edge-deployable models for battery health prediction. DLNet first applies Euler discretization to reformulate liquid dynamics for embedded compatibility. It then performs dual-stage knowledge distillation to transfer the teacher model's temporal behavior and recover it after further compression. Pareto-guided selection under joint error-cost objectives retains student models that balance accuracy and efficiency. We evaluate DLNet on a widely used dataset and validate real-device feasibility on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense using int8 deployment. The final deployed student achieves a low error of 0.0066 when predicting battery health over the next 100 cycles, which is 15.4% lower than the teacher model. It reduces the model size from 616 kB to 94 kB with 84.7% reduction and takes 21 ms per inference on the device. These results support a practical smaller wins observation that a small model can match or exceed a large teacher for edge-based prognostics with proper supervision and selection. Beyond batteries, the DLNet framework can extend to other industrial analytics tasks with strict hardware constraints. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2026 arXiv:2601.06227 [ pdf , ps , other ] When Smaller Wins: Dual-Stage Distillation and Pareto-Guided Compression of Liquid Neural Networks for Edge Battery Prognostics Authors: Dhivya Dharshini Kannan , Wei Li , Wei Zhang , Jianbiao Wang , Zhi Wei Seh , Man-Fai Ng Abstract : Battery management systems increasingly require accurate battery health prognostics under strict on-device constraints. This paper presents DLNet, a practical framework with dual-stage distillation of liquid neural networks that turns a high-capacity model into compact and edge-deployable models for battery health prediction. DLNet first applies Euler discretization to reformulate liquid dynamics… ▽ More Battery management systems increasingly require accurate battery health prognostics under strict on-device constraints. This paper presents DLNet, a practical framework with dual-stage distillation of liquid neural networks that turns a high-capacity model into compact and edge-deployable models for battery health prediction. DLNet first applies Euler discretization to reformulate liquid dynamics for embedded compatibility. It then performs dual-stage knowledge distillation to transfer the teacher model's temporal behavior and recover it after further compression. Pareto-guided selection under joint error-cost objectives retains student models that balance accuracy and efficiency. We evaluate DLNet on a widely used dataset and validate real-device feasibility on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense using int8 deployment. The final deployed student achieves a low error of 0.0066 when predicting battery health over the next 100 cycles, which is 15.4% lower than the teacher model. It reduces the model size from 616 kB to 94 kB with 84.7% reduction and takes 21 ms per inference on the device. These results support a practical smaller wins observation that a small model can match or exceed a large teacher for edge-based prognostics with proper supervision and selection. Beyond batteries, the DLNet framework can extend to other industrial analytics tasks with strict hardware constraints. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2026 arXiv:2601.06224 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Ground What You See: Hallucination-Resistant MLLMs via Caption Feedback, Diversity-Aware Sampling, and Conflict Regularization Authors: Miao Pan , Wangjie Gan , Jintao Chen , Wenqi Zhang , Bing Sun , Jianwei Yin , Xuhong Zhang Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse tasks, their practical deployment is severely hindered by hallucination issues, which become particularly acute during Reinforcement Learning (RL) optimization. This paper systematically analyzes the root causes of hallucinations in MLLMs under RL training, identifying three critical factors: (1) an over… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse tasks, their practical deployment is severely hindered by hallucination issues, which become particularly acute during Reinforcement Learning (RL) optimization. This paper systematically analyzes the root causes of hallucinations in MLLMs under RL training, identifying three critical factors: (1) an over-reliance on chained visual reasoning, where inaccurate initial descriptions or redundant information anchor subsequent inferences to incorrect premises; (2) insufficient exploration diversity during policy optimization, leading the model to generate overly confident but erroneous outputs; and (3) destructive conflicts between training samples, where Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) similarity causes false associations and unstable parameter updates. To address these challenges, we propose a comprehensive framework comprising three core modules. First, we enhance visual localization by introducing dedicated planning and captioning stages before the reasoning phase, employing a quality-based caption reward to ensure accurate initial anchoring. Second, to improve exploration, we categorize samples based on the mean and variance of their reward distributions, prioritizing samples with high variance to focus the model on diverse and informative data. Finally, to mitigate sample interference, we regulate NTK similarity by grouping sample pairs and applying an InfoNCE loss to push overly similar pairs apart and pull dissimilar ones closer, thereby guiding gradient interactions toward a balanced range. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method significantly reduces hallucination rates and effectively enhances the inference accuracy of MLLMs. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: AAAI-2026 Poster arXiv:2601.06224 [ pdf , ps , other ] Ground What You See: Hallucination-Resistant MLLMs via Caption Feedback, Diversity-Aware Sampling, and Conflict Regularization Authors: Miao Pan , Wangjie Gan , Jintao Chen , Wenqi Zhang , Bing Sun , Jianwei Yin , Xuhong Zhang Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse tasks, their practical deployment is severely hindered by hallucination issues, which become particularly acute during Reinforcement Learning (RL) optimization. This paper systematically analyzes the root causes of hallucinations in MLLMs under RL training, identifying three critical factors: (1) an over… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse tasks, their practical deployment is severely hindered by hallucination issues, which become particularly acute during Reinforcement Learning (RL) optimization. This paper systematically analyzes the root causes of hallucinations in MLLMs under RL training, identifying three critical factors: (1) an over-reliance on chained visual reasoning, where inaccurate initial descriptions or redundant information anchor subsequent inferences to incorrect premises; (2) insufficient exploration diversity during policy optimization, leading the model to generate overly confident but erroneous outputs; and (3) destructive conflicts between training samples, where Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) similarity causes false associations and unstable parameter updates. To address these challenges, we propose a comprehensive framework comprising three core modules. First, we enhance visual localization by introducing dedicated planning and captioning stages before the reasoning phase, employing a quality-based caption reward to ensure accurate initial anchoring. Second, to improve exploration, we categorize samples based on the mean and variance of their reward distributions, prioritizing samples with high variance to focus the model on diverse and informative data. Finally, to mitigate sample interference, we regulate NTK similarity by grouping sample pairs and applying an InfoNCE loss to push overly similar pairs apart and pull dissimilar ones closer, thereby guiding gradient interactions toward a balanced range. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method significantly reduces hallucination rates and effectively enhances the inference accuracy of MLLMs. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: AAAI-2026 Poster arXiv:2601.06220 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Breaking Model Lock-in: Cost-Efficient Zero-Shot LLM Routing via a Universal Latent Space Authors: Cheng Yan , Wuyang Zhang , Zhiyuan Ning , Fan Xu , Ziyang Tao , Lu Zhang , Bing Yin , Yanyong Zhang Abstract : The rapid proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to a fragmented and inefficient ecosystem, a state of ``model lock-in'' where seamlessly integrating novel models remains a significant bottleneck. Current routing frameworks require exhaustive, costly retraining, hindering scalability and adaptability. We introduce ZeroRouter, a new paradigm for LLM routing that breaks this lock-in.… ▽ More The rapid proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to a fragmented and inefficient ecosystem, a state of ``model lock-in'' where seamlessly integrating novel models remains a significant bottleneck. Current routing frameworks require exhaustive, costly retraining, hindering scalability and adaptability. We introduce ZeroRouter, a new paradigm for LLM routing that breaks this lock-in. Our approach is founded on a universal latent space, a model-agnostic representation of query difficulty that fundamentally decouples the characterization of a query from the profiling of a model. This allows for zero-shot onboarding of new models without full-scale retraining. ZeroRouter features a context-aware predictor that maps queries to this universal space and a dual-mode optimizer that balances accuracy, cost, and latency. Our framework consistently outperforms all baselines, delivering higher accuracy at lower cost and latency. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06220 [ pdf , ps , other ] Breaking Model Lock-in: Cost-Efficient Zero-Shot LLM Routing via a Universal Latent Space Authors: Cheng Yan , Wuyang Zhang , Zhiyuan Ning , Fan Xu , Ziyang Tao , Lu Zhang , Bing Yin , Yanyong Zhang Abstract : The rapid proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to a fragmented and inefficient ecosystem, a state of ``model lock-in'' where seamlessly integrating novel models remains a significant bottleneck. Current routing frameworks require exhaustive, costly retraining, hindering scalability and adaptability. We introduce ZeroRouter, a new paradigm for LLM routing that breaks this lock-in.… ▽ More The rapid proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to a fragmented and inefficient ecosystem, a state of ``model lock-in'' where seamlessly integrating novel models remains a significant bottleneck. Current routing frameworks require exhaustive, costly retraining, hindering scalability and adaptability. We introduce ZeroRouter, a new paradigm for LLM routing that breaks this lock-in. Our approach is founded on a universal latent space, a model-agnostic representation of query difficulty that fundamentally decouples the characterization of a query from the profiling of a model. This allows for zero-shot onboarding of new models without full-scale retraining. ZeroRouter features a context-aware predictor that maps queries to this universal space and a dual-mode optimizer that balances accuracy, cost, and latency. Our framework consistently outperforms all baselines, delivering higher accuracy at lower cost and latency. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06195 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI EntroLnn: Entropy-Guided Liquid Neural Networks for Operando Refinement of Battery Capacity Fade Trajectories Authors: Wei Li , Wei Zhang , Qingyu Yan Abstract : Battery capacity degradation prediction has long been a central topic in battery health analytics, and most studies focus on state of health (SoH) estimation and end of life (EoL) prediction. This study extends the scope to online refinement of the entire capacity fade trajectory (CFT) through EntroLnn, a framework based on entropy-guided transformable liquid neural networks (LNNs). EntroLnn treat… ▽ More Battery capacity degradation prediction has long been a central topic in battery health analytics, and most studies focus on state of health (SoH) estimation and end of life (EoL) prediction. This study extends the scope to online refinement of the entire capacity fade trajectory (CFT) through EntroLnn, a framework based on entropy-guided transformable liquid neural networks (LNNs). EntroLnn treats CFT refinement as an integrated process rather than two independent tasks for pointwise SoH and EoL. We introduce entropy-based features derived from online temperature fields, applied for the first time in battery analytics, and combine them with customized LNNs that model temporal battery dynamics effectively. The framework enhances both static and dynamic adaptability of LNNs and achieves robust and generalizable CFT refinement across different batteries and operating conditions. The approach provides a high fidelity battery health model with lightweight computation, achieving mean absolute errors of only 0.004577 for CFT and 18 cycles for EoL prediction. This work establishes a foundation for entropy-informed learning in battery analytics and enables self-adaptive, lightweight, and interpretable battery health prediction in practical battery management systems. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.06195 [ pdf , ps , other ] EntroLnn: Entropy-Guided Liquid Neural Networks for Operando Refinement of Battery Capacity Fade Trajectories Authors: Wei Li , Wei Zhang , Qingyu Yan Abstract : Battery capacity degradation prediction has long been a central topic in battery health analytics, and most studies focus on state of health (SoH) estimation and end of life (EoL) prediction. This study extends the scope to online refinement of the entire capacity fade trajectory (CFT) through EntroLnn, a framework based on entropy-guided transformable liquid neural networks (LNNs). EntroLnn treat… ▽ More Battery capacity degradation prediction has long been a central topic in battery health analytics, and most studies focus on state of health (SoH) estimation and end of life (EoL) prediction. This study extends the scope to online refinement of the entire capacity fade trajectory (CFT) through EntroLnn, a framework based on entropy-guided transformable liquid neural networks (LNNs). EntroLnn treats CFT refinement as an integrated process rather than two independent tasks for pointwise SoH and EoL. We introduce entropy-based features derived from online temperature fields, applied for the first time in battery analytics, and combine them with customized LNNs that model temporal battery dynamics effectively. The framework enhances both static and dynamic adaptability of LNNs and achieves robust and generalizable CFT refinement across different batteries and operating conditions. The approach provides a high fidelity battery health model with lightweight computation, achieving mean absolute errors of only 0.004577 for CFT and 18 cycles for EoL prediction. This work establishes a foundation for entropy-informed learning in battery analytics and enables self-adaptive, lightweight, and interpretable battery health prediction in practical battery management systems. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.06059 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT cs.AI Context Video Semantic Transmission with Variable Length and Rate Coding over MIMO Channels Authors: Bingyan Xie , Yongpeng Wu , Wenjun Zhang , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Merouane Debbah Abstract : The evolution of semantic communications has profoundly impacted wireless video transmission, whose applications dominate driver of modern bandwidth consumption. However, most existing schemes are predominantly optimized for simple additive white Gaussian noise or Rayleigh fading channels, neglecting the ubiquitous multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) environments that critically hinder practical… ▽ More The evolution of semantic communications has profoundly impacted wireless video transmission, whose applications dominate driver of modern bandwidth consumption. However, most existing schemes are predominantly optimized for simple additive white Gaussian noise or Rayleigh fading channels, neglecting the ubiquitous multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) environments that critically hinder practical deployment. To bridge this gap, we propose the context video semantic transmission (CVST) framework under MIMO channels. Building upon an efficient contextual video transmission backbone, CVST effectively learns a context-channel correlation map to explicitly formulate the relationships between feature groups and MIMO subchannels. Leveraging these channel-aware features, we design a multi-reference entropy coding mechanism, enabling channel state-aware variable length coding. Furthermore, CVST incorporates a checkerboard-based feature modulation strategy to achieve multiple rate points within a single trained model, thereby enhancing deployment flexibility. These innovations constitute our multi-reference variable length and rate coding (MR-VLRC) scheme. By integrating contextual transmission with MR-VLRC, CVST demonstrates substantial performance gains over various standardized separated coding methods and recent wireless video semantic communication approaches. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06059 [ pdf , ps , other ] Context Video Semantic Transmission with Variable Length and Rate Coding over MIMO Channels Authors: Bingyan Xie , Yongpeng Wu , Wenjun Zhang , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Merouane Debbah Abstract : The evolution of semantic communications has profoundly impacted wireless video transmission, whose applications dominate driver of modern bandwidth consumption. However, most existing schemes are predominantly optimized for simple additive white Gaussian noise or Rayleigh fading channels, neglecting the ubiquitous multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) environments that critically hinder practical… ▽ More The evolution of semantic communications has profoundly impacted wireless video transmission, whose applications dominate driver of modern bandwidth consumption. However, most existing schemes are predominantly optimized for simple additive white Gaussian noise or Rayleigh fading channels, neglecting the ubiquitous multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) environments that critically hinder practical deployment. To bridge this gap, we propose the context video semantic transmission (CVST) framework under MIMO channels. Building upon an efficient contextual video transmission backbone, CVST effectively learns a context-channel correlation map to explicitly formulate the relationships between feature groups and MIMO subchannels. Leveraging these channel-aware features, we design a multi-reference entropy coding mechanism, enabling channel state-aware variable length coding. Furthermore, CVST incorporates a checkerboard-based feature modulation strategy to achieve multiple rate points within a single trained model, thereby enhancing deployment flexibility. These innovations constitute our multi-reference variable length and rate coding (MR-VLRC) scheme. By integrating contextual transmission with MR-VLRC, CVST demonstrates substantial performance gains over various standardized separated coding methods and recent wireless video semantic communication approaches. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05827 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE SSR: Safeguarding Staking Rewards by Defining and Detecting Logical Defects in DeFi Staking Authors: Zewei Lin , Jiachi Chen , Jingwen Zhang , Zexu Wang , Yuming Feng , Weizhe Zhang , Zibin Zheng Abstract : Decentralized Finance (DeFi) staking is one of the most prominent applications within the DeFi ecosystem, where DeFi projects enable users to stake tokens on the platform and reward participants with additional tokens. However, logical defects in DeFi staking could enable attackers to claim unwarranted rewards by manipulating reward amounts, repeatedly claiming rewards, or engaging in other malici… ▽ More Decentralized Finance (DeFi) staking is one of the most prominent applications within the DeFi ecosystem, where DeFi projects enable users to stake tokens on the platform and reward participants with additional tokens. However, logical defects in DeFi staking could enable attackers to claim unwarranted rewards by manipulating reward amounts, repeatedly claiming rewards, or engaging in other malicious actions. To mitigate these threats, we conducted the first study focused on defining and detecting logical defects in DeFi staking. Through the analysis of 64 security incidents and 144 audit reports, we identified six distinct types of logical defects, each accompanied by detailed descriptions and code examples. Building on this empirical research, we developed SSR (Safeguarding Staking Reward), a static analysis tool designed to detect logical defects in DeFi staking contracts. SSR utilizes a large language model (LLM) to extract fundamental information about staking logic and constructs a DeFi staking model. It then identifies logical defects by analyzing the model and the associated semantic features. We constructed a ground truth dataset based on known security incidents and audit reports to evaluate the effectiveness of SSR. The results indicate that SSR achieves an overall precision of 92.31%, a recall of 87.92%, and an F1-score of 88.85%. Additionally, to assess the prevalence of logical defects in real-world smart contracts, we compiled a large-scale dataset of 15,992 DeFi staking contracts. SSR detected that 3,557 (22.24%) of these contracts contained at least one logical defect. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05827 [ pdf , ps , other ] SSR: Safeguarding Staking Rewards by Defining and Detecting Logical Defects in DeFi Staking Authors: Zewei Lin , Jiachi Chen , Jingwen Zhang , Zexu Wang , Yuming Feng , Weizhe Zhang , Zibin Zheng Abstract : Decentralized Finance (DeFi) staking is one of the most prominent applications within the DeFi ecosystem, where DeFi projects enable users to stake tokens on the platform and reward participants with additional tokens. However, logical defects in DeFi staking could enable attackers to claim unwarranted rewards by manipulating reward amounts, repeatedly claiming rewards, or engaging in other malici… ▽ More Decentralized Finance (DeFi) staking is one of the most prominent applications within the DeFi ecosystem, where DeFi projects enable users to stake tokens on the platform and reward participants with additional tokens. However, logical defects in DeFi staking could enable attackers to claim unwarranted rewards by manipulating reward amounts, repeatedly claiming rewards, or engaging in other malicious actions. To mitigate these threats, we conducted the first study focused on defining and detecting logical defects in DeFi staking. Through the analysis of 64 security incidents and 144 audit reports, we identified six distinct types of logical defects, each accompanied by detailed descriptions and code examples. Building on this empirical research, we developed SSR (Safeguarding Staking Reward), a static analysis tool designed to detect logical defects in DeFi staking contracts. SSR utilizes a large language model (LLM) to extract fundamental information about staking logic and constructs a DeFi staking model. It then identifies logical defects by analyzing the model and the associated semantic features. We constructed a ground truth dataset based on known security incidents and audit reports to evaluate the effectiveness of SSR. The results indicate that SSR achieves an overall precision of 92.31%, a recall of 87.92%, and an F1-score of 88.85%. Additionally, to assess the prevalence of logical defects in real-world smart contracts, we compiled a large-scale dataset of 15,992 DeFi staking contracts. SSR detected that 3,557 (22.24%) of these contracts contained at least one logical defect. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05465 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI PRISMA: Reinforcement Learning Guided Two-Stage Policy Optimization in Multi-Agent Architecture for Open-Domain Multi-Hop Question Answering Authors: Yu Liu , Wenxiao Zhang , Cong Cao , Wenxuan Lu , Fangfang Yuan , Diandian Guo , Kun Peng , Qiang Sun , Kaiyan Zhang , Yanbing Liu , Jin B. Hong , Bowen Zhou , Zhiyuan Ma Abstract : Answering real-world open-domain multi-hop questions over massive corpora is a critical challenge in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. Recent research employs reinforcement learning (RL) to end-to-end optimize the retrieval-augmented reasoning process, directly enhancing its capacity to resolve complex queries. However, reliable deployment is hindered by two obstacles. 1) Retrieval Col… ▽ More Answering real-world open-domain multi-hop questions over massive corpora is a critical challenge in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. Recent research employs reinforcement learning (RL) to end-to-end optimize the retrieval-augmented reasoning process, directly enhancing its capacity to resolve complex queries. However, reliable deployment is hindered by two obstacles. 1) Retrieval Collapse: iterative retrieval over large corpora fails to locate intermediate evidence containing bridge answers without reasoning-guided planning, causing downstream reasoning to collapse. 2) Learning Instability: end-to-end trajectory training suffers from weak credit assignment across reasoning chains and poor error localization across modules, causing overfitting to benchmark-specific heuristics that limit transferability and stability. To address these problems, we propose PRISMA, a decoupled RL-guided framework featuring a Plan-Retrieve-Inspect-Solve-Memoize architecture. PRISMA's strength lies in reasoning-guided collaboration: the Inspector provides reasoning-based feedback to refine the Planner's decomposition and fine-grained retrieval, while enforcing evidence-grounded reasoning in the Solver. We optimize individual agent capabilities via Two-Stage Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). Stage I calibrates the Planner and Solver as specialized experts in planning and reasoning, while Stage II utilizes Observation-Aware Residual Policy Optimization (OARPO) to enhance the Inspector's ability to verify context and trigger targeted recovery. Experiments show that PRISMA achieves state-of-the-art performance on ten benchmarks and can be deployed efficiently in real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05465 [ pdf , ps , other ] PRISMA: Reinforcement Learning Guided Two-Stage Policy Optimization in Multi-Agent Architecture for Open-Domain Multi-Hop Question Answering Authors: Yu Liu , Wenxiao Zhang , Cong Cao , Wenxuan Lu , Fangfang Yuan , Diandian Guo , Kun Peng , Qiang Sun , Kaiyan Zhang , Yanbing Liu , Jin B. Hong , Bowen Zhou , Zhiyuan Ma Abstract : Answering real-world open-domain multi-hop questions over massive corpora is a critical challenge in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. Recent research employs reinforcement learning (RL) to end-to-end optimize the retrieval-augmented reasoning process, directly enhancing its capacity to resolve complex queries. However, reliable deployment is hindered by two obstacles. 1) Retrieval Col… ▽ More Answering real-world open-domain multi-hop questions over massive corpora is a critical challenge in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. Recent research employs reinforcement learning (RL) to end-to-end optimize the retrieval-augmented reasoning process, directly enhancing its capacity to resolve complex queries. However, reliable deployment is hindered by two obstacles. 1) Retrieval Collapse: iterative retrieval over large corpora fails to locate intermediate evidence containing bridge answers without reasoning-guided planning, causing downstream reasoning to collapse. 2) Learning Instability: end-to-end trajectory training suffers from weak credit assignment across reasoning chains and poor error localization across modules, causing overfitting to benchmark-specific heuristics that limit transferability and stability. To address these problems, we propose PRISMA, a decoupled RL-guided framework featuring a Plan-Retrieve-Inspect-Solve-Memoize architecture. PRISMA's strength lies in reasoning-guided collaboration: the Inspector provides reasoning-based feedback to refine the Planner's decomposition and fine-grained retrieval, while enforcing evidence-grounded reasoning in the Solver. We optimize individual agent capabilities via Two-Stage Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). Stage I calibrates the Planner and Solver as specialized experts in planning and reasoning, while Stage II utilizes Observation-Aware Residual Policy Optimization (OARPO) to enhance the Inspector's ability to verify context and trigger targeted recovery. Experiments show that PRISMA achieves state-of-the-art performance on ten benchmarks and can be deployed efficiently in real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05163 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL DocDancer: Towards Agentic Document-Grounded Information Seeking Authors: Qintong Zhang , Xinjie Lv , Jialong Wu , Baixuan Li , Zhengwei Tao , Guochen Yan , Huanyao Zhang , Bin Wang , Jiahao Xu , Haitao Mi , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Document Question Answering (DocQA) focuses on answering questions grounded in given documents, yet existing DocQA agents lack effective tool utilization and largely rely on closed-source models. In this work, we introduce DocDancer, an end-to-end trained open-source Doc agent. We formulate DocQA as an information-seeking problem and propose a tool-driven agent framework that explicitly models doc… ▽ More Document Question Answering (DocQA) focuses on answering questions grounded in given documents, yet existing DocQA agents lack effective tool utilization and largely rely on closed-source models. In this work, we introduce DocDancer, an end-to-end trained open-source Doc agent. We formulate DocQA as an information-seeking problem and propose a tool-driven agent framework that explicitly models document exploration and comprehension. To enable end-to-end training of such agents, we introduce an Exploration-then-Synthesis data synthesis pipeline that addresses the scarcity of high-quality training data for DocQA. Training on the synthesized data, the trained models on two long-context document understanding benchmarks, MMLongBench-Doc and DocBench, show their effectiveness. Further analysis provides valuable insights for the agentic tool design and synthetic data. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05163 [ pdf , ps , other ] DocDancer: Towards Agentic Document-Grounded Information Seeking Authors: Qintong Zhang , Xinjie Lv , Jialong Wu , Baixuan Li , Zhengwei Tao , Guochen Yan , Huanyao Zhang , Bin Wang , Jiahao Xu , Haitao Mi , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Document Question Answering (DocQA) focuses on answering questions grounded in given documents, yet existing DocQA agents lack effective tool utilization and largely rely on closed-source models. In this work, we introduce DocDancer, an end-to-end trained open-source Doc agent. We formulate DocQA as an information-seeking problem and propose a tool-driven agent framework that explicitly models doc… ▽ More Document Question Answering (DocQA) focuses on answering questions grounded in given documents, yet existing DocQA agents lack effective tool utilization and largely rely on closed-source models. In this work, we introduce DocDancer, an end-to-end trained open-source Doc agent. We formulate DocQA as an information-seeking problem and propose a tool-driven agent framework that explicitly models document exploration and comprehension. To enable end-to-end training of such agents, we introduce an Exploration-then-Synthesis data synthesis pipeline that addresses the scarcity of high-quality training data for DocQA. Training on the synthesized data, the trained models on two long-context document understanding benchmarks, MMLongBench-Doc and DocBench, show their effectiveness. Further analysis provides valuable insights for the agentic tool design and synthetic data. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.04956 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV TEA: Temporal Adaptive Satellite Image Semantic Segmentation Authors: Juyuan Kang , Hao Zhu , Yan Zhu , Wei Zhang , Jianing Chen , Tianxiang Xiao , Yike Ma , Hao Jiang , Feng Dai Abstract : Crop mapping based on satellite images time-series (SITS) holds substantial economic value in agricultural production settings, in which parcel segmentation is an essential step. Existing approaches have achieved notable advancements in SITS segmentation with predetermined sequence lengths. However, we found that these approaches overlooked the generalization capability of models across scenarios… ▽ More Crop mapping based on satellite images time-series (SITS) holds substantial economic value in agricultural production settings, in which parcel segmentation is an essential step. Existing approaches have achieved notable advancements in SITS segmentation with predetermined sequence lengths. However, we found that these approaches overlooked the generalization capability of models across scenarios with varying temporal length, leading to markedly poor segmentation results in such cases. To address this issue, we propose TEA, a TEmporal Adaptive SITS semantic segmentation method to enhance the model's resilience under varying sequence lengths. We introduce a teacher model that encapsulates the global sequence knowledge to guide a student model with adaptive temporal input lengths. Specifically, teacher shapes the student's feature space via intermediate embedding, prototypes and soft label perspectives to realize knowledge transfer, while dynamically aggregating student model to mitigate knowledge forgetting. Finally, we introduce full-sequence reconstruction as an auxiliary task to further enhance the quality of representations across inputs of varying temporal lengths. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our method brings remarkable improvements across inputs of different temporal lengths on common benchmarks. Our code will be publicly available. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Under review. Code will be available at \href{ https URL} arXiv:2601.04956 [ pdf , ps , other ] TEA: Temporal Adaptive Satellite Image Semantic Segmentation Authors: Juyuan Kang , Hao Zhu , Yan Zhu , Wei Zhang , Jianing Chen , Tianxiang Xiao , Yike Ma , Hao Jiang , Feng Dai Abstract : Crop mapping based on satellite images time-series (SITS) holds substantial economic value in agricultural production settings, in which parcel segmentation is an essential step. Existing approaches have achieved notable advancements in SITS segmentation with predetermined sequence lengths. However, we found that these approaches overlooked the generalization capability of models across scenarios… ▽ More Crop mapping based on satellite images time-series (SITS) holds substantial economic value in agricultural production settings, in which parcel segmentation is an essential step. Existing approaches have achieved notable advancements in SITS segmentation with predetermined sequence lengths. However, we found that these approaches overlooked the generalization capability of models across scenarios with varying temporal length, leading to markedly poor segmentation results in such cases. To address this issue, we propose TEA, a TEmporal Adaptive SITS semantic segmentation method to enhance the model's resilience under varying sequence lengths. We introduce a teacher model that encapsulates the global sequence knowledge to guide a student model with adaptive temporal input lengths. Specifically, teacher shapes the student's feature space via intermediate embedding, prototypes and soft label perspectives to realize knowledge transfer, while dynamically aggregating student model to mitigate knowledge forgetting. Finally, we introduce full-sequence reconstruction as an auxiliary task to further enhance the quality of representations across inputs of varying temporal lengths. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our method brings remarkable improvements across inputs of different temporal lengths on common benchmarks. Our code will be publicly available. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Under review. Code will be available at \href{ https URL} arXiv:2601.04672 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CL Agri-R1: Empowering Generalizable Agricultural Reasoning in Vision-Language Models with Reinforcement Learning Authors: Wentao Zhang , Lifei Wang , Lina Lu , MingKun Xu , Shangyang Li , Yanchao Yang , Tao Fang Abstract : Agricultural disease diagnosis challenges VLMs, as conventional fine-tuning requires extensive labels, lacks interpretability, and generalizes poorly. While reasoning improves model robustness, existing methods rely on costly expert annotations and rarely address the open-ended, diverse nature of agricultural queries. To address these limitations, we propose \textbf{Agri-R1}, a reasoning-enhanced… ▽ More Agricultural disease diagnosis challenges VLMs, as conventional fine-tuning requires extensive labels, lacks interpretability, and generalizes poorly. While reasoning improves model robustness, existing methods rely on costly expert annotations and rarely address the open-ended, diverse nature of agricultural queries. To address these limitations, we propose \textbf{Agri-R1}, a reasoning-enhanced large model for agriculture. Our framework automates high-quality reasoning data generation via vision-language synthesis and LLM-based filtering, using only 19\% of available samples. Training employs Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) with a novel proposed reward function that integrates domain-specific lexicons and fuzzy matching to assess both correctness and linguistic flexibility in open-ended responses. Evaluated on CDDMBench, our resulting 3B-parameter model achieves performance competitive with 7B- to 13B-parameter baselines, showing a +23.2\% relative gain in disease recognition accuracy, +33.3\% in agricultural knowledge QA, and a +26.10-point improvement in cross-domain generalization over standard fine-tuning. Ablation studies confirm that the synergy between structured reasoning data and GRPO-driven exploration underpins these gains, with benefits scaling as question complexity increases. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper is submitted for review to ACL 2026. It is 17 pages long and includes 5 figures. The corresponding authors are Tao Fang and Lina Lu arXiv:2601.04672 [ pdf , ps , other ] Agri-R1: Empowering Generalizable Agricultural Reasoning in Vision-Language Models with Reinforcement Learning Authors: Wentao Zhang , Lifei Wang , Lina Lu , MingKun Xu , Shangyang Li , Yanchao Yang , Tao Fang Abstract : Agricultural disease diagnosis challenges VLMs, as conventional fine-tuning requires extensive labels, lacks interpretability, and generalizes poorly. While reasoning improves model robustness, existing methods rely on costly expert annotations and rarely address the open-ended, diverse nature of agricultural queries. To address these limitations, we propose \textbf{Agri-R1}, a reasoning-enhanced… ▽ More Agricultural disease diagnosis challenges VLMs, as conventional fine-tuning requires extensive labels, lacks interpretability, and generalizes poorly. While reasoning improves model robustness, existing methods rely on costly expert annotations and rarely address the open-ended, diverse nature of agricultural queries. To address these limitations, we propose \textbf{Agri-R1}, a reasoning-enhanced large model for agriculture. Our framework automates high-quality reasoning data generation via vision-language synthesis and LLM-based filtering, using only 19\% of available samples. Training employs Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) with a novel proposed reward function that integrates domain-specific lexicons and fuzzy matching to assess both correctness and linguistic flexibility in open-ended responses. Evaluated on CDDMBench, our resulting 3B-parameter model achieves performance competitive with 7B- to 13B-parameter baselines, showing a +23.2\% relative gain in disease recognition accuracy, +33.3\% in agricultural knowledge QA, and a +26.10-point improvement in cross-domain generalization over standard fine-tuning. Ablation studies confirm that the synergy between structured reasoning data and GRPO-driven exploration underpins these gains, with benefits scaling as question complexity increases. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper is submitted for review to ACL 2026. It is 17 pages long and includes 5 figures. The corresponding authors are Tao Fang and Lina Lu arXiv:2601.04554 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR Exploring Recommender System Evaluation: A Multi-Modal User Agent Framework for A/B Testing Authors: Wenlin Zhang , Xiangyang Li , Qiyuan Ge , Kuicai Dong , Pengyue Jia , Xiaopeng Li , Zijian Zhang , Maolin Wang , Yichao Wang , Huifeng Guo , Ruiming Tang , Xiangyu Zhao Abstract : In recommender systems, online A/B testing is a crucial method for evaluating the performance of different models. However, conducting online A/B testing often presents significant challenges, including substantial economic costs, user experience degradation, and considerable time requirements. With the Large Language Models' powerful capacity, LLM-based agent shows great potential to replace trad… ▽ More In recommender systems, online A/B testing is a crucial method for evaluating the performance of different models. However, conducting online A/B testing often presents significant challenges, including substantial economic costs, user experience degradation, and considerable time requirements. With the Large Language Models' powerful capacity, LLM-based agent shows great potential to replace traditional online A/B testing. Nonetheless, current agents fail to simulate the perception process and interaction patterns, due to the lack of real environments and visual perception capability. To address these challenges, we introduce a multi-modal user agent for A/B testing (A/B Agent). Specifically, we construct a recommendation sandbox environment for A/B testing, enabling multimodal and multi-page interactions that align with real user behavior on online platforms. The designed agent leverages multimodal information perception, fine-grained user preferences, and integrates profiles, action memory retrieval, and a fatigue system to simulate complex human decision-making. We validated the potential of the agent as an alternative to traditional A/B testing from three perspectives: model, data, and features. Furthermore, we found that the data generated by A/B Agent can effectively enhance the capabilities of recommendation models. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04554 [ pdf , ps , other ] Exploring Recommender System Evaluation: A Multi-Modal User Agent Framework for A/B Testing Authors: Wenlin Zhang , Xiangyang Li , Qiyuan Ge , Kuicai Dong , Pengyue Jia , Xiaopeng Li , Zijian Zhang , Maolin Wang , Yichao Wang , Huifeng Guo , Ruiming Tang , Xiangyu Zhao Abstract : In recommender systems, online A/B testing is a crucial method for evaluating the performance of different models. However, conducting online A/B testing often presents significant challenges, including substantial economic costs, user experience degradation, and considerable time requirements. With the Large Language Models' powerful capacity, LLM-based agent shows great potential to replace trad… ▽ More In recommender systems, online A/B testing is a crucial method for evaluating the performance of different models. However, conducting online A/B testing often presents significant challenges, including substantial economic costs, user experience degradation, and considerable time requirements. With the Large Language Models' powerful capacity, LLM-based agent shows great potential to replace traditional online A/B testing. Nonetheless, current agents fail to simulate the perception process and interaction patterns, due to the lack of real environments and visual perception capability. To address these challenges, we introduce a multi-modal user agent for A/B testing (A/B Agent). Specifically, we construct a recommendation sandbox environment for A/B testing, enabling multimodal and multi-page interactions that align with real user behavior on online platforms. The designed agent leverages multimodal information perception, fine-grained user preferences, and integrates profiles, action memory retrieval, and a fatigue system to simulate complex human decision-making. We validated the potential of the agent as an alternative to traditional A/B testing from three perspectives: model, data, and features. Furthermore, we found that the data generated by A/B Agent can effectively enhance the capabilities of recommendation models. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04509 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI A General Neural Backbone for Mixed-Integer Linear Optimization via Dual Attention Authors: Peixin Huang , Yaoxin Wu , Yining Ma , Cathy Wu , Wen Song , Wei Zhang Abstract : Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), a widely used modeling framework for combinatorial optimization, are central to many scientific and engineering applications, yet remains computationally challenging at scale. Recent advances in deep learning address this challenge by representing MILP instances as variable-constraint bipartite graphs and applying graph neural networks (GNNs) to extract lat… ▽ More Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), a widely used modeling framework for combinatorial optimization, are central to many scientific and engineering applications, yet remains computationally challenging at scale. Recent advances in deep learning address this challenge by representing MILP instances as variable-constraint bipartite graphs and applying graph neural networks (GNNs) to extract latent structural patterns and enhance solver efficiency. However, this architecture is inherently limited by the local-oriented mechanism, leading to restricted representation power and hindering neural approaches for MILP. Here we present an attention-driven neural architecture that learns expressive representations beyond the pure graph view. A dual-attention mechanism is designed to perform parallel self- and cross-attention over variables and constraints, enabling global information exchange and deeper representation learning. We apply this general backbone to various downstream tasks at the instance level, element level, and solving state level. Extensive experiments across widely used benchmarks show consistent improvements of our approach over state-of-the-art baselines, highlighting attention-based neural architectures as a powerful foundation for learning-enhanced mixed-integer linear optimization. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04509 [ pdf , ps , other ] A General Neural Backbone for Mixed-Integer Linear Optimization via Dual Attention Authors: Peixin Huang , Yaoxin Wu , Yining Ma , Cathy Wu , Wen Song , Wei Zhang Abstract : Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), a widely used modeling framework for combinatorial optimization, are central to many scientific and engineering applications, yet remains computationally challenging at scale. Recent advances in deep learning address this challenge by representing MILP instances as variable-constraint bipartite graphs and applying graph neural networks (GNNs) to extract lat… ▽ More Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), a widely used modeling framework for combinatorial optimization, are central to many scientific and engineering applications, yet remains computationally challenging at scale. Recent advances in deep learning address this challenge by representing MILP instances as variable-constraint bipartite graphs and applying graph neural networks (GNNs) to extract latent structural patterns and enhance solver efficiency. However, this architecture is inherently limited by the local-oriented mechanism, leading to restricted representation power and hindering neural approaches for MILP. Here we present an attention-driven neural architecture that learns expressive representations beyond the pure graph view. A dual-attention mechanism is designed to perform parallel self- and cross-attention over variables and constraints, enabling global information exchange and deeper representation learning. We apply this general backbone to various downstream tasks at the instance level, element level, and solving state level. Extensive experiments across widely used benchmarks show consistent improvements of our approach over state-of-the-art baselines, highlighting attention-based neural architectures as a powerful foundation for learning-enhanced mixed-integer linear optimization. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03686 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO Dual-Attention Heterogeneous GNN for Multi-robot Collaborative Area Search via Deep Reinforcement Learning Authors: Lina Zhu , Jiyu Cheng , Yuehu Liu , Wei Zhang Abstract : In multi-robot collaborative area search, a key challenge is to dynamically balance the two objectives of exploring unknown areas and covering specific targets to be rescued. Existing methods are often constrained by homogeneous graph representations, thus failing to model and balance these distinct tasks. To address this problem, we propose a Dual-Attention Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network (DA-… ▽ More In multi-robot collaborative area search, a key challenge is to dynamically balance the two objectives of exploring unknown areas and covering specific targets to be rescued. Existing methods are often constrained by homogeneous graph representations, thus failing to model and balance these distinct tasks. To address this problem, we propose a Dual-Attention Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network (DA-HGNN) trained using deep reinforcement learning. Our method constructs a heterogeneous graph that incorporates three entity types: robot nodes, frontier nodes, and interesting nodes, as well as their historical states. The dual-attention mechanism comprises the relational-aware attention and type-aware attention operations. The relational-aware attention captures the complex spatio-temporal relationships among robots and candidate goals. Building on this relational-aware heterogeneous graph, the type-aware attention separately computes the relevance between robots and each goal type (frontiers vs. points of interest), thereby decoupling the exploration and coverage from the unified tasks. Extensive experiments conducted in interactive 3D scenarios within the iGibson simulator, leveraging the Gibson and MatterPort3D datasets, validate the superior scalability and generalization capability of the proposed approach. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03686 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dual-Attention Heterogeneous GNN for Multi-robot Collaborative Area Search via Deep Reinforcement Learning Authors: Lina Zhu , Jiyu Cheng , Yuehu Liu , Wei Zhang Abstract : In multi-robot collaborative area search, a key challenge is to dynamically balance the two objectives of exploring unknown areas and covering specific targets to be rescued. Existing methods are often constrained by homogeneous graph representations, thus failing to model and balance these distinct tasks. To address this problem, we propose a Dual-Attention Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network (DA-… ▽ More In multi-robot collaborative area search, a key challenge is to dynamically balance the two objectives of exploring unknown areas and covering specific targets to be rescued. Existing methods are often constrained by homogeneous graph representations, thus failing to model and balance these distinct tasks. To address this problem, we propose a Dual-Attention Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network (DA-HGNN) trained using deep reinforcement learning. Our method constructs a heterogeneous graph that incorporates three entity types: robot nodes, frontier nodes, and interesting nodes, as well as their historical states. The dual-attention mechanism comprises the relational-aware attention and type-aware attention operations. The relational-aware attention captures the complex spatio-temporal relationships among robots and candidate goals. Building on this relational-aware heterogeneous graph, the type-aware attention separately computes the relevance between robots and each goal type (frontiers vs. points of interest), thereby decoupling the exploration and coverage from the unified tasks. Extensive experiments conducted in interactive 3D scenarios within the iGibson simulator, leveraging the Gibson and MatterPort3D datasets, validate the superior scalability and generalization capability of the proposed approach. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03646 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI ReLA: Representation Learning and Aggregation for Job Scheduling with Reinforcement Learning Authors: Zhengyi Kwan , Wei Zhang , Aik Beng Ng , Zhengkui Wang , Simon See Abstract : Job scheduling is widely used in real-world manufacturing systems to assign ordered job operations to machines under various constraints. Existing solutions remain limited by long running time or insufficient schedule quality, especially when problem scale increases. In this paper, we propose ReLA, a reinforcement-learning (RL) scheduler built on structured representation learning and aggregation.… ▽ More Job scheduling is widely used in real-world manufacturing systems to assign ordered job operations to machines under various constraints. Existing solutions remain limited by long running time or insufficient schedule quality, especially when problem scale increases. In this paper, we propose ReLA, a reinforcement-learning (RL) scheduler built on structured representation learning and aggregation. ReLA first learns diverse representations from scheduling entities, including job operations and machines, using two intra-entity learning modules with self-attention and convolution and one inter-entity learning module with cross-attention. These modules are applied in a multi-scale architecture, and their outputs are aggregated to support RL decision-making. Across experiments on small, medium, and large job instances, ReLA achieves the best makespan in most tested settings over the latest solutions. On non-large instances, ReLA reduces the optimality gap of the SOTA baseline by 13.0%, while on large-scale instances it reduces the gap by 78.6%, with the average optimality gaps lowered to 7.3% and 2.1%, respectively. These results confirm that ReLA's learned representations and aggregation provide strong decision support for RL scheduling, and enable fast job completion and decision-making for real-world applications. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 15 pages arXiv:2601.03646 [ pdf , ps , other ] ReLA: Representation Learning and Aggregation for Job Scheduling with Reinforcement Learning Authors: Zhengyi Kwan , Wei Zhang , Aik Beng Ng , Zhengkui Wang , Simon See Abstract : Job scheduling is widely used in real-world manufacturing systems to assign ordered job operations to machines under various constraints. Existing solutions remain limited by long running time or insufficient schedule quality, especially when problem scale increases. In this paper, we propose ReLA, a reinforcement-learning (RL) scheduler built on structured representation learning and aggregation.… ▽ More Job scheduling is widely used in real-world manufacturing systems to assign ordered job operations to machines under various constraints. Existing solutions remain limited by long running time or insufficient schedule quality, especially when problem scale increases. In this paper, we propose ReLA, a reinforcement-learning (RL) scheduler built on structured representation learning and aggregation. ReLA first learns diverse representations from scheduling entities, including job operations and machines, using two intra-entity learning modules with self-attention and convolution and one inter-entity learning module with cross-attention. These modules are applied in a multi-scale architecture, and their outputs are aggregated to support RL decision-making. Across experiments on small, medium, and large job instances, ReLA achieves the best makespan in most tested settings over the latest solutions. On non-large instances, ReLA reduces the optimality gap of the SOTA baseline by 13.0%, while on large-scale instances it reduces the gap by 78.6%, with the average optimality gaps lowered to 7.3% and 2.1%, respectively. These results confirm that ReLA's learned representations and aggregation provide strong decision support for RL scheduling, and enable fast job completion and decision-making for real-world applications. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 15 pages arXiv:2601.03641 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Agent-Dice: Disentangling Knowledge Updates via Geometric Consensus for Agent Continual Learning Authors: Zheng Wu , Xingyu Lou , Xinbei Ma , Yansi Li , Weiwen Liu , Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang Abstract : Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents significantly extend the utility of LLMs by interacting with dynamic environments. However, enabling agents to continually learn new tasks without catastrophic forgetting remains a critical challenge, known as the stability-plasticity dilemma. In this work, we argue that this dilemma fundamentally arises from the failure to explicitly distinguish between com… ▽ More Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents significantly extend the utility of LLMs by interacting with dynamic environments. However, enabling agents to continually learn new tasks without catastrophic forgetting remains a critical challenge, known as the stability-plasticity dilemma. In this work, we argue that this dilemma fundamentally arises from the failure to explicitly distinguish between common knowledge shared across tasks and conflicting knowledge introduced by task-specific interference. To address this, we propose Agent-Dice, a parameter fusion framework based on directional consensus evaluation. Concretely, Agent-Dice disentangles knowledge updates through a two-stage process: geometric consensus filtering to prune conflicting gradients, and curvature-based importance weighting to amplify shared semantics. We provide a rigorous theoretical analysis that establishes the validity of the proposed fusion scheme and offers insight into the origins of the stability-plasticity dilemma. Extensive experiments on GUI agents and tool-use agent domains demonstrate that Agent-Dice exhibits outstanding continual learning performance with minimal computational overhead and parameter updates. The codes are available at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03641 [ pdf , ps , other ] Agent-Dice: Disentangling Knowledge Updates via Geometric Consensus for Agent Continual Learning Authors: Zheng Wu , Xingyu Lou , Xinbei Ma , Yansi Li , Weiwen Liu , Weinan Zhang , Jun Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang Abstract : Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents significantly extend the utility of LLMs by interacting with dynamic environments. However, enabling agents to continually learn new tasks without catastrophic forgetting remains a critical challenge, known as the stability-plasticity dilemma. In this work, we argue that this dilemma fundamentally arises from the failure to explicitly distinguish between com… ▽ More Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents significantly extend the utility of LLMs by interacting with dynamic environments. However, enabling agents to continually learn new tasks without catastrophic forgetting remains a critical challenge, known as the stability-plasticity dilemma. In this work, we argue that this dilemma fundamentally arises from the failure to explicitly distinguish between common knowledge shared across tasks and conflicting knowledge introduced by task-specific interference. To address this, we propose Agent-Dice, a parameter fusion framework based on directional consensus evaluation. Concretely, Agent-Dice disentangles knowledge updates through a two-stage process: geometric consensus filtering to prune conflicting gradients, and curvature-based importance weighting to amplify shared semantics. We provide a rigorous theoretical analysis that establishes the validity of the proposed fusion scheme and offers insight into the origins of the stability-plasticity dilemma. Extensive experiments on GUI agents and tool-use agent domains demonstrate that Agent-Dice exhibits outstanding continual learning performance with minimal computational overhead and parameter updates. The codes are available at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03596 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Adaptive Attention Distillation for Robust Few-Shot Segmentation under Environmental Perturbations Authors: Qianyu Guo , Jingrong Wu , Jieji Ren , Weifeng Ge , Wenqiang Zhang Abstract : Few-shot segmentation (FSS) aims to rapidly learn novel class concepts from limited examples to segment specific targets in unseen images, and has been widely applied in areas such as medical diagnosis and industrial inspection. However, existing studies largely overlook the complex environmental factors encountered in real world scenarios-such as illumination, background, and camera viewpoint-whi… ▽ More Few-shot segmentation (FSS) aims to rapidly learn novel class concepts from limited examples to segment specific targets in unseen images, and has been widely applied in areas such as medical diagnosis and industrial inspection. However, existing studies largely overlook the complex environmental factors encountered in real world scenarios-such as illumination, background, and camera viewpoint-which can substantially increase the difficulty of test images. As a result, models trained under laboratory conditions often fall short of practical deployment requirements. To bridge this gap, in this paper, an environment-robust FSS setting is introduced that explicitly incorporates challenging test cases arising from complex environments-such as motion blur, small objects, and camouflaged targets-to enhance model's robustness under realistic, dynamic conditions. An environment robust FSS benchmark (ER-FSS) is established, covering eight datasets across multiple real world scenarios. In addition, an Adaptive Attention Distillation (AAD) method is proposed, which repeatedly contrasts and distills key shared semantics between known (support) and unknown (query) images to derive class-specific attention for novel categories. This strengthens the model's ability to focus on the correct targets in complex environments, thereby improving environmental robustness. Comparative experiments show that AAD improves mIoU by 3.3% - 8.5% across all datasets and settings, demonstrating superior performance and strong generalization. The source code and dataset are available at: △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 12 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.03596 [ pdf , ps , other ] Adaptive Attention Distillation for Robust Few-Shot Segmentation under Environmental Perturbations Authors: Qianyu Guo , Jingrong Wu , Jieji Ren , Weifeng Ge , Wenqiang Zhang Abstract : Few-shot segmentation (FSS) aims to rapidly learn novel class concepts from limited examples to segment specific targets in unseen images, and has been widely applied in areas such as medical diagnosis and industrial inspection. However, existing studies largely overlook the complex environmental factors encountered in real world scenarios-such as illumination, background, and camera viewpoint-whi… ▽ More Few-shot segmentation (FSS) aims to rapidly learn novel class concepts from limited examples to segment specific targets in unseen images, and has been widely applied in areas such as medical diagnosis and industrial inspection. However, existing studies largely overlook the complex environmental factors encountered in real world scenarios-such as illumination, background, and camera viewpoint-which can substantially increase the difficulty of test images. As a result, models trained under laboratory conditions often fall short of practical deployment requirements. To bridge this gap, in this paper, an environment-robust FSS setting is introduced that explicitly incorporates challenging test cases arising from complex environments-such as motion blur, small objects, and camouflaged targets-to enhance model's robustness under realistic, dynamic conditions. An environment robust FSS benchmark (ER-FSS) is established, covering eight datasets across multiple real world scenarios. In addition, an Adaptive Attention Distillation (AAD) method is proposed, which repeatedly contrasts and distills key shared semantics between known (support) and unknown (query) images to derive class-specific attention for novel categories. This strengthens the model's ability to focus on the correct targets in complex environments, thereby improving environmental robustness. Comparative experiments show that AAD improves mIoU by 3.3% - 8.5% across all datasets and settings, demonstrating superior performance and strong generalization. The source code and dataset are available at: △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 12 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.03507 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV REFA: Real-time Egocentric Facial Animations for Virtual Reality Authors: Qiang Zhang , Tong Xiao , Haroun Habeeb , Larissa Laich , Sofien Bouaziz , Patrick Snape , Wenjing Zhang , Matthew Cioffi , Peizhao Zhang , Pavel Pidlypenskyi , Winnie Lin , Luming Ma , Mengjiao Wang , Kunpeng Li , Chengjiang Long , Steven Song , Martin Prazak , Alexander Sjoholm , Ajinkya Deogade , Jaebong Lee , Julio Delgado Mangas , Amaury Aubel Abstract : We present a novel system for real-time tracking of facial expressions using egocentric views captured from a set of infrared cameras embedded in a virtual reality (VR) headset. Our technology facilitates any user to accurately drive the facial expressions of virtual characters in a non-intrusive manner and without the need of a lengthy calibration step. At the core of our system is a distillation… ▽ More We present a novel system for real-time tracking of facial expressions using egocentric views captured from a set of infrared cameras embedded in a virtual reality (VR) headset. Our technology facilitates any user to accurately drive the facial expressions of virtual characters in a non-intrusive manner and without the need of a lengthy calibration step. At the core of our system is a distillation based approach to train a machine learning model on heterogeneous data and labels coming form multiple sources, \eg synthetic and real images. As part of our dataset, we collected 18k diverse subjects using a lightweight capture setup consisting of a mobile phone and a custom VR headset with extra cameras. To process this data, we developed a robust differentiable rendering pipeline enabling us to automatically extract facial expression labels. Our system opens up new avenues for communication and expression in virtual environments, with applications in video conferencing, gaming, entertainment, and remote collaboration. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: CVPR 2024 Workshop arXiv:2601.03507 [ pdf , ps , other ] REFA: Real-time Egocentric Facial Animations for Virtual Reality Authors: Qiang Zhang , Tong Xiao , Haroun Habeeb , Larissa Laich , Sofien Bouaziz , Patrick Snape , Wenjing Zhang , Matthew Cioffi , Peizhao Zhang , Pavel Pidlypenskyi , Winnie Lin , Luming Ma , Mengjiao Wang , Kunpeng Li , Chengjiang Long , Steven Song , Martin Prazak , Alexander Sjoholm , Ajinkya Deogade , Jaebong Lee , Julio Delgado Mangas , Amaury Aubel Abstract : We present a novel system for real-time tracking of facial expressions using egocentric views captured from a set of infrared cameras embedded in a virtual reality (VR) headset. Our technology facilitates any user to accurately drive the facial expressions of virtual characters in a non-intrusive manner and without the need of a lengthy calibration step. At the core of our system is a distillation… ▽ More We present a novel system for real-time tracking of facial expressions using egocentric views captured from a set of infrared cameras embedded in a virtual reality (VR) headset. Our technology facilitates any user to accurately drive the facial expressions of virtual characters in a non-intrusive manner and without the need of a lengthy calibration step. At the core of our system is a distillation based approach to train a machine learning model on heterogeneous data and labels coming form multiple sources, \eg synthetic and real images. As part of our dataset, we collected 18k diverse subjects using a lightweight capture setup consisting of a mobile phone and a custom VR headset with extra cameras. To process this data, we developed a robust differentiable rendering pipeline enabling us to automatically extract facial expression labels. Our system opens up new avenues for communication and expression in virtual environments, with applications in video conferencing, gaming, entertainment, and remote collaboration. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: CVPR 2024 Workshop arXiv:2601.03267 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI OpenAI GPT-5 System Card Authors: Aaditya Singh , Adam Fry , Adam Perelman , Adam Tart , Adi Ganesh , Ahmed El-Kishky , Aidan McLaughlin , Aiden Low , AJ Ostrow , Akhila Ananthram , Akshay Nathan , Alan Luo , Alec Helyar , Aleksander Madry , Aleksandr Efremov , Aleksandra Spyra , Alex Baker-Whitcomb , Alex Beutel , Alex Karpenko , Alex Makelov , Alex Neitz , Alex Wei , Alexandra Barr , Alexandre Kirchmeyer , Alexey Ivanov , et al. (459 additional authors not shown) Abstract : This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in… ▽ More This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in the prompt). The router is continuously trained on real signals, including when users switch models, preference rates for responses, and measured correctness, improving over time. Once usage limits are reached, a mini version of each model handles remaining queries. This system card focuses primarily on gpt-5-thinking and gpt-5-main, while evaluations for other models are available in the appendix. The GPT-5 system not only outperforms previous models on benchmarks and answers questions more quickly, but -- more importantly -- is more useful for real-world queries. We've made significant advances in reducing hallucinations, improving instruction following, and minimizing sycophancy, and have leveled up GPT-5's performance in three of ChatGPT's most common uses: writing, coding, and health. All of the GPT-5 models additionally feature safe-completions, our latest approach to safety training to prevent disallowed content. Similarly to ChatGPT agent, we have decided to treat gpt-5-thinking as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under our Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards. While we do not have definitive evidence that this model could meaningfully help a novice to create severe biological harm -- our defined threshold for High capability -- we have chosen to take a precautionary approach. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03267 [ pdf , ps , other ] OpenAI GPT-5 System Card Authors: Aaditya Singh , Adam Fry , Adam Perelman , Adam Tart , Adi Ganesh , Ahmed El-Kishky , Aidan McLaughlin , Aiden Low , AJ Ostrow , Akhila Ananthram , Akshay Nathan , Alan Luo , Alec Helyar , Aleksander Madry , Aleksandr Efremov , Aleksandra Spyra , Alex Baker-Whitcomb , Alex Beutel , Alex Karpenko , Alex Makelov , Alex Neitz , Alex Wei , Alexandra Barr , Alexandre Kirchmeyer , Alexey Ivanov , et al. (459 additional authors not shown) Abstract : This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in… ▽ More This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in the prompt). The router is continuously trained on real signals, including when users switch models, preference rates for responses, and measured correctness, improving over time. Once usage limits are reached, a mini version of each model handles remaining queries. This system card focuses primarily on gpt-5-thinking and gpt-5-main, while evaluations for other models are available in the appendix. The GPT-5 system not only outperforms previous models on benchmarks and answers questions more quickly, but -- more importantly -- is more useful for real-world queries. We've made significant advances in reducing hallucinations, improving instruction following, and minimizing sycophancy, and have leveled up GPT-5's performance in three of ChatGPT's most common uses: writing, coding, and health. All of the GPT-5 models additionally feature safe-completions, our latest approach to safety training to prevent disallowed content. Similarly to ChatGPT agent, we have decided to treat gpt-5-thinking as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under our Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards. While we do not have definitive evidence that this model could meaningfully help a novice to create severe biological harm -- our defined threshold for High capability -- we have chosen to take a precautionary approach. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03192 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL MemRL: Self-Evolving Agents via Runtime Reinforcement Learning on Episodic Memory Authors: Shengtao Zhang , Jiaqian Wang , Ruiwen Zhou , Junwei Liao , Yuchen Feng , Weinan Zhang , Ying Wen , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Yutao Qi , Bo Tang , Muning Wen Abstract : The hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to master new skills through Constructive Episodic Simulation-retrieving past experiences to synthesize solutions for novel tasks. While Large Language Models possess strong reasoning capabilities, they struggle to emulate this self-evolution: fine-tuning is computationally expensive and prone to catastrophic forgetting, while existing memory-based… ▽ More The hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to master new skills through Constructive Episodic Simulation-retrieving past experiences to synthesize solutions for novel tasks. While Large Language Models possess strong reasoning capabilities, they struggle to emulate this self-evolution: fine-tuning is computationally expensive and prone to catastrophic forgetting, while existing memory-based methods rely on passive semantic matching that often retrieves noise. To address these challenges, we propose MemRL, a framework that enables agents to self-evolve via non-parametric reinforcement learning on episodic memory. MemRL explicitly separates the stable reasoning of a frozen LLM from the plastic, evolving memory. Unlike traditional methods, MemRL employs a Two-Phase Retrieval mechanism that filters candidates by semantic relevance and then selects them based on learned Q-values (utility). These utilities are continuously refined via environmental feedback in an trial-and-error manner, allowing the agent to distinguish high-value strategies from similar noise. Extensive experiments on HLE, BigCodeBench, ALFWorld, and Lifelong Agent Bench demonstrate that MemRL significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines. Our analysis experiments confirm that MemRL effectively reconciles the stability-plasticity dilemma, enabling continuous runtime improvement without weight updates. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 23 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2601.03192 [ pdf , ps , other ] MemRL: Self-Evolving Agents via Runtime Reinforcement Learning on Episodic Memory Authors: Shengtao Zhang , Jiaqian Wang , Ruiwen Zhou , Junwei Liao , Yuchen Feng , Weinan Zhang , Ying Wen , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Yutao Qi , Bo Tang , Muning Wen Abstract : The hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to master new skills through Constructive Episodic Simulation-retrieving past experiences to synthesize solutions for novel tasks. While Large Language Models possess strong reasoning capabilities, they struggle to emulate this self-evolution: fine-tuning is computationally expensive and prone to catastrophic forgetting, while existing memory-based… ▽ More The hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to master new skills through Constructive Episodic Simulation-retrieving past experiences to synthesize solutions for novel tasks. While Large Language Models possess strong reasoning capabilities, they struggle to emulate this self-evolution: fine-tuning is computationally expensive and prone to catastrophic forgetting, while existing memory-based methods rely on passive semantic matching that often retrieves noise. To address these challenges, we propose MemRL, a framework that enables agents to self-evolve via non-parametric reinforcement learning on episodic memory. MemRL explicitly separates the stable reasoning of a frozen LLM from the plastic, evolving memory. Unlike traditional methods, MemRL employs a Two-Phase Retrieval mechanism that filters candidates by semantic relevance and then selects them based on learned Q-values (utility). These utilities are continuously refined via environmental feedback in an trial-and-error manner, allowing the agent to distinguish high-value strategies from similar noise. Extensive experiments on HLE, BigCodeBench, ALFWorld, and Lifelong Agent Bench demonstrate that MemRL significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines. Our analysis experiments confirm that MemRL effectively reconciles the stability-plasticity dilemma, enabling continuous runtime improvement without weight updates. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 23 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2601.03112 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.IV cs.CV DiT-JSCC: Rethinking Deep JSCC with Diffusion Transformers and Semantic Representations Authors: Kailin Tan , Jincheng Dai , Sixian Wang , Guo Lu , Shuo Shao , Kai Niu , Wenjun Zhang , Ping Zhang Abstract : Generative joint source-channel coding (GJSCC) has emerged as a new Deep JSCC paradigm for achieving high-fidelity and robust image transmission under extreme wireless channel conditions, such as ultra-low bandwidth and low signal-to-noise ratio. Recent studies commonly adopt diffusion models as generative decoders, but they frequently produce visually realistic results with limited semantic consi… ▽ More Generative joint source-channel coding (GJSCC) has emerged as a new Deep JSCC paradigm for achieving high-fidelity and robust image transmission under extreme wireless channel conditions, such as ultra-low bandwidth and low signal-to-noise ratio. Recent studies commonly adopt diffusion models as generative decoders, but they frequently produce visually realistic results with limited semantic consistency. This limitation stems from a fundamental mismatch between reconstruction-oriented JSCC encoders and generative decoders, as the former lack explicit semantic discriminability and fail to provide reliable conditional cues. In this paper, we propose DiT-JSCC, a novel GJSCC backbone that can jointly learn a semantics-prioritized representation encoder and a diffusion transformer (DiT) based generative decoder, our open-source project aims to promote the future research in GJSCC. Specifically, we design a semantics-detail dual-branch encoder that aligns naturally with a coarse-to-fine conditional DiT decoder, prioritizing semantic consistency under extreme channel conditions. Moreover, a training-free adaptive bandwidth allocation strategy inspired by Kolmogorov complexity is introduced to further improve the transmission efficiency, thereby indeed redefining the notion of information value in the era of generative decoding. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DiT-JSCC consistently outperforms existing JSCC methods in both semantic consistency and visual quality, particularly in extreme regimes. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14pages, 14figures, 2tables arXiv:2601.03112 [ pdf , ps , other ] DiT-JSCC: Rethinking Deep JSCC with Diffusion Transformers and Semantic Representations Authors: Kailin Tan , Jincheng Dai , Sixian Wang , Guo Lu , Shuo Shao , Kai Niu , Wenjun Zhang , Ping Zhang Abstract : Generative joint source-channel coding (GJSCC) has emerged as a new Deep JSCC paradigm for achieving high-fidelity and robust image transmission under extreme wireless channel conditions, such as ultra-low bandwidth and low signal-to-noise ratio. Recent studies commonly adopt diffusion models as generative decoders, but they frequently produce visually realistic results with limited semantic consi… ▽ More Generative joint source-channel coding (GJSCC) has emerged as a new Deep JSCC paradigm for achieving high-fidelity and robust image transmission under extreme wireless channel conditions, such as ultra-low bandwidth and low signal-to-noise ratio. Recent studies commonly adopt diffusion models as generative decoders, but they frequently produce visually realistic results with limited semantic consistency. This limitation stems from a fundamental mismatch between reconstruction-oriented JSCC encoders and generative decoders, as the former lack explicit semantic discriminability and fail to provide reliable conditional cues. In this paper, we propose DiT-JSCC, a novel GJSCC backbone that can jointly learn a semantics-prioritized representation encoder and a diffusion transformer (DiT) based generative decoder, our open-source project aims to promote the future research in GJSCC. Specifically, we design a semantics-detail dual-branch encoder that aligns naturally with a coarse-to-fine conditional DiT decoder, prioritizing semantic consistency under extreme channel conditions. Moreover, a training-free adaptive bandwidth allocation strategy inspired by Kolmogorov complexity is introduced to further improve the transmission efficiency, thereby indeed redefining the notion of information value in the era of generative decoding. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DiT-JSCC consistently outperforms existing JSCC methods in both semantic consistency and visual quality, particularly in extreme regimes. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14pages, 14figures, 2tables arXiv:2601.02780 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Bangjun Xiao , Bingquan Xia , Bo Yang , Bofei Gao , Bowen Shen , Chen Zhang , Chenhong He , Chiheng Lou , Fuli Luo , Gang Wang , Gang Xie , Hailin Zhang , Hanglong Lv , Hanyu Li , Heyu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Houbin Zhang , Huaqiu Liu , Jiangshan Duo , Jianyu Wei , Jiebao Xiao , Jinhao Dong , Jun Shi , et al. (102 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tok… ▽ More We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tokens with Multi-Token Prediction (MTP), employing a native 32k context length and subsequently extended to 256k. To efficiently scale post-training compute, MiMo-V2-Flash introduces a novel Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD) paradigm. In this framework, domain-specialized teachers (e.g., trained via large-scale reinforcement learning) provide dense and token-level reward, enabling the student model to perfectly master teacher expertise. MiMo-V2-Flash rivals top-tier open-weight models such as DeepSeek-V3.2 and Kimi-K2, despite using only 1/2 and 1/3 of their total parameters, respectively. During inference, by repurposing MTP as a draft model for speculative decoding, MiMo-V2-Flash achieves up to 3.6 acceptance length and 2.6x decoding speedup with three MTP layers. We open-source both the model weights and the three-layer MTP weights to foster open research and community collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, technical report arXiv:2601.02780 [ pdf , ps , other ] MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Bangjun Xiao , Bingquan Xia , Bo Yang , Bofei Gao , Bowen Shen , Chen Zhang , Chenhong He , Chiheng Lou , Fuli Luo , Gang Wang , Gang Xie , Hailin Zhang , Hanglong Lv , Hanyu Li , Heyu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Houbin Zhang , Huaqiu Liu , Jiangshan Duo , Jianyu Wei , Jiebao Xiao , Jinhao Dong , Jun Shi , et al. (102 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tok… ▽ More We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tokens with Multi-Token Prediction (MTP), employing a native 32k context length and subsequently extended to 256k. To efficiently scale post-training compute, MiMo-V2-Flash introduces a novel Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD) paradigm. In this framework, domain-specialized teachers (e.g., trained via large-scale reinforcement learning) provide dense and token-level reward, enabling the student model to perfectly master teacher expertise. MiMo-V2-Flash rivals top-tier open-weight models such as DeepSeek-V3.2 and Kimi-K2, despite using only 1/2 and 1/3 of their total parameters, respectively. During inference, by repurposing MTP as a draft model for speculative decoding, MiMo-V2-Flash achieves up to 3.6 acceptance length and 2.6x decoding speedup with three MTP layers. We open-source both the model weights and the three-layer MTP weights to foster open research and community collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, technical report arXiv:2601.02723 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.CV Loop Closure using AnyLoc Visual Place Recognition in DPV-SLAM Authors: Wenzheng Zhang , Kazuki Adachi , Yoshitaka Hara , Sousuke Nakamura Abstract : Loop closure is crucial for maintaining the accuracy and consistency of visual SLAM. We propose a method to improve loop closure performance in DPV-SLAM. Our approach integrates AnyLoc, a learning-based visual place recognition technique, as a replacement for the classical Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) loop detection method. In contrast to BoVW, which relies on handcrafted features, AnyLoc utilizes d… ▽ More Loop closure is crucial for maintaining the accuracy and consistency of visual SLAM. We propose a method to improve loop closure performance in DPV-SLAM. Our approach integrates AnyLoc, a learning-based visual place recognition technique, as a replacement for the classical Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) loop detection method. In contrast to BoVW, which relies on handcrafted features, AnyLoc utilizes deep feature representations, enabling more robust image retrieval across diverse viewpoints and lighting conditions. Furthermore, we propose an adaptive mechanism that dynamically adjusts similarity threshold based on environmental conditions, removing the need for manual tuning. Experiments on both indoor and outdoor datasets demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms the original DPV-SLAM in terms of loop closure accuracy and robustness. The proposed method offers a practical and scalable solution for enhancing loop closure performance in modern SLAM systems. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted at IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration(SII) 2026. 6 pages, 14 figures arXiv:2601.02723 [ pdf , ps , other ] Loop Closure using AnyLoc Visual Place Recognition in DPV-SLAM Authors: Wenzheng Zhang , Kazuki Adachi , Yoshitaka Hara , Sousuke Nakamura Abstract : Loop closure is crucial for maintaining the accuracy and consistency of visual SLAM. We propose a method to improve loop closure performance in DPV-SLAM. Our approach integrates AnyLoc, a learning-based visual place recognition technique, as a replacement for the classical Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) loop detection method. In contrast to BoVW, which relies on handcrafted features, AnyLoc utilizes d… ▽ More Loop closure is crucial for maintaining the accuracy and consistency of visual SLAM. We propose a method to improve loop closure performance in DPV-SLAM. Our approach integrates AnyLoc, a learning-based visual place recognition technique, as a replacement for the classical Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) loop detection method. In contrast to BoVW, which relies on handcrafted features, AnyLoc utilizes deep feature representations, enabling more robust image retrieval across diverse viewpoints and lighting conditions. Furthermore, we propose an adaptive mechanism that dynamically adjusts similarity threshold based on environmental conditions, removing the need for manual tuning. Experiments on both indoor and outdoor datasets demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms the original DPV-SLAM in terms of loop closure accuracy and robustness. The proposed method offers a practical and scalable solution for enhancing loop closure performance in modern SLAM systems. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted at IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration(SII) 2026. 6 pages, 14 figures arXiv:2601.02201 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CV CORE: Code-based Inverse Self-Training Framework with Graph Expansion for Virtual Agents Authors: Keyu Wang , Bingchen Miao , Wendong Bu , Yu Wu , Juncheng Li , Shengyu Zhang , Wenqiao Zhang , Siliang Tang , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang Abstract : The development of Multimodal Virtual Agents has made significant progress through the integration of Multimodal Large Language Models. However, mainstream training paradigms face key challenges: Behavior Cloning is simple and effective through imitation but suffers from low behavioral diversity, while Reinforcement Learning is capable of discovering novel strategies through exploration but heavil… ▽ More The development of Multimodal Virtual Agents has made significant progress through the integration of Multimodal Large Language Models. However, mainstream training paradigms face key challenges: Behavior Cloning is simple and effective through imitation but suffers from low behavioral diversity, while Reinforcement Learning is capable of discovering novel strategies through exploration but heavily relies on manually designed reward functions. To address the conflict between these two methods, we present CORE, a Code-based Inverse Self-Training Framework with Graph Expansion that bridges imitation and exploration, offering a novel training framework that promotes behavioral diversity while eliminating the reliance on manually reward design. Specifically, we introduce Semantic Code Abstraction to automatically infers reward functions from expert demonstrations without manual design. The inferred reward function, referred to as the Label Function, is executable code that verifies one key step within a task. Building on this, we propose Strategy Graph Expansion to enhance in-domain behavioral diversity, which constructs a multi-path graph called Strategy Graph that captures diverse valid solutions beyond expert demonstrations. Furthermore, we introduce Trajectory-Guided Extrapolation, which enriches out-of-domain behavioral diversity by utilizing both successful and failed trajectories to expand the task space. Experiments on Web and Android platforms demonstrate that CORE significantly improves both overall performance and generalization, highlighting its potential as a robust and generalizable training paradigm for building powerful virtual agents. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures arXiv:2601.02201 [ pdf , ps , other ] CORE: Code-based Inverse Self-Training Framework with Graph Expansion for Virtual Agents Authors: Keyu Wang , Bingchen Miao , Wendong Bu , Yu Wu , Juncheng Li , Shengyu Zhang , Wenqiao Zhang , Siliang Tang , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang Abstract : The development of Multimodal Virtual Agents has made significant progress through the integration of Multimodal Large Language Models. However, mainstream training paradigms face key challenges: Behavior Cloning is simple and effective through imitation but suffers from low behavioral diversity, while Reinforcement Learning is capable of discovering novel strategies through exploration but heavil… ▽ More The development of Multimodal Virtual Agents has made significant progress through the integration of Multimodal Large Language Models. However, mainstream training paradigms face key challenges: Behavior Cloning is simple and effective through imitation but suffers from low behavioral diversity, while Reinforcement Learning is capable of discovering novel strategies through exploration but heavily relies on manually designed reward functions. To address the conflict between these two methods, we present CORE, a Code-based Inverse Self-Training Framework with Graph Expansion that bridges imitation and exploration, offering a novel training framework that promotes behavioral diversity while eliminating the reliance on manually reward design. Specifically, we introduce Semantic Code Abstraction to automatically infers reward functions from expert demonstrations without manual design. The inferred reward function, referred to as the Label Function, is executable code that verifies one key step within a task. Building on this, we propose Strategy Graph Expansion to enhance in-domain behavioral diversity, which constructs a multi-path graph called Strategy Graph that captures diverse valid solutions beyond expert demonstrations. Furthermore, we introduce Trajectory-Guided Extrapolation, which enriches out-of-domain behavioral diversity by utilizing both successful and failed trajectories to expand the task space. Experiments on Web and Android platforms demonstrate that CORE significantly improves both overall performance and generalization, highlighting its potential as a robust and generalizable training paradigm for building powerful virtual agents. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 12 figures arXiv:2601.01703 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SI cs.AI cs.DB cs.IR Beyond Homophily: Community Search on Heterophilic Graphs Authors: Qing Sima , Xiaoyang Wang , Wenjie Zhang Abstract : Community search aims to identify a refined set of nodes that are most relevant to a given query, supporting tasks ranging from fraud detection to recommendation. Unlike homophilic graphs, many real-world networks are heterophilic, where edges predominantly connect dissimilar nodes. Therefore, structural signals that once reflected smooth, low-frequency similarity now appear as sharp, high-frequen… ▽ More Community search aims to identify a refined set of nodes that are most relevant to a given query, supporting tasks ranging from fraud detection to recommendation. Unlike homophilic graphs, many real-world networks are heterophilic, where edges predominantly connect dissimilar nodes. Therefore, structural signals that once reflected smooth, low-frequency similarity now appear as sharp, high-frequency contrasts. However, both classical algorithms (e.g., k-core, k-truss) and recent ML-based models struggle to achieve effective community search on heterophilic graphs, where edge signs or semantics are generally unknown. Algorithm-based methods often return communities with mixed class labels, while GNNs, built on homophily, smooth away meaningful signals and blur community boundaries. Therefore, we propose Adaptive Community Search (AdaptCS), a unified framework featuring three key designs: (i) an AdaptCS Encoder that disentangles multi-hop and multi-frequency signals, enabling the model to capture both smooth (homophilic) and contrastive (heterophilic) relations; (ii) a memory-efficient low-rank optimization that removes the main computational bottleneck and ensures model scalability; and (iii) an Adaptive Community Score (ACS) that guides online search by balancing embedding similarity and topological relations. Extensive experiments on both heterophilic and homophilic benchmarks demonstrate that AdaptCS outperforms the best-performing baseline by an average of 11% in F1-score, retains robustness across heterophily levels, and achieves up to 2 orders of magnitude speedup. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01703 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Homophily: Community Search on Heterophilic Graphs Authors: Qing Sima , Xiaoyang Wang , Wenjie Zhang Abstract : Community search aims to identify a refined set of nodes that are most relevant to a given query, supporting tasks ranging from fraud detection to recommendation. Unlike homophilic graphs, many real-world networks are heterophilic, where edges predominantly connect dissimilar nodes. Therefore, structural signals that once reflected smooth, low-frequency similarity now appear as sharp, high-frequen… ▽ More Community search aims to identify a refined set of nodes that are most relevant to a given query, supporting tasks ranging from fraud detection to recommendation. Unlike homophilic graphs, many real-world networks are heterophilic, where edges predominantly connect dissimilar nodes. Therefore, structural signals that once reflected smooth, low-frequency similarity now appear as sharp, high-frequency contrasts. However, both classical algorithms (e.g., k-core, k-truss) and recent ML-based models struggle to achieve effective community search on heterophilic graphs, where edge signs or semantics are generally unknown. Algorithm-based methods often return communities with mixed class labels, while GNNs, built on homophily, smooth away meaningful signals and blur community boundaries. Therefore, we propose Adaptive Community Search (AdaptCS), a unified framework featuring three key designs: (i) an AdaptCS Encoder that disentangles multi-hop and multi-frequency signals, enabling the model to capture both smooth (homophilic) and contrastive (heterophilic) relations; (ii) a memory-efficient low-rank optimization that removes the main computational bottleneck and ensures model scalability; and (iii) an Adaptive Community Score (ACS) that guides online search by balancing embedding similarity and topological relations. Extensive experiments on both heterophilic and homophilic benchmarks demonstrate that AdaptCS outperforms the best-performing baseline by an average of 11% in F1-score, retains robustness across heterophily levels, and achieves up to 2 orders of magnitude speedup. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01554 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.AI eess.AS MOSS Transcribe Diarize: Accurate Transcription with Speaker Diarization Authors: MOSI. AI , : , Donghua Yu , Zhengyuan Lin , Chen Yang , Yiyang Zhang , Hanfu Chen , Jingqi Chen , Ke Chen , Liwei Fan , Yi Jiang , Jie Zhu , Muchen Li , Wenxuan Wang , Yang Wang , Zhe Xu , Yitian Gong , Yuqian Zhang , Wenbo Zhang , Zhaoye Fei , Songlin Wang , Zhiyu Wu , Qinyuan Cheng , Shimin Li , Xipeng Qiu Abstract : Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription (SATS) aims to transcribe what is said and to precisely determine the timing of each speaker, which is particularly valuable for meeting transcription. Existing SATS systems rarely adopt an end-to-end formulation and are further constrained by limited context windows, weak long-range speaker memory, and the inability to output timestamps. To address t… ▽ More Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription (SATS) aims to transcribe what is said and to precisely determine the timing of each speaker, which is particularly valuable for meeting transcription. Existing SATS systems rarely adopt an end-to-end formulation and are further constrained by limited context windows, weak long-range speaker memory, and the inability to output timestamps. To address these limitations, we present MOSS Transcribe Diarize, a unified multimodal large language model that jointly performs Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription in an end-to-end paradigm. Trained on extensive real wild data and equipped with a 128k context window for up to 90-minute inputs, MOSS Transcribe Diarize scales well and generalizes robustly. Across comprehensive evaluations, it outperforms state-of-the-art commercial systems on multiple public and in-house benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01554 [ pdf , ps , other ] MOSS Transcribe Diarize: Accurate Transcription with Speaker Diarization Authors: MOSI. AI , : , Donghua Yu , Zhengyuan Lin , Chen Yang , Yiyang Zhang , Hanfu Chen , Jingqi Chen , Ke Chen , Liwei Fan , Yi Jiang , Jie Zhu , Muchen Li , Wenxuan Wang , Yang Wang , Zhe Xu , Yitian Gong , Yuqian Zhang , Wenbo Zhang , Zhaoye Fei , Songlin Wang , Zhiyu Wu , Qinyuan Cheng , Shimin Li , Xipeng Qiu Abstract : Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription (SATS) aims to transcribe what is said and to precisely determine the timing of each speaker, which is particularly valuable for meeting transcription. Existing SATS systems rarely adopt an end-to-end formulation and are further constrained by limited context windows, weak long-range speaker memory, and the inability to output timestamps. To address t… ▽ More Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription (SATS) aims to transcribe what is said and to precisely determine the timing of each speaker, which is particularly valuable for meeting transcription. Existing SATS systems rarely adopt an end-to-end formulation and are further constrained by limited context windows, weak long-range speaker memory, and the inability to output timestamps. To address these limitations, we present MOSS Transcribe Diarize, a unified multimodal large language model that jointly performs Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription in an end-to-end paradigm. Trained on extensive real wild data and equipped with a 128k context window for up to 90-minute inputs, MOSS Transcribe Diarize scales well and generalizes robustly. Across comprehensive evaluations, it outperforms state-of-the-art commercial systems on multiple public and in-house benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01332 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.LG FLOP-Efficient Training: Early Stopping Based on Test-Time Compute Awareness Authors: Hossam Amer , Maryam Dialameh , Hossein Rajabzadeh , Walid Ahmed , Weiwei Zhang , Yang Liu Abstract : Scaling training compute, measured in FLOPs, has long been shown to improve the accuracy of large language models, yet training remains resource-intensive. Prior work shows that increasing test-time compute (TTC)-for example through iterative sampling-can allow smaller models to rival or surpass much larger ones at lower overall cost. We introduce TTC-aware training, where an intermediate checkpoi… ▽ More Scaling training compute, measured in FLOPs, has long been shown to improve the accuracy of large language models, yet training remains resource-intensive. Prior work shows that increasing test-time compute (TTC)-for example through iterative sampling-can allow smaller models to rival or surpass much larger ones at lower overall cost. We introduce TTC-aware training, where an intermediate checkpoint and a corresponding TTC configuration can together match or exceed the accuracy of a fully trained model while requiring substantially fewer training FLOPs. Building on this insight, we propose an early stopping algorithm that jointly selects a checkpoint and TTC configuration to minimize training compute without sacrificing accuracy. To make this practical, we develop an efficient TTC evaluation method that avoids exhaustive search, and we formalize a break-even bound that identifies when increased inference compute compensates for reduced training compute. Experiments demonstrate up to 92\% reductions in training FLOPs while maintaining and sometimes remarkably improving accuracy. These results highlight a new perspective for balancing training and inference compute in model development, enabling faster deployment cycles and more frequent model refreshes. Codes will be publicly released. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01332 [ pdf , ps , other ] FLOP-Efficient Training: Early Stopping Based on Test-Time Compute Awareness Authors: Hossam Amer , Maryam Dialameh , Hossein Rajabzadeh , Walid Ahmed , Weiwei Zhang , Yang Liu Abstract : Scaling training compute, measured in FLOPs, has long been shown to improve the accuracy of large language models, yet training remains resource-intensive. Prior work shows that increasing test-time compute (TTC)-for example through iterative sampling-can allow smaller models to rival or surpass much larger ones at lower overall cost. We introduce TTC-aware training, where an intermediate checkpoi… ▽ More Scaling training compute, measured in FLOPs, has long been shown to improve the accuracy of large language models, yet training remains resource-intensive. Prior work shows that increasing test-time compute (TTC)-for example through iterative sampling-can allow smaller models to rival or surpass much larger ones at lower overall cost. We introduce TTC-aware training, where an intermediate checkpoint and a corresponding TTC configuration can together match or exceed the accuracy of a fully trained model while requiring substantially fewer training FLOPs. Building on this insight, we propose an early stopping algorithm that jointly selects a checkpoint and TTC configuration to minimize training compute without sacrificing accuracy. To make this practical, we develop an efficient TTC evaluation method that avoids exhaustive search, and we formalize a break-even bound that identifies when increased inference compute compensates for reduced training compute. Experiments demonstrate up to 92\% reductions in training FLOPs while maintaining and sometimes remarkably improving accuracy. These results highlight a new perspective for balancing training and inference compute in model development, enabling faster deployment cycles and more frequent model refreshes. Codes will be publicly released. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01222 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV UniSH: Unifying Scene and Human Reconstruction in a Feed-Forward Pass Authors: Mengfei Li , Peng Li , Zheng Zhang , Jiahao Lu , Chengfeng Zhao , Wei Xue , Qifeng Liu , Sida Peng , Wenxiao Zhang , Wenhan Luo , Yuan Liu , Yike Guo Abstract : We present UniSH, a unified, feed-forward framework for joint metric-scale 3D scene and human reconstruction. A key challenge in this domain is the scarcity of large-scale, annotated real-world data, forcing a reliance on synthetic datasets. This reliance introduces a significant sim-to-real domain gap, leading to poor generalization, low-fidelity human geometry, and poor alignment on in-the-wild… ▽ More We present UniSH, a unified, feed-forward framework for joint metric-scale 3D scene and human reconstruction. A key challenge in this domain is the scarcity of large-scale, annotated real-world data, forcing a reliance on synthetic datasets. This reliance introduces a significant sim-to-real domain gap, leading to poor generalization, low-fidelity human geometry, and poor alignment on in-the-wild videos. To address this, we propose an innovative training paradigm that effectively leverages unlabeled in-the-wild data. Our framework bridges strong, disparate priors from scene reconstruction and HMR, and is trained with two core components: (1) a robust distillation strategy to refine human surface details by distilling high-frequency details from an expert depth model, and (2) a two-stage supervision scheme, which first learns coarse localization on synthetic data, then fine-tunes on real data by directly optimizing the geometric correspondence between the SMPL mesh and the human point cloud. This approach enables our feed-forward model to jointly recover high-fidelity scene geometry, human point clouds, camera parameters, and coherent, metric-scale SMPL bodies, all in a single forward pass. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on human-centric scene reconstruction and delivers highly competitive results on global human motion estimation, comparing favorably against both optimization-based frameworks and HMR-only methods. Project page: △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01222 [ pdf , ps , other ] UniSH: Unifying Scene and Human Reconstruction in a Feed-Forward Pass Authors: Mengfei Li , Peng Li , Zheng Zhang , Jiahao Lu , Chengfeng Zhao , Wei Xue , Qifeng Liu , Sida Peng , Wenxiao Zhang , Wenhan Luo , Yuan Liu , Yike Guo Abstract : We present UniSH, a unified, feed-forward framework for joint metric-scale 3D scene and human reconstruction. A key challenge in this domain is the scarcity of large-scale, annotated real-world data, forcing a reliance on synthetic datasets. This reliance introduces a significant sim-to-real domain gap, leading to poor generalization, low-fidelity human geometry, and poor alignment on in-the-wild… ▽ More We present UniSH, a unified, feed-forward framework for joint metric-scale 3D scene and human reconstruction. A key challenge in this domain is the scarcity of large-scale, annotated real-world data, forcing a reliance on synthetic datasets. This reliance introduces a significant sim-to-real domain gap, leading to poor generalization, low-fidelity human geometry, and poor alignment on in-the-wild videos. To address this, we propose an innovative training paradigm that effectively leverages unlabeled in-the-wild data. Our framework bridges strong, disparate priors from scene reconstruction and HMR, and is trained with two core components: (1) a robust distillation strategy to refine human surface details by distilling high-frequency details from an expert depth model, and (2) a two-stage supervision scheme, which first learns coarse localization on synthetic data, then fine-tunes on real data by directly optimizing the geometric correspondence between the SMPL mesh and the human point cloud. This approach enables our feed-forward model to jointly recover high-fidelity scene geometry, human point clouds, camera parameters, and coherent, metric-scale SMPL bodies, all in a single forward pass. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance on human-centric scene reconstruction and delivers highly competitive results on global human motion estimation, comparing favorably against both optimization-based frameworks and HMR-only methods. Project page: △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01192 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Crowded Video Individual Counting Informed by Social Grouping and Spatial-Temporal Displacement Priors Authors: Hao Lu , Xuhui Zhu , Wenjing Zhang , Yanan Li , Xiang Bai Abstract : Video Individual Counting (VIC) is a recently introduced task aiming to estimate pedestrian flux from a video. It extends Video Crowd Counting (VCC) beyond the per-frame pedestrian count. In contrast to VCC that learns to count pedestrians across frames, VIC must identify co-existent pedestrians between frames, which turns out to be a correspondence problem. Existing VIC approaches, however, can u… ▽ More Video Individual Counting (VIC) is a recently introduced task aiming to estimate pedestrian flux from a video. It extends Video Crowd Counting (VCC) beyond the per-frame pedestrian count. In contrast to VCC that learns to count pedestrians across frames, VIC must identify co-existent pedestrians between frames, which turns out to be a correspondence problem. Existing VIC approaches, however, can underperform in congested scenes such as metro commuting. To address this, we build WuhanMetroCrowd, one of the first VIC datasets that characterize crowded, dynamic pedestrian flows. It features sparse-to-dense density levels, short-to-long video clips, slow-to-fast flow variations, front-to-back appearance changes, and light-to-heavy occlusions. To better adapt VIC approaches to crowds, we rethink the nature of VIC and recognize two informative priors: i) the social grouping prior that indicates pedestrians tend to gather in groups and ii) the spatial-temporal displacement prior that informs an individual cannot teleport physically. The former inspires us to relax the standard one-to-one (O2O) matching used by VIC to one-to-many (O2M) matching, implemented by an implicit context generator and a O2M matcher; the latter facilitates the design of a displacement prior injector, which strengthens not only O2M matching but also feature extraction and model training. These designs jointly form a novel and strong VIC baseline OMAN++. Extensive experiments show that OMAN++ not only outperforms state-of-the-art VIC baselines on the standard SenseCrowd, CroHD, and MovingDroneCrowd benchmarks, but also indicates a clear advantage in crowded scenes, with a 38.12% error reduction on our WuhanMetroCrowd dataset. Code, data, and pretrained models are available at △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Journal Extension of arXiv:2506.13067 arXiv:2601.01192 [ pdf , ps , other ] Crowded Video Individual Counting Informed by Social Grouping and Spatial-Temporal Displacement Priors Authors: Hao Lu , Xuhui Zhu , Wenjing Zhang , Yanan Li , Xiang Bai Abstract : Video Individual Counting (VIC) is a recently introduced task aiming to estimate pedestrian flux from a video. It extends Video Crowd Counting (VCC) beyond the per-frame pedestrian count. In contrast to VCC that learns to count pedestrians across frames, VIC must identify co-existent pedestrians between frames, which turns out to be a correspondence problem. Existing VIC approaches, however, can u… ▽ More Video Individual Counting (VIC) is a recently introduced task aiming to estimate pedestrian flux from a video. It extends Video Crowd Counting (VCC) beyond the per-frame pedestrian count. In contrast to VCC that learns to count pedestrians across frames, VIC must identify co-existent pedestrians between frames, which turns out to be a correspondence problem. Existing VIC approaches, however, can underperform in congested scenes such as metro commuting. To address this, we build WuhanMetroCrowd, one of the first VIC datasets that characterize crowded, dynamic pedestrian flows. It features sparse-to-dense density levels, short-to-long video clips, slow-to-fast flow variations, front-to-back appearance changes, and light-to-heavy occlusions. To better adapt VIC approaches to crowds, we rethink the nature of VIC and recognize two informative priors: i) the social grouping prior that indicates pedestrians tend to gather in groups and ii) the spatial-temporal displacement prior that informs an individual cannot teleport physically. The former inspires us to relax the standard one-to-one (O2O) matching used by VIC to one-to-many (O2M) matching, implemented by an implicit context generator and a O2M matcher; the latter facilitates the design of a displacement prior injector, which strengthens not only O2M matching but also feature extraction and model training. These designs jointly form a novel and strong VIC baseline OMAN++. Extensive experiments show that OMAN++ not only outperforms state-of-the-art VIC baselines on the standard SenseCrowd, CroHD, and MovingDroneCrowd benchmarks, but also indicates a clear advantage in crowded scenes, with a 38.12% error reduction on our WuhanMetroCrowd dataset. Code, data, and pretrained models are available at △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Journal Extension of arXiv:2506.13067 arXiv:2601.01067 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO doi 10.1109/CASE58245.2025.11163975 Topological Mapping and Navigation using a Monocular Camera based on AnyLoc Authors: Wenzheng Zhang , Yoshitaka Hara , Sousuke Nakamura Abstract : This paper proposes a method for topological mapping and navigation using a monocular camera. Based on AnyLoc, keyframes are converted into descriptors to construct topological relationships, enabling loop detection and map building. Unlike metric maps, topological maps simplify path planning and navigation by representing environments with key nodes instead of precise coordinates. Actions for vis… ▽ More This paper proposes a method for topological mapping and navigation using a monocular camera. Based on AnyLoc, keyframes are converted into descriptors to construct topological relationships, enabling loop detection and map building. Unlike metric maps, topological maps simplify path planning and navigation by representing environments with key nodes instead of precise coordinates. Actions for visual navigation are determined by comparing segmented images with the image associated with target nodes. The system relies solely on a monocular camera, ensuring fast map building and navigation using key nodes. Experiments show effective loop detection and navigation in real and simulation environments without pre-training. Compared to a ResNet-based method, this approach improves success rates by 60.2% on average while reducing time and space costs, offering a lightweight solution for robot and human navigation in various scenarios. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published in Proc. IEEE CASE 2025. 7 pages, 11 figures Journal ref: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), 2025 arXiv:2601.01067 [ pdf , ps , other ] Topological Mapping and Navigation using a Monocular Camera based on AnyLoc Authors: Wenzheng Zhang , Yoshitaka Hara , Sousuke Nakamura Abstract : This paper proposes a method for topological mapping and navigation using a monocular camera. Based on AnyLoc, keyframes are converted into descriptors to construct topological relationships, enabling loop detection and map building. Unlike metric maps, topological maps simplify path planning and navigation by representing environments with key nodes instead of precise coordinates. Actions for vis… ▽ More This paper proposes a method for topological mapping and navigation using a monocular camera. Based on AnyLoc, keyframes are converted into descriptors to construct topological relationships, enabling loop detection and map building. Unlike metric maps, topological maps simplify path planning and navigation by representing environments with key nodes instead of precise coordinates. Actions for visual navigation are determined by comparing segmented images with the image associated with target nodes. The system relies solely on a monocular camera, ensuring fast map building and navigation using key nodes. Experiments show effective loop detection and navigation in real and simulation environments without pre-training. Compared to a ResNet-based method, this approach improves success rates by 60.2% on average while reducing time and space costs, offering a lightweight solution for robot and human navigation in various scenarios. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published in Proc. IEEE CASE 2025. 7 pages, 11 figures Journal ref: Proc. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology Toggle Etymology subsection 1.1 Pre-colonial etymology 1.2 Colonial etymology 1.1 Pre-colonial etymology 1.2 Colonial etymology 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Mythical allusions and hypotheses 2.1 Mythical allusions and hypotheses 3 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 3.1 List of islands by population 3.1 List of islands by population 4 Culture and festivals 5 Administrative divisions Toggle Administrative divisions subsection 5.1 Western Visayas (Region VI) 5.2 Negros Island Region (NIR) 5.3 Central Visayas (Region VII) 5.4 Eastern Visayas (Region VIII) 5.1 Western Visayas (Region VI) 5.2 Negros Island Region (NIR) 5.3 Central Visayas (Region VII) 5.4 Eastern Visayas (Region VIII) 6 Demographics Toggle Demographics subsection 6.1 Languages 6.1 Languages 7 Cebuano versus Bisaya 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Visayas Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bikol Central Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Toki pona Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Native name : .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Kabisay-an ( Visayan ) Kabisay-an ( Visayan ) Location of the Visayas within the Philippines Interactive map of Visayas Geography Location Southeast Asia Archipelago Philippines Major islands .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Bohol Cebu Leyte Negros Panay Samar Bohol Cebu Leyte Negros Panay Samar Area 71,503 km 2 (27,607 sq mi) Highest elevation 2,465 m (8087 ft) Highest point Mount Kanlaon Administration Philippines Regions Region 6 – Western Visayas NIR – Negros Island Region Region 7 – Central Visayas Region 8 – Eastern Visayas Region 6 – Western Visayas NIR – Negros Island Region Region 7 – Central Visayas Region 8 – Eastern Visayas Largest settlement Cebu City (pop. 964,169) Demographics Demonym Visayan (natively " Bisayâ ") Visayan (natively " Bisayâ ") Population 21,155,014 (2021) [ 1 ] Pop. density 292/km 2 (756/sq mi) Ethnic groups Visayans Aklanon Boholano Butuanon Capiznon Cebuano Cuyunon Eskaya Hiligaynon Karay-a Masbateño Porohanon Romblomanon Suludnon Surigaonon Waray Negrito ( Ati ) other ethnic groups Visayans Aklanon Boholano Butuanon Capiznon Cebuano Cuyunon Eskaya Hiligaynon Karay-a Masbateño Porohanon Romblomanon Suludnon Surigaonon Waray Aklanon Boholano Butuanon Capiznon Cebuano Cuyunon Eskaya Hiligaynon Karay-a Masbateño Porohanon Romblomanon Suludnon Surigaonon Waray Negrito ( Ati ) other ethnic groups The Visayas ( / v ə ˈ s aɪ ə z / və- SY -əz ), or the Visayan Islands [ 2 ] ( Visayan : Kabisay-an , .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Cebuano pronunciation: [kabiˈsajʔan] ; Filipino : Kabisayaan [kɐbɪsɐˈjaʔan] ), are one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines , along with Luzon and Mindanao . Located in the central part of the archipelago , it consists of several islands, primarily surrounding the Visayan Sea , although the Visayas are also considered the northeast extremity of the entire Sulu Sea . [ 3 ] Its inhabitants are predominantly the Visayan peoples . The major islands of the Visayas are Panay , Negros , Cebu , Bohol , Leyte and Samar . [ 6 ] The region may also include the provinces of Palawan , Romblon , and Masbate , whose populations identify as Visayan and whose languages are more closely related to other Visayan languages than to the major languages of Luzon . There are four administrative regions in the Visayas: Western Visayas (pop. 4.73 million), Negros Island Region (pop. 4.76 million), Central Visayas (6.54 million) and Eastern Visayas (4.5 million). [ 7 ] Etymology Pre-colonial etymology From the 1950s to 1960s there were spurious claims by various authors that "Bisaya" is derived from the historical empire of " Sri Vijaya " which came from the Sanskrit term "Śrīvijaya" (श्रीविजय), arguing that the Visayans were either settlers from Sri Vijaya or were subjects of it. This claim is largely based only on the resemblance of the word Bisaya to Vijaya . [ 8 ] But as the linguist Eugene Verstraelen pointed out, Vijaya would evolve into Bidaya or Biraya , not Bisaya , based on how other Sanskrit -derived loanwords become integrated into Philippine languages. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The name has also been hypothesized to be related to the Bisaya ethnic group of Borneo , the latter incidentally recounted in the controversial Maragtas epic as the alleged origins of the ancestral settlers in Panay. However historical, archeological, and linguistic evidence for this are still paltry. The languages of the Bisaya of Borneo and of the Bisaya of the Philippines do not show any special correlation, apart from the fact that they all belong to the same Austronesian family . This is contested by Historian Robert Nicholl who implied that the Srivijayans of Sumatra, Vijayans of Vijayapura at Brunei and the Visayans in the Philippines were all related and connected to each other since they form one contiguous area. [ 11 ] On a similar note, according to an early Spanish missionary and historian P. Francisco Colin, S.J. in the Philippines, the inhabitants of Panay Island were originally from north Sumatra. [ 12 ] Similarly there are claims that it was the name of a folk hero (allegedly "Sri Visaya") or that it originated from the exclamation "Bisai-yah!" ("How beautiful!") by the Sultan of Brunei who was visiting Visayas for the first time. All these claims have been challenged and remain as mere speculations and folk etymologies . [ 8 ] Colonial etymology The exact meaning and origin of the name of the Visayas is unknown. The first documented use of the name is possibly by Song-era Chinese maritime official Zhao Rugua as the Pi-sho-ye , who raided the coasts of Fujian and Penghu during the late 12th century using iron javelins attached to ropes as their weapons. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Visayans were first referred to by the general term Pintados ("the painted ones") by the Spanish, in reference to the prominent practice of full-body tattooing ( batok ). [ 16 ] The word "Bisaya", on the other hand, was first documented in Spanish sources in reference to the non- Ati inhabitants of the island of Panay . However, it is likely that the name was already used as a general endonym by Visayans long before Spanish colonization, as evidenced by at least once instance of a place named "Bisaya" in coastal eastern Mindanao as reported by the Loaisa (c.1526), Saavedra (c.1528), and the Villalobos (c.1543) expeditions. It is likely that the reason the Spanish did not use the term generally until the later decades of the 1500s is due to the fact that people were more likely to identify themselves with more specific ethnic names like Sugbuanon . [ 8 ] In Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609) by Antonio de Morga , he specifies that the name " Biçaya " is synonymous with Pintados . [ 17 ] "South of this district lie the islands of Biçayas, or, as they are also called, Pintados. They are many in number, thickly populated with natives. Those of most renown are Leite , Ybabao , Çamar , Bohol , island of Negros , Sebu , Panay , Cuyo , and the Calamianes . All the natives of these islands, both men and women, are well-featured, of a good disposition, and of better nature, and more noble in their actions than the inhabitants of the islands of Luzon and its vicinity. They differ from them in their hair, which the men wear cut in a cue, like the ancient style in España. Their bodies are tattooed with many designs, but the face is not touched. They wear large earrings of gold and ivory in their ears, and bracelets of the same; certain scarfs wrapped round the head, very showy, which resemble turbans, and knotted very gracefully and edged with gold. They wear also a loose collarless jacket with tight sleeves, whose skirts reach half way down the leg. These garments are fastened in front and are made of medriñaque and colored silks . They wear no shirts or drawers, but bahaques of many wrappings, which cover their privy parts, when they remove their skirts and jackets. The women are good-looking and graceful. They are very neat, and walk slowly. Their hair is black, long, and drawn into a knot on the head. Their robes are wrapped about the waist and fall downward. These are made of all colors, and they wear collarless jackets of the same material. Both men and women go naked and without any coverings, and barefoot, and with many gold chains, earrings, and wrought bracelets. Their weapons consist of large knives curved like cutlasses, spears, and caraças . They employ the same kinds of boats as the inhabitants of Luzon. They have the same occupations, products, and means of gain as the inhabitants of all the other islands. These Visayans are a race less inclined to agriculture, and are skilful in navigation, and eager for war and raids for pillage and booty, which they call mangubas . This means "to go out for plunder." . . . The language of all the Pintados and Biçayas is one and the same, by which they understand one another when talking, or when writing with the letters and characters of their own which they possess. These resemble those of the Arabs. The common manner of writing among the natives is on leaves of trees, and on bamboo bark. "South of this district lie the islands of Biçayas, or, as they are also called, Pintados. They are many in number, thickly populated with natives. Those of most renown are Leite , Ybabao , Çamar , Bohol , island of Negros , Sebu , Panay , Cuyo , and the Calamianes . All the natives of these islands, both men and women, are well-featured, of a good disposition, and of better nature, and more noble in their actions than the inhabitants of the islands of Luzon and its vicinity. They differ from them in their hair, which the men wear cut in a cue, like the ancient style in España. Their bodies are tattooed with many designs, but the face is not touched. They wear large earrings of gold and ivory in their ears, and bracelets of the same; certain scarfs wrapped round the head, very showy, which resemble turbans, and knotted very gracefully and edged with gold. They wear also a loose collarless jacket with tight sleeves, whose skirts reach half way down the leg. These garments are fastened in front and are made of medriñaque and colored silks . They wear no shirts or drawers, but bahaques of many wrappings, which cover their privy parts, when they remove their skirts and jackets. The women are good-looking and graceful. They are very neat, and walk slowly. Their hair is black, long, and drawn into a knot on the head. Their robes are wrapped about the waist and fall downward. These are made of all colors, and they wear collarless jackets of the same material. Both men and women go naked and without any coverings, and barefoot, and with many gold chains, earrings, and wrought bracelets. Their weapons consist of large knives curved like cutlasses, spears, and caraças . They employ the same kinds of boats as the inhabitants of Luzon. They have the same occupations, products, and means of gain as the inhabitants of all the other islands. These Visayans are a race less inclined to agriculture, and are skilful in navigation, and eager for war and raids for pillage and booty, which they call mangubas . This means "to go out for plunder." . . . The language of all the Pintados and Biçayas is one and the same, by which they understand one another when talking, or when writing with the letters and characters of their own which they possess. These resemble those of the Arabs. The common manner of writing among the natives is on leaves of trees, and on bamboo bark. — Antonio de Morga , Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609) translated in Morga's Philippine Islands (1907) by Emma Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson , [ 17 ] History Among the Chinese, especially during the Ming era, the Visayans are called Peshiye. [ 18 ] The areas known as Pisheye were probably located in lowland coastal regions with minimal agricultural activity, a description that primarily fit the Rajahnate of Cebu and secondarily, the neighboring kingdoms: Dapitan , Madja-as , and Butuan ; fit well. [ 18 ] The Visayans, known for their seafaring prowess, frequently conducted raids on the southern coasts of China. Their targets included major cities such as Quanzhou , along with smaller towns like Shui'ao and Weito. These attacks were launched from their operational base located in Eastern Taiwan . [ 18 ] Wang's account of the locals' appearance aligns with descriptions of the Pintados people. He noted that both men and women gathered their hair into topknots (男女撮髻, nan nü cuo ji) and used ink to tattoo their bodies up to the neck (以墨汁刺身至頭頸, yi mo zhi ci shen zhi tou jing). [ 18 ] After the defeat of the Magellan expedition at the Battle of Mactan by Lapu-Lapu , King Philip II of Spain sent Miguel López de Legazpi in 1543 and 1565 to colonize the islands for Spain. Subsequently, the Visayas region and many kingdoms began converting to Christianity and adopting western culture. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the effects of colonization on various ethnic groups turned sour and revolutions such as those of Francisco Dagohoy began to emerge. Various personalities who fought against the Spanish colonial government arose within the archipelago. Among the notable ones are Teresa Magbanua , Graciano Lopez Jaena [ 19 ] and Martin Delgado from Iloilo , Aniceto Lacson , León Kilat and Diego de la Viña from Negros , Venancio Jakosalem Fernandez from Cebu , [ 20 ] and two personalities from Bohol by the name of Tamblot , who led the Tamblot Uprising in 1621 to 1622 and Francisco Dagohoy , the leader of the Bohol Rebellion that lasted from 1744 to 1829. [ 21 ] Negros briefly stood as an independent nation in the Visayas in the form of the Cantonal Republic of Negros , before it was absorbed back to the Philippines because of the American takeover of the archipelago. The short-lived Federal State of the Visayas was established as a revolutionary state during the Philippine Revolution. It designated Iloilo City as the Visayas capital and was composed of three governments: the Provisional Government of the District of Visayas ( Panay ), the Cantonal Government of Negros , the Cantonal Government of Bohol, and the island of Cebu, which was under revolutionary control. [ 22 ] On May 23, 2005, Palawan (including its highly urbanized capital city of Puerto Princesa ) was transferred from Mimaropa (Region IV-B) to Western Visayas (Region VI) under Executive Order No. 429 , signed by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , who was the president at that year. [ 23 ] However, Palaweños criticized the move, citing a lack of consultation, with most residents in Puerto Princesa and all Palawan municipalities but one, preferring to stay in Mimaropa (Region IV-B). Consequently, Administrative Order No. 129 was issued on August 19, 2005, that the implementation of E.O. 429 be held in abeyance, pending approval by the president of its Implementation Plan. [ 24 ] The Philippine Commission on Elections reported the 2010 Philippine general election results for Palawan as a part of the Region IV-B results. [ 25 ] As of 30 June 2011 [update] , the abeyance was still in effect, with Palawan and its capital city remaining under Mimaropa (Region IV-B). On May 29, 2015, the twin provinces of Negros Occidental (including its highly urbanized capital city, Bacolod ) and Negros Oriental were joined to form the Negros Island Region under Executive Order No. 183 , signed by President Benigno Aquino III . It separated both, the former province and its capital city from Western Visayas and the latter province from Central Visayas . On August 9, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte signed Executive Order No. 38 , revoking the Executive Order No. 183 signed by his predecessor, President Benigno Aquino III, on May 29, 2015, due to the reason of the lack of funds to fully establish the NIR according to Benjamin Diokno , the Secretary of Budget and Management . On June 13, 2024, the Negros Island Region was re-established, with the inclusion of Siquijor . Mythical allusions and hypotheses Historical documents written in 1907 by Visayan historian Pedro Alcántara Monteclaro in his book Maragtas tell the story of the ten leaders ( Datus ) who escaped from the tyranny of Rajah Makatunaw from Borneo and came to the islands of Panay. The chiefs and followers were said to be the ancestors (from the collapsing empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit) of the Visayan people . The documents were accepted by Filipino historians and found their way into the history of the Philippines. As a result, the arrival of Bornean tribal groups in the Visayas (From Vijayapura a Srivijayan vassal state in Borneo) [ 26 ] is celebrated in the festivals of the Dinagyang in Iloilo City , Ati-Atihan in Kalibo , Aklan , and Binirayan in San Jose de Buenavista , Antique . Foreign historians such as William Henry Scott maintains that the book contains a Visayan folk tradition. [ 27 ] A contemporary theory based on a study of genetic markers in present-day populations is that Austronesian peoples from Taiwan populated the larger island of Luzon and headed south to the Visayas and Mindanao, and then to Indonesia and Malaysia, then to Pacific Islands and finally to the island of Madagascar, at the west of the Indian Ocean . [ 28 ] The study, though, may not explain inter-island migrations, which are also possible, such as Filipinos migrating to any other Philippine provinces. There has even been backmigration to the island of Taiwan, as the historian Efren B. Isorena, through analysis of historical accounts and wind currents in the Pacific side of East and Southeast Asia, concluded that the Pisheye of Taiwan and the Bisaya of the Visayas islands in the Philippines, were closely related people as Visayans were recorded to have travelled to Taiwan from the Philippines via the northward windcurrents before they raided China and returned south after the southwards monsoon during summer. [ 29 ] Geography Visayas region is located in central Philippines , with a total land area of 71,503 km 2 (27,607 sq mi). It consists of seven large and several hundred smaller islands, including Samar , Negros , Panay , Leyte , Cebu , Bohol , Guimaras , Biliran , Siquijor , Panaon and Bantayan . Some of the largest cities in the region include Cebu City (population 1,024,945 in 2023), Bacolod City (population 648,773 in 2023), and Iloilo City (population 491,641 in 2023). [ 30 ] List of islands by population The following numbers are derived from the 2015 Philippine census. Panay – 4,123,213 Negros – 4,414,875 Cebu – 4,164,535 Leyte – 2,388,518 Samar – 1,751,267 Bohol – 1,211,000 Mactan – 467,824 Guimaras – 174,613 Biliran – 171,612 Bantayan – 136,960 Siquijor – 95,984 Panglao – 79,216 Panaon – 57,703 Pacijan – 55,180 Daram – 39,032 Poro – 36,508 Boracay – 32,267 Ponson – 11,308 Maripipi – 7,159 Limasawa – 6,061 Homonhon – 4,211 Parasan – 3,847 Batbatan – 2,851 Mararison – 750 Maniguin – 719 Culture and festivals Visayans are recognized as hospitable, religious, fun, and robust people. They love to party and celebrate birthdays, graduations, baptisms, weddings, and holidays. Visayans like to sing ( Karaoke ) while drinking and dancing during these celebrations. They love to cook traditional foods like Suman , Sapin- Sapin , and Bibingka made with sticky rice during Halloween. They visited their dead loved ones at the cemetery. Aside from celebrations, Visayas has sweet and delicious mangoes that you can find in Guimaras near Iloilo City . White Beach Resort is called Boracay . It is a well-known beautiful beach located in Western Visayas at Caticlan Province. Many foreign people love to visit this beach, which is full of fun summer activities and beachside restaurants, bars, and souvenir shops. You can also find the Seafood Capital of the Philippines , located at Roxas, City Province of Capiz . You can taste fresh seafood daily, like shrimp, crabs, prawns, seashells, and fish. Visayans honor their traditions and culture by celebrating festivals as they are known to be Roman Catholic or Christian in religion. These festivals are celebrated in tribute to their saints, to share peace and happiness, to give thanks for the abundant harvest, and to advertise their products. Visayans are known for their different festivals celebrated in other cities of Visayan Island. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Sinulog Festival is celebrated every third Sunday in January in Cebu City . This festival is a tribute to their saint, Senior Santo Nino de Cebu. The Sinulog festival includes parades, fluvial processions, dances, Cebu beauty pageants, and sometimes arts contests. Some other parts of Cebu provinces participate in the celebration by performing traditional dances and decorating a float, or Higantes, to represent their patron. Ati-Atihan Festival is celebrated every third Sunday in January, like Sinulog Festival . It is held in Kalibo, Aklan , on Panay Island , where the first indigenous people settled, called Aestas , or Ati's . This festival devotes to the mystery of baby Jesus and Indigenous people. The people who participate paint their bodies and face and wear indigenous costumes and props. The festival included music, drums, and parades for several days. Dinagyang Festival is celebrated in Iloilo City on the fourth Sunday of January. This festival marks the baby Jesus Senior Sto. Nino. At Ati-Atihan Festival in Aklan , Dinagyang also has Ati's dancing to celebrate the entry of Malay in Panay Island , colorful costumes, and a Pageant for Miss Iloilo ; Sadsad is a procession with a decorated float. Schools and businesses in Barangays in this city participate in dancing competitions at this festival. [ 33 ] Administrative divisions Administratively, the Visayas is divided into 4 regions , namely Western Visayas , Negros Island Region , Central Visayas , and Eastern Visayas . The Visayas is composed of 16 provinces , each headed by a Governor. A governor is elected by popular vote and can serve a maximum of three terms consisting of three years each. Western Visayas (Region VI) Western Visayas consists of the islands of Panay and Guimaras. The regional center is Iloilo City . Its provinces are: Aklan Antique Capiz Guimaras Iloilo Negros Island Region (NIR) Negros Island Region consists of the islands of Negros and Siquijor. The interim regional centers are Bacolod and Dumaguete . Its provinces are: Negros Occidental Negros Oriental Siquijor Central Visayas (Region VII) Central Visayas includes the islands of Cebu and Bohol. The regional center is Cebu City . Its provinces are: Bohol Cebu Eastern Visayas (Region VIII) Eastern Visayas consists of the islands of Leyte , Samar and Biliran. The regional center is Tacloban City . Its provinces are: Biliran Leyte Southern Leyte Eastern Samar Northern Samar Samar Scholars have argued that the region of Mimaropa and the province of Masbate are all part of the Visayas in line with the non-centric view. This is contested by a few politicians in line with the Manila-centric view. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Demographics Population of Visayas Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1903 2,863,077 — 1918 3,810,750 +1.92% 1939 5,590,104 +1.84% 1948 6,414,595 +1.54% 1960 7,642,073 +1.47% 1970 9,032,454 +1.68% 1975 10,133,392 +2.33% 1980 11,112,523 +1.86% Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1903 2,863,077 — 1918 3,810,750 +1.92% 1939 5,590,104 +1.84% 1948 6,414,595 +1.54% 1960 7,642,073 +1.47% 1970 9,032,454 +1.68% 1975 10,133,392 +2.33% 1980 11,112,523 +1.86% Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1990 13,041,947 +1.61% 1995 14,158,443 +1.55% 2000 15,528,346 +2.00% 2007 17,159,481 +1.39% 2010 18,003,940 +1.76% 2015 19,373,431 +1.41% 2020 20,583,861 +1.28% Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1990 13,041,947 +1.61% 1995 14,158,443 +1.55% 2000 15,528,346 +2.00% 2007 17,159,481 +1.39% 2010 18,003,940 +1.76% 2015 19,373,431 +1.41% 2020 20,583,861 +1.28% Source: Philippine Statistics Authority [ 1 ] [ 36 ] Languages Languages spoken at home are primarily Visayan languages despite the usual misconception that these are dialects of a single macrolanguage. Cebuano is the largest native language spoken on Visayas Island, where approximately 20 million natives speak it. [ 37 ] Major languages include Hiligaynon or Ilonggo in Western Visayas, Cebuano in Central Visayas, and Waray in Eastern Visayas. Other dominant languages are Aklanon , Kinaray-a , and Capiznon . Filipino , the 'national language' based on Tagalog , is widely understood but occasionally used. English, another official language, is more widely known and is preferred as the second language most especially among urbanized Visayans. For instance, English rather than Tagalog is frequently used in schools, public signs, and mass media. Cebuano versus Bisaya There has been ongoing contention regarding the use of the word Bisaya among speakers of Visayan languages. The term Bisaya broadly refers to the people of the Visayas region in the Philippines, as well as those who have migrated to other parts of the country, including Luzon and Mindanao. The Visayas region encompasses several ethnolinguistic groups and languages, including Hiligaynon , Cebuano , Waray , and others, which are distinct and not mutually intelligible, despite belonging to the same language family. Over the years, Bisaya has often been used interchangeably with Cebuano in many parts of the country, [ 38 ] though this practice is context-dependent and varies across regions. Cebuano-speaking settlers in Mindanao and other areas outside Cebu frequently refer to themselves and their language as Bisaya to distinguish themselves from the people of Cebu and their dialect. To address this ambiguity, some propose using the term Sinugbuanong Binisaya (which has been the term used in basic education) [ 39 ] to specify Cebuano, while others suggest Binisaya as a broader term. Surveys, such as those conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), [ 40 ] [ 41 ] often separate Bisaya and Cebuano, despite the two being mutually intelligible. Ethnologue, however, only lists Cebuano as a language. [ 42 ] In Western Visayas, Bisaya may refer to Hiligaynon or Kinaray-a speakers, whereas in Eastern Visayas, it may denote Waray speakers. In Mindanao, migrant ethnic groups from Luzon and indigenous peoples have assimilated into predominantly Cebuano-speaking societies (or Hiligaynon-speaking communities in the case of Soccsksargen) over the years. Many of these individuals now identify as Visayans after learning Cebuano, though they often retain knowledge of their non-Visayan roots and may still speak their ancestral languages fluently as a second or third language. [ 43 ] See also Visayans Regions of the Philippines Provinces of the Philippines Mindanao Luzon Notes ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Census of Population (2015). 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Filipino Celebration A treasury of feast and festival . Tuttle Publishing. ^ Funtecha, Henry Florida (1992). Popular Festivals in Western Visayas . Center for West Visayan Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines in the Visayas. ^ "Nene Pimentel gives details on proposal for federalist government" . ^ "Rappler Talk: Nene Pimentel on federalism, Congress, Duterte's SONA – YouTube" . www.youtube.com . July 25, 2017. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. ^ "Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities" (PDF) . 2010 Census and Housing Population . Philippine Statistics Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2013 . Retrieved August 9, 2013 . ^ "The Dialectology of Cebuano" . Multilingual Philippines . April 3, 2012 . Retrieved May 6, 2023 . ^ "The Dialectology of Cebuano: Cebuano, Bisaya, Binisaya" . Binisaya . February 10, 2011 . Retrieved November 25, 2024 . ^ Lacorte, Germelina (June 4, 2012). "Learning in Sinugbuanong Binisaya" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved November 25, 2024 . ^ Mapa, Dennis (March 7, 2023). "Tagalog is the Most Widely Spoken Language at Home (2020 Census of Population and Housing)" . Philippine Statistics Office . Retrieved November 25, 2024 . ^ Thinking Machines Data Science Inc. (August 10, 2016). "The language landscape of the Philippines in 4 maps" . Thinking Machines . Retrieved November 25, 2024 . ^ "Cebuano" . Ethnologue . Retrieved November 25, 2024 . ^ Galay-David, Karlo Antonio (December 2017). "We Who Seek to Settle Problematizing the Mindanao Settler Identity" . Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. References Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the study of Philippine History . New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-971-10-0226-8 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Visayas at Wikimedia Commons Visayas travel guide from Wikivoyage The dictionary definition of visayas at Wiktionary .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Administrative divisions of the Philippines v t e Capital Manila ( National Capital Region ) Manila ( National Capital Region ) Island groups Luzon Visayas Mindanao Luzon Visayas Mindanao Regions Administrative I – Ilocos Region II – Cagayan Valley III – Central Luzon IV-A – Calabarzon Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region V – Bicol Region VI – Western Visayas NIR – Negros Island Region VII – Central Visayas VIII – Eastern Visayas IX – Zamboanga Peninsula X – Northern Mindanao XI – Davao Region XII – Soccsksargen XIII – Caraga Region CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region NCR – National Capital Region Autonomous BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Administrative I – Ilocos Region II – Cagayan Valley III – Central Luzon IV-A – Calabarzon Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region V – Bicol Region VI – Western Visayas NIR – Negros Island Region VII – Central Visayas VIII – Eastern Visayas IX – Zamboanga Peninsula X – Northern Mindanao XI – Davao Region XII – Soccsksargen XIII – Caraga Region CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region NCR – National Capital Region I – Ilocos Region II – Cagayan Valley III – Central Luzon IV-A – Calabarzon Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region V – Bicol Region VI – Western Visayas NIR – Negros Island Region VII – Central Visayas VIII – Eastern Visayas IX – Zamboanga Peninsula X – Northern Mindanao XI – Davao Region XII – Soccsksargen XIII – Caraga Region CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region NCR – National Capital Region Autonomous BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Provinces Abra Agusan del Norte Agusan del Sur Aklan Albay Antique Apayao Aurora Basilan Bataan Batanes Batangas Benguet Biliran Bohol Bukidnon Bulacan Cagayan Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Camiguin Capiz Catanduanes Cavite Cebu Cotabato Davao de Oro Davao del Norte Davao del Sur Davao Occidental Davao Oriental Dinagat Islands Eastern Samar Guimaras Ifugao Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Iloilo Isabela Kalinga La Union Laguna Lanao del Norte Lanao del Sur Leyte Maguindanao del Norte Maguindanao del Sur Marinduque Masbate Misamis Occidental Misamis Oriental Mountain Province Negros Occidental Negros Oriental Northern Samar Nueva Ecija Nueva Vizcaya Occidental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro Palawan Pampanga Pangasinan Quezon Quirino Rizal Romblon Samar Sarangani Siquijor Sorsogon South Cotabato Southern Leyte Sultan Kudarat Sulu Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur Tarlac Tawi-Tawi Zambales Zamboanga del Norte Zamboanga del Sur Zamboanga Sibugay Abra Agusan del Norte Agusan del Sur Aklan Albay Antique Apayao Aurora Basilan Bataan Batanes Batangas Benguet Biliran Bohol Bukidnon Bulacan Cagayan Camarines Norte Camarines Sur Camiguin Capiz Catanduanes Cavite Cebu Cotabato Davao de Oro Davao del Norte Davao del Sur Davao Occidental Davao Oriental Dinagat Islands Eastern Samar Guimaras Ifugao Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur Iloilo Isabela Kalinga La Union Laguna Lanao del Norte Lanao del Sur Leyte Maguindanao del Norte Maguindanao del Sur Marinduque Masbate Misamis Occidental Misamis Oriental Mountain Province Negros Occidental Negros Oriental Northern Samar Nueva Ecija Nueva Vizcaya Occidental Mindoro Oriental Mindoro Palawan Pampanga Pangasinan Quezon Quirino Rizal Romblon Samar Sarangani Siquijor Sorsogon South Cotabato Southern Leyte Sultan Kudarat Sulu Surigao del Norte Surigao del Sur Tarlac Tawi-Tawi Zambales Zamboanga del Norte Zamboanga del Sur Zamboanga Sibugay Cities List of cities in the Philippines List of cities in the Philippines Municipalities List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines Barangays Barangays of Metro Manila Barangays of Philippine provinces Poblacion Barangays of Metro Manila Barangays of Philippine provinces Poblacion Other subdivisions Puroks Sitios List of primary LGUs Legislative districts Metropolitan areas Special Geographic Area Puroks Sitios List of primary LGUs Legislative districts Metropolitan areas Special Geographic Area Proposed Formally proposed provinces Autonomous regions Cordillera Formally proposed provinces Autonomous regions Cordillera Cordillera Historical Former provinces Sub-provinces Regions Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Southern Tagalog Former provinces Sub-provinces Regions Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Southern Tagalog Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Southern Tagalog v t e Regions of the Philippines v t e Luzon NCR – National Capital Region CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region I – Ilocos Region II – Cagayan Valley III – Central Luzon IV-A – Calabarzon Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region V – Bicol Region NCR – National Capital Region CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region I – Ilocos Region II – Cagayan Valley III – Central Luzon IV-A – Calabarzon Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region V – Bicol Region Visayas VI – Western Visayas NIR – Negros Island Region VII – Central Visayas VIII – Eastern Visayas VI – Western Visayas NIR – Negros Island Region VII – Central Visayas VIII – Eastern Visayas Mindanao IX – Zamboanga Peninsula X – Northern Mindanao XI – Davao Region XII – Soccsksargen XIII – Caraga Region BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao IX – Zamboanga Peninsula X – Northern Mindanao XI – Davao Region XII – Soccsksargen XIII – Caraga Region BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao Former regions ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao IV – Southern Tagalog ARMM – Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao IV – Southern Tagalog v t e Island groups of the Philippines v t e Luzon Visayas Mindanao Luzon Visayas Mindanao Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST VIAF GND FAST National Israel Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 11°00′N 123°30′E / 11.000°N 123.500°E / 11.000; 123.500 Visayas Island groups of the Philippines Archipelagoes of the Philippines Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean Archipelagoes of Southeast Asia Maritime Southeast Asia Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Webarchive template wayback links Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from October 2022 Use Philippine English from October 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English Pages with Cebuano IPA Pages with Tagalog IPA Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2011 Commons category link from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 6 November 2025, at 19:41 (UTC) . 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Kuatia Ñepyrũha Tekohapegua Oñemoambue pyahúva Kuatiarogue oñembosako'íva Pytyvõhára Kuatiakuéra mba'erãitéva Me'ẽ rei Ejapo nde kuatiarã Eike Me'ẽ rei Ejapo nde kuatiarã Eike Kuatia Ñepyrũha Ñepyrũha Ñemongeta Moñe'ẽ Jehaijey Emoambue heñoiha Tembiasakue Moñe'ẽ Jehaijey Emoambue heñoiha Tembiasakue Oñembojoajukuaáva ko'ápe Moambue ohóva hese Ehupi marandurenda Mbojokuaa pyta Kuatia marandu Hecha py’ỹi Ehupyty URL mbykymi Emboguejy código QR Cambiar al analizador antiguo Crear un libro Emboguejy PDF ramo Ñemonguatiarã Wikimedia Commons Fundación Wikimedia MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Divulgación de Wikimedia Wikisource multilingüe Wikiespecies Wikidata Wikifunciones Wikimanía Wikcionario Wikidata mba'e .mw-parser-output .main-page-block-heading{color:#555555;font-size:1.8em;font-variant:small-caps;padding:10px 10px 10px 25px}@media all and (min-width:900px){.mw-parser-output .main-page-block-heading{background-color:white;border-bottom:1px solid #555555}.mw-parser-output .main-page-block-contents{border-top:3px solid white;padding:10px}.mw-parser-output .main-page-responsive-columns{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between}.mw-parser-output .main-page-responsive-columns>div:first-of-type{flex:1.18 1;margin-right:2px}.mw-parser-output .main-page-responsive-columns>div:last-of-type{flex:1 1}.mw-parser-output .main-page-first-row>div{background-color:#f9f9f0}.mw-parser-output .main-page-second-row>div{background-color:#f4f9f0}.mw-parser-output .main-page-third-row>div{background-color:#f9f0f0}}@media all and (max-width:900px){.mw-parser-output .main-page-responsive-columns>div+div,.mw-parser-output .main-page-responsive-columns+.main-page-responsive-columns{margin-top:30px}} Tereg̃uahᴇ̃ porãite Vikipetãme , opaite tembikuaa hekosãsóva renda, opavave ikatúva ohai . Arateĩ , 11 jasyteĩ ary 2026 jave. 6003 kuatiarogue avañe'ẽme Pytyvõ · Ñemohenda · Porandu · Kuaapyrã · Okẽndusu Tembikuaaty Arandupykuaaty Guarani ha Avañe'ẽ Tekove Yvyapekuaa Marandeko Papapykuaa Mbyjakuaa Pohanokuaa Kuatiarogue Poravopyre Vikipetã ra'anga tee. Vikipetã ha'e opaite tembikuaa hekosãsóva renda Internet rupive ha iñe'ẽ heta, opa tekove ikatu ohai térã omoambue iñapopyme'ẽnguéra . Upe Aty Viruremimono'õ'ỹ Wikimedia oisãmbyhy ha omboguata Vikipetãme. Oguerekove amo 37 sua kuatiarogue 287 ñe'ẽme (oĩ avei ñe'ẽ ava ojapo, esperanto guáicha, oĩ avei umi ñe'ẽ ava te'ýi tee pegua, kechuañe'ẽ guáicha, ha avañe'ẽme , ha upe ñe'ẽ noñeñe'ẽvéima, latinañe'ẽ guáicha ha ambuéva). Imarandu hekosãso, upe he'ise oimeraẽ tapicha ikatu omoambue, ohaijey ha oipuru oipotaháicha pe marandu, ojapóramo he'iháicha Vikipetã rekorãnguéra, imarandu oĩgui tekorã poguýpe ha'éva GNU/FDL ha Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-by-SA) 3.0. Oñepyrũ 15 jasyteĩ ary 2001 jave, oñemopyenda pe ypykatu hérava wiki rupive ( Haguáii ñe'ẽgui wiki-wiki = "pya'e", "akuã", "pojava"). Ko tembiporu wiki he'ise kuatiarogue aty web pegua oguereko marandu opaichagua ha opavave ikatu omoambue ha ohaive hesekuéra umi ñanduti kundahára rupive, ha'éva Mozilla Firefox , Google Chrome , Internet Explorer , Netscape , Opera , Safari , térã tembiporu oimeraẽva ohechakuaáva umi kuatiarogue orekóva HTML ha ta'anga. Kóva hína peteĩ mba'e tuicháva omoingoéva Vikipetã umi ñe'ẽryrupavẽ ambuévagui: tapicha oimeraẽva oikekuaáva Internet -pe ikatu ohaijey ha omoambue kuatiaroguekuéra, ha oimeraẽ omoñe'ẽva ikatu oipytyvõ kuatiarogue jehaípe. Taꞌanga poravopyre Ruinas jesuíticas de Jesús y Trinidad , Tetãvore Itapúa-pe , Paraguái . Ojehuvaꞌekue 11 jasyteĩ jave Nicolás Steno por J. P. Trap 1638 .— Heñói Nicolás Steno ( ta'angápe ), pohãnohára Ndinamáka pegua, pe omboypýva yvyrekokuaa . 1882 .— Omano Theodor Schwann , yvypóra rete resa'ỹijohára Purúsia pegua. 1967 .— Yrypy'avevúi ho'aiterei ha oñuvãmba heta táva Méhiko -pe, itavusúpe avei. 2020 .— Omano tapicha peteĩha COVID-19 -gui , pe mba'asy vai oñemosarambi oparupi mokõi ary pukukue. Reikuaápa... … karai Isaac Newton ( taꞌangápe ), herakuãite peteĩ tembikuaatyhára katupyryvéva ramo, oñemoarandu avei pe alkímia rehe ha oguereko hógape heta aranduka oñe'ẽva alkímia rehegua. ... Ary 2022 Paraguái Jepapa marandúicha, Paraguái pe oĩ 6 109 644 ava? … ikatu jahecha ñande resa añónte rupive pe Thiomargarita magnifica , techa mbotuichaha jeporuꞌỹre, upéva hína pe vaytéria ituichavéva. … saary XIX jave, karai Simón Bolívar gui oiko irundy tetã mburuvicha ramo Ñembyamérika pe? … ára 14 jasyapy jave, ojegueromanduꞌa Pi (π) ára , ojoguaitégui mbaꞌéichapa ojehai papapy π (3,14) ha ojehai pe arange amo Amérika Retãvore Joajukuéra pe (3/14). … Poyvi Paraguái ijojahaꞌỹ haꞌanga mokõivagui, tenondépe heꞌíva " República del Paraguay " ( pálma ha taruma ojejokuáva iguýpe, peteĩ mbyja saꞌyju mimbíva apuꞌa hovy mbytépe), hapykuépe heꞌíva " Paz y Justicia " ("Pyꞌaguapy ha Tekojoja") peteĩ leõ ha peteĩ gorro frigio . Vikipetã rehegua Vikipetã ha'e tembiapo ohekáva jajapo hag̃ua oñondivepa peteĩ ñe'ẽryrupavẽ iñe'ẽ hetáva, opavavéva ikatu ohai ha oñemoarandu hese, oñemopyendáva internet -pe wiki rembiporu rupive. Ko'ápe, roipota rejuhukuaaha opaite tembikuaa hekosãsóva, upéva he'ise marandu ndaijapúiva, ikatu jaikuaa moõguipa oúva, ha ikatúva oñemoambue térã ojehai jey. Ko tembiapo oguata umi tekorã ombohapéva rupive ha opa imarandu oñemyasãi Creative Commons BY-SA rupive ha upe rupi ikatu ojepuru ojepotaháicha imarandu, oĩramo tekorã jepururã guýpe. Nde avei ikatu ohai ha omoambue Vikipetã marandu, reike va'erãnte nde réra reheve ha remba'apo va'erã umi tekorã tenondeguáva, ha'éva "jahai va'erã mba'e ikatúva jaikuaa porãite iñañeteha" ha "marandu imba'eguasúva opavavépe". Opa umi ohaíva ha omba'apóva ko'ápe oipytyvõ potahápe kyre'ỹ ha oñembyaty oñondive peteĩ aty oñepytyvõvape, tendota'ỹva, oiporavo ha omba'apo joáva. Ndahasýi reñepyrũ hag̃ua, rehaikuaa avañe'ẽme ha reporandu va'erãnte pe ndereikuaáiva. Iporãite ñañemongetávo, upéicha ñamba'apo porãve ha ituichavéta ko ñane rembiapo. Ore rekoha • Pytyvorã Tembiapokuéra ambuéva Vikipetã oiko Wikimedia rupive, aty viruremimono'õ'ỹva omboguatáva tembiapokuéra hekosãsóva heta ñe'ẽme: Commons Ta'anga hekosãsóva opaichagua MohendaViki Viki rembiporukuéra Meta·Viki Tembiapokuéra omohendáva Vikiaranduka Arandukakuéra hekosãsóva Vikidata Tembikuaa omopyendáva Vikimarandu Marandu oparupigua Vikiñe'ẽnga Ñe'ẽnga herakuãva opaichagua Wikisource Jehaipy herakuã hekosãsóva Vikovekuaaty Tembikuaaty rehegua Vikimbo'ehao Mbo'ehao rembipururã Vikiandu Jeho mombyry rehegua Vikiñe'ẽndy Ñe'ẽndy hekosãsóva avañe'ẽme Wikifunctions ' Wikitech Aporeko rehegua Wikispore Aponde'a rembiapo rehegua Oremombe'u • Ore kuatiakuéra Tereg̃uahᴇ̃ porãite Vikipetãme , opaite tembikuaa hekosãsóva renda, opavave ikatúva ohai . Arateĩ , 11 jasyteĩ ary 2026 jave. opaite tembikuaa hekosãsóva renda, opavave ikatúva ohai . Arateĩ , 11 jasyteĩ ary 2026 jave. 6003 kuatiarogue avañe'ẽme Pytyvõ · Ñemohenda · Porandu · Kuaapyrã · Okẽndusu 6003 kuatiarogue avañe'ẽme Pytyvõ · Ñemohenda · Porandu · Kuaapyrã · Okẽndusu Tembikuaaty Arandupykuaaty Guarani ha Avañe'ẽ Tekove Yvyapekuaa Marandeko Papapykuaa Mbyjakuaa Pohanokuaa Vikipetã ha'e opaite tembikuaa hekosãsóva renda Internet rupive ha iñe'ẽ heta, opa tekove ikatu ohai térã omoambue iñapopyme'ẽnguéra . Upe Aty Viruremimono'õ'ỹ Wikimedia oisãmbyhy ha omboguata Vikipetãme. Oguerekove amo 37 sua kuatiarogue 287 ñe'ẽme (oĩ avei ñe'ẽ ava ojapo, esperanto guáicha, oĩ avei umi ñe'ẽ ava te'ýi tee pegua, kechuañe'ẽ guáicha, ha avañe'ẽme , ha upe ñe'ẽ noñeñe'ẽvéima, latinañe'ẽ guáicha ha ambuéva). Imarandu hekosãso, upe he'ise oimeraẽ tapicha ikatu omoambue, ohaijey ha oipuru oipotaháicha pe marandu, ojapóramo he'iháicha Vikipetã rekorãnguéra, imarandu oĩgui tekorã poguýpe ha'éva GNU/FDL ha Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-by-SA) 3.0. Oñepyrũ 15 jasyteĩ ary 2001 jave, oñemopyenda pe ypykatu hérava wiki rupive ( Haguáii ñe'ẽgui wiki-wiki = "pya'e", "akuã", "pojava"). Ko tembiporu wiki he'ise kuatiarogue aty web pegua oguereko marandu opaichagua ha opavave ikatu omoambue ha ohaive hesekuéra umi ñanduti kundahára rupive, ha'éva Mozilla Firefox , Google Chrome , Internet Explorer , Netscape , Opera , Safari , térã tembiporu oimeraẽva ohechakuaáva umi kuatiarogue orekóva HTML ha ta'anga. Kóva hína peteĩ mba'e tuicháva omoingoéva Vikipetã umi ñe'ẽryrupavẽ ambuévagui: tapicha oimeraẽva oikekuaáva Internet -pe ikatu ohaijey ha omoambue kuatiaroguekuéra, ha oimeraẽ omoñe'ẽva ikatu oipytyvõ kuatiarogue jehaípe. 1638 .— Heñói Nicolás Steno ( ta'angápe ), pohãnohára Ndinamáka pegua, pe omboypýva yvyrekokuaa . 1882 .— Omano Theodor Schwann , yvypóra rete resa'ỹijohára Purúsia pegua. 1967 .— Yrypy'avevúi ho'aiterei ha oñuvãmba heta táva Méhiko -pe, itavusúpe avei. 2020 .— Omano tapicha peteĩha COVID-19 -gui , pe mba'asy vai oñemosarambi oparupi mokõi ary pukukue. … karai Isaac Newton ( taꞌangápe ), herakuãite peteĩ tembikuaatyhára katupyryvéva ramo, oñemoarandu avei pe alkímia rehe ha oguereko hógape heta aranduka oñe'ẽva alkímia rehegua. ... Ary 2022 Paraguái Jepapa marandúicha, Paraguái pe oĩ 6 109 644 ava? … ikatu jahecha ñande resa añónte rupive pe Thiomargarita magnifica , techa mbotuichaha jeporuꞌỹre, upéva hína pe vaytéria ituichavéva. … saary XIX jave, karai Simón Bolívar gui oiko irundy tetã mburuvicha ramo Ñembyamérika pe? … ára 14 jasyapy jave, ojegueromanduꞌa Pi (π) ára , ojoguaitégui mbaꞌéichapa ojehai papapy π (3,14) ha ojehai pe arange amo Amérika Retãvore Joajukuéra pe (3/14). … Poyvi Paraguái ijojahaꞌỹ haꞌanga mokõivagui, tenondépe heꞌíva " República del Paraguay " ( pálma ha taruma ojejokuáva iguýpe, peteĩ mbyja saꞌyju mimbíva apuꞌa hovy mbytépe), hapykuépe heꞌíva " Paz y Justicia " ("Pyꞌaguapy ha Tekojoja") peteĩ leõ ha peteĩ gorro frigio . Vikipetã ha'e tembiapo ohekáva jajapo hag̃ua oñondivepa peteĩ ñe'ẽryrupavẽ iñe'ẽ hetáva, opavavéva ikatu ohai ha oñemoarandu hese, oñemopyendáva internet -pe wiki rembiporu rupive. Ko'ápe, roipota rejuhukuaaha opaite tembikuaa hekosãsóva, upéva he'ise marandu ndaijapúiva, ikatu jaikuaa moõguipa oúva, ha ikatúva oñemoambue térã ojehai jey. Ko tembiapo oguata umi tekorã ombohapéva rupive ha opa imarandu oñemyasãi Creative Commons BY-SA rupive ha upe rupi ikatu ojepuru ojepotaháicha imarandu, oĩramo tekorã jepururã guýpe. Nde avei ikatu ohai ha omoambue Vikipetã marandu, reike va'erãnte nde réra reheve ha remba'apo va'erã umi tekorã tenondeguáva, ha'éva "jahai va'erã mba'e ikatúva jaikuaa porãite iñañeteha" ha "marandu imba'eguasúva opavavépe". Opa umi ohaíva ha omba'apóva ko'ápe oipytyvõ potahápe kyre'ỹ ha oñembyaty oñondive peteĩ aty oñepytyvõvape, tendota'ỹva, oiporavo ha omba'apo joáva. Ndahasýi reñepyrũ hag̃ua, rehaikuaa avañe'ẽme ha reporandu va'erãnte pe ndereikuaáiva. Iporãite ñañemongetávo, upéicha ñamba'apo porãve ha ituichavéta ko ñane rembiapo. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and career 2 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 2.1 Pre-independence 2.2 Federation of Malaysia 2.3 Post-independence 2.3.1 Minister for Interior and Defence (1965–1967) 2.3.2 Minister for Finance (1967–1970) 2.3.3 Minister for Defence (1970–1979) 2.3.4 Deputy Prime Minister (1973–1984) 2.4 Other contributions 2.4.1 Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) 2.4.2 Defence Science Organisation (DSO) 2.4.3 Cultural, sports and recreation 2.1 Pre-independence 2.2 Federation of Malaysia 2.3 Post-independence 2.3.1 Minister for Interior and Defence (1965–1967) 2.3.2 Minister for Finance (1967–1970) 2.3.3 Minister for Defence (1970–1979) 2.3.4 Deputy Prime Minister (1973–1984) 2.3.1 Minister for Interior and Defence (1965–1967) 2.3.2 Minister for Finance (1967–1970) 2.3.3 Minister for Defence (1970–1979) 2.3.4 Deputy Prime Minister (1973–1984) 2.4 Other contributions 2.4.1 Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) 2.4.2 Defence Science Organisation (DSO) 2.4.3 Cultural, sports and recreation 2.4.1 Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) 2.4.2 Defence Science Organisation (DSO) 2.4.3 Cultural, sports and recreation 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Honours and legacy 6 Publications 7 References Toggle References subsection 7.1 Notes 7.2 Citations 7.3 Sources 7.1 Notes 7.2 Citations 7.3 Sources 8 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 8.1 Books 8.2 Eulogies at the state funeral 8.3 Letters of condolence 8.4 News reports 8.1 Books 8.2 Eulogies at the state funeral 8.3 Letters of condolence 8.4 News reports 9 External links Goh Keng Swee Български Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली मराठी Bahasa Melayu Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Goh Keng Swee DUT .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} 吳慶瑞 Goh in 1948 2nd Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore In office 20 March 1973 – 1 January 1985 Serving with S. Rajaratnam (1980–1985) Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew Preceded by Toh Chin Chye Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore In office August 1980 – December 1997 Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Succeeded by Richard Hu Minister for Education In office 12 February 1979 – 2 January 1985 Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew Preceded by Chua Sian Chin Succeeded by Tony Tan Minister for Defence In office 11 August 1970 – 11 February 1979 Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew Preceded by Lim Kim San (as Minister for Interior and Defence) Succeeded by Howe Yoon Chong Minister for Finance In office 17 August 1967 – 10 August 1970 Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew Preceded by Lim Kim San Succeeded by Hon Sui Sen In office 5 June 1959 – 8 August 1965 Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Lim Kim San Minister for Interior and Defence In office 9 August 1965 – 16 August 1967 Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Lim Kim San Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 [ 1 ] – 9 August 1965 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Position abolished Member of the Singapore Parliament for Kreta Ayer In office 30 May 1959 – 4 December 1984 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by Richard Hu ( PAP ) Personal details Born Robert Goh Keng Swee [ 2 ] ( 1918-10-06 ) 6 October 1918 Malacca , Straits Settlements Died 14 May 2010 (2010-05-14) (aged 91) Singapore Cause of death Bladder cancer Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Nationality Singaporean Party People's Action Party Spouse(s) Alice Woon (m. 1942 div. 1986) Phua Swee Liang (m. 1991) [ 3 ] Children Goh Kian Chee (son) [ 3 ] Relatives Goh Hood Keng (uncle) Tan Cheng Lock (maternal uncle) Tan Siew Sin (maternal cousin) Education London School of Economics ( BSc , PhD ) Signature Military service Branch/service Singapore Volunteer Corps Years of service 1939–1942 Rank Colonel [ a ] Unit 20th People's Defence Force [ 4 ] Goh Keng Swee Traditional Chinese 吳慶瑞 Simplified Chinese 吴庆瑞 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wú Qìngruì Southern Min Hokkien POJ Gô͘ Khèng-sūi Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wú Qìngruì Southern Min Hokkien POJ Gô͘ Khèng-sūi Goh Keng Swee [ b ] DUT (born Robert Goh Keng Swee ; [ 2 ] 6 October 1918 – 14 May 2010) was a Singaporean statesman and economist who served as the second Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore between 1973 and 1985. Goh is widely recognised as one of the founding fathers of modern Singapore. Goh was a member of the People's Action Party (PAP), which has governed the country continuously since independence. He was also a prominent member of the first generation of political leaders following Singapore's independence in 1965. He served as Minister for Finance from 1959 to 1965 and again from 1967 to 1970. He was Minister for Interior and Defence between 1965 and 1967, Minister for Defence from 1970 to 1979 and Minister for Education from 1979 to 1985. Throughout his entire political career, he represented the constituency of Kreta Ayer . As Minister for Interior and Defence, Goh's main objective was to strengthen the country's military and domestic security capabilities after the British had withdrawn its troops from Singapore, which made the newly independent nation vulnerable. A key policy was the creation of National Service (NS), a mandatory conscription system for able-bodied young males. Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew had mentioned that he had wanted a conscription consisting both men and women, similar to Israel . However, Goh rejected it, citing that the labour cost at least in its initial years would be too great for the newly independent nation. During Goh's tenure as Minister for Finance, he declined to allow the central bank to issue currency, favouring instead a currency board system as this would signal to citizens, academics and the financial world that governments cannot "spend their way to prosperity"; the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) was later established in 1971. In 1981, Goh also expressed the view that the central bank need not hold large amounts of cash in reserve to defend the currency, proposing that the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) be established to invest excess reserves. At the time, it was unprecedented for a non- commodity -based economy to have such a sovereign wealth fund . Goh died in 2010 at the age of 91, and he was accorded a state funeral . Early life and career Goh was born in Malacca on 6 October 1918, then a part of the Straits Settlements , [ 5 ] into a middle class Peranakan family and the fifth of six children. [ 6 ] His father Goh Leng Inn was a manager of a rubber plantation, while his mother Tan Swee Eng, [ 7 ] came from the family that produced the Malaysian politicians Tan Cheng Lock and his son, Tan Siew Sin , who would later become Goh's lifelong political opponent. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Goh was given the Christian name Robert, which he disliked and refused to respond to. When he was two years old, his family moved from Malacca to Singapore where his maternal grandparents owned several properties. The Gohs later relocated to the Pasir Panjang rubber estate when his father found work there and became manager in 1933. Like many Peranakan families, the Gohs spoke both English and Malay at home; church services were held at home on Sundays in Malay. [ 2 ] Goh's father Leng Inn and his brothers-in-law Chew Cheng Yong and Goh Hood Keng taught at the Anglo-Chinese School and were involved in the Middle Road Baba Church , where Hood Keng was pastor. Goh attended the church as well. [ 10 ] Goh attended the Anglo-Chinese School [ 6 ] between 1927 and 1936, where he ranked second in his class in the Senior Cambridge examinations. He graduated from Raffles College (now the National University of Singapore ) in 1939 with a Class II Diploma in Arts, with special distinction in economics . [ 7 ] After graduation, Goh joined the colonial Civil Service as a tax collector with the War Tax Department, though his superiors noted he was not very good at the job and he was nearly dismissed. [ 6 ] Shortly after the start of the Second World War , he joined the Singapore Volunteer Corps , a local militia, but returned to his previous work after the fall of Singapore . In 1942, Goh married Alice Woon, a secretary and colleague, [ 6 ] and they had one son, Goh Kian Chee, two years later. After the Japanese occupation ended, Goh moved his family back to Singapore in 1946 and joined the Department of Social Welfare, becoming a supervisor of its Research Section six months later. [ 7 ] Goh earned a scholarship to study at the London School of Economics . While in London, he met fellow students seeking independence for British Malaya , including Abdul Razak , Maurice Baker, Lee Kuan Yew and Toh Chin Chye . He was founding chairman of the Malayan Forum , a student discussion group formed in 1948. [ 5 ] [ 7 ] Goh graduated in 1951 with a first class honours in economics and won the William Farr Prize for the highest marks in statistics . [ 5 ] Returning to the Department of Social Welfare, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of Research. In 1952, together with fellow civil servant Kenneth Michael Byrne , he formed the Council of Joint Action to oppose salary and promotion policies favouring Europeans over Asians. Byrne later became Minister for Labour and Minister for Law . [ 7 ] Goh returned to the London School of Economics in 1954 for doctoral studies, supported by a University of London scholarship. He completed his PhD in economics in 1956, [ 11 ] and returned to the Department of Social Welfare, serving as assistant director and then Director. In 1958, he became Director of the Social and Economic Research Division in the Chief Minister's Office before resigning from the civil service in August to work full-time for the People's Action Party (PAP). [ 7 ] Political career Pre-independence Goh was a key member of the PAP's Central Executive Committee (CEC), and serving as vice-chairman. Goh contested in Kreta Ayer during the 1959 general election and won. He was subsequently elected into the Legislative Assembly on 30 May 1959, [ 12 ] and appointed Minister for Finance under Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew 's first Cabinet . As Minister for Finance, Goh assumed the stewardship of Singapore's economy . As a budget deficit of S$14 million was forecast that year, he introduced stringent fiscal discipline which including cutting civil service salaries. As a result of these measures, he was able to announce at the end of the year when delivering the budget that the government had achieved a surplus of $1 million. [ 13 ] Goh initiated the setting up of the Economic Development Board (EDB) which was established in August 1961 to attract foreign multinational corporations to invest in Singapore. [ 5 ] [ 14 ] The next year, he started the development of the Jurong industrial estate on the western end of the island which was then a swamp, offering incentives to local and foreign businesses to locate there. [ 5 ] [ 7 ] According to former Permanent Secretary Sim Kee Boon , Goh admitted that the Jurong project was "an act of faith and he himself jokingly said that this could prove to be Goh's folly". [ 14 ] Nonetheless, Goh also felt strongly that "the only way to avoid making mistakes is not to do anything. And that... will be the ultimate mistake." [ 15 ] In the 1960s, there were great pressures from communist agitators working through Chinese-medium schools and trade unions. Divisions existed within the PAP as well, with a pro-communist faction working to wrest control of the party from the moderate wing, of which Goh and Lee Kuan Yew were key members. A key source of division was the issue of merger with Malaya to form a new state of Malaysia. Goh and his fellow moderates believed this was a necessary condition for Singapore's economic development because Malaya was a key economic hinterland; merger would also provide an alternate vision against communism for Singapore's Chinese majority. In July 1961, 16 members of the pro-communist faction broke away from the PAP to form the Barisan Sosialis , and captured control of the main trade unions . Federation of Malaysia In 1961, the Singapore Government secured approval from Malaysian Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman for a merger, motivated in part by the Tunku's desire to stabilise the security situation in Singapore and to counter the perceived communist threat by the Malayan Communist Party . In 1963, Singapore joined Malaya , along with Sabah and Sarawak , to form the Federation of Malaysia. [ 16 ] However, the merger soon proved problematic for Singapore's leaders. Fundamental disagreements emerged over political and economic principles, particularly the issue of Malay dominance . Communal tensions escalated into violence in 1964, incited by both Malay and Chinese activists in Singapore. According to Lee, Goh played a key role in safeguarding Singapore's interests, especially in economic disputes with the Malaysian Minister of Finance and his own cousin Tan Siew Sin , whom he believed acted in hostility toward Singapore. After two difficult years within the Federation, Lee asked Goh to negotiate with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak and Minister for External Affairs Ismail Abdul Rahman in July 1965. The aim was to explore the possibility of a looser arrangement for Singapore within Malaysia. However, following the discussions, all parties concluded that a clean break would be in the best interests of both sides. Tunku Abdul Rahman ultimately agreed to this course of action, paving the way for Singapore's separation from Malaysia. [ 17 ] Goh maintained a secret dossier that he codenamed " Albatross ", which contains files and notes from the months leading up to Singapore's independence. According to one of the file's documents, authored by Goh himself, Goh chose not to follow Lee's orders to negotiate for a "looser arrangement" but only ever broached separation with Tunku. Writing in his memoirs, Lee claimed that he only realised that Goh "never pressed Razak for a looser rearrangement as I had asked him to" in 1994. [ 18 ] Post-independence Minister for Interior and Defence (1965–1967) Upon the independence of Singapore in 1965, Goh relinquished his portfolio of Minister for Finance and became Minister for Interior and Defence in 1967, assuming responsibilities for strengthening Singapore's military and domestic security capabilities. A key policy was the creation of National Service , a mandatory conscription system for able-bodied young males. [ 19 ] Minister for Finance (1967–1970) Goh served as Minister for Finance again between 1967 and 1970, [ 5 ] [ 7 ] during which he declined to allow the central bank to issue currency, favouring instead a currency board system in the form of the Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore , as this would signal to citizens, academics and the financial world that governments cannot "spend their way to prosperity". Minister for Defence (1970–1979) On 11 August 1970, he was reappointed Minister for Defence . [ 5 ] [ 7 ] Deputy Prime Minister (1973–1984) On 1 March 1973, [ 12 ] Goh was appointed Deputy Prime Minister concurrently with his other Cabinet portfolio. [ 7 ] On 12 February 1979, Goh moved on from the Ministry of Defence to the Ministry of Education , where his Goh Report [ 20 ] greatly influenced the development of Singapore's education system. He was described as both a key political and strategic leader responsible for the transformation of the system over 30 years from "fair" to "great", according to a November 2010 McKinsey report. [ 21 ] He set up the Curriculum Development Institute, and introduced key policies such as religious education—subsequently discontinued and, in 1980, the channelling of students into different programmes of study according to their learning abilities, known as "streaming". [ 22 ] Goh served two terms as Minister for Education, his first term ended in 1980, and his second following the 1980 general election from 1981 until his retirement in 1985. From 1 June 1980, he was redesignated First Deputy Prime Minister upon S. Rajaratnam being made Second Deputy Prime Minister, and served as Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore until he stepped down from Parliament on 3 December 1984, at the age of 66. [ 5 ] [ 7 ] [ 12 ] In a tribute to mark the occasion, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew wrote: "A whole generation of Singaporeans take their present standard of living for granted because you had laid the foundations of the economy of modern Singapore." [ 23 ] Other contributions Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) In 1981, Goh expressed the view that the central bank need not hold large amounts of cash in reserve to defend the currency, proposing that the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) be established to invest excess reserves. At the time, it was unprecedented for a non- commodity -based economy to have such a sovereign wealth fund . [ 24 ] The foreign merchant bank, Rothschild, advised on the GIC. [ 25 ] Defence Science Organisation (DSO) In 1971, Goh put together the Electronic Warfare Study Group, a team of newly graduated engineers who had excelled in their university studies that was headed by Tay Eng Soon , then a university lecturer. The group worked on Project Magpie, a secret project to develop Singapore's defence technology capabilities. In 1977, the group was renamed the Defence Science Organisation (DSO). Originally part of the Ministry of Defence, the organisation became a non-profit corporation called DSO National Laboratories in 1997. [ 26 ] Cultural, sports and recreation Goh was also responsible for projects that sought to improve Singaporeans' cultural and leisure life, such as the Jurong Bird Park , Singapore Zoo and the Singapore Symphony Orchestra . [ 27 ] He backed the construction of the Kreta Ayer People's Theatre in his constituency as a venue for Chinese opera performances. [ 28 ] In 1968, Goh encouraged the establishment of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Goh was also instrumental in introducing rugby in the Singapore Armed Forces and later in schools. In recognition of his role in promoting the sport, the Schools "C" Division Cup is named after him. [ 29 ] Impressed by an oceanarium in the Bahamas , he contacted the Sentosa Development Corporation and persuaded them to build an oceanarium in Singapore. [ 6 ] Underwater World opened in 1991. Personal life In 1986, Goh divorced his first wife Alice. In 1991, he married his former Ministry of Education colleague Phua Swee Liang. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Goh suffered his first stroke in 1999, and a subsequent one in 2000 which affected the vision in his right eye. [ 30 ] According to Goh's daughter-in-law Tan Siok Sun, the medical condition caused him to become withdrawn and introverted. In July 2007, Tan published a biography titled Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait . Goh's second wife issued a statement claiming that Goh had not been consulted on the book and had indicated to her that he did not want any book to be written about him. "Therefore, the publication of this book is contrary to his wishes, and is a show of disregard and utmost disrespect to him." In an interview with The Straits Times , Tan said she did not start the dispute between Mrs. Goh and herself, nor did she wish to prolong it. [ 31 ] After retirement from politics, Goh continued to be active in public life, serving as Deputy Chairman of GIC between 1981 and 1994, Economic Adviser to the State Council of the People's Republic of China on Coastal Development and Adviser on Tourism in 1985, Deputy Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore between 1985 and 1992, Chairman of the Singapore Totalisator Board between 1988 and 1990, Director of Gateway Technologies Services Pte. Ltd. from 1991 onward, Adviser to the United Overseas Bank Group from 1993 onward, Chairman of N. M. Rothschild & Sons (Singapore) Ltd. from 1994 onward, and vice-chairman of Hong Leong Asia Ltd. from 1995 onward. [ 5 ] Goh was also chairman of the Board of Governors of the Institute of East Asian Philosophies between 1983 and 1992, which was founded to study Confucianism . The institute later turned its focus on China's political and economic development, renaming itself the Institute of East Asian Political Economy, and Goh continued as Executive Chairman and chairman of the Board of Governors until 1995. [ 7 ] In April 1997, the institute was reconstituted as the East Asian Institute, an autonomous research organisation under the auspices of the National University of Singapore . [ 32 ] Death On 14 May 2010, Goh died in the early morning at his home in Dunbar Walk off East Coast Road in Siglap , at the age of 91. His death was as a result of his old age and pneumonia. [ 33 ] His body lay in state at Parliament House from 20 to 22 May, [ 34 ] and there was a state funeral on 23 May 2010 at the Singapore Conference Hall followed by a private ceremony for family members at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 35 ] The latter was conducted by the pastor-in-charge of Barker Road Methodist Church, with a message delivered by the Bishop of the Methodist Church in Singapore , Robert M. Solomon . [ 10 ] As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast from 20 to 23 May. [ 36 ] Honours and legacy In 1966, Goh was made an Honorary Fellow of the London school of Economics . In 1972, he was the recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Services, which is often regarded as "Asia's Nobel Prize". [ 37 ] It is awarded to people who have demonstrated integrity in government, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society. That same year, the Philippine Government conferred upon him the Order of Sikatuna , which is given to diplomats, officials and nationals of foreign states who have rendered conspicuous services in fostering, developing and strengthening relations between their country and the Philippines. [ 5 ] Following his retirement from politics, Goh was awarded the Order of Temasek (First Class, now known as High Distinction) in 1985, Singapore's highest civilian honour and second overall after the Star of Temasek . He was also presented with the LSE's Distinguished Alumnus Award on 21 January 1989, [ 38 ] and made the first Distinguished Fellow of the Economic Development Board Society in 1991. [ 5 ] Goh is known as one of Singapore's founding fathers. [ 13 ] [ 39 ] During the National Day Rally on 29 August 2010, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that the Singapore Command and Staff College , where senior officers of the Singapore Armed Forces receive training; and a complex to be constructed at the Ministry of Education's North Buona Vista Road headquarters for specialist teacher training academies in English language, physical education, sports and the arts would be respectively named the Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College and the Goh Keng Swee Centre for Education. [ 40 ] Publications .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} The Economic Front: From a Malayan Point of View . Singapore: Government Printers. 1940. OCLC 226068826 . . Urban Incomes & Housing: A Report on the Social Survey of Singapore, 1953–54 . Singapore: [Department of Social Welfare]. 1956. OCLC 504452751 . . Techniques of National Income Estimation in Under-developed Territories, with Special Reference to Asia and Africa [Unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, London School of Economics, 1956] . London: University of London Library, Photographic Section. 1978. OCLC 63630985 . . This is How Your Money is Spent [Budget statement by Goh Keng Swee, Minister for Finance; Towards Socialism, vol. 3] . Singapore: Ministry of Finance . 1960. OCLC 63838096 . . Some Problems of Industrialisation [Towards Socialism; vol. 7] . Singapore: Government Printing Office. 1963. OCLC 17270555 . . Communism in Non-Communist Asian Countries . Singapore: Printed by the Government Printing Office for the Ministry of Culture . c. 1967. OCLC 433094 . . The Economics of Modernization and other Essays . [Singapore]: Asia Pacific Press. 1972. OCLC 534320 . . Later editions: The Economics of Modernization . Singapore: Federal Publications. 1995. ISBN 978-981-01-2317-8 . . The Economics of Modernization . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic . 2004. ISBN 978-981-210-330-7 . . The Economics of Modernization . Singapore: Federal Publications. 1995. ISBN 978-981-01-2317-8 . . The Economics of Modernization . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic . 2004. ISBN 978-981-210-330-7 . . Some Problems of Manpower Development in Singapore [Occasional publication (Singapore Training and Development Association); no. 1] . Singapore: Ad Hoc Publications Sub-committee, Singapore Training & Development Association. 1974. OCLC 226024028 . . Some Unsolved Problems of Economic Growth [Kesatuan lecture; 1] . Singapore: Kesatuan Akademis Universiti Singapura. 1976. ISBN 9971-68-076-9 . OCLC 3072805 . . The Practice of Economic Growth . Singapore: Federal Publications. 1977. OCLC 4465760 . . Later edition: The Practice of Economic Growth . Singapore: Federal Publications. 1995. ISBN 978-981-01-2322-2 . . The Practice of Economic Growth . Singapore: Federal Publications. 1995. ISBN 978-981-01-2322-2 . . Goh, Keng Swee; Education Study Team (1979). Report on the Ministry of Education 1978 . Singapore: Printed by Singapore National Printers. OCLC 416421063 . . Goh, Keng Swee (1995). Low, Linda (ed.). Wealth of East Asian Nations: Speeches and Writings . Singapore: Federal Publications. ISBN 978-981-01-2297-3 . . References Notes ^ Honorary, and during his tenure as the civilian head of the Ministry of the Interior and Defence. He oversaw the establishment of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) after 1965, a process that laid the foundation built primarily on National Service (NS) from 1967. [ 4 ] ^ simplified Chinese : 吴庆瑞 ; traditional Chinese : 吳慶瑞 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Gô͘ Khèng-sūi ; pinyin : Wú Qìngruì Citations ^ "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . Dewan Rakyat . Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 19 August 2019 . ^ a b c Tan Siok Sun (7 July 2007), A shy, quiet boy who loved books [Excerpt from Goh Keng Swee, a Portrait ] , AsiaOne , archived from the original on 2 December 2012 , retrieved 15 May 2010 . ^ a b Obituary notice of Dr. Goh Keng Swee, The Straits Times (15 May 2010), p. C28. ^ a b Desker, Barry; Kwa, Chong Guan, eds. (2011). Goh Keng Swee: A Public Career Remembered . World Scientific. pp. 83, 98, 101. ISBN 978-9814407533 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jenny Tien Mui Mun (8 October 2002), Dr Goh Keng Swee , Singapore Infopedia, National Library, Singapore , archived from the original on 23 June 2008 , retrieved 15 May 2010 . ^ a b c d e f Nur Dianah Suhaimi (16 May 2010), "His work was his passion: The late Goh Keng Swee showed brilliance even when he was a child", The Sunday Times , Singapore, p. 10 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "From civil servant to PAP stalwart", The Straits Times (Saturday) , p. D2, 15 May 2010 . ^ Lee Kuan Yew (1998), The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Singapore: Times Publishing, pp. 600–602 , ISBN 978-981-204-983-4 . ^ Tan Siok Sun (2007), Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait , Singapore: Editions Didier Millet , pp. 114– 115, ISBN 978-981-4155-82-3 . ^ a b "The lesser known side of Dr Goh Keng Swee" , Methodist Message , vol. 112, no. 7, p. 12, July 2010, archived from the original on 5 October 2018 . ^ His thesis was entitled Techniques of National Income Estimation in Under-developed Territories, with Special Reference to Asia, Malacca, Singapore and Africa [Unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, London School of Economics, 1956] , London: University of London Library, Photographic Section, 1978, OCLC 63630985 . ^ a b c "Parliament pays respects", The Straits Times , 18 May 2010 . ^ a b Lee Hsien Loong (24 May 2010), "A giant in our midst [eulogy by the Prime Minister]" , Today , pp. 12– 14, archived from the original on 25 May 2010 . ^ a b "A visionary who didn't believe in dreams: A look into the life of the man responsible for HDB flats, National Service, JTC ... even the Zoo", Weekend Today , pp. 12– 13, 15–16 May 2010 . ^ As recalled by Lim Siong Guan , Group President of GIC and former Head of the Singapore Civil Service : see Chua Mui Hoong (15 May 2010), "Passing of a S'pore titan: Former DPM Goh Keng Swee was economic architect of Singapore and mentor to many", The Straits Times , pp. A1 – A2 . ^ "Singapore – Road to Independence" . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved 27 June 2006 . ^ Lee Kuan Yew (24 May 2010), "He made the greatest difference: Eulogy by Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew", The Straits Times , p. A6 . ^ Chin, Soo Fang (7 December 2025). "New book sheds light on Singapore's secret negotiations for independence" . The Straits Times . ^ "National Service becomes compulsory - Singapore History" . eresources.nlb.gov.sg . Retrieved 1 January 2023 . ^ Goh Keng Swee; Education Study Team (1979), Report on the Ministry of Education 1978 , Singapore: Printed by Singapore National Printers, OCLC 416421063 . ^ Michael Barber; Chinezi Chijioke; Mona Mourshed (2010), Education: How the World's Most Improved School Systems Keep Getting Better , London: McKinsey & Company, pp. 101– 118 . ^ MOKHTAR, FARIS. "Timeline: How secondary school streaming evolved over the decades" . TODAY . Retrieved 1 January 2023 . ^ Chua Mui Hoong (15 May 2010), "Passing of a S'pore titan: Former DPM Goh Keng Swee was economic architect of Singapore and mentor to many", The Straits Times , pp. A1 – A2 . ^ Janadas Devan (15 May 2010), "Remembering Goh Keng Swee, 1918–2010", The Straits Times (Saturday) , p. D2 . ^ Hamilton-Hart, Natasha (2003). Asian states, Asian bankers : central banking in Southeast Asia . Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 89 . ISBN 978-0801439872 . ^ Melanie Chew; Bernard Tan (2002), "A Tribute to Dr Goh Keng Swee" (PDF) , Creating the Technology Edge: DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 1972–2002 , Singapore: Epigram for DSO National Laboratories, pp. 4– 9, ISBN 978-981-04-7199-6 , archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007 . ^ Saad, Imelda (15–16 May 2010), "S'pore's master builder" , Weekend Today , p. 2, archived from the original on 18 May 2010 . ^ Leong Weng Kam (15 May 2010), "A thinker and a doer: Dr Goh was a 'great intellectual', recall PAP Old Guard members", The Straits Times , p. A6 . ^ Saad, Imelda (15–16 May 2010), " 'One of the most brilliant architects' of the country, says SM Goh" , Weekend Today , p. 3, archived from the original on 18 May 2010 . ^ Nur Dianah Suhaimi (28 May 2010), "Love against the odds [interview with Dr. Phua Swee Liang]", The Straits Times , pp. A40 – A41 . ^ Lydia Lim (7 July 2007), "No regrets despite objections, except one" , The Straits Times (reproduced on the AsiaOne website) , archived from the original on 2 December 2012 . ^ EAI's profile & objectives , East Asia Institute, National University of Singapore , 2008, archived from the original on 21 December 2010 , retrieved 16 May 2010 . ^ "Farewell to one of Singapore's prime architects" , Weekend Today , p. 1, 15–16 May 2010, archived from the original on 16 May 2010 . See also Rachel Lin (15 May 2010), "A quiet passing for a quiet man: He lived simply, was a private man, with S'pore uppermost in his mind", The Straits Times , p. A3 . ^ Esther Ng (21 May 2010), "From all walks of life, they came to pay their respects: More than 5,000 queue up at Parliament House to honour Dr Goh" , Today , p. 3, archived from the original on 23 May 2010 ; Nur Dianah Suhaimi; Kor Kian Beng (22 May 2010), " 'Thank you and goodbye': Young and old, from near and far, over 7,000 pay respects to Dr Goh", The Straits Times , p. A16 . ^ Cassandra Chew (22 May 2010), "State funeral an honour reserved for rare few", The Straits Times , p. A16 ; Chua Mui Hoong (24 May 2010), "Goodbye, Dr Goh: Tributes flow at state funeral for one of Singapore's founding fathers", The Straits Times , pp. A1 – A2 ; Rachel Lin (24 May 2010), "A simple, moving funeral for Dr Goh: Nation mourns one of its founders in a sombre but intimate ceremony", The Straits Times , pp. A2 – A3 ; Zul Othman (24 May 2010), "A nation says goodbye" , Today , pp. 1 & 3, archived from the original on 29 May 2010 . ^ "State funeral on May 23" , Weekend Today , p. 2, 15–16 May 2010, archived from the original on 16 May 2010 . ^ 1972 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Services: Biography of Goh Keng Swee , Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation, August 1972, archived from the original on 1 August 2008 , retrieved 15 May 2010 . ^ Phua Kai Hong (25 May 2010), "The day Dr Goh removed words from his citation [letter]" , Today , p. 8, archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . ^ "Remembering the three most outstanding founding fathers" . Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, NUS . Retrieved 10 August 2025 . ^ Clarissa Oon (30 August 2010), "SAF institute, education centre named after Goh Keng Swee", The Straits Times , p. B4 ; Alicia Wong (30 August 2010), "Military college and education centre to be named after Goh Keng Swee", Today , p. 13 . Sources "From civil servant to PAP stalwart". The Straits Times (Saturday) . 15 May 2010. p. D2. Nur Dianah Suhaimi (16 May 2010). His work was his passion: The late Goh Keng Swee showed brilliance even when he was a child . Singapore. p. 10. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) "Parliament pays respects". The Straits Times . 18 May 2010. Tien, Jenny Mui Mun (8 October 2002). "Dr Goh Keng Swee" . Singapore Infopedia, National Library, Singapore . Archived from the original on 23 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Further reading Books Austin, Ian Patrick (2004). Goh Keng Swee and Southeast Asian Governance . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic . ISBN 978-981-210-351-2 . Desker, Barry; Kwa, Chong Guan, eds. (2011). Goh Keng Swee – A Public Career Remembered . Singapore: World Scientific . ISBN 978-981-4291-38-5 . Doshi, Tilak; Coclanis, Peter (1999). "The Economic Architect: Goh Keng Swee". In Lam, Peng Er; Tan, Kevin (eds.). Lee's Lieutenants: Singapore's Old Guard . St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin . pp. 24– 44. ISBN 978-1-86448-639-1 . Kuah, Adrian (2007). UnChartered territory: Dr Goh Keng Swee and the ST Engineering Story . Singapore: Published for ST Engineering by SNP International. ISBN 978-981-248-169-6 . Kwok, Kian-Woon (1999). "The Social Architect: Goh Keng Swee". In Lam, Peng Er; Tan, Kevin (eds.). Lee's Lieutenants: Singapore's Old Guard . St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin. pp. 45– 69. ISBN 978-1-86448-639-1 . Nair, E. Shailaja (2008). The Master Sculptor: Goh Keng Swee [Great Singapore Stories. Founding Fathers.] Singapore: SNP Editions. ISBN 978-981-248-160-3 . Ngiam, Tong Dow (2006). A Mandarin and the Making of Public Policy: Reflections by Ngiam Tong Dow . Singapore: NUS Press . ISBN 978-9971-69-350-3 . Ooi, Kee Beng (2010). In Lieu of Ideology: The Intellectual Biography of Goh Keng Swee . Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-4311-30-4 . Tan, Siok Sun (2007). Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait . Singapore: Editions Didier Millet . ISBN 978-981-4155-82-3 . . Yeo, Siew Siang (1990). Tan Cheng Lock, the Straits Legislator and Chinese Leader . Petaling Jaya, Selangor: Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 978-967-978-236-3 . Eulogies at the state funeral Lee, Hsien Loong (24 May 2010). "Without him, much of S'pore wouldn't exist: Eulogy by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong". The Straits Times . pp. A4 & A6. ; Lee, Hsien Loong (24 May 2010). "A giant in our midst [eulogy by the Prime Minister]" . Today . pp. 12– 14. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. See also " 'He turned the tide for Singapore': PM Lee recounts Dr Goh's contributions and compassion" . Today . 24 May 2010. p. 4. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Lee, Kuan Yew (24 May 2010). "He made the greatest difference: Eulogy by Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew". The Straits Times . p. A6. . See also "As my troubleshooter, I gave him toughest jobs in Govt: MM" . Today . 24 May 2010. p. 3. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. S. Dhanabalan (24 May 2010). "Singapore's greatest entrepreneur: Eulogy by S. Dhanabalan, chairman of Temasek Holdings". The Straits Times . p. A8. . See also "Dhanabalan: How Dr Goh changed my life" . Today . 24 May 2010. p. 4. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Goh, Ken-Yi (24 May 2010). "A caring, selfless grandfather: Eulogy by grandson Goh Ken-Yi". The Straits Times . p. A10. . See also Zul Othman (24 May 2010). "To me, he was simply a great grandfather" . Today . p. 2. Archived from the original on 26 May 2010. Hui, Marian (24 May 2010). "He motivated me to pursue my dreams: Excerpt of eulogy by Grand-niece Marian Hui". The Straits Times . p. A8. Letters of condolence Lee, Hsien Loong (15–16 May 2010). "A far-sighted visionary and pragmatic manager [letter from the Prime Minister to Mrs. Goh Keng Swee]" . Weekend Today . p. 10. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. S.R. Nathan (15–16 May 2010). "Nothing too insignificant for his attention [letter from the president to Mrs. Goh Keng Swee]" . Weekend Today . p. 10. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Goh, Chok Tong (15–16 May 2010). "Practical and full of ideas [letter from the Senior Minister to Mrs. Goh Keng Swee]" . Weekend Today . p. 11. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Tan, Tony Keng Yam (15–16 May 2010). "Farsightedness and fortitude [letter from the Deputy Chairman and Executive Director of the Government Investment Corporation of Singapore to Mrs. Goh Keng Swee]" . Weekend Today . p. 11. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. News reports Chang, Rachel; Cai, Haoxiang; Kor, Kian Beng (15 May 2010). "Ex-MPs recall a fearsome technocrat: A strict taskmaster who didn't suffer fools, but he was never brusque". The Straits Times . p. A8. "Leaders salute 'this marvellous man' ". The Straits Times . 15 May 2010. p. A4. S. Ramesh (15–16 May 2010). "A national hero who touched people's lives" . Weekend Today . p. 2. Archived from the original on 18 May 2010. "Goh Keng Swee: Passing of a colossus [editorial]". The Straits Times . 22 May 2010. p. A32. Balji, P.N. (22–23 May 2010). "Dr Goh, the Dream No 2" . Weekend Today . p. 11. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Devan, Janadas (23 May 2010). "Simply sincere: Dr Goh's simple yet eloquent writing style showed desire to reach out to ordinary people". The Sunday Times . Singapore. p. 35. External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Channel NewsAsia – Obituary: Goh Keng Swee 1918–2010 at the Wayback Machine (archived 1 April 2013), archived from the original on 1 April 2013 National Library Singapore – NLS Resource guide on Dr. Goh Keng Swee Political offices Preceded by New post Minister for Finance 1959–65 Succeeded by Lim Kim San Preceded by New post Minister for Defence 1965–67 Succeeded by Lim Kim San Preceded by Lim Kim San Minister for Finance 1967–70 Succeeded by Hon Sui Sen Preceded by Lim Kim San Minister for Finance 1970–79 Succeeded by Howe Yoon Chong Preceded by Chua Sian Chin Minister for Education 1979–80 Succeeded by Tony Tan Keng Yam Preceded by Tony Tan Keng Yam Minister for Education 1981–85 Succeeded by Tony Tan Keng Yam Preceded by Toh Chin Chye Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore 1973–85 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Kreta Ayer 1959–84 Succeeded by Richard Hu Tsu Tau Military offices New title 1st Director, General Staff of Defence Force 1965-1967 Succeeded by T. J. D. Campbell Politics Biography Economics Singapore .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Ramon Magsaysay Award recipients v t e Government Service (1958–2008) Cambodia Ek Sonn Chan China Yuan Longping India C.D. Deshmukh J. M. Lyngdoh Indonesia Raden Kodijat Ali Sadikin Japan Morihiko Hiramatsu Hiroshi Kuroki Yukiharu Miki Laos Keo Viphakone Malaysia Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim B. C. Shekhar Pakistan Akhtar Hameed Khan Ibn Abdur Rehman Philippines Jose Vasquez Aguilar Francisca Reyes-Aquino Hilario Davide Jr. Grace Padaca Jesse Robredo Jovito R. Salonga Miriam Defensor Santiago Haydee Yorac Singapore Goh Keng Swee Thailand Anand Panyarachun Chamlong Srimuang Jon Ungphakorn Phon Sangsingkeo Prawase Wasi Puey Ungpakorn Taiwan Shih-chu Hsu Li Kwoh-ting Jiang Menglin Government Service (1958–2008) Cambodia Ek Sonn Chan China Yuan Longping India C.D. Deshmukh J. M. Lyngdoh Indonesia Raden Kodijat Ali Sadikin Japan Morihiko Hiramatsu Hiroshi Kuroki Yukiharu Miki Laos Keo Viphakone Malaysia Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim B. C. Shekhar Pakistan Akhtar Hameed Khan Ibn Abdur Rehman Philippines Jose Vasquez Aguilar Francisca Reyes-Aquino Hilario Davide Jr. Grace Padaca Jesse Robredo Jovito R. Salonga Miriam Defensor Santiago Haydee Yorac Singapore Goh Keng Swee Thailand Anand Panyarachun Chamlong Srimuang Jon Ungphakorn Phon Sangsingkeo Prawase Wasi Puey Ungpakorn Taiwan Shih-chu Hsu Li Kwoh-ting Jiang Menglin Cambodia Ek Sonn Chan Ek Sonn Chan China Yuan Longping Yuan Longping India C.D. Deshmukh J. M. Lyngdoh C.D. Deshmukh J. M. Lyngdoh Indonesia Raden Kodijat Ali Sadikin Raden Kodijat Ali Sadikin Japan Morihiko Hiramatsu Hiroshi Kuroki Yukiharu Miki Morihiko Hiramatsu Hiroshi Kuroki Yukiharu Miki Laos Keo Viphakone Keo Viphakone Malaysia Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim B. C. Shekhar Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim B. C. Shekhar Pakistan Akhtar Hameed Khan Ibn Abdur Rehman Akhtar Hameed Khan Ibn Abdur Rehman Philippines Jose Vasquez Aguilar Francisca Reyes-Aquino Hilario Davide Jr. Grace Padaca Jesse Robredo Jovito R. Salonga Miriam Defensor Santiago Haydee Yorac Jose Vasquez Aguilar Francisca Reyes-Aquino Hilario Davide Jr. Grace Padaca Jesse Robredo Jovito R. Salonga Miriam Defensor Santiago Haydee Yorac Singapore Goh Keng Swee Goh Keng Swee Thailand Anand Panyarachun Chamlong Srimuang Jon Ungphakorn Phon Sangsingkeo Prawase Wasi Puey Ungpakorn Anand Panyarachun Chamlong Srimuang Jon Ungphakorn Phon Sangsingkeo Prawase Wasi Puey Ungpakorn Taiwan Shih-chu Hsu Li Kwoh-ting Jiang Menglin Shih-chu Hsu Li Kwoh-ting Jiang Menglin Public Service (1958–2008) Burma Tee Tee Luce Ceylon Mary H. Rutnam China Gao Yaojie Jiang Yanyong Liang Congjie Wu Qing India Baba Amte Banoo Jehangir Coyaji Manibhai Desai Jayaprakash Narayan V. Shanta Indonesia H.B. Jassin Teten Masduki Pakistan Ruth Pfau Philippines Pedro Orata Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions (CARD MRI) South Korea Kim Sun-tae Park Won-soon Spain based in Philippines Joaquin Villalonga Thailand Fua Hariphitak Mechai Viravaidya Nilawan Pintong Phra Parnchand Prateep Ungsongtham Hata Sirindhorn Sithiporn Kridakara Sophon Suphapong Therdchai Jivacate Thongbai Thongpao Public Service (1958–2008) Burma Tee Tee Luce Ceylon Mary H. Rutnam China Gao Yaojie Jiang Yanyong Liang Congjie Wu Qing India Baba Amte Banoo Jehangir Coyaji Manibhai Desai Jayaprakash Narayan V. Shanta Indonesia H.B. Jassin Teten Masduki Pakistan Ruth Pfau Philippines Pedro Orata Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions (CARD MRI) South Korea Kim Sun-tae Park Won-soon Spain based in Philippines Joaquin Villalonga Thailand Fua Hariphitak Mechai Viravaidya Nilawan Pintong Phra Parnchand Prateep Ungsongtham Hata Sirindhorn Sithiporn Kridakara Sophon Suphapong Therdchai Jivacate Thongbai Thongpao Burma Tee Tee Luce Tee Tee Luce Ceylon Mary H. Rutnam Mary H. Rutnam China Gao Yaojie Jiang Yanyong Liang Congjie Wu Qing Gao Yaojie Jiang Yanyong Liang Congjie Wu Qing India Baba Amte Banoo Jehangir Coyaji Manibhai Desai Jayaprakash Narayan V. Shanta Baba Amte Banoo Jehangir Coyaji Manibhai Desai Jayaprakash Narayan V. Shanta Indonesia H.B. Jassin Teten Masduki H.B. Jassin Teten Masduki Pakistan Ruth Pfau Ruth Pfau Philippines Pedro Orata Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions (CARD MRI) Pedro Orata Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions (CARD MRI) South Korea Kim Sun-tae Park Won-soon Kim Sun-tae Park Won-soon Spain based in Philippines Joaquin Villalonga Joaquin Villalonga Thailand Fua Hariphitak Mechai Viravaidya Nilawan Pintong Phra Parnchand Prateep Ungsongtham Hata Sirindhorn Sithiporn Kridakara Sophon Suphapong Therdchai Jivacate Thongbai Thongpao Fua Hariphitak Mechai Viravaidya Nilawan Pintong Phra Parnchand Prateep Ungsongtham Hata Sirindhorn Sithiporn Kridakara Sophon Suphapong Therdchai Jivacate Thongbai Thongpao Community Leadership (1958–2008) Bangladesh Tahrunessa Abdullah Fazle Hasan Abed Muhammad Yunus Zafrullah Chowdhury Mohammed Yeasin Angela Gomes Burma Cynthia Maung India Mandakini Amte & Prakash Amte Mabelle Arole & Rajanikant Arole Pandurang Shastri Athavale Chandi Prasad Bhatt Ela Bhatt Vinoba Bhave Aruna Roy Shantha Sinha Rajendra Singh Japan Fusaye Ichikawa Laos Sombath Somphone Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman Nepal Mahabir Pun Philippines Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation Antonio Meloto Thailand Aree Valyasevi Krasae Chanawongse Prayong Ronnarong Tibet 14th Dalai Lama Community Leadership (1958–2008) Bangladesh Tahrunessa Abdullah Fazle Hasan Abed Muhammad Yunus Zafrullah Chowdhury Mohammed Yeasin Angela Gomes Burma Cynthia Maung India Mandakini Amte & Prakash Amte Mabelle Arole & Rajanikant Arole Pandurang Shastri Athavale Chandi Prasad Bhatt Ela Bhatt Vinoba Bhave Aruna Roy Shantha Sinha Rajendra Singh Japan Fusaye Ichikawa Laos Sombath Somphone Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman Nepal Mahabir Pun Philippines Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation Antonio Meloto Thailand Aree Valyasevi Krasae Chanawongse Prayong Ronnarong Tibet 14th Dalai Lama Bangladesh Tahrunessa Abdullah Fazle Hasan Abed Muhammad Yunus Zafrullah Chowdhury Mohammed Yeasin Angela Gomes Tahrunessa Abdullah Fazle Hasan Abed Muhammad Yunus Zafrullah Chowdhury Mohammed Yeasin Angela Gomes Burma Cynthia Maung Cynthia Maung India Mandakini Amte & Prakash Amte Mabelle Arole & Rajanikant Arole Pandurang Shastri Athavale Chandi Prasad Bhatt Ela Bhatt Vinoba Bhave Aruna Roy Shantha Sinha Rajendra Singh Mandakini Amte & Prakash Amte Mabelle Arole & Rajanikant Arole Pandurang Shastri Athavale Chandi Prasad Bhatt Ela Bhatt Vinoba Bhave Aruna Roy Shantha Sinha Rajendra Singh Japan Fusaye Ichikawa Fusaye Ichikawa Laos Sombath Somphone Sombath Somphone Malaysia Tunku Abdul Rahman Tunku Abdul Rahman Nepal Mahabir Pun Mahabir Pun Philippines Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation Antonio Meloto Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation Antonio Meloto Thailand Aree Valyasevi Krasae Chanawongse Prayong Ronnarong Aree Valyasevi Krasae Chanawongse Prayong Ronnarong Tibet 14th Dalai Lama 14th Dalai Lama Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008) Bangladesh Matiur Rahman Abdullah Abu Sayeed Burma Edward Michael Law-Yone Ceylon or Sri Lanka Wannakuwatta Amaradeva Tarzie Vittachi India Mahasweta Devi Palagummi Sainath Amitabha Chowdhury Indonesia Atmakusumah Astraatmadja Mochtar Lubis Japan Akira Kurosawa Yasuji Hanamori Michiko Ishimure Akio Ishii Nepal Bharat Koirala Philippines Zacarias Sarian F. Sionil José Lino Brocka Radio Veritas James Reuter Bienvenido Lumbera Nick Joaquin Raul Locsin Eugenia Duran Apostol Sheila Coronel Thailand Prayoon Chanyavongs Great Britain based in Philippines Robert McCulloch Dick Journalism, Literature, and the Creative Communication Arts (1958–2008) Bangladesh Matiur Rahman Abdullah Abu Sayeed Burma Edward Michael Law-Yone Ceylon or Sri Lanka Wannakuwatta Amaradeva Tarzie Vittachi India Mahasweta Devi Palagummi Sainath Amitabha Chowdhury Indonesia Atmakusumah Astraatmadja Mochtar Lubis Japan Akira Kurosawa Yasuji Hanamori Michiko Ishimure Akio Ishii Nepal Bharat Koirala Philippines Zacarias Sarian F. Sionil José Lino Brocka Radio Veritas James Reuter Bienvenido Lumbera Nick Joaquin Raul Locsin Eugenia Duran Apostol Sheila Coronel Thailand Prayoon Chanyavongs Great Britain based in Philippines Robert McCulloch Dick Bangladesh Matiur Rahman Abdullah Abu Sayeed Matiur Rahman Abdullah Abu Sayeed Burma Edward Michael Law-Yone Edward Michael Law-Yone Ceylon or Sri Lanka Wannakuwatta Amaradeva Tarzie Vittachi Wannakuwatta Amaradeva Tarzie Vittachi India Mahasweta Devi Palagummi Sainath Amitabha Chowdhury Mahasweta Devi Palagummi Sainath Amitabha Chowdhury Indonesia Atmakusumah Astraatmadja Mochtar Lubis Atmakusumah Astraatmadja Mochtar Lubis Japan Akira Kurosawa Yasuji Hanamori Michiko Ishimure Akio Ishii Akira Kurosawa Yasuji Hanamori Michiko Ishimure Akio Ishii Nepal Bharat Koirala Bharat Koirala Philippines Zacarias Sarian F. Sionil José Lino Brocka Radio Veritas James Reuter Bienvenido Lumbera Nick Joaquin Raul Locsin Eugenia Duran Apostol Sheila Coronel Zacarias Sarian F. Sionil José Lino Brocka Radio Veritas James Reuter Bienvenido Lumbera Nick Joaquin Raul Locsin Eugenia Duran Apostol Sheila Coronel Thailand Prayoon Chanyavongs Prayoon Chanyavongs Great Britain based in Philippines Robert McCulloch Dick Robert McCulloch Dick Peace and International Understanding (1958–2008) China Tang Xiyang India Mother Teresa Jockin Arputham Laxminarayan Ramdas Indonesia Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif Japan Ikuo Hirayama Tetsu Nakamura Saburo Okita Seiei Toyama Nepal Sanduk Ruit Pakistan Ibn Abdur Rehman Philippines Operation Brotherhood Summer Institute of Linguistics William Masterson Harold Ray Watson International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Press Foundation of Asia Asian Institute of Management Corazon Aquino South Korea Pomnyun Sunim Thailand Asian Institute of Technology The Royal Project United States based in Thailand Genevieve Caulfield Peace and International Understanding (1958–2008) China Tang Xiyang India Mother Teresa Jockin Arputham Laxminarayan Ramdas Indonesia Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif Japan Ikuo Hirayama Tetsu Nakamura Saburo Okita Seiei Toyama Nepal Sanduk Ruit Pakistan Ibn Abdur Rehman Philippines Operation Brotherhood Summer Institute of Linguistics William Masterson Harold Ray Watson International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Press Foundation of Asia Asian Institute of Management Corazon Aquino South Korea Pomnyun Sunim Thailand Asian Institute of Technology The Royal Project United States based in Thailand Genevieve Caulfield China Tang Xiyang Tang Xiyang India Mother Teresa Jockin Arputham Laxminarayan Ramdas Mother Teresa Jockin Arputham Laxminarayan Ramdas Indonesia Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif Japan Ikuo Hirayama Tetsu Nakamura Saburo Okita Seiei Toyama Ikuo Hirayama Tetsu Nakamura Saburo Okita Seiei Toyama Nepal Sanduk Ruit Sanduk Ruit Pakistan Ibn Abdur Rehman Ibn Abdur Rehman Philippines Operation Brotherhood Summer Institute of Linguistics William Masterson Harold Ray Watson International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Press Foundation of Asia Asian Institute of Management Corazon Aquino Operation Brotherhood Summer Institute of Linguistics William Masterson Harold Ray Watson International Institute of Rural Reconstruction Press Foundation of Asia Asian Institute of Management Corazon Aquino South Korea Pomnyun Sunim Pomnyun Sunim Thailand Asian Institute of Technology The Royal Project Asian Institute of Technology The Royal Project United States based in Thailand Genevieve Caulfield Genevieve Caulfield Emergent Leadership (2001–) Burma Ka Hsaw Wa China Chen Guangcheng Cambodia Oung Chanthol India Sanjiv Chaturvedi Arvind Kejriwal Nileema Mishra Sandeep Pandey Indonesia Ambrosius Ruwindrijarto Dita Indah Sari Philippines Benjamin Abadiano South Korea Yoon Hye-ran Sri Lanka Ananda Galappatti Timor-Leste Aniceto Guterres Lopes United States based in Hong Kong Chung To Emergent Leadership (2001–) Burma Ka Hsaw Wa China Chen Guangcheng Cambodia Oung Chanthol India Sanjiv Chaturvedi Arvind Kejriwal Nileema Mishra Sandeep Pandey Indonesia Ambrosius Ruwindrijarto Dita Indah Sari Philippines Benjamin Abadiano South Korea Yoon Hye-ran Sri Lanka Ananda Galappatti Timor-Leste Aniceto Guterres Lopes United States based in Hong Kong Chung To Burma Ka Hsaw Wa Ka Hsaw Wa China Chen Guangcheng Chen Guangcheng Cambodia Oung Chanthol Oung Chanthol India Sanjiv Chaturvedi Arvind Kejriwal Nileema Mishra Sandeep Pandey Sanjiv Chaturvedi Arvind Kejriwal Nileema Mishra Sandeep Pandey Indonesia Ambrosius Ruwindrijarto Dita Indah Sari Ambrosius Ruwindrijarto Dita Indah Sari Philippines Benjamin Abadiano Benjamin Abadiano South Korea Yoon Hye-ran Yoon Hye-ran Sri Lanka Ananda Galappatti Ananda Galappatti Timor-Leste Aniceto Guterres Lopes Aniceto Guterres Lopes United States based in Hong Kong Chung To Chung To Uncategorized (2009–) Bangladesh Syeda Rizwana Hasan A.H.M. Noman Khan Cambodia Yang Saing Koma Koul Panha China Fu Qiping Huo Daishan Ma Jun Pan Yue Yu Xiaogang India Kulandei Francis Harish Hande Deep Joshi Indonesia Hasanain Juaini Tri Mumpuni Japan Tadatoshi Akiba Philippines Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation , Inc. (AIDFI) Christopher Bernido Maria Victoria Carpio-Bernido Romulo Davide Antonio Oposa Jr. Taiwan Chen Shu-chu Thailand Krisana Kraisintu Uncategorized (2009–) Bangladesh Syeda Rizwana Hasan A.H.M. Noman Khan Cambodia Yang Saing Koma Koul Panha China Fu Qiping Huo Daishan Ma Jun Pan Yue Yu Xiaogang India Kulandei Francis Harish Hande Deep Joshi Indonesia Hasanain Juaini Tri Mumpuni Japan Tadatoshi Akiba Philippines Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation , Inc. (AIDFI) Christopher Bernido Maria Victoria Carpio-Bernido Romulo Davide Antonio Oposa Jr. Taiwan Chen Shu-chu Thailand Krisana Kraisintu Bangladesh Syeda Rizwana Hasan A.H.M. Noman Khan Syeda Rizwana Hasan A.H.M. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background and development 2 Composition 3 Release and promotion 4 Critical reception 5 Commercial performance 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References Takin' It Back Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Simple English Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Takin' It Back Studio album by Meghan Trainor Released October 21, 2022 Genre Doo-wop bubblegum pop Doo-wop bubblegum pop Length 45 : 36 Label Epic Producer Meghan Trainor Federico Vindver Justin Trainor Gian Stone Teddy Geiger Afterhrs Rafa Kid Harpoon Tyler Johnson Meghan Trainor Federico Vindver Justin Trainor Gian Stone Teddy Geiger Afterhrs Rafa Kid Harpoon Tyler Johnson Meghan Trainor chronology A Very Trainor Christmas (2020) Takin' It Back (2022) Timeless (2024) A Very Trainor Christmas (2020) Takin' It Back (2022) Timeless (2024) Singles from Takin' It Back " Bad for Me " Released: June 24, 2022 " Made You Look " Released: October 31, 2022 " Bad for Me " Released: June 24, 2022 " Made You Look " Released: October 31, 2022 Takin' It Back is the fifth major-label studio album by the American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor . Epic Records released the album on October 21, 2022. Trainor worked with producers including Federico Vindver , Gian Stone , Kid Harpoon , and Tyler Johnson . Featured artists include Scott Hoying , Teddy Swims , Theron Theron , Natti Natasha , and Arturo Sandoval . It is a doo-wop and bubblegum pop album, which Trainor conceived as a return to the sound of her debut major-label studio album, Title (2015), after its title track went viral on TikTok. Takin' It Back 's lyrical themes revolve around motherhood and self-acceptance. Trainor promoted Takin' It Back with public appearances and televised performances on programs such as Today and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . The album was supported by the release of two singles , " Bad for Me " and " Made You Look ". The latter peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Trainor's first song to enter its top 20 since 2016, and reached the top 10 in other countries. Reviewers thought the album effectively showcased Trainor's maturity and growth over her career as well as her musicality, but they were divided on whether it was a progression from her earlier work. Takin' It Back debuted at number 16 on the US Billboard 200 and reached the top 40 in Australia, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway. A deluxe edition of the album, supported by the single " Mother ", was released on March 10, 2023. Background and development Trainor achieved commercial success with her debut major-label studio album, Title (2015), [ 2 ] which produced three top-10 singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 . [ 3 ] She struggled while creating her third album with Epic Records , Treat Myself (2020), and rewrote it four times in an attempt to respond to market shifts in the music industry after the preceding singles underperformed. [ 4 ] After the song " Title " attained viral popularity on video-sharing service TikTok in 2021, Trainor announced her intention to return to its parent album's doo-wop sound on her fifth major-label studio album. [ 5 ] TikTok was highly influential on her creative process, and she began writing material that would resonate with audiences on it. [ 6 ] Trainor gained popularity on it while regularly sharing clips and other content with influencer Chris Olsen . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] She used TikTok to engage with global audiences, after traditional methods of promotion were ineffective for her last album, and started planning "TikTok days" on which she would film videos. [ 9 ] Producers of Takin' It Back include Trainor and her brother Justin, Federico Vindver , Gian Stone , Teddy Geiger , Afterhrs, Rafa, Kid Harpoon , and Tyler Johnson . [ 1 ] Vindver, producer of three tracks for Trainor's Christmas album A Very Trainor Christmas (2020), contributed eight tracks. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] Stone, whom she had wished to work with since hearing his production on Ariana Grande and Justin Bieber 's 2020 single " Stuck with U ", produced four tracks for the standard edition of Takin' It Back . [ 1 ] [ 11 ] Trainor would write a chorus for each song before going into sessions, but she doubted the quality. [ 12 ] Her collaborators on previous albums would dismiss ideas she had conceived prior to sessions, but Trainor started the material worked on for Takin' It Back alone. [ 5 ] [ 12 ] Trainor believed her songwriting improved since having a caesarean section during the birth of her son, as she learned to love her body again after sustaining stretch marks and a scar. [ 12 ] After songwriter Mozella told Trainor that other artists wished to emulate her signature doo-wop sound, they wrote the song "Don't I Make It Look Easy". Trainor felt the song would delight listeners, reminiscent of her feelings after writing " Dear Future Husband " (2015), and she decided on Takin' It Back as the album title. [ 12 ] She described the album's material as "big, powerful songs that mean a lot"; the subject matter revolves around her experiences with motherhood and embracing "not [being] perfect all the time". [ 5 ] [ 12 ] Trainor stated: "it's true to myself in all the weird genres that I go to, but also modern with my doo-wop in there. The lyrics are stronger than ever, and it's still a party." [ 12 ] Composition The digital edition of Takin' It Back contains 16 tracks; [ 13 ] on physical editions, the track "Remind Me" is exclusive to the Target version. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] It predominantly has a doo-wop [ 16 ] [ 17 ] and bubblegum pop sound. [ 18 ] AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that Takin' It Back minimally employs electronic elements and comprises mainly old-timey but contemporarily presented tracks. [ 19 ] Peter Piatkowski of PopMatters thought that along with the 1950s , the album was influenced by Motown , Carole King 's Brill Building music, and the 1970s . [ 20 ] The opening track, "Sensitive", is a 1950s-influenced a cappella song, built on harmonies and featuring vocals by American singer Scott Hoying . [ 20 ] " Made You Look " is a doo-wop song [ 21 ] [ 22 ] that recalls earlier styles of popular music, [ 23 ] inspired by Trainor's body image insecurities after pregnancy and a challenge from her therapist to look at herself naked for five minutes. She wrote the title track about bringing back old-school music which featured more real instruments. [ 12 ] Its production incorporates digital components and modern R&B beats. [ 19 ] The fourth track, "Don't I Make It Look Easy", has percussion instrumentation and R&B elements; [ 24 ] its lyrics are about how Trainor makes her duties as a new mother look easy, akin to people only posting their best experiences on social media. [ 12 ] [ 25 ] "Shook" is about her confidence in her looks and references her posterior. [ 24 ] " Bad for Me ", featuring Teddy Swims , is a pop song [ 26 ] with gospel influences [ 27 ] and an instrumentation of piano and an acoustic guitar. [ 28 ] It is about distancing oneself from a toxic family member. [ 27 ] The seventh track, "Superwoman", is a ballad on which Trainor emphasizes the various identities and spaces women steer through. [ 20 ] Piatkowski described it as "an achingly open and vulnerable poem about a woman trying to be everything to everyone", that dismisses typical narratives about women being " girlboss [es]" and acknowledges difficulties faced by them. [ 20 ] "Rainbow", a song about coming out and self-acceptance, opens as a slow piano ballad and transitions into a doo-wop song midway. [ 24 ] The ninth track, "Breezy", is a reggae song which features Theron Theron , incorporating debonair horns and clinking piano riffs. [ 1 ] [ 18 ] "Mama Wanna Mambo" features guest appearances by Natti Natasha and Arturo Sandoval , and was inspired by Perry Como 's 1954 single " Papa Loves Mambo ". [ 12 ] It is a reggaeton song about mothers wanting a dance break in the middle of caring for their children. [ 12 ] [ 18 ] Trainor demands loyalty from her partner and assures him that her excessively dramatic behavior is "all out of love" on "Drama Queen". [ 1 ] On the 12th track, "While You're Young", she assures her adolescent self her dreams will come true and asks people who feel inadequate and face insecurities to learn through experience: "Make mistakes, give your heart a break." [ 8 ] [ 24 ] "Lucky" is about the gratitude one feels for having someone else in their life. [ 24 ] "Dance About It" is a 1970s-influenced midtempo disco funk song, which has a "glitter-ball disco pulse" according to Erlewine. [ 20 ] [ 19 ] "Remind Me" was the first song Trainor wrote for the album at a time when she was struggling with self-doubt: "I was like, I'm lost. I feel like I lost my power. I can't look at myself right now. I'm struggling more than ever. And I need my husband and people who love me to remind me that I'm awesome because I don't feel awesome." [ 29 ] Takin' It Back closes with "Final Breath", a downtempo love song which Piatkowski described as "moody, ruminative"; [ 20 ] inspired by death anxiety , Trainor contemplates spending her final moments with her husband after living a long life: "If I could, I'd do it all over again". [ 8 ] [ 17 ] The doo-wop-influenced deluxe edition track " Mother " samples the Chordettes 's 1954 single " Mr. Sandman ". In the song, Trainor addresses men who dismiss her opinions and asks them to stop mansplaining and to listen to her. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] This edition also includes "Special Delivery" featuring Max , "Grow Up", and a remix of "Made You Look" featuring Kim Petras . [ 30 ] Release and promotion On May 11, 2022, Trainor uploaded an episode dedicated to the album's creation process, titled "Workin' on Making an Album", on her podcast Workin on It . [ 33 ] On June 22, 2022, Rolling Stone announced the album, titled Takin' It Back , would be released on October 21, 2022, and Trainor shared its official artwork on social media. [ 12 ] "Bad for Me" was released as its lead single two days later. [ 34 ] The song reached the top 30 on the Adult Contemporary and Adult Top 40 radio-format charts in the US, [ 35 ] [ 36 ] and entered digital sales charts in Canada and the UK. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Trainor and Swims performed it on Jimmy Kimmel Live! and The Late Late Show with James Corden in the summer of 2022. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] The second single, [ 41 ] "Made You Look" impacted hot adult contemporary radio stations in the US on October 31, 2022. [ 42 ] The song went viral on TikTok. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] It peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Trainor's first song to enter its top 20 since 2016, [ 45 ] and reached the top 10 in other countries, including Australia, [ 46 ] Canada, [ 47 ] New Zealand, [ 48 ] and the UK. [ 49 ] On October 21, 2022, Trainor performed "Bad for Me", "Don't I Make It Look Easy", and "Made You Look" on The Today Show . [ 50 ] She reprised "Made You Look" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , [ 51 ] The Wonderful World of Disney: Magical Holiday Celebration , [ 52 ] The Drew Barrymore Show , [ 53 ] and Australian Idol . [ 54 ] The deluxe edition was released on March 10, 2023. [ 30 ] Its lead single, [ 55 ] "Mother", was sent to hot adult contemporary radio stations in the US on March 27, 2023, [ 56 ] and it reached the top 40 in Ireland and the UK. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] The song's music video includes an appearance from Kris Jenner . [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Critical reception Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [ 19 ] PopMatters 7/10 [ 20 ] According to Martina Inchingolo of the Associated Press , Takin' It Back featured a more adult version of Trainor, showcasing her growth since marriage and motherhood; Inchingolo described it as an edifying therapy session and a "fluctuation of genres and feelings" that made the listener feel less solitary. [ 17 ] Renowned for Sound ' s Max Akass described it as Trainor's "most complete album to date" and appreciated her intention to take more power over her career after being controlled on previous releases; he considered that Trainor ventured into new musical territory and took her music to "more interesting places". [ 18 ] Piatkowski felt that Takin' It Back reflected the confidence Trainor had gained from becoming a "major pop star" and believed it inaccurate to label it a retread of her debut record. He wrote that the album did not constitute a definitive return to form for Trainor, some of its catchier parts sounding flimsy and breezy "to the point of candy floss", but that its ballads were more meaningful and the high points of the album. [ 20 ] Erlewine wrote that Takin' It Back was not necessarily a cutting-edge pop album, as Trainor's commitment to resurrecting Title ' s spirit "means that the attitude and melody can occasionally seem preserved in amber", but that overall it effectively demonstrated her gift for hooks and musical theater flair. [ 19 ] Writing for Riff , Piper Westrom opined that the album "largely sticks to what [Trainor] knows" and would not shock fans of her previous work, "check[ing] all the boxes for listeners and mak[ing] for a solid pop album". [ 24 ] Commercial performance Takin' It Back was Trainor's highest-charting album since her second major-label studio album, Thank You (2016), in some countries. [ 43 ] [ 59 ] In the US, Takin' It Back debuted at number 16 on the Billboard 200 with sales of approximately 20,000 copies. [ 43 ] The album debuted at number 21 and charted for 20 weeks on the Canadian Albums Chart , recording an improvement from her last two albums which only charted two weeks each. [ 59 ] It reached number 30 in Australia and number 67 in the UK. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Takin' It Back charted at number 12 in Norway and number 19 in the Netherlands, becoming Trainor's highest-peaking album since Title in both countries. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] The album peaked at number 37 in Denmark, [ 64 ] number 82 in Spain, [ 65 ] number 98 in Switzerland, [ 66 ] and number 99 in Ireland. [ 67 ] It received a gold certification in Brazil. [ 68 ] Track listing No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length 1. "Sensitive" (featuring Scott Hoying ) Meghan Trainor Kole Tobias Gad Meghan Trainor Kole Tobias Gad M. Trainor 2:58 2. " Made You Look " M. Trainor Sean Douglas Federico Vindver M. Trainor Sean Douglas Federico Vindver Vindver 2:14 3. "Takin' It Back" M. Trainor Justin Trainor Ryan Trainor Vindver M. Trainor Justin Trainor Ryan Trainor Vindver Vindver J. Trainor Vindver J. Trainor 2:21 4. "Don't I Make It Look Easy" M. Trainor Maureen McDonald Vindver M. Trainor Maureen McDonald Vindver Vindver 2:34 5. "Shook" M. Trainor J. Trainor R. Trainor Douglas Gian Stone M. Trainor J. Trainor R. Trainor Douglas Gian Stone Stone 2:23 6. " Bad for Me " (featuring Teddy Swims ) M. Trainor Stephen Wrabel Ajay Bhattacharyya Vindver M. Trainor Stephen Wrabel Ajay Bhattacharyya Vindver Vindver Stint [a] Vindver Stint [a] 3:33 7. "Superwoman" M. Trainor Daniel Dodd Wilson M. Trainor Daniel Dodd Wilson M. Trainor J. Trainor M. Trainor J. Trainor 2:25 8. "Rainbow" M. Trainor Teddy Geiger Andrew Haas Ian Franzino M. Trainor Teddy Geiger Andrew Haas Ian Franzino Geiger Afterhrs Stone Geiger Afterhrs Stone 3:21 9. "Breezy" (featuring Theron Theron ) M. Trainor Stone Vindver Theron Thomas M. Trainor Stone Vindver Theron Thomas Vindver Stone Vindver Stone 3:04 10. "Mama Wanna Mambo" (featuring Natti Natasha and Arturo Sandoval ) M. Trainor Douglas Vindver Natalia Batista Arturo Sandoval M. Trainor Douglas Vindver Natalia Batista Arturo Sandoval Vindver Rafa Vindver Rafa 2:56 11. "Drama Queen" M. Trainor Douglas Vindver M. Trainor Douglas Vindver Vindver 3:08 12. "While You're Young" M. Trainor Thomas Hull Tyler Johnson M. Trainor Thomas Hull Tyler Johnson Kid Harpoon Johnson Kid Harpoon Johnson 2:30 13. "Lucky" M. Trainor Douglas Stone M. Trainor Douglas Stone Stone J. Trainor [a] Vindver [a] Stone J. Trainor [a] Vindver [a] 3:08 14. "Dance About It" M. Trainor J. Trainor R. Trainor M. Trainor J. Trainor R. Trainor J. Trainor 3:16 15. "Remind Me" M. Trainor McDonald Vindver M. Trainor McDonald Vindver Vindver 3:20 16. "Final Breath" M. Trainor Hull Johnson M. Trainor Hull Johnson Kid Harpoon Johnson M. Trainor Kid Harpoon Johnson M. Trainor 2:25 Total length: 45:36 No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length 1. " Mother " M. Trainor J. Trainor Douglas Stone Pat Ballard M. Trainor J. Trainor Douglas Stone Pat Ballard Stone 2:27 2. "Don't I Make It Look Easy" M. Trainor Maureen McDonald Vindver M. Trainor Maureen McDonald Vindver Vindver 2:34 3. " Made You Look " M. Trainor Sean Douglas Federico Vindver M. Trainor Sean Douglas Federico Vindver Vindver 2:14 4. "Shook" M. Trainor J. Trainor R. Trainor Douglas Gian Stone M. Trainor J. Trainor R. Trainor Douglas Gian Stone Stone 2:23 5. "Takin' It Back" M. Trainor Justin Trainor Ryan Trainor Vindver M. Trainor Justin Trainor Ryan Trainor Vindver Vindver J. Trainor Vindver J. Trainor 2:21 6. "Special Delivery" (featuring Max ) M. Trainor Maxwell Schneider Vindver Janée Bennett M. Trainor Maxwell Schneider Vindver Janée Bennett Vindver 3:04 7. " Bad for Me " (featuring Teddy Swims ) M. Trainor Stephen Wrabel Ajay Bhattacharyya Vindver M. Trainor Stephen Wrabel Ajay Bhattacharyya Vindver Vindver Stint [a] Vindver Stint [a] 3:33 8. "Superwoman" M. Trainor Daniel Dodd Wilson M. Trainor Daniel Dodd Wilson M. Trainor J. Trainor M. Trainor J. Trainor 2:25 9. "Rainbow" M. Trainor Teddy Geiger Andrew Haas Ian Franzino M. Trainor Teddy Geiger Andrew Haas Ian Franzino Geiger Afterhrs Stone Geiger Afterhrs Stone 3:21 10. "Breezy" (featuring Theron Theron ) M. Trainor Stone Vindver Theron Thomas M. Trainor Stone Vindver Theron Thomas Vindver Stone Vindver Stone 3:04 11. "Mama Wanna Mambo" (featuring Natti Natasha and Arturo Sandoval ) M. Trainor Douglas Vindver Natalia Batista Arturo Sandoval M. Trainor Douglas Vindver Natalia Batista Arturo Sandoval Vindver Rafa Vindver Rafa 2:56 12. "Dance About It" M. Trainor J. Trainor R. Trainor M. Trainor J. Trainor R. Trainor J. Trainor 3:16 13. "While You're Young" M. Trainor Thomas Hull Tyler Johnson M. Trainor Thomas Hull Tyler Johnson Kid Harpoon Johnson Kid Harpoon Johnson 2:30 14. "Sensitive" (featuring Scott Hoying ) Meghan Trainor Kole Tobias Gad Meghan Trainor Kole Tobias Gad M. Trainor 2:58 15. "Drama Queen" M. Trainor Douglas Vindver M. Trainor Douglas Vindver Vindver 3:08 16. "Lucky" M. Trainor Douglas Stone M. Trainor Douglas Stone Stone J. Trainor [a] Vindver [a] Stone J. Trainor [a] Vindver [a] 3:08 17. "Grow Up" M. Trainor Stone Douglas M. Trainor Stone Douglas Stone 2:56 18. "Remind Me" M. Trainor McDonald Vindver M. Trainor McDonald Vindver Vindver 3:20 19. "Made You Look" (featuring Kim Petras ) M. Trainor Kim Petras Vindver Douglas M. Trainor Kim Petras Vindver Douglas Vindver 2:27 20. "Final Breath" M. Trainor Hull Johnson M. Trainor Hull Johnson Kid Harpoon Johnson M. Trainor Kid Harpoon Johnson M. Trainor 2:25 Total length: 56:38 Notes .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} ^[a] signifies an additional producer "Remind Me" is only included on digital releases and the standard edition Target CDs for the album. [ 14 ] Personnel Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Takin' It Back . [ 1 ] Musicians Meghan Trainor – lead vocals, background vocals (all tracks); vocal arrangement (1, 6), programming (7, 16), keyboards (13), piano (16) Scott Hoying – background vocals (1, 6, 8), vocal arrangement (1, 6) Federico Vindver – keyboards (2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 14), programming (2–4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14); drums, percussion (2); guitar (3, 4, 6, 11, 13, 14), bass (6), piano (6, 8, 11, 14), background vocals (10) Jesse McGinty – baritone saxophone , trombone (2) Mike Cordone – trumpet (2) Guillermo Vadalá – bass (3, 4, 9, 11) Drew Taubenfeld – electric guitar (3), acoustic guitar (7), guitar (11, 13) Justin Trainor – background vocals (3, 5, 6, 10–12), keyboards (3), programming (3, 7, 13, 14) Tristan Hurd – trumpet (3, 12, 14) Kiel Feher – drums (4) Andrew Synowiec – guitar (4) Daryl Sabara – background vocals (5, 6, 10, 11, 13) Chris Pepe – background vocals (5, 13) Gian Stone – background vocals (5, 10, 13), programming (5, 9, 13), bass (8, 13); guitar, keyboards (13) Ryan Trainor – background vocals (5, 10, 14) Sean Douglas – background vocals (5, 10, 11, 13), keyboards (13) Ivan Jackson – trumpet (5), horn (9, 13) Teddy Swims – lead vocals, background vocals (6) Ajay Bhattacharyya – background vocals (6) Isaiah Gage – strings (7) Ian Franzino – background vocals, programming (8) Andrew Haas – background vocals, guitar, piano, programming (8) Teddy Geiger – background vocals, guitar, piano, programming (8) The Regiment – horn (8) Kurt Thum – organ (8, 9) John Arndt – piano (8) Theron Thomas – lead vocals (9) Brian Letiecq – guitar (9) Morgan Price – horn (9, 13) Angel Torres – alto saxophone (10) Ramon Sanchez – arrangement (10) Natti Natasha – lead vocals, background vocals (10) Sammy Vélez – baritone saxophone (10) Pedro Pérez – bass (10) Pedro "Pete" Perignon – bongos (10) William "Kachiro" Thompson – congas (10) Josué Urbiba – tenor saxophone (10) Jean Carlos Camuñas – timbales (10) Lester Pérez – trombone (10) Anthony Rosado – trombone (10) Jésus Alonso – trumpet (10) Arturo Sandoval – trumpet (10) Luis Angel Figueroa – trumpet (10) Kid Harpoon – programming (12, 16); acoustic guitar, bass, electric guitar, piano, synthesizer (12) Aaron Sterling – drums (12) Tyler Johnson – programming (12, 16), keyboards (12) Cole Kamen-Green – trumpet (12) Greg Wieczorek – drums (13) Ben Rice – guitar, keyboards (13) Technical Randy Merrill – mastering Meghan Trainor – mixing (1, 7, 14), engineering (1), vocal production (all tracks) Justin Trainor – mixing (1, 7, 14), engineering (1–14, 16) Jeremie Inhaber – mixing (2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13, 14) Josh Gudwin – mixing (4) Gian Stone – mixing (8), engineering (5, 8, 9, 13), vocal production (5, 9, 13) Kevin Davis – mixing (9) Spike Stent – mixing (12) Federico Vindver – engineering (2–4, 6, 9–11, 14), vocal production (4, 10, 14) Peter Hanaman – engineering (4, 14) Ian Franzino – engineering (8) Andrew Haas – engineering (8) Chad Copelin – engineering (8) Carlitos Vélasquez – engineering (10) Jeremy Hatcher – engineering (12, 16) Brian Rajaratnam – engineering (12, 16) Scott Hoying – vocal production (6) Heidi Wang – engineering assistance (4) Matt Wolach – engineering assistance (12, 16) Charts Chart (2022) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) [ 60 ] 30 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) [ 59 ] 21 Danish Albums ( Tracklisten ) [ 64 ] 37 Dutch Albums ( Album Top 100 ) [ 63 ] 19 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) [ 67 ] 99 Norwegian Albums ( VG-lista ) [ 62 ] 12 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) [ 65 ] 82 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [ 66 ] 98 UK Albums ( OCC ) [ 61 ] 67 US Billboard 200 [ 70 ] 16 Certifications Region Certification Certified units /sales Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) [ 68 ] Gold 20,000 ‡ Denmark ( IFPI Danmark ) [ 71 ] Gold 10,000 ‡ New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [ 72 ] Gold 7,500 ‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Region Date Format(s) Label Edition Ref. Various October 21, 2022 Cassette CD digital download LP streaming Cassette CD digital download LP streaming Epic Original [ 73 ] [ 74 ] March 10, 2023 CD digital download streaming CD digital download streaming Deluxe [ 75 ] [ 76 ] References ^ a b c d e f g .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Epic Records (2022). 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Retrieved October 30, 2022. ^ a b " Irish-charts.com – Discography Meghan Trainor ". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 5, 2022. ^ a b "Brazilian album certifications – Meghan Trainor – Takin' It Back" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil . Retrieved April 9, 2024 . ^ " Takin' It Back (Deluxe) by Meghan Trainor" . Apple Music (US). Archived from the original on March 2, 2023 . Retrieved May 15, 2023 . ^ " Meghan Trainor Chart History ( Billboard 200) ". Billboard . Retrieved November 1, 2022. ^ "Danish album certifications – Meghan Trainor – Takin' It Back" . IFPI Danmark . Retrieved March 18, 2025 . ^ "New Zealand album certifications – Meghan Trainor – Takin' It Back" . Radioscope . Retrieved January 18, 2025 . Type Takin' It Back in the "Search:" field and press Enter. ^ "Music — Meghan Trainor Shop" . Meghan Trainor . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022 . Retrieved June 24, 2022 . ^ "Spotify - Takin' It Back Cassette" . Spotify . October 21, 2022. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023 . Retrieved January 18, 2023 . ^ "Music — Meghan Trainor Shop" . Meghan Trainor . Archived from the original on March 10, 2023 . Retrieved March 10, 2023 . ^ "Spotify - Takin' It Back Deluxe CD" . Spotify . Archived from the original on March 10, 2023 . Retrieved March 10, 2023 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Meghan Trainor v t e Discography Songs Awards and nominations Discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Title Thank You Treat Myself A Very Trainor Christmas Takin' It Back Timeless Toy with Me Title Thank You Treat Myself A Very Trainor Christmas Takin' It Back Timeless Toy with Me Extended plays Title The Love Train Title The Love Train Singles " All About That Bass " " Lips Are Movin " " Dear Future Husband " " Like I'm Gonna Lose You " " No " " Me Too " " Better " " I'm a Lady " " No Excuses " " Let You Be Right " " Can't Dance " " Just Got Paid " " Hey DJ " " All the Ways " " With You " " Wave " " Nice to Meet Ya " " Make You Dance " " White Christmas " " Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree " " Bad for Me " " Made You Look " " Mother " " Mr Right " " Wrap Me Up " " Been Like This " " Whoops " " Criminals " " Mind Reader " " Still Don't Care " " All About That Bass " " Lips Are Movin " " Dear Future Husband " " Like I'm Gonna Lose You " " No " " Me Too " " Better " " I'm a Lady " " No Excuses " " Let You Be Right " " Can't Dance " " Just Got Paid " " Hey DJ " " All the Ways " " With You " " Wave " " Nice to Meet Ya " " Make You Dance " " White Christmas " " Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree " " Bad for Me " " Made You Look " " Mother " " Mr Right " " Wrap Me Up " " Been Like This " " Whoops " " Criminals " " Mind Reader " " Still Don't Care " Featured singles " Marvin Gaye " " Boys Like You " " Hands " " More than Friends " " Hands on Me " " Marvin Gaye " " Boys Like You " " Hands " " More than Friends " " Hands on Me " Promotional singles " Better When I'm Dancin' " " Watch Me Do " " I'll Be There for You " " Evil Twin " " Last Christmas " " Better When I'm Dancin' " " Watch Me Do " " I'll Be There for You " " Evil Twin " " Last Christmas " Other songs " Title " " I'll Be Home " " Baby, It's Cold Outside " " Holidays " " Title " " I'll Be Home " " Baby, It's Cold Outside " " Holidays " Concert tours That Bass Tour MTrain Tour The Untouchable Tour The Timeless Tour The Get In Girl Tour That Bass Tour MTrain Tour The Untouchable Tour The Timeless Tour The Get In Girl Tour Category Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz release group 2022 albums Epic Records albums Meghan Trainor albums Albums produced by Meghan Trainor Bubblegum pop albums CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Use mdy dates from July 2023 Articles with hAudio microformats Album chart usages for Australia Album chart making named ref Album chart usages for BillboardCanada Album chart called without album Album chart usages for Netherlands Album chart usages for Ireland2 Album chart usages for Norway Album chart usages for Spain Album chart usages for Switzerland Album chart usages for UK2 Album chart called without artist Album chart usages for Billboard200 Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Pages using certification Table Entry with streaming figures Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using certification Table Entry with streaming footnote This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 20:29 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Name 2 Foundation and Roman occupation 3 After the Romans 4 Excavation, restoration and UNESCO listing 5 City layout and infrastructure Toggle City layout and infrastructure subsection 5.1 Commerce 5.1 Commerce 6 Notable buildings Toggle Notable buildings subsection 6.1 Public buildings 6.2 Triumphal arch 6.3 Houses and palaces 6.4 Headquarters of Idris I 6.1 Public buildings 6.2 Triumphal arch 6.3 Houses and palaces 6.4 Headquarters of Idris I 7 Footnotes 8 Bibliography 9 External links Volubilis العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malti مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Taclḥit Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} وليلي ( Arabic ) ⵡⵍⵉⵍⵉ ( Berber languages ) وليلي ( Arabic ) ⵡⵍⵉⵍⵉ ( Berber languages ) Volubilis ruins .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Volubilis Shown within Morocco Show map of Morocco Volubilis Volubilis (Africa) Show map of Africa Location Meknès Prefecture , Fès-Meknès, Morocco Region Mauretania Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 34°04′16″N 05°33′13″W / 34.07111°N 5.55361°W / 34.07111; -5.55361 Type Settlement History Founded 3rd century BC Abandoned 11th century AD Cultures .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Berbers Phoenician Carthaginian Mauretanian Roman Idrisids Berbers Phoenician Carthaginian Mauretanian Roman Idrisids UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Archaeological Site of Volubilis Type Cultural Criteria ii, iii, iv, vi Designated 1997 (21st session ) Reference no. 836 Region North African States Volubilis ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Latin pronunciation: [wɔˈɫuːbɪlɪs] ; Arabic : وليلي , romanized : walīlī ; Berber languages : ⵡⵍⵉⵍⵉ , romanized: wlili ) is a partly excavated Berber-Roman city in Morocco, situated near the city of Meknes , that may have been the capital of the Kingdom of Mauretania , at least from the time of King Juba II . Before Volubilis, the capital of the kingdom may have been at Gilda. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Built in a fertile agricultural area, it developed from the 3rd century BC onward as a Berber, then proto- Carthaginian , settlement before being the capital of the kingdom of Mauretania. It grew rapidly under Roman rule from the 1st century AD onward and expanded to cover about 42 hectares (100 acres) with a 2.6 km (1.6 mi) circuit of walls. The city gained a number of major public buildings in the 2nd century, including a basilica , temple and triumphal arch . Its prosperity, which was derived principally from olive growing, prompted the construction of many fine town-houses with large mosaic floors. The city fell to local tribes around 285 and was never retaken by Rome because of its remoteness and indefensibility on the south-western border of the Roman Empire . It continued to be inhabited for at least another 700 years, first as a Latinised Christian community, then as an early Islamic settlement. In the late 8th century it became the seat of Idris ibn Abdallah , the founder of the Idrisid dynasty of Morocco. By the 11th century Volubilis had been abandoned after the seat of power was relocated to Fes . Much of the local population was transferred to the new town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoun , about 5 km (3.1 mi) from Volubilis. The ruins remained substantially intact until they were devastated by an earthquake in the mid-18th century and subsequently looted by Moroccan rulers seeking stone for building Meknes. It was not until the latter part of the 19th century that the site was definitively identified as that of the ancient city of Volubilis. During and after the period of French rule over Morocco, about half of the site was excavated, revealing many fine mosaics, and some of the more prominent public buildings and high-status houses were restored or reconstructed. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , listed for being "an exceptionally well preserved example of a large Roman colonial town on the fringes of the Empire". Name The origins of its name are unknown but may be a Latinisation of the Amazigh word Walilt , meaning oleander , which grows along the sides of the valley. [ 3 ] It could also be seen as a direct translation of the Amazigh name if this one was related to the root WLLY meaning "to turn, to spin". [ 4 ] The Lewis & Short Latin dictionary gives the Latin meaning of "volubilis" as " that [which] is turned round or (more freq.) that [which] turns itself round , turning , spinning , whirling , circling , rolling , revolving ." [ 5 ] The word is mentioned in Horace's Epistles (I, 2, 43): labitur, et labetur in omne volubilis aevum ("It flows and will flow, swirling on forever.") [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In Classical Latin , the "v" in "volubilis" was pronounced like a "w", making the pronunciation closer to modern Amazigh and Arabic pronunciations. [ 7 ] Charles-Joseph Tissot (1828–1884) discovered that what some sources in Arabic referred to as " Qasr Fara'on " ( قصر فرعون Pharaoh's Palace ) corresponded with Volubilis. [ 8 ] This term is still used nowadays by the locals, sometimes shortened as لقصر El Ksar, meaning "The Palace". [ 9 ] Foundation and Roman occupation Built on a shallow slope below the Zerhoun mountain , Volubilis stands on a ridge above the valley of Khoumane (Khuman) where it is met by a small tributary stream called the Fertassa. [ 10 ] It overlooks a rolling fertile alluvial plain north of the modern city of Meknes . [ 10 ] The area around Volubilis has been inhabited at least since the Late Atlantic Neolithic , some 5,000 years ago; archaeological excavations at the site have found Neolithic pottery of design comparable to pieces found in Iberia . [ 11 ] By the third century BC, the Carthaginians had a presence there, as evidenced by the remains of a temple to the Punic god Baal and finds of pottery and stones inscribed in the Phoenician language . [ 12 ] The city lay within the kingdom of Mauretania , which became a Roman client state following the fall of Carthage in 146 BC. [ 12 ] The Punic influence lasted for a considerable time afterwards, as the city's magistrates retained the Carthaginian title of suffete long after the end of Punic rule. [ 14 ] Juba II of Numidia was placed on the Mauretanian throne by Augustus in 25 BC and turned his attention to building a second capital at Volubilis. [ 15 ] Educated in Rome and married to Cleopatra Selene II , the daughter of Mark Antony and Cleopatra , Juba and his son Ptolemy were thoroughly Romanised kings, although of Berber ancestry; their preference for Roman art and architecture was clearly reflected in the city's design. [ 12 ] After Claudius annexed Mauretania in 44 AD, the city grew substantially due to its wealth and prosperity, derived from the fertile lands of the province which produced valuable export commodities such as grain, olive oil and wild animals for gladiatorial spectacles. At its peak in the late 2nd century, Volubilis had around 20,000 inhabitants – a very substantial population for a Roman provincial town [ 16 ] – and the surrounding region was also well inhabited, to judge from over 50 villas discovered in the area. [ 17 ] It was mentioned by the 1st century AD geographer Pomponius Mela , who described it in his work De situ orbis libri III as one of "the wealthiest cities, albeit the wealthiest among small ones" in Mauretania. [ 18 ] It is also mentioned by Pliny the Elder , and the 2nd century Antonine Itinerary refers to its location and names it as Volubilis Colonia . [ 19 ] Its population was dominated by Romanised Berbers. [ 20 ] The city remained loyal to Rome despite a revolt in 40–44 AD led by one of Ptolemy's freedmen , Aedemon , and its inhabitants were rewarded with grants of citizenship and a ten-year exemption from taxes. [ 17 ] The city was raised to the status of a municipium and its system of governance was overhauled, with the Punic-style suffetes replaced by annually elected duumvirs , or pairs of magistrates. [ 20 ] However, the city's position was always tenuous; it was located on the south-eastern edge of the province, facing hostile and increasingly powerful Berber tribes. A ring of five forts located at the modern hamlets of Aïn Schkor , Bled el Gaada, Sidi Moussa , Sidi Said and Bled Takourart (ancient Tocolosida ) were constructed to bolster the city's defence. [ 17 ] Sidi Said was the base for the Cohors IV Gallorum equitata , an auxiliary cavalry unit from Gaul , while Aïn Schkor housed Hispanic and Belgic cohorts. Sidi Moussa was the location of a cohort of Parthians , and Gallic and Syrian cavalry were based at Toscolosida. [ 21 ] Rising tensions in the region near the end of the 2nd century led the emperor Marcus Aurelius to order the construction of a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) circuit of walls with eight gates and 40 towers. [ 17 ] Volubilis was connected by road to Lixus and Tingis (capital city of the Roman province of Mauretania Tingitana , modern Tangier ) but had no eastwards connections with the neighbouring province of Mauretania Caesariensis , as the territory of the Berber Baquates tribe lay in between. [ 17 ] A Jewish community existed in Volubilis in the third century, as evident from several Hebrew, Greek and Latin funeral inscriptions and Menorah -shaped lamps. It is the most south-western location where ancient Hebrew inscription has been found. [ 22 ] Rome's control over the city ended following the chaos of the Crisis of the Third Century , when the empire nearly disintegrated as a series of generals seized and lost power through civil wars, palace coups and assassinations. Around 280, Roman rule collapsed in much of Mauretania and was never re-established. In 285, the emperor Diocletian reorganised what was left of the province to retain only the coastal strip between Lixus, Tingis and Septa (modern Ceuta ). Although a Roman army was based in Tingis , it was decided that it would simply be too expensive to mount a reconquest of a vulnerable border region. [ 17 ] Occupation of the city continued, however, as fine mosaics such as that of a chariot race conducted by animals in the House of Venus can not have been created earlier than the fourth century. A statue representing a good shepherd with crossed arms might hint to Christians in the town and early fourth century evidence of crossing oneself as suggested by Thouvenot. [ 23 ] The end of the Roman city probably came in the form of an earthquake towards the end of the century, which buried numerous bronze statues in the wreckage of the houses. [ 24 ] After the Romans Volubilis continued to be inhabited for centuries after the end of Roman control, with Latin names continuing to be held by residents in the sixth and seventh centuries, as shown by extant inscriptions dated by the provincial year. [ 25 ] By the time the Arabs had arrived in 708, [ 16 ] [ better source needed ] the city's name was changed to Oualila or Walīlī , and it was inhabited by the Awraba, a Berber tribe that originated in Libya . Much of the city centre had been abandoned and was turned into a cemetery, while the centre of habitation had moved to the southwest of the city, where a new wall was built to contain the abridged Roman town. [ 26 ] Volubilis remained the capital of the region well into the Islamic period. Islamic coins dating to the 8th century have been found on the site, attesting to the arrival of Islam in this part of Morocco. [ 20 ] They are concentrated outside the city walls, which suggests that Arab settlement remained distinct from the Berber settlement inside them. It was here that Moulay Idriss established the Idrisid dynasty of Morocco in 787-8. A direct descendant of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad , he escaped to Morocco from Syria following the Battle of Fakhkh in 787. He was proclaimed " imam " in Volubilis, occupied by the Awraba, under Ishaq ibn Mohammad. He married Kanza, from the Awraba, and fathered a son, Idris II , who was proclaimed imam in Volubilis. He, too, lived outside the walls of the city, along the banks of the Wadi Khoumane, where a complex has recently been excavated that may be identified with his headquarters. [ 27 ] Idriss I conquered most of Northern Morocco during the three years of his reign, founding the city of Fes . He was assassinated in Volubilis in 791 on the orders of the caliph of Baghdad , Harun al-Rashid . [ 28 ] [ 20 ] On his majority Idriss II removed to Fes which served as his new capital, depriving Volubilis of its last vestiges of political significance. [ 28 ] A Muslim group known as the Rabedis, who had revolted in Córdoba in Al-Andalus ( Andalusia in modern Spain), resettled at Volubilis in 818. [ 20 ] Although people continued to live in Volubilis for several more centuries, it was probably almost deserted by the 14th century. Leo Africanus describes its walls and gates, as well as the tomb of Idris, guarded only by two or three castles. [ 29 ] His body was subsequently removed to Moulay Idriss Zerhoun , 3 km (1.9 mi), where a great mausoleum was built for it. The name of the city was forgotten and it was termed Ksar Faraoun , or the "Pharaoh's Castle", by the local people, alluding to a legend that the ancient Egyptians had built it. [ 30 ] Nonetheless, some of its buildings remained standing, albeit ruined, until as late as the 17th century when Moulay Ismail ransacked the site to provide building material for his new imperial capital at Meknes. An earthquake in 1755 caused further severe destruction. However, English antiquarian John Windus had sketched the site in 1722. [ 28 ] In his 1725 book A Journey to Mequinez , Windus described the scene: One building seems to be part of a triumphal arch, there being several broken stones that bear inscriptions, lying in the rubbish underneath, which were fixed higher than any part now standing. It is 56 feet long and 15 thick, both sides exactly alike, built with very hard stones, about a yard in length and half a yard thick. The arch is 20 feet wide and about 26 high. The inscriptions are upon large flat stones, which, when entire, were about five feet long, and three broad, and the letters on them above 6 inches long. A bust lay a little way off, very much defaced, and was the only thing to be found that represented life, except the shape of a foot seen under the lower part of a garment, in the niche on the other side of the arch. About 100 yards from the arch stands a good part of the front of a large square building, which is 140 feet long and about 60 high; part of the four corners are yet standing, but very little remains, except these of the front. Round the hill may be seen the foundation of a wall about two miles in circumference, which inclosed these buildings; on the inside of which lie scattered, all over, a great many stones of the same size the arch is built with, but hardly one stone left upon another. The arch, which stood about half a mile from the other buildings, seemed to have been a gateway, and was just high enough to admit a man to pass through on horseback. [ 31 ] One building seems to be part of a triumphal arch, there being several broken stones that bear inscriptions, lying in the rubbish underneath, which were fixed higher than any part now standing. It is 56 feet long and 15 thick, both sides exactly alike, built with very hard stones, about a yard in length and half a yard thick. The arch is 20 feet wide and about 26 high. The inscriptions are upon large flat stones, which, when entire, were about five feet long, and three broad, and the letters on them above 6 inches long. A bust lay a little way off, very much defaced, and was the only thing to be found that represented life, except the shape of a foot seen under the lower part of a garment, in the niche on the other side of the arch. About 100 yards from the arch stands a good part of the front of a large square building, which is 140 feet long and about 60 high; part of the four corners are yet standing, but very little remains, except these of the front. Round the hill may be seen the foundation of a wall about two miles in circumference, which inclosed these buildings; on the inside of which lie scattered, all over, a great many stones of the same size the arch is built with, but hardly one stone left upon another. The arch, which stood about half a mile from the other buildings, seemed to have been a gateway, and was just high enough to admit a man to pass through on horseback. [ 31 ] Visiting 95 years later in 1820, after the 1755 earthquake had flattened the few buildings left standing, James Gray Jackson wrote: Half an hour's journey after leaving the sanctuary of Muley Dris Zerone, and at the foot of Atlas, I perceived to the left of the road, magnificent and massive ruins. The country, for miles round, is covered with broken columns of white marble. There were still standing two porticoes about 30 feet high and 12 wide, the top composed of one entire stone. I attempted to take a view of these immense ruins, which have furnished marble for the imperial palaces at Mequinas and Tafilelt; but I was obliged to desist, seeing some persons of the sanctuary following the cavalcade. Pots and kettles of gold and silver coins are continually dug up from these ruins. The country, however, abounds with serpents, and we saw many scorpions under the stones that my conductor turned up. These ruins are said by the Africans to have been built by one of the Pharaohs: they are called Kasser Farawan. [ 32 ] Half an hour's journey after leaving the sanctuary of Muley Dris Zerone, and at the foot of Atlas, I perceived to the left of the road, magnificent and massive ruins. The country, for miles round, is covered with broken columns of white marble. There were still standing two porticoes about 30 feet high and 12 wide, the top composed of one entire stone. I attempted to take a view of these immense ruins, which have furnished marble for the imperial palaces at Mequinas and Tafilelt; but I was obliged to desist, seeing some persons of the sanctuary following the cavalcade. Pots and kettles of gold and silver coins are continually dug up from these ruins. The country, however, abounds with serpents, and we saw many scorpions under the stones that my conductor turned up. These ruins are said by the Africans to have been built by one of the Pharaohs: they are called Kasser Farawan. [ 32 ] Volubilis before its excavation and restoration The ruins of the triumphal arch, photographed in 1887 by Henri Poisson de La Martinière Remnants of the basilica as seen in 1887 before its later restoration Walter Burton Harris , a writer for The Times , visited Volubilis during his travels in Morocco between 1887 and 1889, after the site had been identified by French archaeologists but before any serious excavations or restorations had begun. He wrote: There is not very much remains standing of the ruins; two archways, each of great size, and in moderately good preservation, alone tell of the grandeur of the old city, while acres and acres of land are strewn with monuments and broken sculpture. A few isolated pillars also remain, and an immense drain or aqueduct, not unlike the Cloaca Maxima at Rome, opens on to the little river below. [ 33 ] There is not very much remains standing of the ruins; two archways, each of great size, and in moderately good preservation, alone tell of the grandeur of the old city, while acres and acres of land are strewn with monuments and broken sculpture. A few isolated pillars also remain, and an immense drain or aqueduct, not unlike the Cloaca Maxima at Rome, opens on to the little river below. [ 33 ] Excavation, restoration and UNESCO listing Much of Volubilis was excavated by the French during their rule over French Morocco between 1912 and 1955, but the excavations at the site began decades earlier. From 1830, when the French conquest of Algeria began the process of extending French rule over much of northern, western and central Africa, archaeology was closely associated with French colonialism. The French army undertook scientific explorations as early as the 1830s and by the 1850s it was fashionable for French army officers to investigate Roman remains during their leave and spare time. By the late 19th century French archaeologists were undertaking an intensive effort to uncover northwest Africa's pre-Islamic past through excavations and restorations of archaeological sites. [ 34 ] The French had a very different conception of historic preservation to that of the Moroccan Muslims. As the historian Gwendolyn Wright puts it, "The Islamic sense of history and architecture found the concept of setting off monuments entirely foreign", which "gave the French proof of the conviction that only they could fully appreciate the Moroccan past and its beauty." Emile Pauty of the Institut des Hautes Études Marocaines criticised the Muslims for taking the view that "the passage of time is nothing" and charged them with "let[ting] their monuments fall into ruin with as much indifference as they once showed ardour in building them." [ 35 ] This perspective can be linked to the Islamic understanding of time itself, as reflected in the hadith stating, " Anyone who abuses Time insults me because I am Time; the matter is in my hands; I alternate night and day. " [ 36 ] For Muslims , the passage of time and its effects are seen as part of God's divine control, which may influence their approach to preserving physical monuments, viewing their natural decay as part of the divine order rather than a concern to be actively managed. Unlike the Western focus on legacy through enduring material achievements, Muslims often see true legacy in moral deeds, knowledge, charitable works, and spiritual impact, reflecting the belief that the world is impermanent and only what pleases God ultimately endures. The French programme of excavation at Volubilis and other sites in French-controlled North Africa (in Algeria and Tunisia ) had a strong ideological component. Archaeology at Roman sites was used as an instrument of colonialist policy, to make a connection between the ancient Roman past and the new "Latin" societies that the French were building in North Africa. The programme involved clearing modern structures built on ancient sites, excavating Roman towns and villas and reconstructing major civic structures such as triumphal arches. Ruined cities, such as Timgad in Algeria, were excavated and cleared on a massive scale. The remains were intended to serve, as one writer has put it, as "the witness to an impulse towards Romanization". [ 37 ] This theme resonated with other visitors to the site. The American writer Edith Wharton visited in 1920 and highlighted what she saw as the contrast between "two dominations look[ing] at each other across the valley", the ruins of Volubilis and "the conical white town of Moulay Idriss, the Sacred City of Morocco". She saw the dead city as representing "a system, an order, a social conception that still runs through all our modern ways." In contrast, she saw the still very much alive town of Moulay Idriss as "more dead and sucked back into an unintelligible past than any broken architrave of Greece or Rome." [ 38 ] As Sarah Bird Wright of the University of Richmond puts it, Wharton saw Volubilis as a symbol of civilisation and Moulay Idriss as one of barbarism; the subtext is that "in ransacking the Roman outpost, Islam destroyed its only chance to build a civilised society". [ 39 ] Fortunately for Morocco, "the political stability which France is helping them to acquire will at last give their higher qualities time for fruition" [ 40 ] —very much the theme that the French colonial authorities wanted to get across. [ 41 ] Hilaire Belloc , too, spoke of his impression being "rather one of history and of contrast. Here you see how completely the new religion of Islam flooded and drowned the classical and Christian tradition." [ 42 ] The first excavations at Volubilis were carried out by the French archaeologist Henri de la Martinière between 1887 and 1892. [ 43 ] In 1915 Hubert Lyautey , the military governor of French Morocco, commissioned the French archaeologists Marcel and Jane Dieulafoy to carry out excavations in Volubilis. Although Jane's ill-health meant that they were unable to carry out the programme of work that they drew up for Lyautey, [ 44 ] the work went ahead anyway under Louis Chatelain . [ 43 ] The French archaeologists were assisted by thousands of German prisoners of war who had been captured during First World War and loaned to the excavators by Lyautey. [ 34 ] The excavations continued on and off until 1941, when the Second World War forced a halt. [ 43 ] Following the war, excavations resumed under the French and Moroccan authorities (following Morocco's independence in 1955) and a programme of restoration and reconstruction began. The Arch of Caracalla had already been restored in 1930–34. It was followed by the Capitoline Temple in 1962, the basilica in 1965–67 and the Tingis Gate in 1967. A number of mosaics and houses underwent conservation and restoration in 1952–55. In recent years, one of the olive-oil production workshops in the southern end of the city has been restored and furnished with a replica Roman oil press. [ 45 ] These restorations have not been without controversy; a review carried out for UNESCO in 1997 reported that "some of the reconstructions, such as those on the triumphal arch, the capitolium, and the oil-pressing workshop, are radical and at the limit of currently accepted practice." [ 45 ] From 2000 excavations carried out by University College London and the Moroccan Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine under the direction of Elizabeth Fentress , Gaetano Palumbo and Hassan Limane revealed what should probably be interpreted as the headquarters of Idris I just below the walls of the Roman town to the west of the ancient city centre. Excavations within the walls also revealed a section of the early medieval town. [ 46 ] Today, many artefacts found at Volubilis can be seen on display in the Rabat Archaeological Museum . UNESCO listed Volubilis as a World Heritage Site in 1997. In the 1980s, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) organised three conferences to assess possible nominations to the World Heritage List for sites in North Africa. It was unanimously agreed that Volubilis was a good candidate for the list and in 1997 ICOMOS recommended that it be inscribed as "an exceptionally well preserved example of a large Roman colonial town on the fringes of the Empire", [ 47 ] which UNESCO accepted. City layout and infrastructure Prior to the Roman occupation, Volubilis covered an area of about 12 hectares (30 acres), built on a V-shaped ridge between the Fertassa and Khoumane wadis on a roughly north–south axis. It was developed on a fairly regular pattern typical of Phoenician/Carthaginian settlements and was enclosed by a set of walls. [ 48 ] Under the Romans, the city was expanded considerably on a northeast–southwest axis, increasing in size to about 42 hectares (100 acres). Most of the city's public buildings were constructed in the older part of the city. The grand houses for which Volubilis is famous are in the newer part, behind the Decumanus Maximus (main street), which bisected the Roman-era part of the city. [ 43 ] The decumanus was paved, with footways on either side, and was lined with arcaded porticoes on either sides, behind which were dozens of shops. [ 49 ] The Arch of Caracalla marks the point at which the old and new cities merge. After the aqueduct fell into disrepair with the end of the Roman occupation, a new residential area was constructed to the west near the Wadi Khoumane. [ 48 ] The city was supplied with water by an aqueduct that ran from a spring in the hills behind the city. [ 50 ] The aqueduct may have been constructed around 60–80 AD and was subsequently reconstructed on several occasions. [ 51 ] An elaborate network of channels fed houses and the public baths from the municipal supply and a series of drains carried sewage and waste away to the river to be flushed. [ 50 ] The aqueduct ran under the Decumanus Secundus, a street that ran parallel with the Decumanus Maximus, and terminated at a large fountain in the city centre near the Arch of Caracalla. [ 12 ] Infrastructure in Volubilis The Decumanus Maximus, looking north-east The Tingis Gate, looking back down the Decumanus Maximus Interior of the North Baths, fed by the aqueduct Most of the original pre-Roman city wall was built over or destroyed, but a 77-metre (250 ft) stretch of the original wall, which was made of mud bricks on a stone foundation, can still be seen near the tumulus. [ 20 ] [ 51 ] The Roman city walls stretch for 2.6 km (1.6 mi) and average 1.6 m (5.2 ft) thick. Built of rubble masonry and ashlar , they are mostly still extant. [ 43 ] [ 51 ] The full circuit of walls had 34 towers, spaced at intervals of about one every 50 metres (160 ft), and six main gates that were flanked by towers. [ 49 ] A part of the eastern wall has been reconstructed to a height of 1.5 metres (4.9 ft). [ 43 ] The Tingis Gate, also reconstructed, marks the northern-eastern entrance to Volubilis. [ 48 ] It was constructed in 168/169 AD – the date is known due to the discovery of a coin of that year that was deliberately embedded in the gate's stonework by its builders. [ 49 ] An early medieval wall stands to the west of the Arch of Caracalla; it was built after the end of the Roman occupation, apparently some time in the 5th or 6th centuries, to protect the eastern side of the city's new residential area. It was oriented in a north–south direction and was constructed using stone looted from ruined buildings elsewhere in the abandoned areas of the city. [ 17 ] [ 51 ] Commerce During Roman times, Volubilis was a major producer of olive oil. The remains of buildings dedicated to olive pressing are still readily visible, as are the remains of the original presses and olive mills. One such building has been reconstructed with a full-size replica of a Roman olive press. [ 52 ] Olive oil was central to the life of the city, as it was not just a foodstuff but was also used for lamps, bathing and medicines, while the pressed olives were fed to animals or dried out and used as fuel for the bathhouses. For this reason, even some of the grandest mansions had their own olive presses. [ 53 ] Fifty-eight oil-pressing complexes have so far been discovered in Volubilis. They housed a standard set of elements: a mill, used to crush the olives, a decantation basin to catch the oil from pressed olives, and a press that comprised a counterweight, a prelum or cross-bar and the wooden supports within which the prelum was fixed. The olives were first crushed into a paste, then put into woven baskets that were subjected to pressing. The olive oil ran out into the decantation basin, to which water was periodically added to make the lighter oil float to the surface. This was then scooped out of the basin and poured into amphorae . [ 51 ] There is also substantial evidence of the city being a lively commercial centre. No fewer than 121 shops have been identified so far, many of them bakeries, [ 54 ] and judging from the number of bronzes found at the site it may also have been a centre for the production or distribution of bronze artworks. [ 55 ] Notable buildings Although only about half of Volubilis has been excavated, a number of prominent public buildings are still visible and some, notably a basilica and a triumphal arch , have been reconstructed. Many private buildings, including the mansions of the city's elite, have also been uncovered. They are especially notable for the fine mosaics that have been discovered in a number of buildings and which are still in situ in the houses where they were laid. [ 16 ] The buildings were mostly made from locally quarried grey-blue limestone . [ 43 ] Very little remains of the original Punic settlement, as it lies under the later Roman buildings. [ 20 ] A large tumulus of uncertain origin and purpose stands approximately in the middle of the excavated area, between the old and new parts of the city. Various theories have been advanced to explain it, such as that it was a burial site, a religious structure of some kind, a funerary monument or a monument to a Roman victory. However, these remain unproven hypotheses. [ 20 ] Public buildings Two major public buildings are readily visible at the centre of the city – the basilica and the Capitoline Temple. The basilica was used for the administration of justice and the governance of the city. Completed during the reign of Macrinus in the early 3rd century, it is one of the finest Roman basilicas in Africa [ 56 ] and is probably modelled on the one at Leptis Magna in Libya . [ 57 ] The building is 42.2 m (138 ft) long by 22.3 m (73 ft) wide and originally had two storeys. [ 51 ] Its interior is dominated by two rows of columns framing the apses at each end of the building where the magistrates sat. The outer wall of the basilica, which is faced with columns, overlooks the forum where markets were held. Small temples and public offices also lined the 1,300 m 2 (14,000 sq ft) forum, [ 56 ] which would have been full of statues of emperors and local dignitaries, of which only the pedestals now remain. [ 51 ] Not much is known about the public buildings which existed in Volubilis prior to the start of the 3rd century, as the buildings currently visible were built on the foundations of earlier structures. [ 58 ] The Capitoline Temple stands behind the basilica within what would originally have been an arcaded courtyard. An altar stands in the courtyard in front of 13 steps leading up to the Corinthian-columned temple, [ 56 ] which had a single cella . [ 51 ] The building was of great importance to civic life as it was dedicated to the three chief divinities of the Roman state, Jupiter , Juno and Minerva . Civic assemblies were held in front of the temple to beseech the aid of the gods or to thank them for successes in major civic undertakings such as fighting wars. [ 56 ] The layout of the temple, facing the back wall of the basilica, is somewhat unusual and it has been suggested that it may have been built on top of an existing shrine. [ 59 ] An inscription found in 1924 records that it was reconstructed in 218. It was partly restored in 1955 and given a more substantial restoration in 1962, reconstructing 10 of the 13 steps, the walls of the cella and the columns. There were four more small shrines within the temple precinct, one of which was dedicated to Venus . [ 51 ] There were five other temples in the city, of which the most notable is the so-called "Temple of Saturn" that stood on the eastern side of Volubilis. [ 51 ] It appears to have been built on top of, or converted from, an earlier Punic temple, which may have been dedicated to Baal. [ 60 ] It is a sanctuary with a surrounding wall and a three-sided portico. In its interior was a small temple with a cella built on a shallow podium. [ 51 ] The temple's traditional identification with Saturn is purely hypothetical and has not generally been accepted. [ 61 ] Public buildings in Volubilis Exterior of the Basilica at Volubilis Interior of the Basilica The Capitoline Temple Volubilis also possessed at least three sets of public baths. Some mosaics can still be seen in the Baths of Gallienus , redecorated by that emperor in the 260s to become the city's most lavish baths. [ 53 ] The nearby north baths were the largest in the city, covering an area of about 1,500 m 2 (16,000 sq ft). They were possibly built in the time of Hadrian . [ 59 ] Triumphal arch The Arch of Caracalla is one of Volubilis' most distinctive sights, situated at the end of the city's main street, the Decumanus Maximus . Although it is not architecturally outstanding, [ 52 ] the triumphal arch forms a striking visual contrast with the smaller Tingis Gate at the far end of the decumanus. It was built in 217 by the city's governor, Marcus Aurelius Sebastenus, to honour the emperor Caracalla and his mother Julia Domna . Caracalla was himself a North African and had recently extended Roman citizenship to the inhabitants of Rome's provinces. However, by the time the arch was finished both Caracalla and Julia had been murdered by a usurper. [ 59 ] The arch is constructed from local stone and was originally topped by a bronze chariot pulled by six horses. Statues of nymphs poured water into carved marble basins at the foot of the arch. Caracalla and Julia Domna were represented on medallion busts, though these have been defaced. The monument was reconstructed by the French between 1930 and 1934. [ 59 ] However, the restoration is incomplete and of disputed accuracy. The inscription on the top of the arch was reconstructed from the fragments noticed by Windus in 1722, which had been scattered on the ground in front of the arch. [ 51 ] The Arch of Caracalla at Volubilis North side of the Arch of Caracalla Dedicatory inscription South side of the Arch of Caracalla The inscription reads (after the abbreviations have been expanded): IMPERATORI CAESARI MARCO AVRELLIO ANTONINO PIO FELICI AVGVSTO PARTHICO MAXIMO BRITTANICO MAXIMO GERMANICO MAXIMO PONTIFICI MAXIMO TRIBVNITIA POTESTATE XX IMPERATORI IIII CONSVLI IIII PATRI PATRIAE PROCONSVLI ET IVLIAE AVGVSTAE PIAE FELICI MATRI AVGVSTI ET CASTRORVM ET SENATVS ET PATRIAE RESPVBLICA VOLVBILITANORVM OB SINGVLAREM EIVS ERGA VNIVERSOS ET NOVAM SVPRA OMNES RETRO PRINCIPES INDVLGENTIAM ARCVM CVM SEIVGIBVS ET ORNAMENTIS OMNIBVS INCOHANTE ET DEDICANTE MARCO AVRELLIO SEBASTENO PROCVRATORE AVGVSTI DEVOTISSIMO NVMINI EIVS A SOLO FACIENDVM CVRAVIT IMPERATORI CAESARI MARCO AVRELLIO ANTONINO PIO FELICI AVGVSTO PARTHICO MAXIMO BRITTANICO MAXIMO GERMANICO MAXIMO PONTIFICI MAXIMO TRIBVNITIA POTESTATE XX IMPERATORI IIII CONSVLI IIII PATRI PATRIAE PROCONSVLI ET IVLIAE AVGVSTAE PIAE FELICI MATRI AVGVSTI ET CASTRORVM ET SENATVS ET PATRIAE RESPVBLICA VOLVBILITANORVM OB SINGVLAREM EIVS ERGA VNIVERSOS ET NOVAM SVPRA OMNES RETRO PRINCIPES INDVLGENTIAM ARCVM CVM SEIVGIBVS ET ORNAMENTIS OMNIBVS INCOHANTE ET DEDICANTE MARCO AVRELLIO SEBASTENO PROCVRATORE AVGVSTI DEVOTISSIMO NVMINI EIVS A SOLO FACIENDVM CVRAVIT or, in translation: For the emperor Caesar, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus [Caracalla], the pious, fortunate Augustus, greatest victor in Parthia , greatest victor in Britain , greatest victor in Germany , Pontifex Maximus , holding tribunician power for the twentieth time, Emperor for the fourth time, Consul for the fourth time, Father of the Country , Proconsul, and for Julia Augusta [ Julia Domna ], the pious, fortunate mother of the camp and the Senate and the country, because of his exceptional and new kindness towards all, which is greater than that of the principes that came before, the Republic of the Volubilitans took care to have this arch made from the ground up, including a chariot drawn by six horses and all the ornaments, with Marcus Aurelius Sebastenus, procurator , who is most deeply devoted to the divinity of Augustus, initiating and dedicating it. For the emperor Caesar, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus [Caracalla], the pious, fortunate Augustus, greatest victor in Parthia , greatest victor in Britain , greatest victor in Germany , Pontifex Maximus , holding tribunician power for the twentieth time, Emperor for the fourth time, Consul for the fourth time, Father of the Country , Proconsul, and for Julia Augusta [ Julia Domna ], the pious, fortunate mother of the camp and the Senate and the country, because of his exceptional and new kindness towards all, which is greater than that of the principes that came before, the Republic of the Volubilitans took care to have this arch made from the ground up, including a chariot drawn by six horses and all the ornaments, with Marcus Aurelius Sebastenus, procurator , who is most deeply devoted to the divinity of Augustus, initiating and dedicating it. Houses and palaces The houses found at Volubilis range from richly decorated mansions to simple two-room mud-brick structures used by the city's poorer inhabitants. [ 58 ] The city's considerable wealth is attested by the elaborate design of the houses of the wealthy, some of which have large mosaics still in situ . They have been named by archaeologists after their principal mosaics (or other finds): The House of Orpheus in the southern part of the city thus takes its name from the large Orpheus mosaic , showing the god playing his harp to an audience of trees, animals and birds. [ 53 ] As Paul MacKendrick puts it, the mosaic is rather artlessly executed, as the animals are all of different sizes and face in different directions with no relationship to Orpheus. It appears that the mosaicist simply copied patterns from a book without attempting to integrate the different elements. [ 49 ] The mosaic is situated in the triclinium , the dining room, where the diners would have reclined on couches set against the walls and admired the central mosaic. Other mosaics can be seen in the atrium, which has a depiction of Amphitrite in a chariot pulled by a seahorse and accompanied by other sea creatures, and in the bathing rooms. One room off the main courtyard has a mosaic of a dolphin , considered by the Romans to be a lucky animal. [ 53 ] The House of the Athlete or Desultor , located near the forum, contains a humorous mosaic of an athlete or acrobat riding a donkey back to front while holding a cup in his outstretched hand. [ 59 ] It may possibly represent Silenus . [ 62 ] The most prestigious houses in the city were situated adjoining the Decumanus Maximus, behind rows of shops that lined the street under an arcade. They were entered from side streets between the shops. The House of the Ephebe was named after a bronze statue found there. It has a prominent interior courtyard leading to a number of public rooms decorated with mosaics, including a depiction of Bacchus in a chariot being drawn by leopards. The House of the Knight next door also has a mosaic of Bacchus, this time shown coming across the sleeping Ariadne , who later bore him six children. [ 59 ] The house takes its name from a bronze statue of a rider found here in 1918 that is now on display in the archaeological museum in Rabat. [ 63 ] It was a large building, with an area of about 1,700 m 2 (18,000 sq ft), and incorporated a substantial area dedicated to commercial activities including eight or nine shops opening onto the road and a large olive-pressing complex. [ 64 ] Mosaics in Volubilis Mosaic of Bacchus encountering the sleeping Ariadne from the House of the Knight Mosaic of the Four Seasons in situ in the House of the Labours of Hercules Mosaic of the Labours of Hercules Mosaic of Diana and her nymph surprised by Actaeon while bathing, from the House of Venus Mosaic of Diana in the House of Venus Mosaic of the Labours of Hercules Mosaic in the House of the Athlete Mosaic in the House of Wild Beasts The House of the Labours of Hercules is named for the mosaic depicting the twelve tasks that the demigod had to perform as penance for killing his wife and children. It is thought to have been created during the reign of the emperor Commodus , who identified himself with Hercules. Jupiter, his lover Ganymede and the four seasons are depicted in another mosaic in the house. [ 65 ] The house was of palatial size, with 41 rooms covering an area of 2,000 m 2 (22,000 sq ft). A building dubbed the Gordian Palace is located further up the Decumanus Maximus. It was the largest building in the city and was probably the residence of the governor, rather than the emperor Gordian III ; it was rebuilt during Gordian's reign in the mid-3rd century. It combined two separate houses to create a complex of 74 rooms with courtyards and private bathhouses serving both domestic and official functions. [ 66 ] It also incorporated a colonnaded front with a dozen shops behind the colonnade, and an oil factory consisting of three oil presses and an oil store in the north-east corner of the complex. [ 55 ] The decoration of the Gordian Palace is today quite plain with only a few scanty mosaics remaining. [ 66 ] The floors seem to have been mostly rendered with opus sectile rather than decorated with mosaics. [ 54 ] Inscriptions found in the palace testify to the city's decline and eventual fall. They record a series of treaties reached with the local Berber chieftains, increasing in number as the city became more vulnerable and the tribesmen pressed harder. By the time of the final treaty, just a few years before the fall of the city, the chieftains were being treated as virtual equals of Rome – an indication of how much Roman power in the area had declined. [ 66 ] The last two inscribed altars, from 277 and 280, refer to a foederata et diuturna pax (a "federated and lasting peace"), though this proved to be a forlorn hope, as Volubilis fell soon afterwards. [ 21 ] The House of Venus , towards the eastern side of the city under a prominent cypress tree, was one of the most luxurious residences in the city. It had a set of private baths and a richly decorated interior, with fine mosaics dating from the 2nd century AD showing animal and mythological scenes. There were mosaics in seven corridors and eight rooms. [ 54 ] The central courtyard has a fanciful mosaic depicting racing chariots in a hippodrome , drawn by teams of peacocks, geese and ducks. The mosaic of Venus for which the house is named has been removed to Tangier, but in the next-door room is a still-extant mosaic showing Diana and a companion nymph being surprised by Actaeon while bathing. Actaeon is depicted with horns beginning to sprout from his head as he is transformed by the angry goddess into a stag, before being chased down and killed by his own hunting dogs. [ 67 ] The house appears to have been destroyed some time after the city's fall around 280; a mosaic depicting Cupids feeding birds with grain has been charred by what appears to have been a fire burning directly on top of it, perhaps resulting from the building being taken over by squatters who used the mosaic as the site of a hearth. [ 55 ] The same building was also the site of the discovery in 1918 of a bronze bust of outstanding quality depicting Cato the Younger . One of the most notable artefacts discovered at Volubilis, it is now on display in the Archaeological Museum in Rabat. It was still on its original pedestal when it was found by archaeologists. The bust has been dated to the time of Nero or Vespasian and may be a copy of a bust created in Cato's lifetime or shortly thereafter. Its inscription identifies its subject as the orator. [ 54 ] Another outstanding bust, depicting a Hellenistic prince, was discovered in a bakery across the street. It seems to have been made at the same time as the Cato bust and may well have come from the House of Venus, where an empty pedestal in another room suggests that the Cato had a companion piece. The bust, which is also on display in Rabat, is usually identified as Juba II but other possibilities include Hiero II of Syracuse , Cleomenes III of Sparta , Juba I or Hannibal . [ 68 ] Headquarters of Idris I Just outside the walls of the city, on the floodplain of the Oued Khoumane, was found a series of interlocking courtyard buildings, of which the largest contained a hammam, or bath. This is an L-shaped structure, with a cold room paved with flagstones and benches running along the sides. At the end is found a plunge pool with three steps leading into it. From the cold room one moved to a vestibule at the corner of the building, decorated with a relief of a shield taken from the Arch of Caracalla. From there, one moved into the warm room, still covered by a vault, and finally into the hot room. The vault of this has now been restored, but it is possible to see the channels in the floor through which the hot air passed. Beyond this a furnace heated the room, as well as the hot water which would have flowed into basins in the corners. The courtyard of which this hammam formed the western limit was large, and contained numerous large silos for grain storage. To the south of this courtyard was one evidently designed for reception, with long narrow rooms to the east and west, one of which was painted red, with a low bench or divan at one end. Further south a third courtyard, only partially excavated, seems to have been devoted to domestic use. The plan, with its large courtyards and narrow rooms, is very different from the contemporary one or two-roomed structures inside the walls, probably inhabited by the Berbers of the Awraba tribe. It is dated by coins and pottery to the reign of Idris I, and has been identified as his headquarters. [ 27 ] Footnotes ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Rirha/Gilda" . INSAP (in French). 17 June 2020. ^ "Archaeological Site of Volubilis" . ^ "Archaeological Site of Volubilis" . African World Heritage Fund. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . ^ Haddadou, Mohand Akli (2006). Dictionnaire des racines berbères communes (in French). Algeria: Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité. ISBN 978-9961-789-98-8 . ^ a b "Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, vŏlūbĭlis" . www.perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2020-06-10 . ^ Kreeft, Peter; Tacelli, Ronald K. (2009-09-20). Handbook of Christian Apologetics . InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-7544-3 . ^ Getting started on Classical Latin . The Open University. 2015-08-07. ISBN 978-1-4730-0108-4 . ^ "وليلي أو قصر فرعون" . زمان (in Arabic). 2014-11-14. Archived from the original on 2020-06-10 . Retrieved 2020-06-10 . ^ "Description of the Medieval city, from the Museum of Volubilis" . 9 March 2022. ^ a b Publishers, Nagel (1977). Morocco . Nagel Publishers. ISBN 978-2-8263-0164-6 . ^ Carrasco 2000 , p. 128. ^ a b c d Rogerson 2010 , p. 236. ^ Février, James Germain (1966). "Inscriptions puniques et néopuniques" . Études d'Antiquités africaines . 1 (1): 88– 89, Pl. II. ^ Parker 2010 , p. 491. ^ Davies 2009 , p. 141. ^ a b c Davies 2009 , p. 41. ^ a b c d e f g Rogerson 2010 , p. 237. ^ Romer 1998 , p. 131. ^ Löhberg 2006 , p. 66. ^ a b c d e f g h Volubilis Project – History . ^ a b MacKendrick 2000 , p. 312. ^ Andreeva, Fedorchuk & Nosonovsky 2019 . ^ Mullen, Roderic (1 December 2003). The Expansion of Christianity: A Gazetteer of its First Three Centuries . BRILL. p. 327. ISBN 978-90-474-0232-9 . Retrieved 15 April 2024 . ^ Fentress & Limane 2010 , p. 107. ^ Conant 2012 , p. 294. ^ Akerraz 1985 . ^ a b Fentress & Limane 2010 , p. 103–122. ^ a b c Rogerson 2010 , p. 238. ^ Leo Africanus trad. A. Épaulard, I, p. 245 ^ Windus 1725 , p. 86. ^ Windus 1725 , p. 86–9. ^ Shabeeny & Jackson 1820 , p. 120–1. ^ Harris 1889 , p. 69–70. ^ a b Raven 1993 , p. xxxi. ^ Wright 1991 , p. 117. ^ Sahih Muslim, Book 27, Hadith 5584. ^ Dyson 2006 , p. 173–4. ^ Wharton 1920 , p. 45. ^ Wright 1997 , p. 136. ^ Wharton 1920 , p. 158. ^ Dean 2002 , p. 39. ^ Parker 2010 , p. 494. ^ a b c d e f g UNESCO September 1997 , p. 73. ^ Gran-Aymerich 2006 , p. 60. ^ a b UNESCO September 1997 , p. 74. ^ Reports on these excavations , as well as a detailed plan of the site, can be found at . ^ UNESCO September 1997 , p. 75. ^ a b c UNESCO September 1997 , p. 72. ^ a b c d MacKendrick 2000 , p. 304. ^ a b Raven 1993 , p. 116. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Volubilis Project – Map . ^ a b Davies 2009 , p. 42. ^ a b c d Rogerson 2010 , p. 239. ^ a b c d MacKendrick 2000 , p. 305. ^ a b c MacKendrick 2000 , p. 311. ^ a b c d Rogerson 2010 , p. 240. ^ Raven 1993 , p. xxxiii. ^ a b Grimal 1984 , p. 292. ^ a b c d e f Rogerson 2010 , p. 241. ^ Rogerson 2010 , p. 244. ^ Roller 2003 , p. 153 fn. 181. ^ MacKendrick 2000 , p. 303. ^ Davies 2009 , p. 43. ^ Volubilis Project – House of the Cavalier . ^ Rogerson 2010 , p. 242. ^ a b c Rogerson 2010 , p. 243. ^ Rogerson 2010 , pp. 243–4. ^ MacKendrick 2000 , p. 310-11. Bibliography Akerraz, Aomar, ed. (1985). "Note sur l'enceinte tardive de Volubilis". Bulletin Archéologique du Comité des Travaux Historiques . pp. 429– 436. Andreeva, Sofia; Fedorchuk, Artem; Nosonovsky, Michael (2019). "Revisiting Epigraphic Evidence of the Oldest Synagogue in Morocco in Volubilis" . Arts . Vol. 8. p. 127. Carrasco, J. L. Escacena (2000). "Archaeological relationship between North Africa and Iberia". In Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Martínez-Laso, Jorge; Gómez-Casado, Eduardo (eds.). Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics . New York: Springer. ISBN 0-306-46364-4 . Conant, Jonathan (2012). Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439–700 . New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19697-0 . Davies, Ethel (2009). North Africa: The Roman Coast . Chalfont St Peter, Bucks: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-287-3 . Dean, Sharon L. (2002). Constance Fenimore and Edith Wharton: Perspectives On Landscape and Art . Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-194-5 . Dyson, Stephen L. (2006). In Pursuit of Ancient Pasts . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11097-5 . Gran-Aymerich, Eve (2006). "Jane Dieulafoy". In Cohen, Getzel M.; Joukowsky, Martha Sharp (eds.). Breaking Ground: Pioneering Women Archaeologists . London: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03174-0 . Fentress, Elizabeth; Limane, Hassan (2010). "Excavations in Medieval Settlements in Volubilis 2000-2004". Quadernos de Madinat Zahra . No. 7p. Fentress, Elizabeth; Limane, Hassan (2018). Volubilis après Rome. Fouilles 2000-2004 . Brill. Grimal, Pierre (1984) [1954]. Roman Cities [ Les villes romaines ]. Translated by G. Michael Woloch. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-08934-4 . Harris, Walter (1889). The Land of an African Sultan: Travels in Morocco . London: S. Low. OCLC 249376810 . Löhberg, Bernd (2006). Das "Itinerarium provinciarum Antonini Augusti": Ein kaiserzeitliches Strassenverzeichnis des Römischen Reiches . Berlin: Frank & Timme GmbH. ISBN 978-3-86596-085-6 . MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan (2000). The North African Stones Speak . Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8078-4942-2 . Parker, Philip (2010). The Empire Stops Here: A Journey along the Frontiers of the Roman World . London: Random House. ISBN 978-0-224-07788-0 . Raven, Susan (1993). Rome in Africa . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08150-4 . Rogerson, Barnaby (2010). Marrakesh, Fez and Rabat . London: Cadogan Guides. ISBN 978-1-86011-432-8 . Roller, Duane W. (2003). The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene . New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-30596-9 . Romer, Frank E. (1998). Pomponius Mela's Description of the World . Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08452-4 . Shabeeny, El Hage abd Salam; Jackson, James Grey (1820). An account of Timbuctoo and Housa . London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. OCLC 165576157 . "UNESCO Advisory Body Evaluation" (PDF) . UNESCO. September 1997 . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . Windus, John (1725). A journey to Mequinez, the residence of the present emperor of Fez and Morocco . London: Jacob Tonson. OCLC 64409967 . Wharton, Edith (1920). In Morocco . New York: C. Scribner's Sons. OCLC 359173 . Wright, Gwendolyn (1991). The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-90848-9 . Wright, Sarah Bird (1997). Edith Wharton's Travel Writing: The Making of a Connoisseur . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-15842-2 . "The History of Volubilis" . Volubilis Project. 25 September 2003. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . "The House of the Cavalier" . Volubilis Project. Archived from the original on November 20, 2008 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . "Map of Volubilis" . Volubilis Project. Archived from the original on February 21, 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . External links The Volubilis Project Volubilis on the UNESCO Website Images of Volubilis in the Manar al-Athar digital heritage archive .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e World Heritage Sites in Morocco v t e Northern Medina of Fes Rabat , Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin) Archaeological Site of Volubilis Historic City of Meknes Medina of Fes Rabat , Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin) Archaeological Site of Volubilis Historic City of Meknes Central Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador) Medina of Marrakesh Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida) Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador) Medina of Marrakesh Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida) Southern Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou v t e Former cities in Morocco v t e Aghmat Cotta Gilda El Mazamma Herpis Iulia Constantia Zilil Iulia Valentia Banasa Iulia Campestris Babba Lixus Rirha Sala Colonia Sijilmasa Tagmadert Tamdoult Tamuda Thamusida Thymiaterium Vobrix Volubilis Aghmat Cotta Gilda El Mazamma Herpis Iulia Constantia Zilil Iulia Valentia Banasa Iulia Campestris Babba Lixus Rirha Sala Colonia Sijilmasa Tagmadert Tamdoult Tamuda Thamusida Thymiaterium Vobrix Volubilis v t e Romano-Berber cities in Roman North Africa v t e Sorted by contemporary national borders Morocco Anfa Cotta Exilissa Iulia Constantia Zilil Iulia Valentia Banasa Iulia Campestris Babba Lixus 2 Mogador Oppidum Novum (Tingitana) Sala 1 Tamuda 1 Thamusida Tingis Volubilis 1 Anfa Cotta Exilissa Iulia Constantia Zilil Iulia Valentia Banasa Iulia Campestris Babba Lixus 2 Mogador Oppidum Novum (Tingitana) Sala 1 Tamuda 1 Thamusida Tingis Volubilis 1 Algeria Aquae Calidae Albulae Altava Auzia Calama Caesarea Cartennas Castellum Dimmidi Castellum Tingitanum Castra Nova Cirta Civitas Popthensis Collo Cohors Breucorum Cuicul 1 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Caesariensis Numidia Roman Africa Creta et Cyrenaica Roman Egypt Diocese of Africa Zeugitana Byzacena Vandal Kingdom Praetorian prefecture of Africa Exarchate of Africa Related articles Roman Africa North Africa during classical antiquity African Romance Limes Tripolitanus Christianity in the Roman Africa province Early African Church Church of Carthage Roman colonies in Berber Africa Roman Africa North Africa during classical antiquity African Romance Limes Tripolitanus Christianity in the Roman Africa province Early African Church Church of Carthage Early African Church Church of Carthage Roman colonies in Berber Africa 1 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 2 Proposed v t e Phoenician cities and colonies v t e Algeria Camarata Cartennae ( Ténès ) Hippo Regius Icosium ( Algiers ) Igilgili ( Jijel ) Iol (Cherchell) Iomnium ( Tigzirt ) Cirta ( Constantine ) Kissi (Djinet) Macomades Malaca Rachgoun Rusazus ( Azeffoun ) Rusguniae ( Tamentfoust ) Rusicade (Skikda) Rusippisir (Taksebt) Rusubbicari 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Life Toggle Life subsection 1.1 Early life 1.2 London and theatrical career 1.3 Later years and death 1.1 Early life 1.2 London and theatrical career 1.3 Later years and death 2 Plays Toggle Plays subsection 2.1 Classification 2.2 Performances 2.3 Textual sources 2.1 Classification 2.2 Performances 2.3 Textual sources 3 Poems Toggle Poems subsection 3.1 Sonnets 3.1 Sonnets 4 Style 5 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 5.1 Influence 5.2 Critical reputation 5.1 Influence 5.2 Critical reputation 6 Speculation Toggle Speculation subsection 6.1 Authorship 6.2 Religion 6.3 Sexuality 6.4 Portraiture 6.1 Authorship 6.2 Religion 6.3 Sexuality 6.4 Portraiture 7 See also 8 References Toggle References subsection 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Sources 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Sources 9 External links William Shakespeare Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. 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( 1564-04-23 ) 23 April 1564 Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire, England Died 23 April 1616 (1616-04-23) (aged 51–52) Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England Resting place Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Playwright poet actor Playwright poet actor Years active c. 1585–1613 Era Elizabethan Jacobean Elizabethan Jacobean Organisations Lord Chamberlain's Men King's Men Lord Chamberlain's Men King's Men Works Shakespeare bibliography Movement English Renaissance Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Anne Hathaway ( m. 1582) Children .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Susanna Hall Hamnet Shakespeare Judith Quiney Susanna Hall Hamnet Shakespeare Judith Quiney Parents John Shakespeare Mary Arden John Shakespeare Mary Arden Writing career Language Early Modern English Genres Play ( comedy history tragedy ) Poetry ( sonnet narrative poem epitaph ) Play ( comedy history tragedy ) Poetry ( sonnet narrative poem epitaph ) Signature William Shakespeare [ a ] ( c. 23 April 1564 [ b ] – 23 April 1616) [ c ] was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the " Bard of Avon " or simply "the Bard". His extant works, including collaborations , consist of some 39 plays , 154 sonnets , three long narrative poems and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer in the English language, and his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted. Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway , with whom he had three children: Susanna , and twins Hamnet and Judith . Sometime between 1585 and 1592 he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men , later known as the King's Men after the ascension of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne. At age 49 (around 1613) he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance , his sexuality , his religious beliefs and even certain fringe theories as to whether the works attributed to him were written by others . Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet , Othello , King Lear and Macbeth , all considered to be among the finest works in English. In the last phase of his life he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances ) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest , and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, in 1623 John Heminges and Henry Condell , two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as the First Folio , a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its preface includes a prescient poem by Ben Jonson , a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now-famous epithet: "not of an age, but for all time". Life Early life William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare , an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire , and Mary Arden , the daughter of an affluent landowning family that was influential in the Recusant Catholic community. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon , where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is unknown but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day . [ 1 ] This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens , has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on the same date in 1616. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] He was the third of eight children, and the eldest surviving son. [ 8 ] Although no attendance records for the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated at the King's New School in Stratford, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] a free school chartered in 1553, [ 12 ] about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era , but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, [ 13 ] [ 14 ] and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar based upon Latin classical authors. [ 15 ] At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway . The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage. [ 16 ] The ceremony may have been arranged in some haste; the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read once instead of the usual three times. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Six months after the marriage, Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna , baptised 26 May 1583. [ 19 ] Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith , followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. [ 20 ] Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596. [ 21 ] After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the "complaints bill" of a law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589. [ 22 ] Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". [ 23 ] Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe , Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy . Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken his revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous ballad about him. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in London. [ 26 ] John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster. [ 27 ] Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire , a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Little evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] London and theatrical career It is not known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. [ 32 ] By then, he was sufficiently known in London to be attacked in print by the playwright Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year: ... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide , supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum , is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country. [ 33 ] ... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide , supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum , is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country. [ 33 ] Scholars differ on the exact meaning of Greene's words, [ 33 ] [ 34 ] but most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching above his rank in trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe , Thomas Nashe and Greene himself (the so-called " University Wits "). [ 35 ] The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3 , along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, rather than the more common "universal genius". [ 33 ] [ 36 ] Greene's attack is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] After 1594 Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre , in Shoreditch , only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men , a company owned by a group of players, including Shakespeare, that soon became the leading playing company in London. [ 40 ] After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by the new King James I , and changed its name to the King's Men . [ 41 ] All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players: they have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts ... All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players: they have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts ... In 1599 a partnership of members of the company built their own theatre on the south bank of the River Thames , which they named the Globe . In 1608 the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre . Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate that his association with the company made him a wealthy man, [ 43 ] and in 1597 he bought the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place , and in 1605 invested in a share of the parish tithes in Stratford. [ 44 ] Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and by 1598 his name had become a selling point and began to appear on the title pages . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Shakespeare continued to act in his own and other plays after his success as a playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson 's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). [ 48 ] The absence of his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that his acting career was nearing its end. [ 37 ] The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone , although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. [ 49 ] In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. [ 50 ] In 1709 Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. [ 51 ] Later traditions maintain that he also played Adam in As You Like It , and the Chorus in Henry V , [ 52 ] [ 53 ] though scholars doubt the sources of that information. [ 54 ] Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the year before he bought New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of St Helen's , Bishopsgate , north of the River Thames. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] He moved across the river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. [ 55 ] [ 57 ] By 1604 he had moved north of the river again, to an area north of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine houses. There he rented rooms from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Later years and death Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson , that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death". [ 60 ] [ 61 ] He was still working as an actor in London in 1608; in an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans , the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges , Condell , Shakespeare, etc.". [ 62 ] However, it is perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), [ 65 ] which meant there was often no acting work. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time. [ 66 ] Shakespeare continued to visit London during the years 1611–1614. [ 60 ] In 1612 he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy , a court case concerning the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] In March 1613 he bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; [ 69 ] and from November 1614 he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall . [ 70 ] After 1610 Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. [ 71 ] His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher , [ 72 ] who succeeded him as the house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in 1613, before the Globe Theatre burned down during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June. [ 71 ] Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52. [ e ] He died within a month of signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself as being in "perfect health". No extant contemporary source explains how or why he died. Half a century later, John Ward , the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever there contracted", [ 74 ] [ 75 ] not an impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Michael Drayton . Of the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room." [ 76 ] [ f ] He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607, [ 77 ] and Judith had married Thomas Quiney , a vintner , two months before Shakespeare's death. [ 78 ] Shakespeare signed his last will and testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, and Margaret and her son both died during childbirth. Thomas was ordered by the church court to do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family. [ 78 ] Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his large estate to his elder daughter Susanna [ 79 ] under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body". [ 80 ] The Quineys had three children, all of whom died without marrying. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of his estate automatically. [ g ] He did make a point, however, of leaving her "my second best bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] [ 88 ] Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore rich in significance. [ 89 ] Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his death. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] The epitaph carved into the stone slab covering his grave includes a curse against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration of the church in 2008: [ 92 ] Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, To digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves my bones. [ 93 ] [ h ] Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, To digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves my bones. [ 93 ] [ h ] Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, To dig the dust enclosed here. Blessed be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be he that moves my bones. Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, To dig the dust enclosed here. Blessed be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be he that moves my bones. Some time before 1623 a funerary monument was erected in his memory on the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor , Socrates , and Virgil . [ 94 ] In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the First Folio , the Droeshout engraving was published. [ 95 ] Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey . [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Plays Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly early and late in his career. [ 98 ] The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI , written in the early 1590s during a vogue for historical drama . Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, however, [ 99 ] [ 100 ] and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus , The Comedy of Errors , The Taming of the Shrew , and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. [ 101 ] [ 99 ] His first histories , which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland , [ 102 ] dramatise the destructive results of weak or corrupt rule and have been interpreted as a justification for the origins of the Tudor dynasty . [ 103 ] The early plays were influenced by the works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe , by the traditions of medieval drama, and by the plays of Seneca . [ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ] The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but different wording as another play with a similar name. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona , in which two friends appear to approve of rape, [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] the Shrew ' s story of the taming of a woman's independent spirit by a man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences. [ 112 ] Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of his most acclaimed comedies. [ 113 ] A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and comic lowlife scenes. [ 114 ] Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice , contains a portrayal of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock , which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to modern audiences. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing , [ 117 ] the charming rural setting of As You Like It , and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. [ 118 ] After the lyrical Richard II , written almost entirely in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2 , and Henry V . Henry IV features Falstaff , rogue, wit and friend of Prince Hal. His characters become more complex and tender as he switches deftly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of his mature work. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] [ 121 ] This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet , the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; [ 122 ] [ 123 ] and Julius Caesar —based on Sir Thomas North 's 1579 translation of Plutarch 's Parallel Lives —which introduced a new kind of drama. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] According to the Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro , in Julius Caesar , "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of writing, began to infuse each other". [ 126 ] In the early-17th century, Shakespeare wrote the so-called " problem plays " Measure for Measure , Troilus and Cressida , and All's Well That Ends Well and a number of his best known tragedies . [ 127 ] [ 128 ] Many critics believe that Shakespeare's tragedies represent the peak of his art. Hamlet has probably been analysed more than any other Shakespearean character, especially for his famous soliloquy which begins " To be or not to be; that is the question ". [ 129 ] Unlike the introverted Hamlet, whose fatal flaw is hesitation, Othello and Lear are undone by hasty errors of judgement. [ 130 ] The plots of Shakespeare's tragedies often hinge on such fatal errors or flaws, which overturn order and destroy the hero and those he loves. [ 131 ] In Othello , Iago stokes Othello's sexual jealousy to the point where he murders the innocent wife who loves him. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] In King Lear , the old king commits the tragic error of giving up his powers, initiating the events which led to the torture and blinding of the Earl of Gloucester and the murder of Lear's youngest daughter, Cordelia . According to the critic Frank Kermode , "the play...offers neither its good characters nor its audience any relief from its cruelty". [ 134 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] In Macbeth , the shortest and most compressed of Shakespeare's tragedies, [ 137 ] uncontrollable ambition incites Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth , to murder the rightful king and usurp the throne until their own guilt destroys them in turn. [ 138 ] In this play, Shakespeare adds a supernatural element to the tragic structure. His last major tragedies, Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus , contain some of Shakespeare's finest poetry and were considered his most successful tragedies by the poet and critic T. S. Eliot . [ 139 ] [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Eliot wrote, "Shakespeare acquired more essential history from Plutarch than most men could from the whole British Museum ." [ 142 ] In his final period, Shakespeare turned to romance or tragicomedy and completed three more major plays: Cymbeline , The Winter's Tale , and The Tempest , as well as the collaboration, Pericles, Prince of Tyre . Less bleak than the tragedies, these four plays are graver in tone than the comedies of the 1590s, but they end with reconciliation and the forgiveness of potentially tragic errors. [ 143 ] Some commentators have seen this change in mood as evidence of a more serene view of life on Shakespeare's part, but it may merely reflect the theatrical fashion of the day. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Shakespeare collaborated on two further surviving plays, Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen , probably with John Fletcher . [ 147 ] Classification Shakespeare's works include the 36 plays printed in the First Folio of 1623, listed according to their folio classification as comedies , histories , and tragedies . [ 148 ] Two plays not included in the First Folio, [ 149 ] The Two Noble Kinsmen and Pericles, Prince of Tyre , are now accepted as part of the canon, with today's scholars agreeing that Shakespeare made major contributions to the writing of both. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] No Shakespearean poems were included in the First Folio, partly because the collection was compiled by men of theatre. [ 152 ] In the late 19th century the critic Edward Dowden classified four of the late comedies as romances , and though many scholars prefer to call them tragicomedies , Dowden's term is often used. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] In 1896 Frederick S. Boas coined the term " problem plays " to describe four plays: All's Well That Ends Well , Measure for Measure , Troilus and Cressida and Hamlet . [ 155 ] "Dramas as singular in theme and temper cannot be strictly called comedies or tragedies", he wrote. "We may, therefore, borrow a convenient phrase from the theatre of today and class them together as Shakespeare's problem plays." [ 156 ] The term, much debated and sometimes applied to other plays, remains in use, though Hamlet is definitively classed as a tragedy. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Performances It is not clear for which companies Shakespeare wrote his early plays. The title page of the 1594 edition of Titus Andronicus reveals that the play had been acted by three different troupes. [ 160 ] After the plagues of 1592–93, Shakespeare's plays were performed by his own company at The Theatre and the Curtain in Shoreditch , north of the Thames. [ 161 ] Londoners flocked there to see the first part of Henry IV , Leonard Digges recording, "Let but Falstaff come, Hal, Poins, the rest ... and you scarce shall have a room". [ 162 ] When the company found themselves in dispute with their landlord, they pulled The Theatre down and used the timbers to construct the Globe Theatre , the first playhouse built by actors for actors, on the south bank of the Thames at Southwark . [ 163 ] [ 164 ] The Globe opened in autumn 1599, with Julius Caesar one of the first plays staged. Most of Shakespeare's greatest post-1599 plays were written for the Globe, including Hamlet , Othello, and King Lear . [ 163 ] [ 165 ] [ 166 ] After the Lord Chamberlain's Men were renamed the King's Men in 1603, they entered a special relationship with the new King James . Although the performance records are patchy, the King's Men performed seven of Shakespeare's plays at court between 1 November 1604, and 31 October 1605, including two performances of The Merchant of Venice . [ 53 ] After 1608, they performed at the indoor Blackfriars Theatre during the winter and the Globe during the summer. [ 167 ] The indoor setting, combined with the Jacobean fashion for lavishly staged masques , allowed Shakespeare to introduce more elaborate stage devices. In Cymbeline , for example, Jupiter descends "in thunder and lightning, sitting upon an eagle: he throws a thunderbolt. The ghosts fall on their knees." [ 168 ] [ 169 ] The actors in Shakespeare's company included the famous Richard Burbage , William Kempe , Henry Condell and John Heminges . Burbage played the leading role in the first performances of many of Shakespeare's plays, including Richard III , Hamlet , Othello , and King Lear . [ 170 ] The popular comic actor Will Kempe played the servant Peter in Romeo and Juliet and Dogberry in Much Ado About Nothing , among other characters. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] He was replaced around 1600 by Robert Armin , who played roles such as Touchstone in As You Like It and the fool in King Lear . [ 173 ] In 1613 Sir Henry Wotton recorded that Henry VIII "was set forth with many extraordinary circumstances of pomp and ceremony". [ 174 ] However, on 29 June a cannon set fire to the thatch of the Globe and burned the theatre to the ground, an event that pinpoints the date of a Shakespeare play with rare precision. [ 174 ] Textual sources In 1623 John Heminges and Henry Condell , two of Shakespeare's colleagues from the King's Men, published the First Folio , a collected edition of Shakespeare's plays. It contained 36 texts, including 18 printed for the first time. [ 175 ] Most of the others had already appeared in quarto versions—flimsy books made from sheets of paper folded twice to make four leaves. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] No evidence suggests that Shakespeare approved these editions, which the First Folio describes as "stol'n and surreptitious copies". [ 178 ] Alfred Pollard termed some of the pre-1623 versions as " bad quartos " because of their adapted, paraphrased or garbled texts, which may in places have been reconstructed from memory. [ 176 ] [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Where several versions of a play survive, each differs from the others . The differences may stem from copying or printing errors, from notes by actors or audience members, or from Shakespeare's own papers . [ 180 ] [ 181 ] In some cases, for example, Hamlet , Troilus and Cressida, and Othello , Shakespeare could have revised the texts between the quarto and folio editions. In the case of King Lear , however, while most modern editions do conflate them, the 1623 folio version is so different from the 1608 quarto that the Oxford Shakespeare prints them both, arguing that they cannot be conflated without confusion. [ 182 ] Poems In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres were closed because of plague , Shakespeare published two narrative poems on sexual themes, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece . He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton . In Venus and Adonis , an innocent Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus ; while in The Rape of Lucrece , the virtuous wife Lucrece is raped by the lustful Tarquin . [ 183 ] Influenced by Ovid 's Metamorphoses , [ 184 ] the poems show the guilt and moral confusion that result from uncontrolled lust. [ 185 ] Both proved popular and were often reprinted during Shakespeare's lifetime. A third narrative poem, A Lover's Complaint , in which a young woman laments her seduction by a persuasive suitor, was printed in the first edition of the Sonnets in 1609. Most scholars now accept that Shakespeare wrote A Lover's Complaint . Critics consider that its fine qualities are marred by leaden effects. [ 186 ] [ 187 ] [ 188 ] The Phoenix and the Turtle , printed in Robert Chester's 1601 Love's Martyr , mourns the deaths of the legendary phoenix and his lover, the faithful turtle dove . In 1599, two early drafts of sonnets 138 and 144 appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim , published under Shakespeare's name but without his permission. [ 186 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Sonnets Published in 1609, the Sonnets were the last of Shakespeare's non-dramatic works to be printed. Scholars are not certain when each of the 154 sonnets was composed, but evidence suggests that Shakespeare wrote sonnets throughout his career for a private readership. [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Even before the two unauthorised sonnets appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim in 1599, Francis Meres had referred in 1598 to Shakespeare's "sugred Sonnets among his private friends". [ 192 ] Few analysts believe that the published collection follows Shakespeare's intended sequence. [ 193 ] He seems to have planned two contrasting series: one about uncontrollable lust for a married woman of dark complexion (the "dark lady"), and one about conflicted love for a fair young man (the "fair youth"). It remains unclear if these figures represent real individuals, or if the authorial "I" who addresses them represents Shakespeare himself, although William Wordsworth believed that with the sonnets "Shakespeare unlocked his heart". [ 192 ] [ 191 ] Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate ... Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate ... The 1609 edition was dedicated to a "Mr. W.H.", credited as "the only begetter" of the poems. It is not known whether this was written by Shakespeare himself or by the publisher, Thomas Thorpe , whose initials appear at the foot of the dedication page; nor is it known who Mr. W.H. was, despite numerous theories, or whether Shakespeare even authorised the publication. [ 195 ] Critics praise the Sonnets as a profound meditation on the nature of love, sexual passion, procreation, death, and time. [ 196 ] Style Shakespeare's first plays were written in the conventional style of the day. He wrote them in a stylised language that does not always spring naturally from the needs of the characters or the drama. [ 197 ] The poetry depends on extended, sometimes elaborate metaphors and conceits, and the language is often rhetorical—written for actors to declaim rather than speak. The grand speeches in Titus Andronicus , in the view of some critics, often hold up the action, for example; and the verse in The Two Gentlemen of Verona has been described as stilted. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] "And pity, like a naked new-born babe, Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, hors'd Upon the sightless couriers of the air." [ 200 ] However, Shakespeare soon began to adapt the traditional styles to his own purposes. The opening soliloquy of Richard III has its roots in the self-declaration of Vice in medieval drama. At the same time, Richard's vivid self-awareness looks forward to the soliloquies of Shakespeare's mature plays. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] No single play marks a change from the traditional to the freer style. Shakespeare combined the two throughout his career, with Romeo and Juliet perhaps the best example of the mixing of the styles. [ 203 ] By the time of Romeo and Juliet , Richard II and A Midsummer Night's Dream in the mid-1590s, Shakespeare had begun to write a more natural poetry. He increasingly tuned his metaphors and images to the needs of the drama itself. Shakespeare's standard poetic form was blank verse , composed in iambic pentameter . In practice, this meant that his verse was usually unrhymed and consisted of ten syllables to a line, spoken with a stress on every second syllable. The blank verse of his early plays is quite different from that of his later ones. It is often beautiful, but its sentences tend to start, pause, and finish at the end of lines , with the risk of monotony. [ 204 ] Once Shakespeare mastered traditional blank verse, he began to interrupt and vary its flow. This technique releases the new power and flexibility of the poetry in plays such as Julius Caesar and Hamlet . Shakespeare uses it, for example, to convey the turmoil in Hamlet's mind: [ 205 ] Sir, in my heart there was a kind of fighting That would not let me sleep. Methought I lay Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. Rashly— And prais'd be rashness for it—let us know Our indiscretion sometimes serves us well ... Sir, in my heart there was a kind of fighting That would not let me sleep. Methought I lay Worse than the mutines in the bilboes. Rashly— And prais'd be rashness for it—let us know Our indiscretion sometimes serves us well ... — Hamlet , Act 5, Scene 2, 4–8 [ 205 ] After Hamlet , Shakespeare varied his poetic style further, particularly in the more emotional passages of the late tragedies. The literary critic A. C. Bradley described this style as "more concentrated, rapid, varied, and, in construction, less regular, not seldom twisted or elliptical". [ 206 ] In the last phase of his career, Shakespeare adopted many techniques to achieve these effects. These included run-on lines , irregular pauses and stops, and extreme variations in sentence structure and length. [ 207 ] In Macbeth , for example, the language darts from one unrelated metaphor or simile to another: "was the hope drunk/ Wherein you dressed yourself?" (1.7.35–38); "... pity, like a naked new-born babe/ Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, hors'd/ Upon the sightless couriers of the air ..." (1.7.21–25). The listener is challenged to complete the sense. [ 207 ] The late romances, with their shifts in time and surprising turns of plot, inspired a last poetic style in which long and short sentences are set against one another, clauses are piled up, subject and object are reversed, and words are omitted, creating an effect of spontaneity. [ 208 ] Shakespeare combined poetic genius with a practical sense of the theatre. [ 209 ] Like all playwrights of the time, he dramatised stories from sources such as Plutarch and Raphael Holinshed . [ 210 ] He reshaped each plot to create several centres of interest and to show as many sides of a narrative to the audience as possible. This strength of design ensures that a Shakespeare play can survive translation, cutting, and wide interpretation without loss to its core drama. [ 211 ] As Shakespeare's mastery grew, he gave his characters clearer and more varied motivations and distinctive patterns of speech. He preserved aspects of his earlier style in the later plays, however. In the late romances , he deliberately returned to a more artificial style, which emphasised the illusion of theatre. [ 212 ] [ 213 ] Legacy Influence Shakespeare's work has made a significant and lasting impression on later theatre and literature. In particular, he expanded the dramatic potential of characterisation , plot, language , and genre. [ 214 ] Until Romeo and Juliet , romance had not been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy. [ 215 ] Soliloquies had been used mainly to convey information about characters or events, but Shakespeare used them to explore characters' minds. [ 216 ] His work heavily influenced later poetry. The Romantic poets attempted to revive Shakespearean verse drama, though with little success. The critic George Steiner described all English verse dramas from Samuel Taylor Coleridge to Alfred, Lord Tennyson , as "feeble variations on Shakespearean themes". [ 217 ] John Milton , considered by many to be the most important English poet after Shakespeare, wrote in tribute: "Thou in our wonder and astonishment/ Hast built thyself a live-long monument." [ 218 ] Shakespeare influenced novelists such as Thomas Hardy , William Faulkner and Charles Dickens . The American novelist Herman Melville 's soliloquies owe much to Shakespeare; his Captain Ahab in Moby-Dick is a classic tragic hero , inspired by King Lear . [ 219 ] Scholars have identified 20,000 pieces of music linked to Shakespeare's works, including Felix Mendelssohn 's overture and incidental music for A Midsummer Night's Dream and Sergei Prokofiev 's ballet Romeo and Juliet . His work has inspired several operas, among them Giuseppe Verdi 's Macbeth , Otello and Falstaff , whose critical standing compares with that of the source plays. [ 220 ] Shakespeare has also inspired many painters, including the Romantics and the Pre-Raphaelites , while William Hogarth 's 1745 painting of actor David Garrick playing Richard III was decisive in establishing the genre of theatrical portraiture in Britain. [ 221 ] Shakespeare has been a rich source for filmmakers; Akira Kurosawa adapted Macbeth and King Lear as Throne of Blood and Ran . Other examples of Shakespeare on film include Max Reinhardt 's A Midsummer Night's Dream , Laurence Olivier 's Hamlet and Al Pacino 's documentary Looking For Richard . [ 222 ] Orson Welles , a lifelong lover of Shakespeare, directed and starred in Macbeth , Othello and Chimes at Midnight . The last, in which he plays John Falstaff , was Welles's favourite of his films. [ 223 ] In Shakespeare's day English grammar, spelling and pronunciation were less standardised than they are now, [ 224 ] and his use of language helped to shape modern English. [ 225 ] Samuel Johnson quoted him more often than any other author in his A Dictionary of the English Language , the first serious work of its type. [ 226 ] Expressions such as "with bated breath" ( Merchant of Venice ) and "a foregone conclusion" ( Othello ) have found their way into everyday English speech. [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Shakespeare's influence extends far beyond his native England and the English language. His reception in Germany was particularly significant; as early as the 18th century Shakespeare was widely translated and popularised in Germany, notably by the travelling theatre company of Abel Seyler , and gradually became a "classic of the German Weimar era ;" Christoph Martin Wieland was the first to produce complete translations of Shakespeare's plays in any language. [ 229 ] [ 230 ] The Swiss Romantic artist Henry Fuseli , a friend of William Blake , translated Macbeth into German. [ 231 ] The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud drew on Shakespearean psychology, in particular, that of Hamlet, for his theories of human nature. [ 232 ] The actor and theatre-director Simon Callow writes, "this master, this titan, this genius, so profoundly British and so effortlessly universal, each different culture – German, Italian, Russian – was obliged to respond to the Shakespearean example; for the most part, they embraced it, and him, with joyous abandon, as the possibilities of language and character in action that he celebrated liberated writers across the continent. Some of the most deeply affecting productions of Shakespeare have been non-English, and non-European. He is that unique writer: he has something for everyone." [ 233 ] According to Guinness World Records , Shakespeare remains the world's best-selling playwright, with sales of his plays and poetry believed to have achieved in excess of four billion copies in the almost 400 years since his death. He is also the third most translated author in history, [ 234 ] with his plays translated into over 80 languages, from major world tongues such as German, Hindi, and Japanese, to constructed languages like Esperanto and Klingon . [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Major festivals, including the Globe to Globe Festival in London (2012), have staged all 37 plays in 37 different languages, with productions ranging from Hamlet in Lithuanian to The Merchant of Venice in Hebrew , performed by Habima Theatre , Israel's national theatre. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Critical reputation He was not of an age, but for all time. He was not of an age, but for all time. Shakespeare was not revered in his lifetime, but he received a large amount of praise. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] In 1598 the cleric and author Francis Meres singled him out from a group of English playwrights as "the most excellent" in both comedy and tragedy. [ 242 ] [ 243 ] The authors of the Parnassus plays at St John's College, Cambridge , numbered him with Geoffrey Chaucer , John Gower and Edmund Spenser . [ 244 ] In the First Folio , Ben Jonson called Shakespeare the "Soul of the age, the applause, delight, the wonder of our stage", although he had remarked elsewhere that "Shakespeare wanted art" (lacked skill). [ 239 ] Between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the end of the 17th century, classical ideas were in vogue. As a result, critics of the time mostly rated Shakespeare below John Fletcher and Ben Jonson. [ 245 ] Thomas Rymer , for example, condemned Shakespeare for mixing the comic with the tragic. Nevertheless, the poet and critic John Dryden rated Shakespeare highly, saying of Jonson, "I admire him, but I love Shakespeare". [ 246 ] He also famously remarked that Shakespeare "was naturally learned; he needed not the spectacles of books to read nature; he looked inwards, and found her there." [ 247 ] For several decades, Rymer's view held sway. But during the 18th century, critics began to respond to Shakespeare on his own terms and, like Dryden, to acclaim what they termed his natural genius. A series of scholarly editions of his work, notably those of Samuel Johnson in 1765 and Edmond Malone in 1790, added to his growing reputation. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] By 1800, he was firmly enshrined as the national poet, [ 250 ] and described as the " Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). [ 251 ] [ i ] In the 18th and 19th centuries, his reputation also spread abroad. Among those who championed him were the writers Voltaire , Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe , Stendhal and Victor Hugo . [ 253 ] [ j ] During the Romantic era Shakespeare was praised by the poet and literary philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge , and the critic August Wilhelm Schlegel translated his plays in the spirit of German Romanticism . [ 255 ] In the 19th century, critical admiration for Shakespeare's genius often bordered on adulation. [ 256 ] "This King Shakespeare," the essayist Thomas Carlyle wrote in 1840, "does not he shine, in crowned sovereignty, over us all, as the noblest, gentlest, yet strongest of rallying signs; indestructible". [ 257 ] The Victorians produced his plays as lavish spectacles on a grand scale. [ 258 ] The playwright and critic George Bernard Shaw mocked the cult of Shakespeare worship as " bardolatry ", claiming that the new naturalism of Henrik Ibsen 's plays had made Shakespeare obsolete. [ 259 ] The modernist revolution in the arts during the early 20th century, far from discarding Shakespeare, eagerly enlisted his work in the service of the avant-garde . The Expressionists in Germany and the Futurists in Moscow mounted productions of his plays. The Marxist playwright and director Bertolt Brecht devised an epic theatre under the influence of Shakespeare. The poet and critic T. S. Eliot argued against Shaw that Shakespeare's "primitiveness" in fact made him truly modern. [ 260 ] Eliot, along with G. Wilson Knight and the school of New Criticism , led a movement towards a closer reading of Shakespeare's imagery. In the 1950s, a wave of new critical approaches replaced modernism and paved the way for post-modern studies of Shakespeare. [ 261 ] Comparing Shakespeare's accomplishments to those of leading figures in philosophy and theology, Harold Bloom wrote, "Shakespeare was larger than Plato and than St. Augustine . He encloses us because we see with his fundamental perceptions." [ 262 ] In the 21st century, his reputation remains pre-eminent. Emma Smith , professor of Shakespeare Studies at the University of Oxford , in a study published in 2019, called him "the world's greatest playwright"; [ 263 ] while Dennis Kennedy , Samuel Beckett Professor of Drama and Theatre (Emeritus) at Trinity College Dublin , noted in 2004 that he remains "the most performed playwright in the world". [ 264 ] Gary Taylor , co-editor of The New Oxford Shakespeare published in 2017, wrote; "most of the most important, the most talented, and best educated writers and readers of the last four centuries have considered Shakespeare the best writer in English, or the best modern writer in any language, or the world's best playwright, or the best Western writer of the last thousand years, or the best writer ever, or the greatest genius of all time". [ 265 ] Speculation Authorship Around 230 years after Shakespeare's death, doubts began to be expressed about the authorship of the works attributed to him. [ 266 ] Proposed alternative candidates include Francis Bacon , Christopher Marlowe and Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford . [ 267 ] Several "group theories" have also been proposed. [ 268 ] All but a few Shakespeare scholars and literary historians consider it a fringe theory, with only a small minority of academics who believe that there is reason to question the traditional attribution, [ 269 ] but interest in the subject, particularly the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship , continues into the 21st century. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] [ 272 ] Religion Shakespeare conformed to the official state religion, [ k ] but his private views on religion have been the subject of debate. Shakespeare's will uses a Protestant formula, and he was a confirmed member of the Church of England , where he was married, his children were baptised, and where he is buried. Some scholars are of the view that members of Shakespeare's family were Catholics, at a time when practising Catholicism in England was against the law. [ 274 ] Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden , certainly came from a pious Catholic family. The strongest evidence might be a Catholic statement of faith signed by his father, John Shakespeare , found in 1757 in the rafters of his former house in Henley Street. However, the document is now lost and scholars differ as to its authenticity. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] In 1591 the authorities reported that John Shakespeare had missed church "for fear of process for debt", a common Catholic excuse. [ 277 ] [ 278 ] [ 279 ] In 1606 the name of William's daughter Susanna appears on a list of those who failed to attend Easter communion in Stratford. [ 277 ] [ 278 ] [ 279 ] Other authors argue that there is a lack of evidence about Shakespeare's religious beliefs. Scholars find evidence both for and against Shakespeare's Catholicism, Protestantism, or lack of belief in his plays, but the truth may be impossible to prove. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] In 1934, Rudyard Kipling published a short story in The Strand Magazine , "Proofs of Holy Writ", postulating that Shakespeare had helped to polish the prose of the King James Bible , published in 1611. [ 282 ] Sexuality Few details of Shakespeare's sexuality are known. At 18 he married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway , who was pregnant. Susanna, the first of their three children, was born six months later on 26 May 1583. Over the centuries, some readers have posited that Shakespeare's sonnets are autobiographical, [ 283 ] and point to them as evidence of his love for a young man. Others read the same passages as the expression of intense friendship rather than romantic love. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] [ 286 ] The 26 so-called "Dark Lady" sonnets, addressed to a married woman, are taken as evidence of heterosexual liaisons. [ 287 ] Portraiture No written contemporary description of Shakespeare's physical appearance survives, and no evidence suggests that he ever commissioned a portrait. From the 18th century, the desire for authentic Shakespeare portraits fuelled claims that various surviving pictures depicted Shakespeare. [ 288 ] That demand also led to the production of several fake portraits, as well as misattributions, re-paintings, and relabelling of portraits of other people. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] Some scholars suggest that the Droeshout portrait , which Ben Jonson approved of as a good likeness, [ 291 ] and his Stratford monument provide perhaps the best evidence of his appearance. [ 292 ] Of the claimed paintings, the art historian Tarnya Cooper concluded that the Chandos portrait had "the strongest claim of any of the known contenders to be a true portrait of Shakespeare". After a three-year study supported by the National Portrait Gallery, London , the portrait's owners, Cooper contended that its composition date, contemporary with Shakespeare, its subsequent provenance, and the sitter's attire, all supported the attribution. [ 293 ] See also English Renaissance theatre – Theatre of England between 1558 and 1642 Outline of William Shakespeare Shakespeare's Politics – Book by Allan Bloom and Harry V. Jaffa Spelling of Shakespeare's name World Shakespeare Bibliography – Online Shakespeare database References Notes ^ / ˈ ʃ eɪ k s p ɪər / ^ The belief that Shakespeare was born on 23 April is a tradition and not a verified fact; [ 1 ] see § Early life below. He was baptised 26 April. [ 1 ] ^ Dates follow the Julian calendar , used in England throughout Shakespeare's lifespan, but with the start of the year adjusted to 1 January (see Old Style and New Style dates ). Under the Gregorian calendar , adopted in Catholic countries in 1582, Shakespeare died on 3 May. [ 2 ] ^ The crest is a silver falcon supporting a spear, while the motto is Non Sanz Droict (French for "not without right"). This motto is still used by Warwickshire County Council , in reference to Shakespeare. ^ Inscribed in Latin on his funerary monument : AETATIS 53 DIE 23 APR (In his 53rd year he died 23 April). [ 73 ] ^ Verse by James Mabbe printed in the First Folio. [ 76 ] ^ Charles Knight , 1842, in his notes on Twelfth Night . [ 85 ] ^ In the scribal abbreviations ye for the (3rd line) and yt for that (3rd and 4th lines) the letter y represents th : see thorn . ^ The "national cult" of Shakespeare, and the "bard" identification, dates from September 1769, when the actor David Garrick organised a week-long carnival at Stratford to mark the town council awarding him the freedom of the town. In addition to presenting the town with a statue of Shakespeare, Garrick composed a doggerel verse, lampooned in the London newspapers, naming the banks of the Avon as the birthplace of the "matchless Bard". [ 252 ] ^ Grady cites Voltaire 's Philosophical Letters (1733); Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1795); Stendhal 's two-part pamphlet Racine et Shakespeare (1823–25); and Victor Hugo 's prefaces to Cromwell (1827) and William Shakespeare (1864). [ 254 ] ^ For example, A.L. Rowse , the 20th-century Shakespeare scholar, was emphatic: "He died, as he had lived, a conforming member of the Church of England. His will made that perfectly clear—in facts, puts it beyond dispute, for it uses the Protestant formula." 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Samuel Johnson's Dictionary: Selections from the 1755 Work that Defined the English Language . Delray Beach: Levenger Press. ISBN 978-1-84354-296-4 . OCLC 56645909 . Jonson, Ben (1996) [1623]. "To the memory of my beloued, The AVTHOR MR. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE: AND what he hath left vs". In Hinman, Charlton (ed.). The First Folio of Shakespeare (2nd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-0-393-03985-6 . OCLC 34663304 . [ permanent dead link ] Kastan, David Scott (1999). Shakespeare After Theory . London: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-90112-3 . OCLC 40125084 . Kennedy, Dennis (2004). Foreign Shakespeare: Contemporary Performance . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-61708-6 . Kermode, Frank (2004). The Age of Shakespeare . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978-0-297-84881-3 . OCLC 52970550 . Kinney, Arthur F., ed. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-956610-5 . OCLC 775497396 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 14 June 2023 . Knutson, Roslyn (2001). Playing Companies and Commerce in Shakespeare's Time . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511486043 . ISBN 978-0-511-48604-3 . OCLC 45505919 – via Cambridge Core . Lee, Sidney (1900). Shakespeare's Life and Work: Being an Abridgment Chiefly for the Use of Students of a Life of A Life of William Shakespeare . London: Smith, Elder & Co. OCLC 355968 . OL 21113614M . Levenson, Jill L., ed. (2000). Romeo and Juliet . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-281496-8 . OCLC 41991397 . Levin, Harry (1986). "Critical Approaches to Shakespeare from 1660 to 1904". In Wells, Stanley (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-31841-9 . OCLC 12945372 . Love, Harold (2002). Attributing Authorship: An Introduction . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511483165 . 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External links Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Digital editions William Shakespeare's plays on Bookwise Internet Shakespeare Editions The Folger Shakespeare Open Source Shakespeare complete works, with search engine and concordance The Shakespeare Quartos Archive Works by William Shakespeare in eBook form at Standard Ebooks Works by William Shakespeare at Project Gutenberg Works by or about William Shakespeare at the Internet Archive Works by William Shakespeare at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Exhibitions Shakespeare Documented an online exhibition documenting Shakespeare in his own time Shakespeare's Will from The National Archives The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust William Shakespeare at the British Library. Archived 23 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine . Music Works by William Shakespeare set to music: free scores in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki) Works by William Shakespeare set to music : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project Education Shakespeare at Home an online resource providing free educational resources on William Shakespeare and the Renaissance world. Activities are dyslexia friendly and suitable for all ages. Legacy and criticism Records on Shakespeare's Theatre Legacy from the UK Parliamentary Collections Winston Churchill & Shakespeare – UK Parliament Living Heritage .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e William Shakespeare v t e Plays Comedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre ✻ The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen ✻ The Winter's Tale Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Histories King John Edward III ✻ Richard II Henry IV 1 2 Henry V Henry VI 1 ✻ 2 3 Richard III Henry VIII ✻ Early editions Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Related Problem plays Late romances Henriad Characters A–K L–Z Ghost character Historical figures Chronology Performances Settings Scenes Comedies All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre ✻ The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen ✻ The Winter's Tale All's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love's Labour's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles, Prince of Tyre ✻ The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen ✻ The Winter's Tale Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Histories King John Edward III ✻ Richard II Henry IV 1 2 Henry V Henry VI 1 ✻ 2 3 Richard III Henry VIII ✻ King John Edward III ✻ Richard II Henry IV 1 2 1 2 Henry V Henry VI 1 ✻ 2 3 1 ✻ 2 3 Richard III Henry VIII ✻ Early editions Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Related Problem plays Late romances Henriad Characters A–K L–Z Ghost character Historical figures Chronology Performances Settings Scenes Problem plays Late romances Henriad Characters A–K L–Z Ghost character Historical figures A–K L–Z Ghost character Historical figures Chronology Performances Settings Scenes Poems Shakespeare's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Shakespeare's sonnets comparison to Petrarch comparison to Petrarch A Lover's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio ✻† Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love's Labour's Won † The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More ✻ The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Ur-Hamlet † Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio ✻† Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love's Labour's Won † The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More ✻ The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Ur-Hamlet † Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio ✻† Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love's Labour's Won † The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More ✻ The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Ur-Hamlet † Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace Bibliography Complete Works Translations Coat of arms Collaborations Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain's Men / King's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre Music New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of Shakespeare's name Stratford-upon-Avon Style Will Grave Birthplace Bibliography Complete Works Translations Complete Works Translations Coat of arms Collaborations Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain's Men / King's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre The Theatre Curtain Theatre Music New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of Shakespeare's name Stratford-upon-Avon Style Will Grave Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Bardolatry Festivals Gardens Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare and Star Trek Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien Works titled after Shakespeare Institutions Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Royal Shakespeare Company Royal Shakespeare Theatre Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Shakespeare's Globe (replica) Shakespeare Institute Attribution studies Authorship question Bardolatry Festivals Gardens Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare and Star Trek Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien Works titled after Shakespeare Institutions Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Royal Shakespeare Company Royal Shakespeare Theatre Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Shakespeare's Globe (replica) Shakespeare Institute Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare Quarterly Royal Shakespeare Company Royal Shakespeare Theatre Royal Shakespeare Theatre Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Shakespeare's Globe (replica) Shakespeare Institute Family Anne Hathaway (wife) Susanna Hall (daughter) Hamnet Shakespeare (son) Judith Quiney (daughter) Elizabeth Barnard (granddaughter) John Shakespeare (father) Mary Arden (mother) Gilbert Shakespeare (brother) Joan Shakespeare (sister) Edmund Shakespeare (brother) Richard Shakespeare (grandfather) John Hall (son-in-law) Thomas Quiney (son-in-law) Anne Hathaway (wife) Susanna Hall (daughter) Hamnet Shakespeare (son) Judith Quiney (daughter) Elizabeth Barnard (granddaughter) John Shakespeare (father) Mary Arden (mother) Gilbert Shakespeare (brother) Joan Shakespeare (sister) Edmund Shakespeare (brother) Richard Shakespeare (grandfather) John Hall (son-in-law) Thomas Quiney (son-in-law) ✻ Shakespeare and other authors † Lost Category ✻ Shakespeare and other authors † Lost Category Links to related articles v t e Early editions of William Shakespeare 's works Folios and quartos Foul papers List of Shakespeare plays in quarto Quarto Folio Bad quarto First Quarto First Folio Second Folio False Folio Early editors John Heminges Henry Condell Edward Knight Publishers Robert Allot William Aspley John Benson Edward Blount Cuthbert Burby Nathaniel Butter Philip Chetwinde Richard Hawkins Henry Herringman William Leake Richard Meighen Thomas Millington Thomas Pavier John Smethwick Thomas Thorpe Thomas Walkley John Waterson Andrew Wise Printers Edward Allde Thomas Cotes Thomas Creede George Eld Richard Field William Jaggard Augustine Matthews Nicholas Okes James Roberts Peter Short Valentine Simmes William Stansby Shakespearean tragedy v t e William Shakespeare 's Antony and Cleopatra Stage adaptations The False One ( c. 1620) All for Love (1677) Opera Antony and Cleopatra (1966) Antony and Cleopatra (2022) On screen 1908 1913 1959 (TV) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) 1972 1974 (TV) Zulfiqar (2016; film) Related List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra Cultural depictions of Augustus Salad days Asp Thomas North Cleopatra (1912) Cleopatra (1917) Roman Tragedies (2007) Category v t e William Shakespeare 's Coriolanus Characters Historical Caius Martius Coriolanus Menenius Agrippa Cominius Titus Lartius Sicinius Velutus Tullus Aufidius Fictional Volumnia Virgilia Sources Roman Antiquities Parallel Lives Ab Urbe Condita Policraticus A Mervalious Combat of Contrarieties ( William Averell ) Adaptations The Invader of His Country (1719) Coriolanus (1953) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) The Tragedy of Coriolanus (1984; TV) Coriolanus (2011) Related Veturia Thomas North Roman Tragedies (2007) v t e William Shakespeare's Cymbeline Characters Cymbeline Queen Imogen Posthumus Leonatus Cloten Belarius Guiderius Arvirargus Jupiter Sources Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136) The Decameron ( c. 1353) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Adaptations Cymbeline (1982; TV) Cymbeline (2014) Related Shakespeare's late romances Philaster ( c. 1609) Deus ex machina Milford Haven v t e William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies " To be, or not to be " " Mortal coil " " What a piece of work is a man " " Speak the speech " Words and phrases " Hoist with his own petard " " The lady doth protest too much, methinks " " Thy name is " Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur-Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Cultural references to Hamlet Cultural references to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre (1911–1912) Richard Burton (1964) List of skulls used to depict Yorick On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 1974 1990 1996 2000 2003 2011 2025 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence (1959) The Bad Sleep Well (1960) Ophelia (1963) Johnny Hamlet (1968) One Hamlet Less (1973) The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet (1977) Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet Goes Business (1987) The Lion King (1994) Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) The Banquet (2006) Doubt (2009) Karmayogi (2012) Haider (2014) Hamlet A.D.D. (2014) Hemanta (2016) Ophelia (2018) The Lion King (2019) Scarlet (2025) Novels Hamlet Had an Uncle (1940) Too, Too Solid Flesh (1989) Gertrude and Claudius (2000) Dating Hamlet (2002) The Dead Fathers Club (2006) Something Rotten (2007) Hamlet's Father (2008) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle (2008) Plays Hamletmachine (1977) Dogg's Hamlet (1979) Fortinbras (1991) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet (1973) Television Hamlet (1956) Hamlet (Australian TV, 1959) Hamlet at Elsinore (BBC, 1964) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (BBC, 1980) Hamlet (BBC 2, animated, 1992) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2009) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2018) Parodies 15-Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern I, Hamlet The Klingon Hamlet " Lyle the Kindly Viking " To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure " Tales from the Public Domain " The Skinhead Hamlet Songs " My Robin is to the greenwood gone " (16th century) " Pull Me Under " (1992) " Song for Athene " (1997) Opera/classical Hamlet (Thomas) Amleto (Faccio) Hamlet (Tchaikovsky) Tristia (Berlioz) Die Hamletmaschine (Rihm) Hamlet (Dean) In popular culture Films To Be or Not to Be (1942) A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja (1973) To Be or Not to Be (1983) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) Highlander II: The Quickening (1991) Last Action Hero (1993) Renaissance Man (1994) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) War (2002) Hamlet 2 (2008) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead (2009) Three Days (of Hamlet) (2012) Grand Theft Hamlet (2024) Hamnet (2025) Plays The Seagull (1896) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) Stage Blood (1974) I Hate Hamlet (1991) To Be or Not to Be (2008) Novels Hamlet, Revenge! (1937) Theatre of War (1994) " The Undiscovered " (1997) The Shakespeare Stealer (1998) Interred with Their Bones (2007) Hamnet (2020) Television " The Producer " (1966) " The Conscience of the King " (1966) " Born to Be King " (1983) " Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow " (2001) Slings & Arrows (2003) Video games Last Action Hero (1993) Hamlet (2010) Elsinore (2019) Art The Play Scene in Hamlet Ophelia Weaving Her Garlands Ophelia (Millais) Ophelia (Cabanel) Ophelia (Heyser) Affe mit Schädel Ophelia (Waterhouse) Polish Hamlet. Portrait of Aleksander Wielopolski The River Bank (Ophelia) Related Hamlet and Oedipus " Hamlet and His Problems " Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber " Symphony No. 65 " (Haydn) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude – The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten! Sons of Anarchy v t e William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar Sources Parallel Lives Screen adaptations Julius Caesar (1914 film) Julius Caesar (1950 film) Julius Caesar (1953 film) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) Julius Caesar (1970 film) BBC Television Shakespeare (TV) Shakespeare: The Animated Tales (TV) Inspired work La morte di Cesare (1788) The Assassination of Julius Caesar (Sullivan) Shakespeare Writing "Julius Caesar" (1907) Caesar (1937) Die Ermordung Cäsars (1959) Dead Caesar (2007) Roman Tragedies (2007) Julius Caesar (overture, 1851) Zulfiqar (2016) Quotes " The dogs of war " " Et tu, Brute? " " Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears " " Greek to me " Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles (2008) Caesar Must Die (2012) Et Tu (2023) Category v t e William Shakespeare 's King Lear Characters King Lear Cordelia Goneril Regan Edmund The Fool Sources Historia Regum Britanniae (1136) The Mirror for Magistrates (1555) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) King Leir (1594) " Water and Salt " Related Llŷr Leir of Britain Cordelia of Britain Adaptations Plays The History of King Lear (1681) The Yiddish King Lear (1892) Safed Khoon (1907) Lear (1971) King Lear (1978) Novels La Terre (1887) A Thousand Acres (1991) Fool (2009) Operas Re Lear (Libretto only) (1896) Lear (1978) Vision of Lear (1998) Kuningas Lear (2000) Films King Lear (1910) King Lear (1916) Gunasundari Katha (1949) King Lear (1971 USSR) King Lear (1971 UK) Ran (1985) King Lear (1987) A Thousand Acres (1997) Gypsy Lore (1997) King Lear (1999) My Kingdom (2001) Lear Rex (TBA) Television King Lear (1953) BBC Television Shakespeare (1982) King Lear (1983) King of Texas (2002) Second Generation (2003) King Lear (2008) King Lear (2018) Story within a story The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) The Dresser (2015 film) Other Tiriel (1789, poem) The Prince of the Pagodas (1957, ballet) The Tragedy of King Lear (screenplay) v t e William Shakespeare 's Macbeth Characters Macbeth Lady Macbeth Banquo Macduff King Duncan Malcolm Donalbain Three Witches Fleance Lady Macduff Macduff's son Third Murderer Young Siward Inspirations Macbeth, King of Scotland Gruoch of Scotland Duncan I of Scotland Malcolm III of Scotland Donald III of Scotland Siward, Earl of Northumbria King James VI and I Sources Daemonologie (1597) The Witch (play) Holinshed's Chronicles Darraðarljóð Film 1908 1909 (French) 1909 (Italian) 1911 1913 1915 1916 1922 1948 Unfinished 1971 2006 2015 The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021) accolades Television 1954 1960 US TV 1960 Australian TV 1961 1979 1981 1982 1983 1992 2010 TV / film adaptations The Real Thing at Last (1916) Marmayogi (1951) Joe MacBeth (1955) Throne of Blood (1957) Marmayogi (1964) Macbeth (Verdi opera) (1987) Men of Respect (1990) Scotland, PA (2001) Makibefo (2001) Maqbool (2003) 2005 The Last King of Scotland (2006) Shakespeare Must Die (2012) Thane of East County (2015) Veeram (2016) Joji (2021) Plays Khwab-e-Hasti (1909) Voodoo Macbeth (1936) MacBird! (1967) uMabatha (1970) Macbett (1972) Cahoot's Macbeth (1979) MacHomer (1995) Just Macbeth! (2008) Sleep No More (2009) Dunsinane (2010) Sleep No More (2011) Literary adaptations Wyrd Sisters (1988) The Last King of Scotland (1998) Macbeth (2018) Music Macbeth ( Johann Strauss ) Piano Trios, Op. 70 ( Ludwig van Beethoven ) Macbeth ( Arthur Sullivan , 1888) Music from Macbeth (1972) Macbeth (1990) Thane to the Throne (2000) Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel (2003) Lady Macbeth (2005) Opera Macbeth (1847, Verdi) discography Macbeth (1910, Bloch) Art Lady Macbeth Sleepwalking (1784) Pity (1795) The Night of Enitharmon's Joy (1795) Lady Macbeth Seizing the Daggers (1812) Macbeth (1820) The Banquet Scene in Macbeth (1840) Macbeth and the Witches (1850) Macbeth and the Three Witches (1855) Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth (1889) Lady Macbeth (1905 sculpture) Scenes and speeches " On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth " (1823) Sleepwalking Scene (5.1) " Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow " Words and phrases " What's done is done " " Crack of doom " The Scottish Play Thane of Cawdor In popular culture Novels, film and theatre We Work Again Light Thickens The Deadly Affair Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine The Scottish Play Burke & Hare Television " A Witch's Tangled Hare " (1959, Looney Tunes ) " The Bellero Shield " (1964, The Outer Limits ) " The Movies " (1975, The Goodies ) " Sense and Senility " (1987, Blackadder the Third ) " The Coup " (2006, The Office ) " Dial 'N' for Nerder " (2008, The Simpsons ) " Four Great Women and a Manicure " (2009, The Simpsons ) " The Shower Principle " (2012, 30 Rock ) " The Understudy " (2014, Inside No. 9 ) Other The Scottish Play The Ruins of Cawdor House of Cards (UK, 1990) House of Cards (US, 2013–2018) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( Ray Bradbury ) Related Birnam Oak v t e William Shakespeare's Othello Characters Othello Desdemona Iago Manipulativeness and character Cassio Emilia Bianca Roderigo Brabantio Source Della descrittione dell’Africa (1550) by Leo Africanus "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi (1565) by Cintio Stage adaptations The Duke of Milan (1623) Love's Sacrifice (1633) Masquerade (1835) Othello (1951) Catch My Soul (US; 1969) Catch My Soul (UK; 1970) Desdemona (2011) Opera and ballet adaptations Otello (1816; opera by Rossini) Otello (1887; opera by Verdi) Othello (1892; overture) The Moor's Pavane (1949; ballet) Othello (1998; ballet score) Bandanna (1999; opera) Films 1906 1922 1951 1955 1965 1980 1995 TV 1950 1964 Australia 1981 1990 1994 2001 Film adaptations Jubal (1956) All Night Long (1962) Catch My Soul (1974) Kaliyattam (1997) O (2001) Souli (2004) Omkara (2006) Jarum Halus (2008) From Verdi Otello (1906; film) Othello Ballet Suite/Electronic Organ Sonata No. 1 (1967; ballet suite) Otello (1986; film) The Othello Syndrome (2008; album) Paintings Othello Phrases " Beast with two backs " Related Othello error Filming Othello Story within a story Carnival (1921 film) Carnival (1931 film) The Deceiver (1931) Men Are Not Gods (1936) A Double Life (1947) Saptapadi (1961) The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) Goodnight Desdemona (1988) An Imaginary Tale (1990) Red Velvet (2012 play) The Dresser (2015 film) Related Cultural references to Othello v t e William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ephesiaca Ballets Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko) Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan) Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev) Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery) Radio and Juliet (2005) Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins) Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor) Operas Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda) Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli) Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai) I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini) Gloria (1874, Cilea) Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod) A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius) Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister) Romeo und Julia (1943, Blacher) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair (1906) West Side Story (1957) Once on This Island (1990) Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001) Giulietta e Romeo (2007) & Juliet (2019) Classical Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800) Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz) Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky) On screen Films 1900 1908 1916 Metro 1916 Fox 1936 1940 1953 1954 1955 1964 1967 (TV) 1968 1978 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 2006 2013 2025 TV series Ronny & Julia (2000) Skin (2003) Romeo × Juliet (2007) Romeo y Julieta (2007) Harina de otro costal (2010) Star-Crossed (2014) Romil & Jugal (2017) Still Star-Crossed (2017) A Infância de Romeu e Julieta (2023) Plays Romanoff and Juliet (1956) People's Romeo (2010) Romeo and Juliet (2013) Songs " Montagues and Capulets " (1935) " Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet " (1968) " (Don't Fear) The Reaper " (1976) " Angelo " (1978) " Romeo and Juliet " (1978) " Romeo and Juliet " (1981) " Cherish " (1989) " Amor Prohibido " (1994) " Kissing You " (1996) " Starcrossed " (2004) " Peut-être toi " (2006) " Mademoiselle Juliette " (2007) " Love Story " (2008) " Love Me Again " (2013) Albums Romeo and Juliet (1968) Romeo + Juliet (1996) Romeo & Julia (2006) Tragic Lovers (2008) Romeo & Juliet (2013) Star-Crossed (2021) Rosaline (2022) Literature Les Chouans (1829) The Wandering Jew (1844) The Stolen Dormouse (1941) The Faraway Lurs (1963) The Destruction of Faena (1989) Ronny & Julia (1995) Romiette and Julio (2001) New Moon (2006) Warm Bodies (2010) Art Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790) The Last Kiss of Romeo and Juliet (1823) Juliet and her Nurse (1836) Romeo and Juliet (1978) Phrases A plague o' both your houses! A rose by any other name would smell as sweet Star-crossed Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 German film 1917 Hungarian film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet " Nothing Broken but My Heart " Panic Button Bare: A Pop Opera Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady " Moonshine River " Rendez-vous Fame " I Am Unicorn " The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds " The Thief of Baghead " The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night " Say You'll Be Mine " Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K-On! Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect Romeo and Juliet laws After Juliet " Upper West Side Story " (2012) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Don't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo v t e William Shakespeare's Timon of Athens Characters Timon Alcibiades Apemantus Sources Palace of Pleasure (1566) Adaptations Timon (1973) Timon of Athens (1981) Revisions The History of Timon of Athens the Man-hater (1677) Related Thomas Middleton v t e William Shakespeare 's Titus Andronicus Characters Titus Andronicus Tamora Aaron Lavinia Emperor Saturninus Marcus Lucius Sources Ab Urbe Condita ( c. 26 BC) Metamorphoses ( c. AD 8) Thyestes (first century AD) Gesta Romanorum (late third century AD) Adaptations Titus Andronicus (1985; TV) Titus (1999) " Scott Tenorman Must Die " (2001; TV) The Hungry (2017) Related Peacham drawing Authorship question Themes " Titus Andronicus' Complaint " George Peele Philomela Thyestes Revenge play Grand Guignol Gorboduc (1561) Edmund Ironside (1590) Jan Vos Titus (soundtrack) v t e William Shakespeare 's Troilus and Cressida Characters Trojans Priam Hector Deiphobus Helenus Paris Troilus Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Pandarus Cressida Calchas Helen Greeks Agamemnon Menelaus Nestor Ulysses Achilles Patroclus Diomedes Ajax Thersites Myrmidons Sources Troilus and Criseyde Troy Book Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye Adaptations The Face of Love (1954, TV) Troilus and Cressida (1981, TV) Related Trojan War Trojan War in popular culture Troilus and Cressida (Dryden play) Achilles and Patroclus Shakespearean problem play Shakespearean comedy v t e William Shakespeare 's All's Well That Ends Well Characters Bertram Countess of Roussillon Helen Rinaldo Lavatch Paroles King of France Lafeu Duke of Florence Widow Diana Mariana Sources The Decameron ( c. 1353) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Adaptations All's Well That Ends Well (1981; TV) Related Shakespearean problem play Diana Alazôn Bed trick v t e William Shakespeare 's As You Like It Characters Rosalind Orlando Celia Jaques Touchstone Screen 1912 1936 1953 (TV) Sollu Thambi Sollu (1959) 1978 (TV) 1991 1994 (TV) 2006 Related " All the world's a stage " v t e William Shakespeare 's The Comedy of Errors Sources Menaechmi Amphitryon Apollonius of Tyre Opera and musicals Gli equivoci (1786) The Boys from Syracuse (1938) Pozdvižení v Efesu (1943) The Comedy of Errors (1976) The Bomb-itty of Errors (2000) Film/TV The Boys from Syracuse (1940) Bhranti Bilas (1963) Do Dooni Chaar (1968) Angoor (1982) The Comedy of Errors (1983; TV) Big Business (1988) Niboo (1996) Ulta Palta (1997) Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998) Dam Dama Dam (1998) Ulta Palta (1998) Heeralal Pannalal (1999) Ambuttu Imbuttu Embuttu (2005) Baa Bega Chandamama (2008) Double Di Trouble (2014) Cirkus (2022) Related Gesta Grayorum (1688) v t e William Shakespeare 's Love's Labour's Lost Characters Costard Adaptations 1920 animated short 1973 opera TV, 1985 2000 film Related Love's Labour's Won Honorificabilitudinitatibus Nine Worthies The School of Night Robert Tofte The Princess (poem; 1847) v t e William Shakespeare 's Measure for Measure Characters Angelo Sources Hecatommithi by Cinthio Promos and Cassandra by George Whetstone Theatrical adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Das Liebesverbot (1834) Round Heads and Pointed Heads (1936) Desperate Measures (2004) Screen adaptations Measure for Measure (1943) Measure for Measure (1979; TV) Measure for Measure (2020) Related Thomas Middleton Mariana (Tennyson) Mariana in the South (Tennyson) Bletting Bed trick Shakespearean problem play Mariana (Millais) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice Characters Shylock Antonio Bassanio Portia Jessica Sources Gesta Romanorum Il Pecorone The Jew of Malta On screen 1914 1916 1923 Shylock (1940) 1953 1961 1969 1980 (TV) 2004 Music Incidental music: The Merchant of Venice (1871) Incidental music: Shylock (1889) Opera: Le marchand de Venise (1935); The Merchant of Venice (1982) Musical: Shylock (1987) Adaptations Serenade to Music (1938) The Merchant (1976) Shylock (1996) Yasser (2001) The Maori Merchant of Venice (2002) Related " All that glitters is not gold " " Between you and I " " The quality of mercy " Portia (painting) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Merry Wives of Windsor Characters Falstaff Mistress Quickly Ancient Pistol Bardolph Robert Shallow Corporal Nym Film/Television The Merry Wives of Windsor (1950) Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor (1953) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1982; TV) Opera/Musical/Incidental Music Falstaff (1799) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1849) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1874) Falstaff (1893) Sir John in Love (1929) Lone Star Love (2004) Related " You Banbury cheese! " Herne the Hunter Il Pecorone v t e William Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night's Dream Characters Lovers Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and Demetrius Mechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout Snug Others Puck Egeus Philostrate Productions Film 1935 1959 1968 1999 2017 Television 1959 1969 1981 1992 2016 Stage 1970 Adaptations Film A Midsummer Night's Dream (1909, silent) Wood Love (1925) Dream of a Summer Night (1983) Get Over It (2001) A Midsummer Night's Rave (2002) Midsummer Dream (2005) Were the World Mine (2008) 10ml Love (2012) Strange Magic (2015) Literature A Midsummer Tempest (1974) Lords and Ladies (1992) A Midsummer Night's Gene (1997) A Midsummer's Nightmare (1997) The Great Night (2011) Music A Midsummer Night's Dream (1842, Mendelssohn) "Wedding March" Three Shakespeare Songs (1951) Symphony No. 8 (1992, Henze) Il Sogno (2004) Opera The Fairy-Queen (1692) Pyramus and Thisbe (1745) Puck (1949) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, opera) The Enchanted Island (2011) Stage The Triumph of Beauty (1646, masque ) St. John's Eve (1852, play) The Park (1983, play) The Donkey Show (1999, musical) The Dreaming (2001, musical) The Lovers (2022, musical) Comics The Sandman: Dream Country (1991) Auberon Faerie Titania Art Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream Titania and Bottom Ballet A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962) The Dream (1964) Television " Fascination " (1994, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine ) "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1994, ShakespeaRe-Told ) A Midsummer's Nightmare (2017) Related Love-in-idleness Pyramus and Thisbe (8 CE) Dead Poets Society (1989) The Apartment (1996) Wicker Park (2004) v t e William Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing Characters Beatrice Don Pedro Dogberry Hero Adaptations Screen 1984 (TV) 1993 2005 (TV) 2012 Opera Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) Much Ado About Nothing (opera) (1901) Musical Much Ado (1995) The Boys Are Coming Home (2005) Adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Imogen Says Nothing (2017) Anyone but You (2023) Related Dogberryism " Curiosity killed the cat " v t e William Shakespeare 's Pericles, Prince of Tyre Characters John Gower Diana Sources Confessio Amantis (1390) The Pattern of Painful Adventures (1576) Adaptations Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1984; TV) Related George Wilkins Shakespeare's late romances Shakespeare apocrypha Apollonius of Tyre The Pattern of Painful Adventures (2008; radio) First water The Porpoise v t e William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew Characters Kate Petruchio Bianca Minola Christopher Sly Stage adaptations The Woman's Prize ( c 1611) Catharine and Petruchio (1754) Las bravías (1896) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung (1872) Sly, ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato (1927) Kiss Me, Kate (1948) The Taming of the Shrew (1953) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy (1957) Christopher Sly (1963) Direct adaptations 1908 1929 1952 (TV) 1962 (TV) 1967 1980 (TV) 1994 (TV) Other adaptations Daring Youth (1924) You Made Me Love You (1933) Second Best Bed (1938) The Taming of the Shrew (1942) Enamorada (1946) Kiss Me Kate (1953) Abba Aa Hudugi (1959) Gundamma Katha (1962) Manithan Maravillai (1962) McLintock! (1963) Arivaali (1963) Kiss Me Kate (1968) Pattikada Pattanama (1972) The Taming of the Scoundrel (1980) Nanjundi Kalyana (1989) Banarasi Babu (1997) 10 Things I Hate About You (1999) O Cravo e a Rosa (2000; TV) Deliver Us from Eva (2003) The Taming of the Shrew (2005; TV) Frivolous Wife (2008) 10 Things I Hate About You (2009; TV) Isi Life Mein...! (2010) Related The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew (stock character) Vinegar Girl (2016) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Tempest Characters Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo Stephano Sources A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight Decades of the New World " Of Cannibals " (Montaigne) Ovid's Metamorphoses Erasmus's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea Venture Films 1908 1911 1960 1963 1979 1980 1992 2010 Adaptations Music Three Shakespeare Songs (Vaughan Williams) The Tempest (Sullivan) The Tempest (Sibelius) The Tempest (Tchaikovsky) The Tempest (ballet) (Nordheim) " Don't Pay the Ferryman " (1982) Screen Yellow Sky (1948) Forbidden Planet (1956) Tempest (1982) The Journey to Melonia (1989) Prospero's Books (1991) The Tempest (1998) Shakespeare's Shitstorm (2020) Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury (TV, 2022–2023) Paintings Scene from Shakespeare's The Tempest (c. 1736–1738, Hogarth) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel (1850, Millais) Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet Amaluna Plays The Tempest (Dryden) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest (1674 Duffet) Une Tempête (1969 Césaire) The Sea (play) (1973) I'll Be The Devil (2008) Operas The Tempest (1756 Smith) Die Geisterinsel (libretto 1796) Die Geisterinsel (1798 Reichardt) Die Geisterinsel (1805 Zumsteeg) Der Sturm (1955 Martin) Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs (1991 Nyman) The Tempest (Adès 2004) The Enchanted Island (2011 Sams) Poetry and prose fiction " Caliban upon Setebos " (Browning) " The Sea and the Mirror " (Auden) Indigo (Warner) A Midsummer Tempest (Anderson) Island (Rogers) Hag-Seed (Atwood) Video Games The Book of Watermarks (1999) Phrases " Ariel's Song " " Full fathom five " " Sea change " " What's past is prologue " Sculpture The Tempest (1966) v t e William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night Characters Viola Orsino Olivia Sebastian Malvolio Maria Sir Toby Belch Sir Andrew Aguecheek Feste On screen 1933 1955 1966 (TV) 1970 (TV) 1980 (TV) 1986 1988 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 Musical Your Own Thing (1968) Music Is (1976) Play On! (1997) Illyria (2004) All Shook Up (2004) Adaptations Kanniyin Kathali (1949) Just One of the Guys (1985) Motocrossed (2001) She's the Man (2006) Dil Bole Hadippa! (2009) Opera Viola (unfinished) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Two Gentlemen of Verona Characters Valentine Proteus Julia Silvia Launce Speed Crab Sources The Boke Named the Governour (1531) Los Siete Libros de la Diana (1559) Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit (1578) The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1580) Theatrical adaptations Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971) Screen adaptations A Spray of Plum Blossoms (1931) The Two Gentlemen of Verona (TV; 1983) Related Proteus Jorge de Montemor Stuart Draper " An Sylvia " (1826) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (2002) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Two Noble Kinsmen Characters Theseus Hippolyta Emilia Pirithous Palamon Arcite Hymen Lafeu Artesius Valerius Jailer Doctor Gerald Nell Timothy Sources " The Knight's Tale " The Canterbury Tales Related Shakespeare apocrypha Shakespeare's late romances John Fletcher Creon William Davenant Stoolball The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn (1613) v t e William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale Characters Leontes Perdita Florizel Sources The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia ( c. 1580) Pandosto (1588) Oberon, the Faery Prince (1611) Adaptations The Winter's Tale (1910) The Winter's Tale (1967) The Winter's Tale (1981) " The Winter's Tale " (1994) Stage works Hermione (1872 opera) Perdita (1897 opera) The Winter's Tale (2014 ballet) The Winter's Tale (2017 opera) Shakespearean history v t e William Shakespeare 's King John Characters King John Queen Eleanor Prince Henry Blanche of Castile Earl of Essex Earl of Salisbury Earl of Pembroke Lord Bigot Philip Faulconbridge King Philip of France Louis the Dauphin Lady Constance Arthur Cardinal Pandulf Hubert Sources Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) The Troublesome Reign of King John ( c. 1589) Adaptations King John (1899) Said-e-Havas (1936) The Life and Death of King John (1984; TV) Related King Johan Cultural depictions of John, King of England Anglo-French War (1213–1214) v t e William Shakespeare 's Edward III Characters English Edward III Queen Philippa Edward the Black Prince Earl of Salisbury Countess of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Sir William Montague Earl of Derby Lord Audley Lord Percy Robert of Artois Lord Montfort French King John II of France Prince Charles Prince Philip Duke of Lorraine King of Bohemia Scottish King David of Scotland Sir William Douglas Sources Froissart's Chronicles ( c. 1370) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Related Shakespeare apocrypha Thomas Kyd George Peele Robert Greene Hundred Years' War Battle of Halidon Hill Siege of Calais Battle of Crécy Battle of Poitiers v t e William Shakespeare 's Henriad ( c. 1595–1599 ) Richard II Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Characters Ancient Pistol Bardolph Charles VI Corporal Nym Doll Tearsheet Falstaff Fluellen Henry IV Henry V Prince Hal Owain Glyndŵr Owen Glendower Poins Nell Quickly Richard II Robert Shallow Sources Holinshed's Chronicles The Famous Victories of Henry V ( c. 1585 ) Thomas of Woodstock ( c. 1593 ) Related plays The Merry Wives of Windsor ( c. 1597 ) Sir John Oldcastle (1599) Falstaff's Wedding (1760) On screen Richard II King Richard II (1954; TV) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Life and Death of King Richard II (1960; TV) King Richard the Second (1979; TV) Richard the Second (2001) The Hollow Crown : Richard II (2012; TV) Henry IV, Part 1 An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fourth, Part I (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV, Part 1 (2012; TV) The King (2019) Henry IV, Part 2 An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fourth, Part II (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV, Part 2 (2012) The King (2019) Henry V Henry V (1944) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fifth (1979; TV) Henry V (1989) The Hollow Crown : Henry V (2012) The King (2019) Related music Falstaff (1913) At the Boar's Head (1925) Suite from Henry V (1963) v t e William Shakespeare 's first historical tetralogy Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Richard III Sources The Mirror for Magistrates (1559) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Richardus Tertius (1580) The Spanish Tragedy The True Tragedy of Richard III ( c. 1590) On screen Tetralogy An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) BBC Television Shakespeare (1983; TV) The Hollow Crown Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Richard III (2016; TV) Richard III The Life and Death of King Richard III (1912) Richard III (1955) " The Foretelling " (1983; TV) "King Richard III" (1994; TV) Richard III (1995) Looking for Richard (1996) Richard III (2007) Related " Let's kill all the lawyers " " Even a worm will turn " The Tragical History of King Richard the Third (1699) David Garrick as Richard III (1745) v t e William Shakespeare 's Henry VIII Characters Henry VIII Cardinal Wolsey Queen Katherine Anne Bullen Duke of Buckingham Thomas Cranmer Stephen Gardiner Lord Chamberlain Duke of Norfolk Duke of Suffolk Earl of Surrey Cardinal Campeius Capucius Thomas Cromwell Lord Sands Lord Abergavenny Lord Chancellor Bishop of Lincoln Thomas Lovell Henry Guildford Nicholas Vaux Anthony Denny Dr. Butts Garter King-of-Arms Sources Thomas Wolsey, Late Cardinall, his Lyffe and Deathe (1558) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Adaptations Henry VIII (1911) The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight (1979) Related John Fletcher Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Globe Theatre Category .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} v t e William Shakespeare 's family tree Direct ascendants and descendants of William Shakespeare are shown with a blue background Shakespeare's siblings are shown with a red background Anne Hathaway and ascendants are shown with a yellow background People related to Shakespeare only through marriage are shown with a green background Relations whose identity is not known are shown with a dashed border Years given are usually approximate and typically reflect baptismal and burial years, rather than birth and death. For remarriages, the number in parentheses after the name indicates the order of the marriages. Richard Shakespeare (1490–before 1561) (unknown) (unknown) Robert Arden (died 1556) John Shakespeare (c. 1531–1601) Mary Arden (c. 1537–1608) (unknown) (1) Richard Hathaway (–1581) Joan Hathaway (2) (–1599) Joan (1558–1558) Margaret (1562–1563) Gilbert Shakespeare (1566–1612) Joan Shakespeare (1569–1646) William Shakespeare (1564–1616) Anne Hathaway (1555–1623) Anne (1571–1579) Richard (1574–1613) Edmund Shakespeare (1580–1607) John Hall (1575–1635) Susanna Hall (1583–1649) Judith Quiney (1585–1662) Thomas Quiney (1589–1662) Hamnet Shakespeare (1585–1596) Thomas Nash (1) (1593–1647) Elisabeth Barnard (1608–1670) John Barnard (2) (1604–1674) Shakespeare Quiney (1616–1617) Richard Quiney (1618–1639) Thomas Quiney (1620–1639) Sources Chambers, E. K. (1930). William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems . Oxford: Clarendon Press . pp. Vol. I 11–12, 18, Vol. II 8–9. OCLC 353406 . Schoenbaum, S. (1977). William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life . Oxford: Clarendon Press . p. 292. ISBN 0195051610 . v t e Portraits, sculptures and memorials to William Shakespeare Portraits Chandos portrait Droeshout portrait Disputed Ashbourne portrait Cobbe portrait Flower portrait Sanders portrait Sculptures Shakespeare's funerary monument Heminges and Condell Memorial Statues Central Park, New York Leicester Square, London British Library Memorials Boydell Shakespeare Gallery Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare v t e The " Beaumont and Fletcher " Canon Francis Beaumont John Fletcher Philip Massinger Nathan Field William Shakespeare James Shirley Thomas Middleton William Rowley John Ford Ben Jonson George Chapman John Webster Plays (some attributions conjectural) Beaumont The Knight of the Burning Pestle The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn Beaumont and Fletcher The Woman Hater Cupid's Revenge The Coxcomb Philaster The Captain The Maid's Tragedy A King and No King Love's Pilgrimage The Scornful Lady The Noble Gentleman Fletcher The Faithful Shepherdess The Woman's Prize Valentinian Bonduca Monsieur Thomas The Mad Lover The Chances The Loyal Subject Women Pleased The Humorous Lieutenant The Island Princess The Pilgrim The Wild Goose Chase A Wife for a Month Rule a Wife and Have a Wife Fletcher and Massinger † Barnavelt The Little French Lawyer The False One The Double Marriage The Custom of the Country The Lovers' Progress The Spanish Curate The Prophetess The Sea Voyage The Elder Brother † A Very Woman Fletcher and others with Beaumont & Massinger Thierry and Theodoret Beggars' Bush Love's Cure with Massinger & Field The Honest Man's Fortune The Queen of Corinth The Knight of Malta with Field Four Plays, or Moral Representations, in One with Shakespeare † Henry VIII The Two Noble Kinsmen with Shirley The Night Walker Wit Without Money with Rowley The Maid in the Mill with Massinger, Chapman & Jonson Rollo, Duke of Normandy with Massinger, Ford & Webster The Fair Maid of the Inn Others The Nice Valour (Middleton) Wit at Several Weapons (Middleton & Rowley) The Laws of Candy (Ford) The Coronation (Shirley) Performance and publication English Renaissance theatre King's Men Beaumont and Fletcher folios Humphrey Moseley Humphrey Robinson Related † The History of Cardenio (Shakespeare & Fletcher?) † Double Falsehood (possibly based on Cardenio ) † = Not published in the Beaumont and Fletcher folios v t e Early editions of William Shakespeare 's works v t e Folios and quartos Foul papers List of Shakespeare plays in quarto Quarto Folio Bad quarto First Quarto First Folio Second Folio False Folio Foul papers List of Shakespeare plays in quarto Quarto Folio Bad quarto First Quarto First Folio Second Folio False Folio Early editors John Heminges Henry Condell Edward Knight John Heminges Henry Condell Edward Knight Publishers Robert Allot William Aspley John Benson Edward Blount Cuthbert Burby Nathaniel Butter Philip Chetwinde Richard Hawkins Henry Herringman William Leake Richard Meighen Thomas Millington Thomas Pavier John Smethwick Thomas Thorpe Thomas Walkley John Waterson Andrew Wise Robert Allot William Aspley John Benson Edward Blount Cuthbert Burby Nathaniel Butter Philip Chetwinde Richard Hawkins Henry Herringman William Leake Richard Meighen Thomas Millington Thomas Pavier John Smethwick Thomas Thorpe Thomas Walkley John Waterson Andrew Wise Printers Edward Allde Thomas Cotes Thomas Creede George Eld Richard Field William Jaggard Augustine Matthews Nicholas Okes James Roberts Peter Short Valentine Simmes William Stansby Edward Allde Thomas Cotes Thomas Creede George Eld Richard Field William Jaggard Augustine Matthews Nicholas Okes James Roberts Peter Short Valentine Simmes William Stansby Shakespearean tragedy v t e William Shakespeare 's Antony and Cleopatra Stage adaptations The False One ( c. 1620) All for Love (1677) Opera Antony and Cleopatra (1966) Antony and Cleopatra (2022) On screen 1908 1913 1959 (TV) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) 1972 1974 (TV) Zulfiqar (2016; film) Related List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra Cultural depictions of Augustus Salad days Asp Thomas North Cleopatra (1912) Cleopatra (1917) Roman Tragedies (2007) Category v t e William Shakespeare 's Coriolanus Characters Historical Caius Martius Coriolanus Menenius Agrippa Cominius Titus Lartius Sicinius Velutus Tullus Aufidius Fictional Volumnia Virgilia Sources Roman Antiquities Parallel Lives Ab Urbe Condita Policraticus A Mervalious Combat of Contrarieties ( William Averell ) Adaptations The Invader of His Country (1719) Coriolanus (1953) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) The Tragedy of Coriolanus (1984; TV) Coriolanus (2011) Related Veturia Thomas North Roman Tragedies (2007) v t e William Shakespeare's Cymbeline Characters Cymbeline Queen Imogen Posthumus Leonatus Cloten Belarius Guiderius Arvirargus Jupiter Sources Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136) The Decameron ( c. 1353) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Adaptations Cymbeline (1982; TV) Cymbeline (2014) Related Shakespeare's late romances Philaster ( c. 1609) Deus ex machina Milford Haven v t e William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies " To be, or not to be " " Mortal coil " " What a piece of work is a man " " Speak the speech " Words and phrases " Hoist with his own petard " " The lady doth protest too much, methinks " " Thy name is " Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur-Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Cultural references to Hamlet Cultural references to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre (1911–1912) Richard Burton (1964) List of skulls used to depict Yorick On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 1974 1990 1996 2000 2003 2011 2025 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence (1959) The Bad Sleep Well (1960) Ophelia (1963) Johnny Hamlet (1968) One Hamlet Less (1973) The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet (1977) Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet Goes Business (1987) The Lion King (1994) Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) The Banquet (2006) Doubt (2009) Karmayogi (2012) Haider (2014) Hamlet A.D.D. (2014) Hemanta (2016) Ophelia (2018) The Lion King (2019) Scarlet (2025) Novels Hamlet Had an Uncle (1940) Too, Too Solid Flesh (1989) Gertrude and Claudius (2000) Dating Hamlet (2002) The Dead Fathers Club (2006) Something Rotten (2007) Hamlet's Father (2008) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle (2008) Plays Hamletmachine (1977) Dogg's Hamlet (1979) Fortinbras (1991) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet (1973) Television Hamlet (1956) Hamlet (Australian TV, 1959) Hamlet at Elsinore (BBC, 1964) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (BBC, 1980) Hamlet (BBC 2, animated, 1992) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2009) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2018) Parodies 15-Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern I, Hamlet The Klingon Hamlet " Lyle the Kindly Viking " To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure " Tales from the Public Domain " The Skinhead Hamlet Songs " My Robin is to the greenwood gone " (16th century) " Pull Me Under " (1992) " Song for Athene " (1997) Opera/classical Hamlet (Thomas) Amleto (Faccio) Hamlet (Tchaikovsky) Tristia (Berlioz) Die Hamletmaschine (Rihm) Hamlet (Dean) In popular culture Films To Be or Not to Be (1942) A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja (1973) To Be or Not to Be (1983) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) Highlander II: The Quickening (1991) Last Action Hero (1993) Renaissance Man (1994) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) War (2002) Hamlet 2 (2008) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead (2009) Three Days (of Hamlet) (2012) Grand Theft Hamlet (2024) Hamnet (2025) Plays The Seagull (1896) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) Stage Blood (1974) I Hate Hamlet (1991) To Be or Not to Be (2008) Novels Hamlet, Revenge! (1937) Theatre of War (1994) " The Undiscovered " (1997) The Shakespeare Stealer (1998) Interred with Their Bones (2007) Hamnet (2020) Television " The Producer " (1966) " The Conscience of the King " (1966) " Born to Be King " (1983) " Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow " (2001) Slings & Arrows (2003) Video games Last Action Hero (1993) Hamlet (2010) Elsinore (2019) Art The Play Scene in Hamlet Ophelia Weaving Her Garlands Ophelia (Millais) Ophelia (Cabanel) Ophelia (Heyser) Affe mit Schädel Ophelia (Waterhouse) Polish Hamlet. Portrait of Aleksander Wielopolski The River Bank (Ophelia) Related Hamlet and Oedipus " Hamlet and His Problems " Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber " Symphony No. 65 " (Haydn) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude – The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten! Sons of Anarchy v t e William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar Sources Parallel Lives Screen adaptations Julius Caesar (1914 film) Julius Caesar (1950 film) Julius Caesar (1953 film) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) Julius Caesar (1970 film) BBC Television Shakespeare (TV) Shakespeare: The Animated Tales (TV) Inspired work La morte di Cesare (1788) The Assassination of Julius Caesar (Sullivan) Shakespeare Writing "Julius Caesar" (1907) Caesar (1937) Die Ermordung Cäsars (1959) Dead Caesar (2007) Roman Tragedies (2007) Julius Caesar (overture, 1851) Zulfiqar (2016) Quotes " The dogs of war " " Et tu, Brute? " " Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears " " Greek to me " Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles (2008) Caesar Must Die (2012) Et Tu (2023) Category v t e William Shakespeare 's King Lear Characters King Lear Cordelia Goneril Regan Edmund The Fool Sources Historia Regum Britanniae (1136) The Mirror for Magistrates (1555) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) King Leir (1594) " Water and Salt " Related Llŷr Leir of Britain Cordelia of Britain Adaptations Plays The History of King Lear (1681) The Yiddish King Lear (1892) Safed Khoon (1907) Lear (1971) King Lear (1978) Novels La Terre (1887) A Thousand Acres (1991) Fool (2009) Operas Re Lear (Libretto only) (1896) Lear (1978) Vision of Lear (1998) Kuningas Lear (2000) Films King Lear (1910) King Lear (1916) Gunasundari Katha (1949) King Lear (1971 USSR) King Lear (1971 UK) Ran (1985) King Lear (1987) A Thousand Acres (1997) Gypsy Lore (1997) King Lear (1999) My Kingdom (2001) Lear Rex (TBA) Television King Lear (1953) BBC Television Shakespeare (1982) King Lear (1983) King of Texas (2002) Second Generation (2003) King Lear (2008) King Lear (2018) Story within a story The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) The Dresser (2015 film) Other Tiriel (1789, poem) The Prince of the Pagodas (1957, ballet) The Tragedy of King Lear (screenplay) v t e William Shakespeare 's Macbeth Characters Macbeth Lady Macbeth Banquo Macduff King Duncan Malcolm Donalbain Three Witches Fleance Lady Macduff Macduff's son Third Murderer Young Siward Inspirations Macbeth, King of Scotland Gruoch of Scotland Duncan I of Scotland Malcolm III of Scotland Donald III of Scotland Siward, Earl of Northumbria King James VI and I Sources Daemonologie (1597) The Witch (play) Holinshed's Chronicles Darraðarljóð Film 1908 1909 (French) 1909 (Italian) 1911 1913 1915 1916 1922 1948 Unfinished 1971 2006 2015 The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021) accolades Television 1954 1960 US TV 1960 Australian TV 1961 1979 1981 1982 1983 1992 2010 TV / film adaptations The Real Thing at Last (1916) Marmayogi (1951) Joe MacBeth (1955) Throne of Blood (1957) Marmayogi (1964) Macbeth (Verdi opera) (1987) Men of Respect (1990) Scotland, PA (2001) Makibefo (2001) Maqbool (2003) 2005 The Last King of Scotland (2006) Shakespeare Must Die (2012) Thane of East County (2015) Veeram (2016) Joji (2021) Plays Khwab-e-Hasti (1909) Voodoo Macbeth (1936) MacBird! (1967) uMabatha (1970) Macbett (1972) Cahoot's Macbeth (1979) MacHomer (1995) Just Macbeth! (2008) Sleep No More (2009) Dunsinane (2010) Sleep No More (2011) Literary adaptations Wyrd Sisters (1988) The Last King of Scotland (1998) Macbeth (2018) Music Macbeth ( Johann Strauss ) Piano Trios, Op. 70 ( Ludwig van Beethoven ) Macbeth ( Arthur Sullivan , 1888) Music from Macbeth (1972) Macbeth (1990) Thane to the Throne (2000) Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel (2003) Lady Macbeth (2005) Opera Macbeth (1847, Verdi) discography Macbeth (1910, Bloch) Art Lady Macbeth Sleepwalking (1784) Pity (1795) The Night of Enitharmon's Joy (1795) Lady Macbeth Seizing the Daggers (1812) Macbeth (1820) The Banquet Scene in Macbeth (1840) Macbeth and the Witches (1850) Macbeth and the Three Witches (1855) Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth (1889) Lady Macbeth (1905 sculpture) Scenes and speeches " On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth " (1823) Sleepwalking Scene (5.1) " Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow " Words and phrases " What's done is done " " Crack of doom " The Scottish Play Thane of Cawdor In popular culture Novels, film and theatre We Work Again Light Thickens The Deadly Affair Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine The Scottish Play Burke & Hare Television " A Witch's Tangled Hare " (1959, Looney Tunes ) " The Bellero Shield " (1964, The Outer Limits ) " The Movies " (1975, The Goodies ) " Sense and Senility " (1987, Blackadder the Third ) " The Coup " (2006, The Office ) " Dial 'N' for Nerder " (2008, The Simpsons ) " Four Great Women and a Manicure " (2009, The Simpsons ) " The Shower Principle " (2012, 30 Rock ) " The Understudy " (2014, Inside No. 9 ) Other The Scottish Play The Ruins of Cawdor House of Cards (UK, 1990) House of Cards (US, 2013–2018) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( Ray Bradbury ) Related Birnam Oak v t e William Shakespeare's Othello Characters Othello Desdemona Iago Manipulativeness and character Cassio Emilia Bianca Roderigo Brabantio Source Della descrittione dell’Africa (1550) by Leo Africanus "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi (1565) by Cintio Stage adaptations The Duke of Milan (1623) Love's Sacrifice (1633) Masquerade (1835) Othello (1951) Catch My Soul (US; 1969) Catch My Soul (UK; 1970) Desdemona (2011) Opera and ballet adaptations Otello (1816; opera by Rossini) Otello (1887; opera by Verdi) Othello (1892; overture) The Moor's Pavane (1949; ballet) Othello (1998; ballet score) Bandanna (1999; opera) Films 1906 1922 1951 1955 1965 1980 1995 TV 1950 1964 Australia 1981 1990 1994 2001 Film adaptations Jubal (1956) All Night Long (1962) Catch My Soul (1974) Kaliyattam (1997) O (2001) Souli (2004) Omkara (2006) Jarum Halus (2008) From Verdi Otello (1906; film) Othello Ballet Suite/Electronic Organ Sonata No. 1 (1967; ballet suite) Otello (1986; film) The Othello Syndrome (2008; album) Paintings Othello Phrases " Beast with two backs " Related Othello error Filming Othello Story within a story Carnival (1921 film) Carnival (1931 film) The Deceiver (1931) Men Are Not Gods (1936) A Double Life (1947) Saptapadi (1961) The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) Goodnight Desdemona (1988) An Imaginary Tale (1990) Red Velvet (2012 play) The Dresser (2015 film) Related Cultural references to Othello v t e William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ephesiaca Ballets Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko) Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan) Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev) Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery) Radio and Juliet (2005) Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins) Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor) Operas Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda) Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli) Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai) I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini) Gloria (1874, Cilea) Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod) A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius) Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister) Romeo und Julia (1943, Blacher) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair (1906) West Side Story (1957) Once on This Island (1990) Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001) Giulietta e Romeo (2007) & Juliet (2019) Classical Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800) Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz) Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky) On screen Films 1900 1908 1916 Metro 1916 Fox 1936 1940 1953 1954 1955 1964 1967 (TV) 1968 1978 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 2006 2013 2025 TV series Ronny & Julia (2000) Skin (2003) Romeo × Juliet (2007) Romeo y Julieta (2007) Harina de otro costal (2010) Star-Crossed (2014) Romil & Jugal (2017) Still Star-Crossed (2017) A Infância de Romeu e Julieta (2023) Plays Romanoff and Juliet (1956) People's Romeo (2010) Romeo and Juliet (2013) Songs " Montagues and Capulets " (1935) " Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet " (1968) " (Don't Fear) The Reaper " (1976) " Angelo " (1978) " Romeo and Juliet " (1978) " Romeo and Juliet " (1981) " Cherish " (1989) " Amor Prohibido " (1994) " Kissing You " (1996) " Starcrossed " (2004) " Peut-être toi " (2006) " Mademoiselle Juliette " (2007) " Love Story " (2008) " Love Me Again " (2013) Albums Romeo and Juliet (1968) Romeo + Juliet (1996) Romeo & Julia (2006) Tragic Lovers (2008) Romeo & Juliet (2013) Star-Crossed (2021) Rosaline (2022) Literature Les Chouans (1829) The Wandering Jew (1844) The Stolen Dormouse (1941) The Faraway Lurs (1963) The Destruction of Faena (1989) Ronny & Julia (1995) Romiette and Julio (2001) New Moon (2006) Warm Bodies (2010) Art Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790) The Last Kiss of Romeo and Juliet (1823) Juliet and her Nurse (1836) Romeo and Juliet (1978) Phrases A plague o' both your houses! A rose by any other name would smell as sweet Star-crossed Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 German film 1917 Hungarian film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet " Nothing Broken but My Heart " Panic Button Bare: A Pop Opera Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady " Moonshine River " Rendez-vous Fame " I Am Unicorn " The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds " The Thief of Baghead " The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night " Say You'll Be Mine " Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K-On! Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect Romeo and Juliet laws After Juliet " Upper West Side Story " (2012) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Don't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo v t e William Shakespeare's Timon of Athens Characters Timon Alcibiades Apemantus Sources Palace of Pleasure (1566) Adaptations Timon (1973) Timon of Athens (1981) Revisions The History of Timon of Athens the Man-hater (1677) Related Thomas Middleton v t e William Shakespeare 's Titus Andronicus Characters Titus Andronicus Tamora Aaron Lavinia Emperor Saturninus Marcus Lucius Sources Ab Urbe Condita ( c. 26 BC) Metamorphoses ( c. AD 8) Thyestes (first century AD) Gesta Romanorum (late third century AD) Adaptations Titus Andronicus (1985; TV) Titus (1999) " Scott Tenorman Must Die " (2001; TV) The Hungry (2017) Related Peacham drawing Authorship question Themes " Titus Andronicus' Complaint " George Peele Philomela Thyestes Revenge play Grand Guignol Gorboduc (1561) Edmund Ironside (1590) Jan Vos Titus (soundtrack) v t e William Shakespeare 's Troilus and Cressida Characters Trojans Priam Hector Deiphobus Helenus Paris Troilus Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Pandarus Cressida Calchas Helen Greeks Agamemnon Menelaus Nestor Ulysses Achilles Patroclus Diomedes Ajax Thersites Myrmidons Sources Troilus and Criseyde Troy Book Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye Adaptations The Face of Love (1954, TV) Troilus and Cressida (1981, TV) Related Trojan War Trojan War in popular culture Troilus and Cressida (Dryden play) Achilles and Patroclus Shakespearean problem play v t e William Shakespeare 's Antony and Cleopatra v t e Stage adaptations The False One ( c. 1620) All for Love (1677) The False One ( c. 1620) All for Love (1677) Opera Antony and Cleopatra (1966) Antony and Cleopatra (2022) Antony and Cleopatra (1966) Antony and Cleopatra (2022) On screen 1908 1913 1959 (TV) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) 1972 1974 (TV) Zulfiqar (2016; film) 1908 1913 1959 (TV) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) 1972 1974 (TV) Zulfiqar (2016; film) Related List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra Cultural depictions of Augustus Salad days Asp Thomas North Cleopatra (1912) Cleopatra (1917) Roman Tragedies (2007) List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra Cultural depictions of Augustus Salad days Asp Thomas North Cleopatra (1912) Cleopatra (1917) Roman Tragedies (2007) Category Category v t e William Shakespeare 's Coriolanus v t e Characters Historical Caius Martius Coriolanus Menenius Agrippa Cominius Titus Lartius Sicinius Velutus Tullus Aufidius Fictional Volumnia Virgilia Historical Caius Martius Coriolanus Menenius Agrippa Cominius Titus Lartius Sicinius Velutus Tullus Aufidius Caius Martius Coriolanus Menenius Agrippa Cominius Titus Lartius Sicinius Velutus Tullus Aufidius Fictional Volumnia Virgilia Volumnia Virgilia Sources Roman Antiquities Parallel Lives Ab Urbe Condita Policraticus A Mervalious Combat of Contrarieties ( William Averell ) Roman Antiquities Parallel Lives Ab Urbe Condita Policraticus A Mervalious Combat of Contrarieties ( William Averell ) Adaptations The Invader of His Country (1719) Coriolanus (1953) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) The Tragedy of Coriolanus (1984; TV) Coriolanus (2011) The Invader of His Country (1719) Coriolanus (1953) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) The Tragedy of Coriolanus (1984; TV) Coriolanus (2011) Related Veturia Thomas North Roman Tragedies (2007) Veturia Thomas North Roman Tragedies (2007) v t e William Shakespeare's Cymbeline v t e Characters Cymbeline Queen Imogen Posthumus Leonatus Cloten Belarius Guiderius Arvirargus Jupiter Cymbeline Queen Imogen Posthumus Leonatus Cloten Belarius Guiderius Arvirargus Jupiter Sources Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136) The Decameron ( c. 1353) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136) The Decameron ( c. 1353) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Adaptations Cymbeline (1982; TV) Cymbeline (2014) Cymbeline (1982; TV) Cymbeline (2014) Related Shakespeare's late romances Philaster ( c. 1609) Deus ex machina Milford Haven Shakespeare's late romances Philaster ( c. 1609) Deus ex machina Milford Haven v t e William Shakespeare 's Hamlet v t e Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies " To be, or not to be " " Mortal coil " " What a piece of work is a man " " Speak the speech " " To be, or not to be " " Mortal coil " " Mortal coil " " What a piece of work is a man " " Speak the speech " Words and phrases " Hoist with his own petard " " The lady doth protest too much, methinks " " Thy name is " " Hoist with his own petard " " The lady doth protest too much, methinks " " Thy name is " Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur-Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur-Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Cultural references to Hamlet Cultural references to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Common phrases from Hamlet Cultural references to Hamlet Cultural references to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre (1911–1912) Richard Burton (1964) List of skulls used to depict Yorick Moscow Art Theatre (1911–1912) Richard Burton (1964) List of skulls used to depict Yorick On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 1974 1990 1996 2000 2003 2011 2025 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 1974 1990 1996 2000 2003 2011 2025 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence (1959) The Bad Sleep Well (1960) Ophelia (1963) Johnny Hamlet (1968) One Hamlet Less (1973) The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet (1977) Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet Goes Business (1987) The Lion King (1994) Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) The Banquet (2006) Doubt (2009) Karmayogi (2012) Haider (2014) Hamlet A.D.D. (2014) Hemanta (2016) Ophelia (2018) The Lion King (2019) Scarlet (2025) Novels Hamlet Had an Uncle (1940) Too, Too Solid Flesh (1989) Gertrude and Claudius (2000) Dating Hamlet (2002) The Dead Fathers Club (2006) Something Rotten (2007) Hamlet's Father (2008) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle (2008) Plays Hamletmachine (1977) Dogg's Hamlet (1979) Fortinbras (1991) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet (1973) Television Hamlet (1956) Hamlet (Australian TV, 1959) Hamlet at Elsinore (BBC, 1964) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (BBC, 1980) Hamlet (BBC 2, animated, 1992) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2009) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2018) Films The Rest Is Silence (1959) The Bad Sleep Well (1960) Ophelia (1963) Johnny Hamlet (1968) One Hamlet Less (1973) The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet (1977) Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet Goes Business (1987) The Lion King (1994) Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) The Banquet (2006) Doubt (2009) Karmayogi (2012) Haider (2014) Hamlet A.D.D. (2014) Hemanta (2016) Ophelia (2018) The Lion King (2019) Scarlet (2025) The Rest Is Silence (1959) The Bad Sleep Well (1960) Ophelia (1963) Johnny Hamlet (1968) One Hamlet Less (1973) The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet (1977) Strange Brew (1983) Hamlet Goes Business (1987) The Lion King (1994) Let the Devil Wear Black (1999) The Banquet (2006) Doubt (2009) Karmayogi (2012) Haider (2014) Hamlet A.D.D. (2014) Hemanta (2016) Ophelia (2018) The Lion King (2019) Scarlet (2025) Novels Hamlet Had an Uncle (1940) Too, Too Solid Flesh (1989) Gertrude and Claudius (2000) Dating Hamlet (2002) The Dead Fathers Club (2006) Something Rotten (2007) Hamlet's Father (2008) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle (2008) Hamlet Had an Uncle (1940) Too, Too Solid Flesh (1989) Gertrude and Claudius (2000) Dating Hamlet (2002) The Dead Fathers Club (2006) Something Rotten (2007) Hamlet's Father (2008) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle (2008) Plays Hamletmachine (1977) Dogg's Hamlet (1979) Fortinbras (1991) Hamletmachine (1977) Dogg's Hamlet (1979) Fortinbras (1991) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet (1973) Rockabye Hamlet (1973) Television Hamlet (1956) Hamlet (Australian TV, 1959) Hamlet at Elsinore (BBC, 1964) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (BBC, 1980) Hamlet (BBC 2, animated, 1992) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2009) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2018) Hamlet (1956) Hamlet (Australian TV, 1959) Hamlet at Elsinore (BBC, 1964) Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (BBC, 1980) Hamlet (BBC 2, animated, 1992) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2009) Hamlet (BBC 2, 2018) Parodies 15-Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern I, Hamlet The Klingon Hamlet " Lyle the Kindly Viking " To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure " Tales from the Public Domain " The Skinhead Hamlet 15-Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern I, Hamlet The Klingon Hamlet " Lyle the Kindly Viking " To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure " Tales from the Public Domain " The Skinhead Hamlet Songs " My Robin is to the greenwood gone " (16th century) " Pull Me Under " (1992) " Song for Athene " (1997) " My Robin is to the greenwood gone " (16th century) " Pull Me Under " (1992) " Song for Athene " (1997) Opera/classical Hamlet (Thomas) Amleto (Faccio) Hamlet (Tchaikovsky) Tristia (Berlioz) Die Hamletmaschine (Rihm) Hamlet (Dean) Hamlet (Thomas) Amleto (Faccio) Hamlet (Tchaikovsky) Tristia (Berlioz) Die Hamletmaschine (Rihm) Hamlet (Dean) In popular culture Films To Be or Not to Be (1942) A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja (1973) To Be or Not to Be (1983) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) Highlander II: The Quickening (1991) Last Action Hero (1993) Renaissance Man (1994) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) War (2002) Hamlet 2 (2008) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead (2009) Three Days (of Hamlet) (2012) Grand Theft Hamlet (2024) Hamnet (2025) Plays The Seagull (1896) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) Stage Blood (1974) I Hate Hamlet (1991) To Be or Not to Be (2008) Novels Hamlet, Revenge! (1937) Theatre of War (1994) " The Undiscovered " (1997) The Shakespeare Stealer (1998) Interred with Their Bones (2007) Hamnet (2020) Television " The Producer " (1966) " The Conscience of the King " (1966) " Born to Be King " (1983) " Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow " (2001) Slings & Arrows (2003) Video games Last Action Hero (1993) Hamlet (2010) Elsinore (2019) Films To Be or Not to Be (1942) A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja (1973) To Be or Not to Be (1983) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) Highlander II: The Quickening (1991) Last Action Hero (1993) Renaissance Man (1994) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) War (2002) Hamlet 2 (2008) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead (2009) Three Days (of Hamlet) (2012) Grand Theft Hamlet (2024) Hamnet (2025) To Be or Not to Be (1942) A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja (1973) To Be or Not to Be (1983) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) Highlander II: The Quickening (1991) Last Action Hero (1993) Renaissance Man (1994) In the Bleak Midwinter (1995) War (2002) Hamlet 2 (2008) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead (2009) Three Days (of Hamlet) (2012) Grand Theft Hamlet (2024) Hamnet (2025) Plays The Seagull (1896) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) Stage Blood (1974) I Hate Hamlet (1991) To Be or Not to Be (2008) The Seagull (1896) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) Stage Blood (1974) I Hate Hamlet (1991) To Be or Not to Be (2008) Novels Hamlet, Revenge! (1937) Theatre of War (1994) " The Undiscovered " (1997) The Shakespeare Stealer (1998) Interred with Their Bones (2007) Hamnet (2020) Hamlet, Revenge! (1937) Theatre of War (1994) " The Undiscovered " (1997) The Shakespeare Stealer (1998) Interred with Their Bones (2007) Hamnet (2020) Television " The Producer " (1966) " The Conscience of the King " (1966) " Born to Be King " (1983) " Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow " (2001) Slings & Arrows (2003) " The Producer " (1966) " The Conscience of the King " (1966) " Born to Be King " (1983) " Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow " (2001) Slings & Arrows (2003) Video games Last Action Hero (1993) Hamlet (2010) Elsinore (2019) Last Action Hero (1993) Hamlet (2010) Elsinore (2019) Art The Play Scene in Hamlet Ophelia Weaving Her Garlands Ophelia (Millais) Ophelia (Cabanel) Ophelia (Heyser) Affe mit Schädel Ophelia (Waterhouse) Polish Hamlet. Portrait of Aleksander Wielopolski The River Bank (Ophelia) The Play Scene in Hamlet Ophelia Weaving Her Garlands Ophelia (Millais) Ophelia (Cabanel) Ophelia (Heyser) Affe mit Schädel Ophelia (Waterhouse) Polish Hamlet. Portrait of Aleksander Wielopolski The River Bank (Ophelia) Related Hamlet and Oedipus " Hamlet and His Problems " Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber " Symphony No. 65 " (Haydn) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude – The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten! Sons of Anarchy Hamlet and Oedipus " Hamlet and His Problems " Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber " Symphony No. 65 " (Haydn) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude – The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten! Sons of Anarchy v t e William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar v t e Sources Parallel Lives Parallel Lives Screen adaptations Julius Caesar (1914 film) Julius Caesar (1950 film) Julius Caesar (1953 film) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) Julius Caesar (1970 film) BBC Television Shakespeare (TV) Shakespeare: The Animated Tales (TV) Julius Caesar (1914 film) Julius Caesar (1950 film) Julius Caesar (1953 film) The Spread of the Eagle (1963; TV) Julius Caesar (1970 film) BBC Television Shakespeare (TV) Shakespeare: The Animated Tales (TV) Inspired work La morte di Cesare (1788) The Assassination of Julius Caesar (Sullivan) Shakespeare Writing "Julius Caesar" (1907) Caesar (1937) Die Ermordung Cäsars (1959) Dead Caesar (2007) Roman Tragedies (2007) Julius Caesar (overture, 1851) Zulfiqar (2016) La morte di Cesare (1788) The Assassination of Julius Caesar (Sullivan) Shakespeare Writing "Julius Caesar" (1907) Caesar (1937) Die Ermordung Cäsars (1959) Dead Caesar (2007) Roman Tragedies (2007) Julius Caesar (overture, 1851) Zulfiqar (2016) Quotes " The dogs of war " " Et tu, Brute? " " Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears " " Greek to me " " The dogs of war " " Et tu, Brute? " " Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears " " Greek to me " Related Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles (2008) Caesar Must Die (2012) Et Tu (2023) Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar Assassination of Julius Caesar Caesar's Comet Ides of March Battle of Philippi Me and Orson Welles (2008) Caesar Must Die (2012) Et Tu (2023) Category Category v t e William Shakespeare 's King Lear v t e Characters King Lear Cordelia Goneril Regan Edmund The Fool King Lear Cordelia Goneril Regan Edmund The Fool Sources Historia Regum Britanniae (1136) The Mirror for Magistrates (1555) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) King Leir (1594) " Water and Salt " Historia Regum Britanniae (1136) The Mirror for Magistrates (1555) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) King Leir (1594) " Water and Salt " Related Llŷr Leir of Britain Cordelia of Britain Llŷr Leir of Britain Cordelia of Britain Adaptations Plays The History of King Lear (1681) The Yiddish King Lear (1892) Safed Khoon (1907) Lear (1971) King Lear (1978) Novels La Terre (1887) A Thousand Acres (1991) Fool (2009) Operas Re Lear (Libretto only) (1896) Lear (1978) Vision of Lear (1998) Kuningas Lear (2000) Films King Lear (1910) King Lear (1916) Gunasundari Katha (1949) King Lear (1971 USSR) King Lear (1971 UK) Ran (1985) King Lear (1987) A Thousand Acres (1997) Gypsy Lore (1997) King Lear (1999) My Kingdom (2001) Lear Rex (TBA) Television King Lear (1953) BBC Television Shakespeare (1982) King Lear (1983) King of Texas (2002) Second Generation (2003) King Lear (2008) King Lear (2018) Story within a story The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) The Dresser (2015 film) Other Tiriel (1789, poem) The Prince of the Pagodas (1957, ballet) The Tragedy of King Lear (screenplay) Plays The History of King Lear (1681) The Yiddish King Lear (1892) Safed Khoon (1907) Lear (1971) King Lear (1978) The History of King Lear (1681) The Yiddish King Lear (1892) Safed Khoon (1907) Lear (1971) King Lear (1978) Novels La Terre (1887) A Thousand Acres (1991) Fool (2009) La Terre (1887) A Thousand Acres (1991) Fool (2009) Operas Re Lear (Libretto only) (1896) Lear (1978) Vision of Lear (1998) Kuningas Lear (2000) Re Lear (Libretto only) (1896) Lear (1978) Vision of Lear (1998) Kuningas Lear (2000) Films King Lear (1910) King Lear (1916) Gunasundari Katha (1949) King Lear (1971 USSR) King Lear (1971 UK) Ran (1985) King Lear (1987) A Thousand Acres (1997) Gypsy Lore (1997) King Lear (1999) My Kingdom (2001) Lear Rex (TBA) King Lear (1910) King Lear (1916) Gunasundari Katha (1949) King Lear (1971 USSR) King Lear (1971 UK) Ran (1985) King Lear (1987) A Thousand Acres (1997) Gypsy Lore (1997) King Lear (1999) My Kingdom (2001) Lear Rex (TBA) Television King Lear (1953) BBC Television Shakespeare (1982) King Lear (1983) King of Texas (2002) Second Generation (2003) King Lear (2008) King Lear (2018) King Lear (1953) BBC Television Shakespeare (1982) King Lear (1983) King of Texas (2002) Second Generation (2003) King Lear (2008) King Lear (2018) Story within a story The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) The Dresser (2015 film) The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) The Dresser (2015 film) Other Tiriel (1789, poem) The Prince of the Pagodas (1957, ballet) The Tragedy of King Lear (screenplay) Tiriel (1789, poem) The Prince of the Pagodas (1957, ballet) The Tragedy of King Lear (screenplay) v t e William Shakespeare 's Macbeth v t e Characters Macbeth Lady Macbeth Banquo Macduff King Duncan Malcolm Donalbain Three Witches Fleance Lady Macduff Macduff's son Third Murderer Young Siward Macbeth Lady Macbeth Banquo Macduff King Duncan Malcolm Donalbain Three Witches Fleance Lady Macduff Macduff's son Third Murderer Young Siward Inspirations Macbeth, King of Scotland Gruoch of Scotland Duncan I of Scotland Malcolm III of Scotland Donald III of Scotland Siward, Earl of Northumbria King James VI and I Macbeth, King of Scotland Gruoch of Scotland Duncan I of Scotland Malcolm III of Scotland Donald III of Scotland Siward, Earl of Northumbria King James VI and I Sources Daemonologie (1597) The Witch (play) Holinshed's Chronicles Darraðarljóð Daemonologie (1597) The Witch (play) Holinshed's Chronicles Darraðarljóð Film 1908 1909 (French) 1909 (Italian) 1911 1913 1915 1916 1922 1948 Unfinished 1971 2006 2015 The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021) accolades 1908 1909 (French) 1909 (Italian) 1911 1913 1915 1916 1922 1948 Unfinished 1971 2006 2015 The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021) accolades accolades Television 1954 1960 US TV 1960 Australian TV 1961 1979 1981 1982 1983 1992 2010 1954 1960 US TV 1960 Australian TV 1961 1979 1981 1982 1983 1992 2010 TV / film adaptations The Real Thing at Last (1916) Marmayogi (1951) Joe MacBeth (1955) Throne of Blood (1957) Marmayogi (1964) Macbeth (Verdi opera) (1987) Men of Respect (1990) Scotland, PA (2001) Makibefo (2001) Maqbool (2003) 2005 The Last King of Scotland (2006) Shakespeare Must Die (2012) Thane of East County (2015) Veeram (2016) Joji (2021) The Real Thing at Last (1916) Marmayogi (1951) Joe MacBeth (1955) Throne of Blood (1957) Marmayogi (1964) Macbeth (Verdi opera) (1987) Men of Respect (1990) Scotland, PA (2001) Makibefo (2001) Maqbool (2003) 2005 The Last King of Scotland (2006) Shakespeare Must Die (2012) Thane of East County (2015) Veeram (2016) Joji (2021) Plays Khwab-e-Hasti (1909) Voodoo Macbeth (1936) MacBird! (1967) uMabatha (1970) Macbett (1972) Cahoot's Macbeth (1979) MacHomer (1995) Just Macbeth! (2008) Sleep No More (2009) Dunsinane (2010) Sleep No More (2011) Khwab-e-Hasti (1909) Voodoo Macbeth (1936) MacBird! (1967) uMabatha (1970) Macbett (1972) Cahoot's Macbeth (1979) MacHomer (1995) Just Macbeth! (2008) Sleep No More (2009) Dunsinane (2010) Sleep No More (2011) Literary adaptations Wyrd Sisters (1988) The Last King of Scotland (1998) Macbeth (2018) Wyrd Sisters (1988) The Last King of Scotland (1998) Macbeth (2018) Music Macbeth ( Johann Strauss ) Piano Trios, Op. 70 ( Ludwig van Beethoven ) Macbeth ( Arthur Sullivan , 1888) Music from Macbeth (1972) Macbeth (1990) Thane to the Throne (2000) Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel (2003) Lady Macbeth (2005) Opera Macbeth (1847, Verdi) discography Macbeth (1910, Bloch) Macbeth ( Johann Strauss ) Piano Trios, Op. 70 ( Ludwig van Beethoven ) Macbeth ( Arthur Sullivan , 1888) Music from Macbeth (1972) Macbeth (1990) Thane to the Throne (2000) Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel (2003) Lady Macbeth (2005) Opera Macbeth (1847, Verdi) discography Macbeth (1910, Bloch) Macbeth (1847, Verdi) discography discography Macbeth (1910, Bloch) Art Lady Macbeth Sleepwalking (1784) Pity (1795) The Night of Enitharmon's Joy (1795) Lady Macbeth Seizing the Daggers (1812) Macbeth (1820) The Banquet Scene in Macbeth (1840) Macbeth and the Witches (1850) Macbeth and the Three Witches (1855) Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth (1889) Lady Macbeth (1905 sculpture) Lady Macbeth Sleepwalking (1784) Pity (1795) The Night of Enitharmon's Joy (1795) Lady Macbeth Seizing the Daggers (1812) Macbeth (1820) The Banquet Scene in Macbeth (1840) Macbeth and the Witches (1850) Macbeth and the Three Witches (1855) Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth (1889) Lady Macbeth (1905 sculpture) Scenes and speeches " On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth " (1823) Sleepwalking Scene (5.1) " Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow " " On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth " (1823) Sleepwalking Scene (5.1) " Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow " Words and phrases " What's done is done " " Crack of doom " The Scottish Play Thane of Cawdor " What's done is done " " Crack of doom " The Scottish Play Thane of Cawdor In popular culture Novels, film and theatre We Work Again Light Thickens The Deadly Affair Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine The Scottish Play Burke & Hare Television " A Witch's Tangled Hare " (1959, Looney Tunes ) " The Bellero Shield " (1964, The Outer Limits ) " The Movies " (1975, The Goodies ) " Sense and Senility " (1987, Blackadder the Third ) " The Coup " (2006, The Office ) " Dial 'N' for Nerder " (2008, The Simpsons ) " Four Great Women and a Manicure " (2009, The Simpsons ) " The Shower Principle " (2012, 30 Rock ) " The Understudy " (2014, Inside No. 9 ) Novels, film and theatre We Work Again Light Thickens The Deadly Affair Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine The Scottish Play Burke & Hare We Work Again Light Thickens The Deadly Affair Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine The Scottish Play Burke & Hare Television " A Witch's Tangled Hare " (1959, Looney Tunes ) " The Bellero Shield " (1964, The Outer Limits ) " The Movies " (1975, The Goodies ) " Sense and Senility " (1987, Blackadder the Third ) " The Coup " (2006, The Office ) " Dial 'N' for Nerder " (2008, The Simpsons ) " Four Great Women and a Manicure " (2009, The Simpsons ) " The Shower Principle " (2012, 30 Rock ) " The Understudy " (2014, Inside No. 9 ) " A Witch's Tangled Hare " (1959, Looney Tunes ) " The Bellero Shield " (1964, The Outer Limits ) " The Movies " (1975, The Goodies ) " Sense and Senility " (1987, Blackadder the Third ) " The Coup " (2006, The Office ) " Dial 'N' for Nerder " (2008, The Simpsons ) " Four Great Women and a Manicure " (2009, The Simpsons ) " The Shower Principle " (2012, 30 Rock ) " The Understudy " (2014, Inside No. 9 ) Other The Scottish Play The Ruins of Cawdor House of Cards (UK, 1990) House of Cards (US, 2013–2018) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( Ray Bradbury ) The Scottish Play The Ruins of Cawdor House of Cards (UK, 1990) House of Cards (US, 2013–2018) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( Ray Bradbury ) Related Birnam Oak Birnam Oak v t e William Shakespeare's Othello v t e Characters Othello Desdemona Iago Manipulativeness and character Cassio Emilia Bianca Roderigo Brabantio Othello Desdemona Iago Manipulativeness and character Manipulativeness and character Cassio Emilia Bianca Roderigo Brabantio Source Della descrittione dell’Africa (1550) by Leo Africanus "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi (1565) by Cintio Della descrittione dell’Africa (1550) by Leo Africanus "Un Capitano Moro" from Gli Hecatommithi (1565) by Cintio Stage adaptations The Duke of Milan (1623) Love's Sacrifice (1633) Masquerade (1835) Othello (1951) Catch My Soul (US; 1969) Catch My Soul (UK; 1970) Desdemona (2011) The Duke of Milan (1623) Love's Sacrifice (1633) Masquerade (1835) Othello (1951) Catch My Soul (US; 1969) Catch My Soul (UK; 1970) Desdemona (2011) Opera and ballet adaptations Otello (1816; opera by Rossini) Otello (1887; opera by Verdi) Othello (1892; overture) The Moor's Pavane (1949; ballet) Othello (1998; ballet score) Bandanna (1999; opera) Otello (1816; opera by Rossini) Otello (1887; opera by Verdi) Othello (1892; overture) The Moor's Pavane (1949; ballet) Othello (1998; ballet score) Bandanna (1999; opera) Films 1906 1922 1951 1955 1965 1980 1995 1906 1922 1951 1955 1965 1980 1995 TV 1950 1964 Australia 1981 1990 1994 2001 1950 1964 Australia 1981 1990 1994 2001 Film adaptations Jubal (1956) All Night Long (1962) Catch My Soul (1974) Kaliyattam (1997) O (2001) Souli (2004) Omkara (2006) Jarum Halus (2008) Jubal (1956) All Night Long (1962) Catch My Soul (1974) Kaliyattam (1997) O (2001) Souli (2004) Omkara (2006) Jarum Halus (2008) From Verdi Otello (1906; film) Othello Ballet Suite/Electronic Organ Sonata No. 1 (1967; ballet suite) Otello (1986; film) The Othello Syndrome (2008; album) Otello (1906; film) Othello Ballet Suite/Electronic Organ Sonata No. 1 (1967; ballet suite) Otello (1986; film) The Othello Syndrome (2008; album) Paintings Othello Othello Phrases " Beast with two backs " " Beast with two backs " Related Othello error Filming Othello Othello error Filming Othello Story within a story Carnival (1921 film) Carnival (1931 film) The Deceiver (1931) Men Are Not Gods (1936) A Double Life (1947) Saptapadi (1961) The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) Goodnight Desdemona (1988) An Imaginary Tale (1990) Red Velvet (2012 play) The Dresser (2015 film) Carnival (1921 film) Carnival (1931 film) The Deceiver (1931) Men Are Not Gods (1936) A Double Life (1947) Saptapadi (1961) The Dresser (1980 play) The Dresser (1983 film) Goodnight Desdemona (1988) An Imaginary Tale (1990) Red Velvet (2012 play) The Dresser (2015 film) Related Cultural references to Othello Cultural references to Othello v t e William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet v t e Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ephesiaca The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ephesiaca Ballets Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko) Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan) Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev) Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery) Radio and Juliet (2005) Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins) Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor) Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko) Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan) Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev) Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery) Radio and Juliet (2005) Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins) Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor) Operas Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda) Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli) Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai) I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini) Gloria (1874, Cilea) Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod) A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius) Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister) Romeo und Julia (1943, Blacher) Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda) Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli) Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai) I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini) Gloria (1874, Cilea) Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod) A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius) Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister) Romeo und Julia (1943, Blacher) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair (1906) West Side Story (1957) Once on This Island (1990) Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001) Giulietta e Romeo (2007) & Juliet (2019) The Belle of Mayfair (1906) West Side Story (1957) Once on This Island (1990) Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001) Giulietta e Romeo (2007) & Juliet (2019) Classical Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800) Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz) Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky) Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800) Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz) Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky) On screen Films 1900 1908 1916 Metro 1916 Fox 1936 1940 1953 1954 1955 1964 1967 (TV) 1968 1978 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 2006 2013 2025 TV series Ronny & Julia (2000) Skin (2003) Romeo × Juliet (2007) Romeo y Julieta (2007) Harina de otro costal (2010) Star-Crossed (2014) Romil & Jugal (2017) Still Star-Crossed (2017) A Infância de Romeu e Julieta (2023) Films 1900 1908 1916 Metro 1916 Fox 1936 1940 1953 1954 1955 1964 1967 (TV) 1968 1978 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 2006 2013 2025 1900 1908 1916 Metro 1916 Fox 1936 1940 1953 1954 1955 1964 1967 (TV) 1968 1978 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 2006 2013 2025 TV series Ronny & Julia (2000) Skin (2003) Romeo × Juliet (2007) Romeo y Julieta (2007) Harina de otro costal (2010) Star-Crossed (2014) Romil & Jugal (2017) Still Star-Crossed (2017) A Infância de Romeu e Julieta (2023) Ronny & Julia (2000) Skin (2003) Romeo × Juliet (2007) Romeo y Julieta (2007) Harina de otro costal (2010) Star-Crossed (2014) Romil & Jugal (2017) Still Star-Crossed (2017) A Infância de Romeu e Julieta (2023) Plays Romanoff and Juliet (1956) People's Romeo (2010) Romeo and Juliet (2013) Romanoff and Juliet (1956) People's Romeo (2010) Romeo and Juliet (2013) Songs " Montagues and Capulets " (1935) " Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet " (1968) " (Don't Fear) The Reaper " (1976) " Angelo " (1978) " Romeo and Juliet " (1978) " Romeo and Juliet " (1981) " Cherish " (1989) " Amor Prohibido " (1994) " Kissing You " (1996) " Starcrossed " (2004) " Peut-être toi " (2006) " Mademoiselle Juliette " (2007) " Love Story " (2008) " Love Me Again " (2013) " Montagues and Capulets " (1935) " Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet " (1968) " (Don't Fear) The Reaper " (1976) " Angelo " (1978) " Romeo and Juliet " (1978) " Romeo and Juliet " (1981) " Cherish " (1989) " Amor Prohibido " (1994) " Kissing You " (1996) " Starcrossed " (2004) " Peut-être toi " (2006) " Mademoiselle Juliette " (2007) " Love Story " (2008) " Love Me Again " (2013) Albums Romeo and Juliet (1968) Romeo + Juliet (1996) Romeo & Julia (2006) Tragic Lovers (2008) Romeo & Juliet (2013) Star-Crossed (2021) Rosaline (2022) Romeo and Juliet (1968) Romeo + Juliet (1996) Romeo & Julia (2006) Tragic Lovers (2008) Romeo & Juliet (2013) Star-Crossed (2021) Rosaline (2022) Literature Les Chouans (1829) The Wandering Jew (1844) The Stolen Dormouse (1941) The Faraway Lurs (1963) The Destruction of Faena (1989) Ronny & Julia (1995) Romiette and Julio (2001) New Moon (2006) Warm Bodies (2010) Les Chouans (1829) The Wandering Jew (1844) The Stolen Dormouse (1941) The Faraway Lurs (1963) The Destruction of Faena (1989) Ronny & Julia (1995) Romiette and Julio (2001) New Moon (2006) Warm Bodies (2010) Art Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790) The Last Kiss of Romeo and Juliet (1823) Juliet and her Nurse (1836) Romeo and Juliet (1978) Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790) The Last Kiss of Romeo and Juliet (1823) Juliet and her Nurse (1836) Romeo and Juliet (1978) Phrases A plague o' both your houses! A rose by any other name would smell as sweet Star-crossed A plague o' both your houses! A rose by any other name would smell as sweet Star-crossed Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 German film 1917 Hungarian film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet " Nothing Broken but My Heart " Panic Button Bare: A Pop Opera Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady " Moonshine River " Rendez-vous Fame " I Am Unicorn " The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds " The Thief of Baghead " The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night " Say You'll Be Mine " Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K-On! Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 German film 1917 Hungarian film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 German film 1917 Hungarian film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet " Nothing Broken but My Heart " Panic Button Bare: A Pop Opera Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady " Moonshine River " Rendez-vous Fame " I Am Unicorn " The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds " The Thief of Baghead " The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night " Say You'll Be Mine " Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K-On! Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect Romeo and Juliet laws After Juliet " Upper West Side Story " (2012) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Don't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect Romeo and Juliet laws After Juliet " Upper West Side Story " (2012) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Don't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo v t e William Shakespeare's Timon of Athens v t e Characters Timon Alcibiades Apemantus Timon Alcibiades Apemantus Sources Palace of Pleasure (1566) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Adaptations Timon (1973) Timon of Athens (1981) Timon (1973) Timon of Athens (1981) Revisions The History of Timon of Athens the Man-hater (1677) The History of Timon of Athens the Man-hater (1677) Related Thomas Middleton Thomas Middleton v t e William Shakespeare 's Titus Andronicus v t e Characters Titus Andronicus Tamora Aaron Lavinia Emperor Saturninus Marcus Lucius Titus Andronicus Tamora Aaron Lavinia Emperor Saturninus Marcus Lucius Sources Ab Urbe Condita ( c. 26 BC) Metamorphoses ( c. AD 8) Thyestes (first century AD) Gesta Romanorum (late third century AD) Ab Urbe Condita ( c. 26 BC) Metamorphoses ( c. AD 8) Thyestes (first century AD) Gesta Romanorum (late third century AD) Adaptations Titus Andronicus (1985; TV) Titus (1999) " Scott Tenorman Must Die " (2001; TV) The Hungry (2017) Titus Andronicus (1985; TV) Titus (1999) " Scott Tenorman Must Die " (2001; TV) The Hungry (2017) Related Peacham drawing Authorship question Themes " Titus Andronicus' Complaint " George Peele Philomela Thyestes Revenge play Grand Guignol Gorboduc (1561) Edmund Ironside (1590) Jan Vos Titus (soundtrack) Peacham drawing Authorship question Themes " Titus Andronicus' Complaint " George Peele Philomela Thyestes Revenge play Grand Guignol Gorboduc (1561) Edmund Ironside (1590) Jan Vos Titus (soundtrack) v t e William Shakespeare 's Troilus and Cressida v t e Characters Trojans Priam Hector Deiphobus Helenus Paris Troilus Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Pandarus Cressida Calchas Helen Greeks Agamemnon Menelaus Nestor Ulysses Achilles Patroclus Diomedes Ajax Thersites Myrmidons Trojans Priam Hector Deiphobus Helenus Paris Troilus Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Pandarus Cressida Calchas Helen Priam Hector Deiphobus Helenus Paris Troilus Cassandra Andromache Aeneas Pandarus Cressida Calchas Helen Greeks Agamemnon Menelaus Nestor Ulysses Achilles Patroclus Diomedes Ajax Thersites Myrmidons Agamemnon Menelaus Nestor Ulysses Achilles Patroclus Diomedes Ajax Thersites Myrmidons Sources Troilus and Criseyde Troy Book Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye Troilus and Criseyde Troy Book Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye Adaptations The Face of Love (1954, TV) Troilus and Cressida (1981, TV) The Face of Love (1954, TV) Troilus and Cressida (1981, TV) Related Trojan War Trojan War in popular culture Troilus and Cressida (Dryden play) Achilles and Patroclus Shakespearean problem play Trojan War Trojan War in popular culture Troilus and Cressida (Dryden play) Achilles and Patroclus Shakespearean problem play Shakespearean comedy v t e William Shakespeare 's All's Well That Ends Well Characters Bertram Countess of Roussillon Helen Rinaldo Lavatch Paroles King of France Lafeu Duke of Florence Widow Diana Mariana Sources The Decameron ( c. 1353) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Adaptations All's Well That Ends Well (1981; TV) Related Shakespearean problem play Diana Alazôn Bed trick v t e William Shakespeare 's As You Like It Characters Rosalind Orlando Celia Jaques Touchstone Screen 1912 1936 1953 (TV) Sollu Thambi Sollu (1959) 1978 (TV) 1991 1994 (TV) 2006 Related " All the world's a stage " v t e William Shakespeare 's The Comedy of Errors Sources Menaechmi Amphitryon Apollonius of Tyre Opera and musicals Gli equivoci (1786) The Boys from Syracuse (1938) Pozdvižení v Efesu (1943) The Comedy of Errors (1976) The Bomb-itty of Errors (2000) Film/TV The Boys from Syracuse (1940) Bhranti Bilas (1963) Do Dooni Chaar (1968) Angoor (1982) The Comedy of Errors (1983; TV) Big Business (1988) Niboo (1996) Ulta Palta (1997) Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998) Dam Dama Dam (1998) Ulta Palta (1998) Heeralal Pannalal (1999) Ambuttu Imbuttu Embuttu (2005) Baa Bega Chandamama (2008) Double Di Trouble (2014) Cirkus (2022) Related Gesta Grayorum (1688) v t e William Shakespeare 's Love's Labour's Lost Characters Costard Adaptations 1920 animated short 1973 opera TV, 1985 2000 film Related Love's Labour's Won Honorificabilitudinitatibus Nine Worthies The School of Night Robert Tofte The Princess (poem; 1847) v t e William Shakespeare 's Measure for Measure Characters Angelo Sources Hecatommithi by Cinthio Promos and Cassandra by George Whetstone Theatrical adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Das Liebesverbot (1834) Round Heads and Pointed Heads (1936) Desperate Measures (2004) Screen adaptations Measure for Measure (1943) Measure for Measure (1979; TV) Measure for Measure (2020) Related Thomas Middleton Mariana (Tennyson) Mariana in the South (Tennyson) Bletting Bed trick Shakespearean problem play Mariana (Millais) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice Characters Shylock Antonio Bassanio Portia Jessica Sources Gesta Romanorum Il Pecorone The Jew of Malta On screen 1914 1916 1923 Shylock (1940) 1953 1961 1969 1980 (TV) 2004 Music Incidental music: The Merchant of Venice (1871) Incidental music: Shylock (1889) Opera: Le marchand de Venise (1935); The Merchant of Venice (1982) Musical: Shylock (1987) Adaptations Serenade to Music (1938) The Merchant (1976) Shylock (1996) Yasser (2001) The Maori Merchant of Venice (2002) Related " All that glitters is not gold " " Between you and I " " The quality of mercy " Portia (painting) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Merry Wives of Windsor Characters Falstaff Mistress Quickly Ancient Pistol Bardolph Robert Shallow Corporal Nym Film/Television The Merry Wives of Windsor (1950) Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor (1953) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1982; TV) Opera/Musical/Incidental Music Falstaff (1799) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1849) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1874) Falstaff (1893) Sir John in Love (1929) Lone Star Love (2004) Related " You Banbury cheese! " Herne the Hunter Il Pecorone v t e William Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night's Dream Characters Lovers Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and Demetrius Mechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout Snug Others Puck Egeus Philostrate Productions Film 1935 1959 1968 1999 2017 Television 1959 1969 1981 1992 2016 Stage 1970 Adaptations Film A Midsummer Night's Dream (1909, silent) Wood Love (1925) Dream of a Summer Night (1983) Get Over It (2001) A Midsummer Night's Rave (2002) Midsummer Dream (2005) Were the World Mine (2008) 10ml Love (2012) Strange Magic (2015) Literature A Midsummer Tempest (1974) Lords and Ladies (1992) A Midsummer Night's Gene (1997) A Midsummer's Nightmare (1997) The Great Night (2011) Music A Midsummer Night's Dream (1842, Mendelssohn) "Wedding March" Three Shakespeare Songs (1951) Symphony No. 8 (1992, Henze) Il Sogno (2004) Opera The Fairy-Queen (1692) Pyramus and Thisbe (1745) Puck (1949) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, opera) The Enchanted Island (2011) Stage The Triumph of Beauty (1646, masque ) St. John's Eve (1852, play) The Park (1983, play) The Donkey Show (1999, musical) The Dreaming (2001, musical) The Lovers (2022, musical) Comics The Sandman: Dream Country (1991) Auberon Faerie Titania Art Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream Titania and Bottom Ballet A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962) The Dream (1964) Television " Fascination " (1994, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine ) "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1994, ShakespeaRe-Told ) A Midsummer's Nightmare (2017) Related Love-in-idleness Pyramus and Thisbe (8 CE) Dead Poets Society (1989) The Apartment (1996) Wicker Park (2004) v t e William Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing Characters Beatrice Don Pedro Dogberry Hero Adaptations Screen 1984 (TV) 1993 2005 (TV) 2012 Opera Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) Much Ado About Nothing (opera) (1901) Musical Much Ado (1995) The Boys Are Coming Home (2005) Adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Imogen Says Nothing (2017) Anyone but You (2023) Related Dogberryism " Curiosity killed the cat " v t e William Shakespeare 's Pericles, Prince of Tyre Characters John Gower Diana Sources Confessio Amantis (1390) The Pattern of Painful Adventures (1576) Adaptations Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1984; TV) Related George Wilkins Shakespeare's late romances Shakespeare apocrypha Apollonius of Tyre The Pattern of Painful Adventures (2008; radio) First water The Porpoise v t e William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew Characters Kate Petruchio Bianca Minola Christopher Sly Stage adaptations The Woman's Prize ( c 1611) Catharine and Petruchio (1754) Las bravías (1896) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung (1872) Sly, ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato (1927) Kiss Me, Kate (1948) The Taming of the Shrew (1953) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy (1957) Christopher Sly (1963) Direct adaptations 1908 1929 1952 (TV) 1962 (TV) 1967 1980 (TV) 1994 (TV) Other adaptations Daring Youth (1924) You Made Me Love You (1933) Second Best Bed (1938) The Taming of the Shrew (1942) Enamorada (1946) Kiss Me Kate (1953) Abba Aa Hudugi (1959) Gundamma Katha (1962) Manithan Maravillai (1962) McLintock! (1963) Arivaali (1963) Kiss Me Kate (1968) Pattikada Pattanama (1972) The Taming of the Scoundrel (1980) Nanjundi Kalyana (1989) Banarasi Babu (1997) 10 Things I Hate About You (1999) O Cravo e a Rosa (2000; TV) Deliver Us from Eva (2003) The Taming of the Shrew (2005; TV) Frivolous Wife (2008) 10 Things I Hate About You (2009; TV) Isi Life Mein...! (2010) Related The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew (stock character) Vinegar Girl (2016) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Tempest Characters Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo Stephano Sources A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight Decades of the New World " Of Cannibals " (Montaigne) Ovid's Metamorphoses Erasmus's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea Venture Films 1908 1911 1960 1963 1979 1980 1992 2010 Adaptations Music Three Shakespeare Songs (Vaughan Williams) The Tempest (Sullivan) The Tempest (Sibelius) The Tempest (Tchaikovsky) The Tempest (ballet) (Nordheim) " Don't Pay the Ferryman " (1982) Screen Yellow Sky (1948) Forbidden Planet (1956) Tempest (1982) The Journey to Melonia (1989) Prospero's Books (1991) The Tempest (1998) Shakespeare's Shitstorm (2020) Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury (TV, 2022–2023) Paintings Scene from Shakespeare's The Tempest (c. 1736–1738, Hogarth) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel (1850, Millais) Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet Amaluna Plays The Tempest (Dryden) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest (1674 Duffet) Une Tempête (1969 Césaire) The Sea (play) (1973) I'll Be The Devil (2008) Operas The Tempest (1756 Smith) Die Geisterinsel (libretto 1796) Die Geisterinsel (1798 Reichardt) Die Geisterinsel (1805 Zumsteeg) Der Sturm (1955 Martin) Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs (1991 Nyman) The Tempest (Adès 2004) The Enchanted Island (2011 Sams) Poetry and prose fiction " Caliban upon Setebos " (Browning) " The Sea and the Mirror " (Auden) Indigo (Warner) A Midsummer Tempest (Anderson) Island (Rogers) Hag-Seed (Atwood) Video Games The Book of Watermarks (1999) Phrases " Ariel's Song " " Full fathom five " " Sea change " " What's past is prologue " Sculpture The Tempest (1966) v t e William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night Characters Viola Orsino Olivia Sebastian Malvolio Maria Sir Toby Belch Sir Andrew Aguecheek Feste On screen 1933 1955 1966 (TV) 1970 (TV) 1980 (TV) 1986 1988 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 Musical Your Own Thing (1968) Music Is (1976) Play On! (1997) Illyria (2004) All Shook Up (2004) Adaptations Kanniyin Kathali (1949) Just One of the Guys (1985) Motocrossed (2001) She's the Man (2006) Dil Bole Hadippa! (2009) Opera Viola (unfinished) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Two Gentlemen of Verona Characters Valentine Proteus Julia Silvia Launce Speed Crab Sources The Boke Named the Governour (1531) Los Siete Libros de la Diana (1559) Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit (1578) The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1580) Theatrical adaptations Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971) Screen adaptations A Spray of Plum Blossoms (1931) The Two Gentlemen of Verona (TV; 1983) Related Proteus Jorge de Montemor Stuart Draper " An Sylvia " (1826) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (2002) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Two Noble Kinsmen Characters Theseus Hippolyta Emilia Pirithous Palamon Arcite Hymen Lafeu Artesius Valerius Jailer Doctor Gerald Nell Timothy Sources " The Knight's Tale " The Canterbury Tales Related Shakespeare apocrypha Shakespeare's late romances John Fletcher Creon William Davenant Stoolball The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn (1613) v t e William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale Characters Leontes Perdita Florizel Sources The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia ( c. 1580) Pandosto (1588) Oberon, the Faery Prince (1611) Adaptations The Winter's Tale (1910) The Winter's Tale (1967) The Winter's Tale (1981) " The Winter's Tale " (1994) Stage works Hermione (1872 opera) Perdita (1897 opera) The Winter's Tale (2014 ballet) The Winter's Tale (2017 opera) v t e William Shakespeare 's All's Well That Ends Well v t e Characters Bertram Countess of Roussillon Helen Rinaldo Lavatch Paroles King of France Lafeu Duke of Florence Widow Diana Mariana Bertram Countess of Roussillon Helen Rinaldo Lavatch Paroles King of France Lafeu Duke of Florence Widow Diana Mariana Sources The Decameron ( c. 1353) Palace of Pleasure (1566) The Decameron ( c. 1353) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Adaptations All's Well That Ends Well (1981; TV) All's Well That Ends Well (1981; TV) Related Shakespearean problem play Diana Alazôn Bed trick Shakespearean problem play Diana Alazôn Bed trick v t e William Shakespeare 's As You Like It v t e Characters Rosalind Orlando Celia Jaques Touchstone Rosalind Orlando Celia Jaques Touchstone Screen 1912 1936 1953 (TV) Sollu Thambi Sollu (1959) 1978 (TV) 1991 1994 (TV) 2006 1912 1936 1953 (TV) Sollu Thambi Sollu (1959) 1978 (TV) 1991 1994 (TV) 2006 Related " All the world's a stage " " All the world's a stage " v t e William Shakespeare 's The Comedy of Errors v t e Sources Menaechmi Amphitryon Apollonius of Tyre Menaechmi Amphitryon Apollonius of Tyre Opera and musicals Gli equivoci (1786) The Boys from Syracuse (1938) Pozdvižení v Efesu (1943) The Comedy of Errors (1976) The Bomb-itty of Errors (2000) Gli equivoci (1786) The Boys from Syracuse (1938) Pozdvižení v Efesu (1943) The Comedy of Errors (1976) The Bomb-itty of Errors (2000) Film/TV The Boys from Syracuse (1940) Bhranti Bilas (1963) Do Dooni Chaar (1968) Angoor (1982) The Comedy of Errors (1983; TV) Big Business (1988) Niboo (1996) Ulta Palta (1997) Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998) Dam Dama Dam (1998) Ulta Palta (1998) Heeralal Pannalal (1999) Ambuttu Imbuttu Embuttu (2005) Baa Bega Chandamama (2008) Double Di Trouble (2014) Cirkus (2022) The Boys from Syracuse (1940) Bhranti Bilas (1963) Do Dooni Chaar (1968) Angoor (1982) The Comedy of Errors (1983; TV) Big Business (1988) Niboo (1996) Ulta Palta (1997) Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998) Dam Dama Dam (1998) Ulta Palta (1998) Heeralal Pannalal (1999) Ambuttu Imbuttu Embuttu (2005) Baa Bega Chandamama (2008) Double Di Trouble (2014) Cirkus (2022) Related Gesta Grayorum (1688) Gesta Grayorum (1688) v t e William Shakespeare 's Love's Labour's Lost v t e Characters Costard Costard Adaptations 1920 animated short 1973 opera TV, 1985 2000 film 1920 animated short 1973 opera TV, 1985 2000 film Related Love's Labour's Won Honorificabilitudinitatibus Nine Worthies The School of Night Robert Tofte The Princess (poem; 1847) Love's Labour's Won Honorificabilitudinitatibus Nine Worthies The School of Night Robert Tofte The Princess (poem; 1847) v t e William Shakespeare 's Measure for Measure v t e Characters Angelo Angelo Sources Hecatommithi by Cinthio Promos and Cassandra by George Whetstone Hecatommithi by Cinthio Promos and Cassandra by George Whetstone Theatrical adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Das Liebesverbot (1834) Round Heads and Pointed Heads (1936) Desperate Measures (2004) The Law Against Lovers (1662) Das Liebesverbot (1834) Round Heads and Pointed Heads (1936) Desperate Measures (2004) Screen adaptations Measure for Measure (1943) Measure for Measure (1979; TV) Measure for Measure (2020) Measure for Measure (1943) Measure for Measure (1979; TV) Measure for Measure (2020) Related Thomas Middleton Mariana (Tennyson) Mariana in the South (Tennyson) Bletting Bed trick Shakespearean problem play Mariana (Millais) Thomas Middleton Mariana (Tennyson) Mariana in the South (Tennyson) Bletting Bed trick Shakespearean problem play Mariana (Millais) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice v t e Characters Shylock Antonio Bassanio Portia Jessica Shylock Antonio Bassanio Portia Jessica Sources Gesta Romanorum Il Pecorone The Jew of Malta Gesta Romanorum Il Pecorone The Jew of Malta On screen 1914 1916 1923 Shylock (1940) 1953 1961 1969 1980 (TV) 2004 1914 1916 1923 Shylock (1940) 1953 1961 1969 1980 (TV) 2004 Music Incidental music: The Merchant of Venice (1871) Incidental music: Shylock (1889) Opera: Le marchand de Venise (1935); The Merchant of Venice (1982) Musical: Shylock (1987) Incidental music: The Merchant of Venice (1871) Incidental music: Shylock (1889) Opera: Le marchand de Venise (1935); The Merchant of Venice (1982) Musical: Shylock (1987) Adaptations Serenade to Music (1938) The Merchant (1976) Shylock (1996) Yasser (2001) The Maori Merchant of Venice (2002) Serenade to Music (1938) The Merchant (1976) Shylock (1996) Yasser (2001) The Maori Merchant of Venice (2002) Related " All that glitters is not gold " " Between you and I " " The quality of mercy " Portia (painting) " All that glitters is not gold " " Between you and I " " The quality of mercy " Portia (painting) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Merry Wives of Windsor v t e Characters Falstaff Mistress Quickly Ancient Pistol Bardolph Robert Shallow Corporal Nym Falstaff Mistress Quickly Ancient Pistol Bardolph Robert Shallow Corporal Nym Film/Television The Merry Wives of Windsor (1950) Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor (1953) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1982; TV) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1950) Overture to The Merry Wives of Windsor (1953) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1982; TV) Opera/Musical/Incidental Music Falstaff (1799) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1849) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1874) Falstaff (1893) Sir John in Love (1929) Lone Star Love (2004) Falstaff (1799) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1849) The Merry Wives of Windsor (1874) Falstaff (1893) Sir John in Love (1929) Lone Star Love (2004) Related " You Banbury cheese! " Herne the Hunter Il Pecorone " You Banbury cheese! " Herne the Hunter Il Pecorone v t e William Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night's Dream v t e Characters Lovers Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and Demetrius Mechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout Snug Others Puck Egeus Philostrate Lovers Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and Demetrius Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and Demetrius Mechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout Snug Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout Snug Others Puck Egeus Philostrate Puck Egeus Philostrate Productions Film 1935 1959 1968 1999 2017 Television 1959 1969 1981 1992 2016 Stage 1970 Film 1935 1959 1968 1999 2017 1935 1959 1968 1999 2017 Television 1959 1969 1981 1992 2016 1959 1969 1981 1992 2016 Stage 1970 1970 Adaptations Film A Midsummer Night's Dream (1909, silent) Wood Love (1925) Dream of a Summer Night (1983) Get Over It (2001) A Midsummer Night's Rave (2002) Midsummer Dream (2005) Were the World Mine (2008) 10ml Love (2012) Strange Magic (2015) Literature A Midsummer Tempest (1974) Lords and Ladies (1992) A Midsummer Night's Gene (1997) A Midsummer's Nightmare (1997) The Great Night (2011) Music A Midsummer Night's Dream (1842, Mendelssohn) "Wedding March" Three Shakespeare Songs (1951) Symphony No. 8 (1992, Henze) Il Sogno (2004) Opera The Fairy-Queen (1692) Pyramus and Thisbe (1745) Puck (1949) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, opera) The Enchanted Island (2011) Stage The Triumph of Beauty (1646, masque ) St. John's Eve (1852, play) The Park (1983, play) The Donkey Show (1999, musical) The Dreaming (2001, musical) The Lovers (2022, musical) Comics The Sandman: Dream Country (1991) Auberon Faerie Titania Art Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream Titania and Bottom Ballet A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962) The Dream (1964) Television " Fascination " (1994, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine ) "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1994, ShakespeaRe-Told ) A Midsummer's Nightmare (2017) Film A Midsummer Night's Dream (1909, silent) Wood Love (1925) Dream of a Summer Night (1983) Get Over It (2001) A Midsummer Night's Rave (2002) Midsummer Dream (2005) Were the World Mine (2008) 10ml Love (2012) Strange Magic (2015) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1909, silent) Wood Love (1925) Dream of a Summer Night (1983) Get Over It (2001) A Midsummer Night's Rave (2002) Midsummer Dream (2005) Were the World Mine (2008) 10ml Love (2012) Strange Magic (2015) Literature A Midsummer Tempest (1974) Lords and Ladies (1992) A Midsummer Night's Gene (1997) A Midsummer's Nightmare (1997) The Great Night (2011) A Midsummer Tempest (1974) Lords and Ladies (1992) A Midsummer Night's Gene (1997) A Midsummer's Nightmare (1997) The Great Night (2011) Music A Midsummer Night's Dream (1842, Mendelssohn) "Wedding March" Three Shakespeare Songs (1951) Symphony No. 8 (1992, Henze) Il Sogno (2004) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1842, Mendelssohn) "Wedding March" "Wedding March" Three Shakespeare Songs (1951) Symphony No. 8 (1992, Henze) Il Sogno (2004) Opera The Fairy-Queen (1692) Pyramus and Thisbe (1745) Puck (1949) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, opera) The Enchanted Island (2011) The Fairy-Queen (1692) Pyramus and Thisbe (1745) Puck (1949) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960, opera) The Enchanted Island (2011) Stage The Triumph of Beauty (1646, masque ) St. John's Eve (1852, play) The Park (1983, play) The Donkey Show (1999, musical) The Dreaming (2001, musical) The Lovers (2022, musical) The Triumph of Beauty (1646, masque ) St. John's Eve (1852, play) The Park (1983, play) The Donkey Show (1999, musical) The Dreaming (2001, musical) The Lovers (2022, musical) Comics The Sandman: Dream Country (1991) Auberon Faerie Titania The Sandman: Dream Country (1991) Auberon Faerie Titania Art Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream Titania and Bottom Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night's Dream Titania and Bottom Ballet A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962) The Dream (1964) A Midsummer Night's Dream (1962) The Dream (1964) Television " Fascination " (1994, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine ) "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1994, ShakespeaRe-Told ) A Midsummer's Nightmare (2017) " Fascination " (1994, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine ) "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1994, ShakespeaRe-Told ) A Midsummer's Nightmare (2017) Related Love-in-idleness Pyramus and Thisbe (8 CE) Dead Poets Society (1989) The Apartment (1996) Wicker Park (2004) Love-in-idleness Pyramus and Thisbe (8 CE) Dead Poets Society (1989) The Apartment (1996) Wicker Park (2004) v t e William Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing v t e Characters Beatrice Don Pedro Dogberry Hero Beatrice Don Pedro Dogberry Hero Adaptations Screen 1984 (TV) 1993 2005 (TV) 2012 Opera Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) Much Ado About Nothing (opera) (1901) Musical Much Ado (1995) The Boys Are Coming Home (2005) Screen 1984 (TV) 1993 2005 (TV) 2012 1984 (TV) 1993 2005 (TV) 2012 Opera Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) Much Ado About Nothing (opera) (1901) Béatrice et Bénédict (1862) Much Ado About Nothing (opera) (1901) Musical Much Ado (1995) The Boys Are Coming Home (2005) Much Ado (1995) The Boys Are Coming Home (2005) Adaptations The Law Against Lovers (1662) Imogen Says Nothing (2017) Anyone but You (2023) The Law Against Lovers (1662) Imogen Says Nothing (2017) Anyone but You (2023) Related Dogberryism " Curiosity killed the cat " Dogberryism " Curiosity killed the cat " v t e William Shakespeare 's Pericles, Prince of Tyre v t e Characters John Gower Diana John Gower Diana Sources Confessio Amantis (1390) The Pattern of Painful Adventures (1576) Confessio Amantis (1390) The Pattern of Painful Adventures (1576) Adaptations Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1984; TV) Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1984; TV) Related George Wilkins Shakespeare's late romances Shakespeare apocrypha Apollonius of Tyre The Pattern of Painful Adventures (2008; radio) First water The Porpoise George Wilkins Shakespeare's late romances Shakespeare apocrypha Apollonius of Tyre The Pattern of Painful Adventures (2008; radio) First water The Porpoise v t e William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew v t e Characters Kate Petruchio Bianca Minola Christopher Sly Kate Petruchio Bianca Minola Christopher Sly Stage adaptations The Woman's Prize ( c 1611) Catharine and Petruchio (1754) Las bravías (1896) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung (1872) Sly, ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato (1927) Kiss Me, Kate (1948) The Taming of the Shrew (1953) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy (1957) Christopher Sly (1963) The Woman's Prize ( c 1611) Catharine and Petruchio (1754) Las bravías (1896) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung (1872) Sly, ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato (1927) Kiss Me, Kate (1948) The Taming of the Shrew (1953) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy (1957) Christopher Sly (1963) Direct adaptations 1908 1929 1952 (TV) 1962 (TV) 1967 1980 (TV) 1994 (TV) 1908 1929 1952 (TV) 1962 (TV) 1967 1980 (TV) 1994 (TV) Other adaptations Daring Youth (1924) You Made Me Love You (1933) Second Best Bed (1938) The Taming of the Shrew (1942) Enamorada (1946) Kiss Me Kate (1953) Abba Aa Hudugi (1959) Gundamma Katha (1962) Manithan Maravillai (1962) McLintock! (1963) Arivaali (1963) Kiss Me Kate (1968) Pattikada Pattanama (1972) The Taming of the Scoundrel (1980) Nanjundi Kalyana (1989) Banarasi Babu (1997) 10 Things I Hate About You (1999) O Cravo e a Rosa (2000; TV) Deliver Us from Eva (2003) The Taming of the Shrew (2005; TV) Frivolous Wife (2008) 10 Things I Hate About You (2009; TV) Isi Life Mein...! (2010) Daring Youth (1924) You Made Me Love You (1933) Second Best Bed (1938) The Taming of the Shrew (1942) Enamorada (1946) Kiss Me Kate (1953) Abba Aa Hudugi (1959) Gundamma Katha (1962) Manithan Maravillai (1962) McLintock! (1963) Arivaali (1963) Kiss Me Kate (1968) Pattikada Pattanama (1972) The Taming of the Scoundrel (1980) Nanjundi Kalyana (1989) Banarasi Babu (1997) 10 Things I Hate About You (1999) O Cravo e a Rosa (2000; TV) Deliver Us from Eva (2003) The Taming of the Shrew (2005; TV) Frivolous Wife (2008) 10 Things I Hate About You (2009; TV) Isi Life Mein...! (2010) Related The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew (stock character) Vinegar Girl (2016) The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew (stock character) Vinegar Girl (2016) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Tempest v t e Characters Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo Stephano Prospero Miranda Ariel Caliban Sycorax Ferdinand Gonzalo Stephano Sources A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight Decades of the New World " Of Cannibals " (Montaigne) Ovid's Metamorphoses Erasmus's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea Venture A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight Decades of the New World " Of Cannibals " (Montaigne) Ovid's Metamorphoses Erasmus's Naufragium Commedia dell'arte Sea Venture Films 1908 1911 1960 1963 1979 1980 1992 2010 1908 1911 1960 1963 1979 1980 1992 2010 Adaptations Music Three Shakespeare Songs (Vaughan Williams) The Tempest (Sullivan) The Tempest (Sibelius) The Tempest (Tchaikovsky) The Tempest (ballet) (Nordheim) " Don't Pay the Ferryman " (1982) Screen Yellow Sky (1948) Forbidden Planet (1956) Tempest (1982) The Journey to Melonia (1989) Prospero's Books (1991) The Tempest (1998) Shakespeare's Shitstorm (2020) Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury (TV, 2022–2023) Paintings Scene from Shakespeare's The Tempest (c. 1736–1738, Hogarth) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel (1850, Millais) Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet Amaluna Plays The Tempest (Dryden) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest (1674 Duffet) Une Tempête (1969 Césaire) The Sea (play) (1973) I'll Be The Devil (2008) Operas The Tempest (1756 Smith) Die Geisterinsel (libretto 1796) Die Geisterinsel (1798 Reichardt) Die Geisterinsel (1805 Zumsteeg) Der Sturm (1955 Martin) Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs (1991 Nyman) The Tempest (Adès 2004) The Enchanted Island (2011 Sams) Poetry and prose fiction " Caliban upon Setebos " (Browning) " The Sea and the Mirror " (Auden) Indigo (Warner) A Midsummer Tempest (Anderson) Island (Rogers) Hag-Seed (Atwood) Video Games The Book of Watermarks (1999) Music Three Shakespeare Songs (Vaughan Williams) The Tempest (Sullivan) The Tempest (Sibelius) The Tempest (Tchaikovsky) The Tempest (ballet) (Nordheim) " Don't Pay the Ferryman " (1982) Three Shakespeare Songs (Vaughan Williams) The Tempest (Sullivan) The Tempest (Sibelius) The Tempest (Tchaikovsky) The Tempest (ballet) (Nordheim) " Don't Pay the Ferryman " (1982) Screen Yellow Sky (1948) Forbidden Planet (1956) Tempest (1982) The Journey to Melonia (1989) Prospero's Books (1991) The Tempest (1998) Shakespeare's Shitstorm (2020) Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury (TV, 2022–2023) Yellow Sky (1948) Forbidden Planet (1956) Tempest (1982) The Journey to Melonia (1989) Prospero's Books (1991) The Tempest (1998) Shakespeare's Shitstorm (2020) Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury (TV, 2022–2023) Paintings Scene from Shakespeare's The Tempest (c. 1736–1738, Hogarth) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel (1850, Millais) Scene from Shakespeare's The Tempest (c. 1736–1738, Hogarth) Ferdinand Lured by Ariel (1850, Millais) Musicals Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet Amaluna Beach Blanket Tempest Return to the Forbidden Planet Amaluna Plays The Tempest (Dryden) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest (1674 Duffet) Une Tempête (1969 Césaire) The Sea (play) (1973) I'll Be The Devil (2008) The Tempest (Dryden) The Sea Voyage The Mock Tempest (1674 Duffet) Une Tempête (1969 Césaire) The Sea (play) (1973) I'll Be The Devil (2008) Operas The Tempest (1756 Smith) Die Geisterinsel (libretto 1796) Die Geisterinsel (1798 Reichardt) Die Geisterinsel (1805 Zumsteeg) Der Sturm (1955 Martin) Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs (1991 Nyman) The Tempest (Adès 2004) The Enchanted Island (2011 Sams) The Tempest (1756 Smith) Die Geisterinsel (libretto 1796) Die Geisterinsel (1798 Reichardt) Die Geisterinsel (1805 Zumsteeg) Der Sturm (1955 Martin) Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs (1991 Nyman) The Tempest (Adès 2004) The Enchanted Island (2011 Sams) Poetry and prose fiction " Caliban upon Setebos " (Browning) " The Sea and the Mirror " (Auden) Indigo (Warner) A Midsummer Tempest (Anderson) Island (Rogers) Hag-Seed (Atwood) " Caliban upon Setebos " (Browning) " The Sea and the Mirror " (Auden) Indigo (Warner) A Midsummer Tempest (Anderson) Island (Rogers) Hag-Seed (Atwood) Video Games The Book of Watermarks (1999) The Book of Watermarks (1999) Phrases " Ariel's Song " " Full fathom five " " Sea change " " What's past is prologue " " Ariel's Song " " Full fathom five " " Sea change " " What's past is prologue " Sculpture The Tempest (1966) The Tempest (1966) v t e William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night v t e Characters Viola Orsino Olivia Sebastian Malvolio Maria Sir Toby Belch Sir Andrew Aguecheek Feste Viola Orsino Olivia Sebastian Malvolio Maria Sir Toby Belch Sir Andrew Aguecheek Feste On screen 1933 1955 1966 (TV) 1970 (TV) 1980 (TV) 1986 1988 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 1933 1955 1966 (TV) 1970 (TV) 1980 (TV) 1986 1988 (TV) 1992 (TV) 1996 Musical Your Own Thing (1968) Music Is (1976) Play On! (1997) Illyria (2004) All Shook Up (2004) Your Own Thing (1968) Music Is (1976) Play On! (1997) Illyria (2004) All Shook Up (2004) Adaptations Kanniyin Kathali (1949) Just One of the Guys (1985) Motocrossed (2001) She's the Man (2006) Dil Bole Hadippa! (2009) Kanniyin Kathali (1949) Just One of the Guys (1985) Motocrossed (2001) She's the Man (2006) Dil Bole Hadippa! (2009) Opera Viola (unfinished) Viola (unfinished) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Two Gentlemen of Verona v t e Characters Valentine Proteus Julia Silvia Launce Speed Crab Valentine Proteus Julia Silvia Launce Speed Crab Sources The Boke Named the Governour (1531) Los Siete Libros de la Diana (1559) Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit (1578) The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1580) The Boke Named the Governour (1531) Los Siete Libros de la Diana (1559) Euphues, The Anatomy of Wit (1578) The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (1580) Theatrical adaptations Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971) Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971) Screen adaptations A Spray of Plum Blossoms (1931) The Two Gentlemen of Verona (TV; 1983) A Spray of Plum Blossoms (1931) The Two Gentlemen of Verona (TV; 1983) Related Proteus Jorge de Montemor Stuart Draper " An Sylvia " (1826) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (2002) Proteus Jorge de Montemor Stuart Draper " An Sylvia " (1826) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia? (2002) v t e William Shakespeare 's The Two Noble Kinsmen v t e Characters Theseus Hippolyta Emilia Pirithous Palamon Arcite Hymen Lafeu Artesius Valerius Jailer Doctor Gerald Nell Timothy Theseus Hippolyta Emilia Pirithous Palamon Arcite Hymen Lafeu Artesius Valerius Jailer Doctor Gerald Nell Timothy Sources " The Knight's Tale " The Canterbury Tales " The Knight's Tale " The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales Related Shakespeare apocrypha Shakespeare's late romances John Fletcher Creon William Davenant Stoolball The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn (1613) Shakespeare apocrypha Shakespeare's late romances John Fletcher Creon William Davenant Stoolball The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn (1613) v t e William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale v t e Characters Leontes Perdita Florizel Leontes Perdita Florizel Sources The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia ( c. 1580) Pandosto (1588) Oberon, the Faery Prince (1611) The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia ( c. 1580) Pandosto (1588) Oberon, the Faery Prince (1611) Adaptations The Winter's Tale (1910) The Winter's Tale (1967) The Winter's Tale (1981) " The Winter's Tale " (1994) The Winter's Tale (1910) The Winter's Tale (1967) The Winter's Tale (1981) " The Winter's Tale " (1994) Stage works Hermione (1872 opera) Perdita (1897 opera) The Winter's Tale (2014 ballet) The Winter's Tale (2017 opera) Hermione (1872 opera) Perdita (1897 opera) The Winter's Tale (2014 ballet) The Winter's Tale (2017 opera) Shakespearean history v t e William Shakespeare 's King John Characters King John Queen Eleanor Prince Henry Blanche of Castile Earl of Essex Earl of Salisbury Earl of Pembroke Lord Bigot Philip Faulconbridge King Philip of France Louis the Dauphin Lady Constance Arthur Cardinal Pandulf Hubert Sources Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) The Troublesome Reign of King John ( c. 1589) Adaptations King John (1899) Said-e-Havas (1936) The Life and Death of King John (1984; TV) Related King Johan Cultural depictions of John, King of England Anglo-French War (1213–1214) v t e William Shakespeare 's Edward III Characters English Edward III Queen Philippa Edward the Black Prince Earl of Salisbury Countess of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Sir William Montague Earl of Derby Lord Audley Lord Percy Robert of Artois Lord Montfort French King John II of France Prince Charles Prince Philip Duke of Lorraine King of Bohemia Scottish King David of Scotland Sir William Douglas Sources Froissart's Chronicles ( c. 1370) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Related Shakespeare apocrypha Thomas Kyd George Peele Robert Greene Hundred Years' War Battle of Halidon Hill Siege of Calais Battle of Crécy Battle of Poitiers v t e William Shakespeare 's Henriad ( c. 1595–1599 ) Richard II Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Characters Ancient Pistol Bardolph Charles VI Corporal Nym Doll Tearsheet Falstaff Fluellen Henry IV Henry V Prince Hal Owain Glyndŵr Owen Glendower Poins Nell Quickly Richard II Robert Shallow Sources Holinshed's Chronicles The Famous Victories of Henry V ( c. 1585 ) Thomas of Woodstock ( c. 1593 ) Related plays The Merry Wives of Windsor ( c. 1597 ) Sir John Oldcastle (1599) Falstaff's Wedding (1760) On screen Richard II King Richard II (1954; TV) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Life and Death of King Richard II (1960; TV) King Richard the Second (1979; TV) Richard the Second (2001) The Hollow Crown : Richard II (2012; TV) Henry IV, Part 1 An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fourth, Part I (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV, Part 1 (2012; TV) The King (2019) Henry IV, Part 2 An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fourth, Part II (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV, Part 2 (2012) The King (2019) Henry V Henry V (1944) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fifth (1979; TV) Henry V (1989) The Hollow Crown : Henry V (2012) The King (2019) Related music Falstaff (1913) At the Boar's Head (1925) Suite from Henry V (1963) v t e William Shakespeare 's first historical tetralogy Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Richard III Sources The Mirror for Magistrates (1559) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Richardus Tertius (1580) The Spanish Tragedy The True Tragedy of Richard III ( c. 1590) On screen Tetralogy An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) BBC Television Shakespeare (1983; TV) The Hollow Crown Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Richard III (2016; TV) Richard III The Life and Death of King Richard III (1912) Richard III (1955) " The Foretelling " (1983; TV) "King Richard III" (1994; TV) Richard III (1995) Looking for Richard (1996) Richard III (2007) Related " Let's kill all the lawyers " " Even a worm will turn " The Tragical History of King Richard the Third (1699) David Garrick as Richard III (1745) v t e William Shakespeare 's Henry VIII Characters Henry VIII Cardinal Wolsey Queen Katherine Anne Bullen Duke of Buckingham Thomas Cranmer Stephen Gardiner Lord Chamberlain Duke of Norfolk Duke of Suffolk Earl of Surrey Cardinal Campeius Capucius Thomas Cromwell Lord Sands Lord Abergavenny Lord Chancellor Bishop of Lincoln Thomas Lovell Henry Guildford Nicholas Vaux Anthony Denny Dr. Butts Garter King-of-Arms Sources Thomas Wolsey, Late Cardinall, his Lyffe and Deathe (1558) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Adaptations Henry VIII (1911) The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight (1979) Related John Fletcher Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Globe Theatre Category v t e William Shakespeare 's King John v t e Characters King John Queen Eleanor Prince Henry Blanche of Castile Earl of Essex Earl of Salisbury Earl of Pembroke Lord Bigot Philip Faulconbridge King Philip of France Louis the Dauphin Lady Constance Arthur Cardinal Pandulf Hubert King John Queen Eleanor Prince Henry Blanche of Castile Earl of Essex Earl of Salisbury Earl of Pembroke Lord Bigot Philip Faulconbridge King Philip of France Louis the Dauphin Lady Constance Arthur Cardinal Pandulf Hubert Sources Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) The Troublesome Reign of King John ( c. 1589) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) The Troublesome Reign of King John ( c. 1589) Adaptations King John (1899) Said-e-Havas (1936) The Life and Death of King John (1984; TV) King John (1899) Said-e-Havas (1936) The Life and Death of King John (1984; TV) Related King Johan Cultural depictions of John, King of England Anglo-French War (1213–1214) King Johan Cultural depictions of John, King of England Anglo-French War (1213–1214) v t e William Shakespeare 's Edward III v t e Characters English Edward III Queen Philippa Edward the Black Prince Earl of Salisbury Countess of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Sir William Montague Earl of Derby Lord Audley Lord Percy Robert of Artois Lord Montfort French King John II of France Prince Charles Prince Philip Duke of Lorraine King of Bohemia Scottish King David of Scotland Sir William Douglas English Edward III Queen Philippa Edward the Black Prince Earl of Salisbury Countess of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Sir William Montague Earl of Derby Lord Audley Lord Percy Robert of Artois Lord Montfort Edward III Queen Philippa Edward the Black Prince Earl of Salisbury Countess of Salisbury Earl of Warwick Sir William Montague Earl of Derby Lord Audley Lord Percy Robert of Artois Lord Montfort French King John II of France Prince Charles Prince Philip Duke of Lorraine King of Bohemia King John II of France Prince Charles Prince Philip Duke of Lorraine King of Bohemia Scottish King David of Scotland Sir William Douglas King David of Scotland Sir William Douglas Sources Froissart's Chronicles ( c. 1370) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Froissart's Chronicles ( c. 1370) Palace of Pleasure (1566) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Related Shakespeare apocrypha Thomas Kyd George Peele Robert Greene Hundred Years' War Battle of Halidon Hill Siege of Calais Battle of Crécy Battle of Poitiers Shakespeare apocrypha Thomas Kyd George Peele Robert Greene Hundred Years' War Battle of Halidon Hill Siege of Calais Battle of Crécy Battle of Poitiers v t e William Shakespeare 's Henriad ( c. 1595–1599 ) v t e Richard II Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Richard II Henry IV, Part 1 Henry IV, Part 2 Henry V Characters Ancient Pistol Bardolph Charles VI Corporal Nym Doll Tearsheet Falstaff Fluellen Henry IV Henry V Prince Hal Owain Glyndŵr Owen Glendower Poins Nell Quickly Richard II Robert Shallow Ancient Pistol Bardolph Charles VI Corporal Nym Doll Tearsheet Falstaff Fluellen Henry IV Henry V Prince Hal Prince Hal Owain Glyndŵr Owen Glendower Owen Glendower Poins Nell Quickly Richard II Robert Shallow Sources Holinshed's Chronicles The Famous Victories of Henry V ( c. 1585 ) Thomas of Woodstock ( c. 1593 ) Holinshed's Chronicles The Famous Victories of Henry V ( c. 1585 ) Thomas of Woodstock ( c. 1593 ) Related plays The Merry Wives of Windsor ( c. 1597 ) Sir John Oldcastle (1599) Falstaff's Wedding (1760) The Merry Wives of Windsor ( c. 1597 ) Sir John Oldcastle (1599) Falstaff's Wedding (1760) On screen Richard II King Richard II (1954; TV) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Life and Death of King Richard II (1960; TV) King Richard the Second (1979; TV) Richard the Second (2001) The Hollow Crown : Richard II (2012; TV) Henry IV, Part 1 An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fourth, Part I (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV, Part 1 (2012; TV) The King (2019) Henry IV, Part 2 An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fourth, Part II (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV, Part 2 (2012) The King (2019) Henry V Henry V (1944) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fifth (1979; TV) Henry V (1989) The Hollow Crown : Henry V (2012) The King (2019) Richard II King Richard II (1954; TV) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Life and Death of King Richard II (1960; TV) King Richard the Second (1979; TV) Richard the Second (2001) The Hollow Crown : Richard II (2012; TV) King Richard II (1954; TV) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Life and Death of King Richard II (1960; TV) King Richard the Second (1979; TV) Richard the Second (2001) The Hollow Crown : Richard II (2012; TV) Henry IV, Part 1 An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fourth, Part I (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV, Part 1 (2012; TV) The King (2019) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fourth, Part I (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV, Part 1 (2012; TV) The King (2019) Henry IV, Part 2 An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fourth, Part II (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV, Part 2 (2012) The King (2019) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fourth, Part II (1979; TV) The Hollow Crown : Henry IV, Part 2 (2012) The King (2019) Henry V Henry V (1944) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fifth (1979; TV) Henry V (1989) The Hollow Crown : Henry V (2012) The King (2019) Henry V (1944) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) Chimes at Midnight (1966) Henry the Fifth (1979; TV) Henry V (1989) The Hollow Crown : Henry V (2012) The King (2019) Related music Falstaff (1913) At the Boar's Head (1925) Suite from Henry V (1963) Falstaff (1913) At the Boar's Head (1925) Suite from Henry V (1963) v t e William Shakespeare 's first historical tetralogy v t e Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Richard III Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Henry VI, Part 3 Richard III Sources The Mirror for Magistrates (1559) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Richardus Tertius (1580) The Spanish Tragedy The True Tragedy of Richard III ( c. 1590) The Mirror for Magistrates (1559) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Richardus Tertius (1580) The Spanish Tragedy The True Tragedy of Richard III ( c. 1590) On screen Tetralogy An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) BBC Television Shakespeare (1983; TV) The Hollow Crown Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Richard III (2016; TV) Richard III The Life and Death of King Richard III (1912) Richard III (1955) " The Foretelling " (1983; TV) "King Richard III" (1994; TV) Richard III (1995) Looking for Richard (1996) Richard III (2007) Tetralogy An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) BBC Television Shakespeare (1983; TV) The Hollow Crown Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Richard III (2016; TV) An Age of Kings (1960; TV) The Wars of the Roses (1965; TV) BBC Television Shakespeare (1983; TV) The Hollow Crown Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Richard III (2016; TV) Henry VI, Part 1 Henry VI, Part 2 Richard III (2016; TV) Richard III The Life and Death of King Richard III (1912) Richard III (1955) " The Foretelling " (1983; TV) "King Richard III" (1994; TV) Richard III (1995) Looking for Richard (1996) Richard III (2007) The Life and Death of King Richard III (1912) Richard III (1955) " The Foretelling " (1983; TV) "King Richard III" (1994; TV) Richard III (1995) Looking for Richard (1996) Richard III (2007) Related " Let's kill all the lawyers " " Even a worm will turn " The Tragical History of King Richard the Third (1699) David Garrick as Richard III (1745) " Let's kill all the lawyers " " Even a worm will turn " The Tragical History of King Richard the Third (1699) David Garrick as Richard III (1745) v t e William Shakespeare 's Henry VIII v t e Characters Henry VIII Cardinal Wolsey Queen Katherine Anne Bullen Duke of Buckingham Thomas Cranmer Stephen Gardiner Lord Chamberlain Duke of Norfolk Duke of Suffolk Earl of Surrey Cardinal Campeius Capucius Thomas Cromwell Lord Sands Lord Abergavenny Lord Chancellor Bishop of Lincoln Thomas Lovell Henry Guildford Nicholas Vaux Anthony Denny Dr. Butts Garter King-of-Arms Henry VIII Cardinal Wolsey Queen Katherine Anne Bullen Duke of Buckingham Thomas Cranmer Stephen Gardiner Lord Chamberlain Duke of Norfolk Duke of Suffolk Earl of Surrey Cardinal Campeius Capucius Thomas Cromwell Lord Sands Lord Abergavenny Lord Chancellor Bishop of Lincoln Thomas Lovell Henry Guildford Nicholas Vaux Anthony Denny Dr. Butts Garter King-of-Arms Sources Thomas Wolsey, Late Cardinall, his Lyffe and Deathe (1558) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Thomas Wolsey, Late Cardinall, his Lyffe and Deathe (1558) Holinshed's Chronicles (1577) Adaptations Henry VIII (1911) The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight (1979) Henry VIII (1911) The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight (1979) Related John Fletcher Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Globe Theatre John Fletcher Cultural depictions of Henry VIII Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Globe Theatre Category Category v t e William Shakespeare 's family tree v t e Direct ascendants and descendants of William Shakespeare are shown with a blue background Shakespeare's siblings are shown with a red background Anne Hathaway and ascendants are shown with a yellow background People related to Shakespeare only through marriage are shown with a green background Relations whose identity is not known are shown with a dashed border Years given are usually approximate and typically reflect baptismal and burial years, rather than birth and death. For remarriages, the number in parentheses after the name indicates the order of the marriages. Richard Shakespeare (1490–before 1561) (unknown) (unknown) Robert Arden (died 1556) John Shakespeare (c. 1531–1601) Mary Arden (c. 1537–1608) (unknown) (1) Richard Hathaway (–1581) Joan Hathaway (2) (–1599) Joan (1558–1558) Margaret (1562–1563) Gilbert Shakespeare (1566–1612) Joan Shakespeare (1569–1646) William Shakespeare (1564–1616) Anne Hathaway (1555–1623) Anne (1571–1579) Richard (1574–1613) Edmund Shakespeare (1580–1607) John Hall (1575–1635) Susanna Hall (1583–1649) Judith Quiney (1585–1662) Thomas Quiney (1589–1662) Hamnet Shakespeare (1585–1596) Thomas Nash (1) (1593–1647) Elisabeth Barnard (1608–1670) John Barnard (2) (1604–1674) Shakespeare Quiney (1616–1617) Richard Quiney (1618–1639) Thomas Quiney (1620–1639) Richard Shakespeare (1490–before 1561) (unknown) (unknown) Robert Arden (died 1556) John Shakespeare (c. 1531–1601) Mary Arden (c. 1537–1608) (unknown) (1) Richard Hathaway (–1581) Joan Hathaway (2) (–1599) Joan (1558–1558) Margaret (1562–1563) Gilbert Shakespeare (1566–1612) Joan Shakespeare (1569–1646) William Shakespeare (1564–1616) Anne Hathaway (1555–1623) Anne (1571–1579) Richard (1574–1613) Edmund Shakespeare (1580–1607) John Hall (1575–1635) Susanna Hall (1583–1649) Judith Quiney (1585–1662) Thomas Quiney (1589–1662) Hamnet Shakespeare (1585–1596) Thomas Nash (1) (1593–1647) Elisabeth Barnard (1608–1670) John Barnard (2) (1604–1674) Shakespeare Quiney (1616–1617) Richard Quiney (1618–1639) Thomas Quiney (1620–1639) Sources Chambers, E. K. (1930). William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems . Oxford: Clarendon Press . pp. Vol. I 11–12, 18, Vol. II 8–9. OCLC 353406 . Schoenbaum, S. (1977). William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life . Oxford: Clarendon Press . p. 292. ISBN 0195051610 . Chambers, E. K. (1930). William Shakespeare: A Study of Facts and Problems . Oxford: Clarendon Press . pp. Vol. I 11–12, 18, Vol. II 8–9. OCLC 353406 . Schoenbaum, S. (1977). William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life . Oxford: Clarendon Press . p. 292. ISBN 0195051610 . v t e Portraits, sculptures and memorials to William Shakespeare v t e Portraits Chandos portrait Droeshout portrait Disputed Ashbourne portrait Cobbe portrait Flower portrait Sanders portrait Chandos portrait Droeshout portrait Disputed Ashbourne portrait Cobbe portrait Flower portrait Sanders portrait Ashbourne portrait Cobbe portrait Flower portrait Sanders portrait Sculptures Shakespeare's funerary monument Heminges and Condell Memorial Statues Central Park, New York Leicester Square, London British Library Shakespeare's funerary monument Heminges and Condell Memorial Statues Central Park, New York Leicester Square, London British Library Central Park, New York Leicester Square, London British Library Memorials Boydell Shakespeare Gallery Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare Boydell Shakespeare Gallery Garrick's Temple to Shakespeare v t e The " Beaumont and Fletcher " Canon v t e Francis Beaumont John Fletcher Philip Massinger Nathan Field William Shakespeare James Shirley Thomas Middleton William Rowley John Ford Ben Jonson George Chapman John Webster Francis Beaumont John Fletcher Philip Massinger Nathan Field William Shakespeare James Shirley Thomas Middleton William Rowley John Ford Ben Jonson George Chapman John Webster Plays (some attributions conjectural) Beaumont The Knight of the Burning Pestle The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn Beaumont and Fletcher The Woman Hater Cupid's Revenge The Coxcomb Philaster The Captain The Maid's Tragedy A King and No King Love's Pilgrimage The Scornful Lady The Noble Gentleman Fletcher The Faithful Shepherdess The Woman's Prize Valentinian Bonduca Monsieur Thomas The Mad Lover The Chances The Loyal Subject Women Pleased The Humorous Lieutenant The Island Princess The Pilgrim The Wild Goose Chase A Wife for a Month Rule a Wife and Have a Wife Fletcher and Massinger † Barnavelt The Little French Lawyer The False One The Double Marriage The Custom of the Country The Lovers' Progress The Spanish Curate The Prophetess The Sea Voyage The Elder Brother † A Very Woman Fletcher and others with Beaumont & Massinger Thierry and Theodoret Beggars' Bush Love's Cure with Massinger & Field The Honest Man's Fortune The Queen of Corinth The Knight of Malta with Field Four Plays, or Moral Representations, in One with Shakespeare † Henry VIII The Two Noble Kinsmen with Shirley The Night Walker Wit Without Money with Rowley The Maid in the Mill with Massinger, Chapman & Jonson Rollo, Duke of Normandy with Massinger, Ford & Webster The Fair Maid of the Inn Others The Nice Valour (Middleton) Wit at Several Weapons (Middleton & Rowley) The Laws of Candy (Ford) The Coronation (Shirley) Beaumont The Knight of the Burning Pestle The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn The Knight of the Burning Pestle The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn Beaumont and Fletcher The Woman Hater Cupid's Revenge The Coxcomb Philaster The Captain The Maid's Tragedy A King and No King Love's Pilgrimage The Scornful Lady The Noble Gentleman The Woman Hater Cupid's Revenge The Coxcomb Philaster The Captain The Maid's Tragedy A King and No King Love's Pilgrimage The Scornful Lady The Noble Gentleman Fletcher The Faithful Shepherdess The Woman's Prize Valentinian Bonduca Monsieur Thomas The Mad Lover The Chances The Loyal Subject Women Pleased The Humorous Lieutenant The Island Princess The Pilgrim The Wild Goose Chase A Wife for a Month Rule a Wife and Have a Wife The Faithful Shepherdess The Woman's Prize Valentinian Bonduca Monsieur Thomas The Mad Lover The Chances The Loyal Subject Women Pleased The Humorous Lieutenant The Island Princess The Pilgrim The Wild Goose Chase A Wife for a Month Rule a Wife and Have a Wife Fletcher and Massinger † Barnavelt The Little French Lawyer The False One The Double Marriage The Custom of the Country The Lovers' Progress The Spanish Curate The Prophetess The Sea Voyage The Elder Brother † A Very Woman † Barnavelt The Little French Lawyer The False One The Double Marriage The Custom of the Country The Lovers' Progress The Spanish Curate The Prophetess The Sea Voyage The Elder Brother † A Very Woman Fletcher and others with Beaumont & Massinger Thierry and Theodoret Beggars' Bush Love's Cure with Massinger & Field The Honest Man's Fortune The Queen of Corinth The Knight of Malta with Field Four Plays, or Moral Representations, in One with Shakespeare † Henry VIII The Two Noble Kinsmen with Shirley The Night Walker Wit Without Money with Rowley The Maid in the Mill with Massinger, Chapman & Jonson Rollo, Duke of Normandy with Massinger, Ford & Webster The Fair Maid of the Inn Others The Nice Valour (Middleton) Wit at Several Weapons (Middleton & Rowley) The Laws of Candy (Ford) The Coronation (Shirley) The Nice Valour (Middleton) Wit at Several Weapons (Middleton & Rowley) The Laws of Candy (Ford) The Coronation (Shirley) Performance and publication English Renaissance theatre King's Men Beaumont and Fletcher folios Humphrey Moseley Humphrey Robinson English Renaissance theatre King's Men Beaumont and Fletcher folios Humphrey Moseley Humphrey Robinson Related † The History of Cardenio (Shakespeare & Fletcher?) † Double Falsehood (possibly based on Cardenio ) † The History of Cardenio (Shakespeare & Fletcher?) † Double Falsehood (possibly based on Cardenio ) † = Not published in the Beaumont and Fletcher folios Biography England History Literature Theatre Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan Latvia Croatia Chile Greece Argentina Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan Latvia Croatia Chile Greece Argentina Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Academics CiNii Scopus CiNii Scopus Artists ULAN MusicBrainz KulturNav Discography of American Historical Recordings Prado FID ULAN MusicBrainz KulturNav Discography of American Historical Recordings Prado FID People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) RISM Yale LUX William Shakespeare 1564 births 1616 deaths 16th-century English male actors English male stage actors English male Shakespearean actors 16th-century English dramatists and playwrights 16th-century English male writers 17th-century English dramatists and playwrights 16th-century English poets Burials in Warwickshire 17th-century English poets 17th-century English male writers English Renaissance dramatists People educated at King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon Male actors from Stratford-upon-Avon People of the Elizabethan era Shakespeare family Sonneteers King's Men (playing company) 17th-century English male actors English male dramatists and playwrights English male poets Writers from Warwickshire Burials at Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon Articles containing Latin-language text Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2024 Use British English from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2024 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Spoken articles Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Webarchive template wayback links Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 21:11 (UTC) . 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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! 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Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? 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Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Disputes in the South China Sea region 2 History 3 Conflicts over fishing 4 Oil and gas development Toggle Oil and gas development subsection 4.1 Philippines 4.2 Vietnam 4.3 China 4.1 Philippines 4.2 Vietnam 4.3 China 5 Agreements and summits Toggle Agreements and summits subsection 5.1 2011 5.2 2016 5.1 2011 5.2 2016 6 Chinese policies 7 International law Toggle International law subsection 7.1 South China Sea Arbitration 7.2 Analysis and commentary 7.1 South China Sea Arbitration 7.2 Analysis and commentary 8 Non-claimant views Toggle Non-claimant views subsection 8.1 Australia 8.2 Cambodia 8.3 India 8.4 Indonesia 8.5 Japan 8.6 The Quad 8.7 Singapore 8.8 Thailand 8.9 United States 8.10 Other countries 8.1 Australia 8.2 Cambodia 8.3 India 8.4 Indonesia 8.5 Japan 8.6 The Quad 8.7 Singapore 8.8 Thailand 8.9 United States 8.10 Other countries 9 See also 10 References Toggle References subsection 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 11 Further reading Territorial disputes in the South China Sea العربية Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands ភាសាខ្មែរ Português Русский Soomaaliga Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines , the People's Republic of China (PRC), Taiwan (Republic of China/ROC), and Vietnam have conflicting island and maritime claims in the South China Sea . The disputes involve the islands, reefs, banks, and other features of the region, including the Spratly Islands , Paracel Islands , Scarborough Shoal , and some boundaries in the Gulf of Tonkin . The waters near the Indonesian Natuna Islands , which some regard as geographically part of the South China Sea, are disputed as well. An estimated US$3.36 trillion worth of global trade passes through the South China Sea annually, [ 1 ] which accounts for a third of the global maritime trade. [ 2 ] 80 percent of China's energy imports and 40 percent of China's total trade passes through the South China Sea. [ 1 ] Claimant states are interested in retaining or acquiring the rights to fishing stocks, the exploration and potential exploitation of crude oil and natural gas in the seabed of various parts of the South China Sea, and the strategic control of important shipping lanes . Maritime security is also an issue, as the ongoing disputes present challenges for shipping. [ 3 ] According to researchers, claims to any of the features were not seriously made until the 19th or the early 20th century. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The Paracel Islands, currently occupied by China, are contested by Taiwan and Vietnam. The Spratly Islands are claimed by all three, where Vietnam occupies the greatest number of features and Taiwan occupies the largest, Taiping Island . Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines also claim some of the features in the island chain. [ 6 ] By the 1970s, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam had militarily occupied one or more of the Spratly Islands. [ 7 ] By 2015, the PRC had established 8 outposts, Malaysia 5, the Philippines 8, Taiwan 1, and Vietnam 48. [ 8 ] For decades, the Philippines and Vietnam were the most active in building artificial islands in the area, [ 9 ] [ 10 ] but from 2014 to 2016 China's construction activity outpaced them. [ 11 ] By 2023, China had reclaimed around five square miles with its artificial islands, at least one of which housed military equipment. [ 12 ] [ 6 ] China's actions in the South China Sea have been criticized as part of its " salami slicing "/" cabbage wrapping " strategies. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Since 2015, the United States and other states such as France and the United Kingdom have conducted freedom of navigation operations (FONOP) in the region. [ 15 ] A 2016 arbitration tribunal , without determining the sovereignty of any of the islands, concluded that China lacks historical titles to the maritime areas within the nine-dash line . The ruling was rejected by both the PRC and ROC. Disputes in the South China Sea region Area of dispute @supports(writing-mode:vertical-rl){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header{line-height:1;max-width:1em;padding:0.4em;vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sortable:not(.jquery-tablesorter) .ts-vertical-header:not(.unsortable),html.client-js .mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.headerSort{background-position:50%.4em;padding-right:0.4em;padding-top:21px}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-top{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-valign-middle{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header.is-normal{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{display:inline-block;transform:rotate(180deg);writing-mode:vertical-rl}@supports(writing-mode:sideways-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-header>*{transform:none;writing-mode:sideways-lr}}} Brunei China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Taiwan Vietnam The nine-dash line ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Vietnamese coast ✔ ✔ ✔ Sea area north of Borneo ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ South China Sea islands ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Sea area north of the Natuna Islands ✔ ✔ ✔ Sea area west of Palawan and Luzon ✔ ✔ ✔ Sabah area ✔ ✔ ✔ Luzon Strait ✔ ✔ ✔ Taiwan and China ✔ ✔ Legend: .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republic of China (Taiwan): 1: Taiping 2: Zhongzhou People's Republic of China : 3: Yongshu 4: Meiji 5: Zhubi 6: Huayang 7: Nanxun 8: Chiguo 9: Dongmen Philippines : 10: Flat Island 11: Lankiam Cay 12: Loaita Cay 13: Loaita Island 14: Nanshan Island 15: Northeast Cay 16: Thitu Island 17: West York Island 18: Commodore Reef 19: Irving Reef 20: Second Thomas Shoal Vietnam : 21: Southwest Cay 22: Sand Cay 23: Namyit Island 24: Sin Cowe Island 25: Spratly Island 26: Amboyna Cay 27: Grierson Reef 28: Central London Reef 29: Pearson Reef 30: Barque Canada Reef 31: West London Reef 32: Ladd Reef 33: Discovery Great Reef 34: Pigeon Reef 35: East London Reef 36: Alison Reef 37: Cornwallis South Reef 38: Petley Reef 39: South Reef 40: Collins Reef 41: Lansdowne Reef 42: Bombay Castle 43: Prince of Wales Bank 44: Vanguard Bank [ vi ] 45: Prince Consort Bank [ vi ] 46: Grainger Bank [ vi ] 47: Alexandra Bank [ vi ] 48: Orleana Shoal [ zh ] 49: Kingston Shoal [ zh ] Malaysia : 50: Swallow Reef 51: Ardasier Reef 52: Dallas Reef 53: Erica Reef 54: Investigator Shoal 55: Mariveles Reef Brunei : 56: Louisa Reef The disputes involve both maritime boundaries and islands. [ 16 ] There are several disputes, each of which involves a different collection of countries: The nine-dash line area claimed by the Republic of China (1912–1949) , later the People's Republic of China (PRC), which covers most of the South China Sea and overlaps with the exclusive economic zone claims of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Maritime boundary along the Vietnamese coast between the PRC, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Maritime boundary north of Borneo between the PRC, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, and Taiwan. Islands, reefs, banks and shoals in the South China Sea , including the Paracel Islands , Pratas Island , James Shoal and the Vereker Banks, Macclesfield Bank , Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands between the PRC, Taiwan, and Vietnam, and parts of the area also contested by Malaysia and the Philippines. Maritime boundary in waters north of the Natuna Islands between the PRC, Indonesia, Taiwan [ citation needed ] and Vietnam. [ 17 ] Maritime boundary off the coast of Palawan and Luzon between the PRC, the Philippines, and Taiwan. Maritime boundary, land territory, and the islands of Sabah , including Ambalat , between Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Maritime boundary and islands in the Luzon Strait between the PRC, the Philippines, and Taiwan. Renewed sovereignty claim by the Philippines over Malaysia's state of Sabah and an attempted extension of its continental shelf from Palawan, despite Sabah being internationally recognized as part of Malaysia and governed as a Malaysian state since 1963. [ 18 ] History This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) This article contains citations that may not verify the text . Please help improve it by checking for citation inaccuracies and resourcing or removing material failing verification. 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( August 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) In 1734, the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines published the first edition of the Velarde map . In 1792, the Spanish colonial government of the Philippines named Scarborough Shoal Basinloc during a survey. [ 19 ] The 1808 Carita General del Archipelago Filipino and the 1875 Carita General del Archipelago Filipino republished depictions from the Velarde map. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] According to retired Philippine Supreme Court justice Antonio Carpio , territories in these maps fell under the sovereignty of Spanish Philippines, including Scarborough Shoal (called Panacot in the indigenous language in the maps) and the Spratly Islands ( Los Bajos de Paragua in the maps). [ 20 ] [ 21 ] China has a different perspective, asserting that maps produced in 1775, 1810 and 1817 include the Spratly and Paracel islands as Chinese territory. [ 23 ] Vietnam's first maps extending its territory to the Spratly Islands were published in 1830 under Emperor Minh Mang. [ 24 ] After the Spanish-American War , Spain lost and ceded the territory of the Philippines to the United States through the 1898 Treaty of Paris ,and it had maps as annexes. The map clearly shows that the treaty's definition of Philippine territory did not include Scarborough Shoal and the Spratlys. Because parts of Tawi-Tawi remained under Spanish control as these were outside treaty lines. This led to the signing of the Treaty of Washington (1900), which according to the Philippines retroactively ceded Scarborough Shoal, the Spratlys, and the remainder of Tawi-Tawi to the United States as part of Philippine territory. But some analysts believe that the 1900 Treaty of Washington concerned only the islands of Sibutu and Cagayan de Sulu, and not Scarborough Shoal , the Spratlys. As of 2023, the United States takes no position on sovereignty over the geographic features of the South China Sea. [ 6 ] In 1909, the Chinese reacted to Japanese interest in exploiting guano in the Paracel Islands by mapping them, stationing Chinese navy personnel, and hoisting a flag to reassert Chinese sovereignty. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] In 1930, the United States and the United Kingdom signed a treaty, where the United Kingdom recognized the territory of Philippines as it related to the boundaries of the Philippines and North Borneo which included Scarborough Shoal and islands in the Spratlys. This treaty is internationally binding, however in 1961 the United States sent a diplomatic note to the Philippines pointing out that neither country that signed agreed with the subsequent Philippines interpretation of this treaty as applying to a claim for the waters within the Treaty Limits as part of Philippine territory. [ 27 ] Carpio claims that this effectively binds the United Kingdom's successor countries, such as Malaysia and Brunei , to recognize Philippine ownership of the islands. [ 28 ] In 1932, France occupied the Paracels and laid claims on the territory. China protested and filed a Note Verbale stating the Paracels were the "southernmost part of Chinese territory". [ 29 ] According to Carpio, this can be interpreted as negating China's later claim towards the Spratlys. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] He also said that when France formally claimed six features in the Spratly Islands in July 1933, [ 33 ] it did so for itself, not as a representative of French Indochina and its successors such as Vietnam, [ 28 ] although another source disagrees with that assertion. [ 33 ] Accounts also differ as to whether China (and Japan) protested the 1933 French claim or not. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] By May 1939, the Japanese occupied much of Southeast Asia, including the Paracel and Spratly Islands. [ 37 ] During World War II, the Empire of Japan used the islands in the South China Sea for various military purposes and asserted that the islands were not claimed by anyone when the Imperial Japanese Navy took control of them. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Manila claims that their actual sovereignty was under the American territory of the Philippines at that time. [ 20 ] [ 28 ] During the Second Sino-Japanese War , China Handbook (1937–1943) stated that its southernmost territory is Triton Island of the Paracels. [ 40 ] In the 1944 revised edition, the handbook said China, Indochina, and the Philippines all claimed the Spratlys. [ 41 ] According to retired Philippine judge Antonio Carpio, China held this position when it published another edition in 1947 and China's claim is "defective" under international law. [ 42 ] [ 28 ] In 1947 the Republic of China (ROC) published an " eleven-dash line " in the South China Sea. Chinese names for the island groups, which were regarded as under Chinese administrative jurisdiction, were announced in December 1947 by the ROC Ministry of the Interior. [ 43 ] In 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC), which defeated the ROC in the Chinese Civil War , announced that it had inherited this claim. [ 44 ] The PRC later revised the claim by removing two of its dashes in the Gulf of Tonkin amidst warming ties with Ho Chi Minh 's North Vietnam . [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The ROC government on Taiwan has continued to use eleven dashes. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] In August 1951, Zhou Enlai , then the PRC's foreign minister, claimed that the Paracel and Spratly Islands "have always been Chinese territory". [ 48 ] : 389–390 During the 1951 San Francisco peace conference, the Soviet Union made a motion to grant the Paracels and the Spratlys to China, but it was defeated by vote. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Japan relinquished control of the islands in the South China Sea with the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco on 9 September 1951 but did not specify the new status of the islands. [ 51 ] Prime Minister Trần Văn Hữu as Vietnamese representative stated that “in order to annul the seeds of possible disputes, we claim our sovereignty over Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos”. [ 52 ] Overall, the communist bloc favored PRC claims. Australia was opposed to the bloc's influence. The United States was torn between French "colonialist" claims and Chinese (ROC) claims which might end up helping the PRC. Britain favored ambiguity due to its previous claims on some of the islands. [ 34 ] The Geneva Accords of 1954, [ 53 ] which ended the First Indochina War , gave the State of Vietnam control of the Vietnamese territories south of the 17th parallel. In 1955, France clarified through international notes that the Spratlys belonged to "the French Union" because they were not attached to Vietnam when Cochinchina was ceded and North Vietnam did not protest Chinese claims. [ 34 ] The South Vietnamese government, however, claimed the Paracels and the Spratly. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] North Vietnam received aid from China during the Vietnam War and recognised Chinese claims on the Paracels and Spratlys. After winning the war, North Vietnam retracted its recognition. [ 56 ] During June 1977 discussions with PRC president Li Xiannan amid rising tensions between the two countries , prime minister Pham stated that the 1958 recognition [ vi ] of China's sovereignty over the Paracels was only made under the pressure of America's war against North Vietnam. [ 57 ] : 98 In the 1970s, the discovery of the potential for petroleum resources in the South China Sea prompted an increase in occupation activity by claimants. [ 57 ] : 254 From 1971 to 1973, the Philippines began occupying five features and South Vietnam began occupying six. [ 57 ] : 254 Concerned that its claims would be weakened by the activity of other claimants, China increased its physical presence in the area. [ 57 ] : 254 It conducted surveys around the Paracels and the People's Liberation Army Navy built a harbor and wharf on Wood Island (in the Paracels) in 1971. [ 57 ] : 254 In 1974, when a North Vietnamese victory in the Vietnam War began to seem probable, the PRC used military force in the Paracel Islands and took Yagong Island and the Crescent group of reefs from South Vietnam. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] The "Operation Tran Hung Dao 48" was a campaign conducted by the South Vietnamese Navy in February 1974 to station troops on unoccupied islands to assert Vietnam's sovereignty over the Spratly archipelago after the Battle of the Paracel Islands. [ 4 ] [ 60 ] The government of the PRC wanted to prevent the Paracel islands from falling under the control of North Vietnam, which at the time was an ally of the Soviet Union . After not resisting during the initial Vietnamese attack, the PRC launched what they regarded as a "counterattack in self-defense". [ 59 ] The United States, in the middle of détente with the PRC , gave a non-involvement promise to the PRC, which enabled the People's Liberation Army Navy to take control of the South Vietnamese islands. [ 61 ] In the later half of 1970s, the Philippines and Malaysia began referring to the Spratly Islands as being included in their own territory. [ 62 ] On 11 June 1978, the Philippines through Presidential Decree No. 1596, declared the north-western part of the Spratly Islands (referred to therein as the Kalayaan Island Group) as Philippine territory. [ 62 ] In 1988, the PRC and Vietnam fought each other near the Johnson Reef . [ 61 ] The PRC had obtained a permit from the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission to build five observation posts for the conduction of ocean surveys, and one of the permitted observation posts was allowed to be located in the Spratly islands region. [ 63 ] The PRC chose to build its observation post on the Fiery Cross Reef , which was isolated from the other islands in the region and was not occupied by any state at the time. When it started to build the observation post in the terra nullius Fiery Cross Reef, Vietnam sent its navy to the area to monitor the situation. [ 64 ] The two states clashed near the Johnson Reef, and after the clash, China occupied the Johnson Reef. [ 63 ] In 1990, 1994, and 1997, the People's Republic of China released An Atlas of Ancient Maps of China in three volumes. According to Philippine judge Antonio Carpio, no ancient map showed Chinese sovereignty over any territory south of Hainan . [ 65 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] In 1994, the PRC occupied Mischief Reef , located some 250 miles from the Philippine coast. Occupation was made in the middle of an energy resources race in the Spratlys, where China lacked a presence, while the other countries were starting their oil exploration businesses. [ 64 ] Mischief Reef marked the first time the PRC had a military confrontation with the Philippines, [ 66 ] an ally of the United States. The occupation and/or control of most parts of the Spratly and Paracel islands did not change significantly from the 90s to the 2000s. To this day, the PRC controls all of the islands in the Paracels. In the Spratlys, Vietnam controls the most islands with 29 in total, while the Philippines has control of eight islands, Malaysia with 5, the PRC with 5, and the ROC with 1. [ 11 ] However, in 2011, tensions started to increase again in the territory. In February, the Chinese frigate Donguan fired three shots at Philippine fishing boats near Jackson atoll. [ 67 ] In May, the Vietnamese Binh Minh 02 oil and gas survey ship clashed with three Chinese maritime patrol vessels some 600 km south of China's Hainan island. [ 68 ] Beginning in 2012, the islands became more increasingly militarized. The ROC (Taiwan) started the construction of an antenna tower and runway on the Taiping island in February, allowing it to accommodate various military aircraft. [ 69 ] On Sand Cay and West Reef , Vietnam began a series of upgrades and land reclamation projects. [ 70 ] It formally staked its claims to the Paracels and the Spratlys via the passage of the June 2012 "Vietnamese Law of the Sea". [ 57 ] : 228 [ 71 ] Tensions at Scarborough Shoal began on April 8, 2012, after the attempted apprehension by the Philippine Navy of eight mainland Chinese fishing vessels near the shoal, beginning the Scarborough Shoal standoff between the Philippine Navy and the Chinese Coast Guard. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] The experience of the dispute later prompted the Philippines to initiate the South China Sea arbitration against the PRC. [ 57 ] : 121 The PRC December 2014 white paper ("On the Matter of Jurisdiction in the South China Sea Arbitration Initiated by the Republic of the Philippines") [ 57 ] : 123 focused on the contention that the dispute was not subject to arbitration because it was ultimately a matter of sovereignty, not exploitation rights. [ 74 ] The PRC also cited its signing of the 2006 UNCLOS arbitration exclusion for sovereignty and boundary limitations disputes. [ 57 ] : 122–123 Because the PRC did not participate in the arbitration, the arbitrators based their view of the PRC position on its 2014 white paper and letters sent to the tribunal from the PRC's ambassador to the Netherlands . [ 57 ] : 127 In 2016, the Philippines won the case, and the international court effectively invalidated the dash line. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Beginning in 2015, China's People's Liberation Army Air Force began patrolling the South China Sea, including the disputed Paracel and Spratly Islands. [ 77 ] : 273 In China's view, these disputed areas are within its Air defense identification zone (ADIZ). [ 77 ] : 273 The United States Air Force does not accept this view, and flies its military planes through the area without informing China. [ 77 ] : 273 China has been accused of using grey-zone tactics and its maritime militia in incidents involving the BRP Sierra Madre , [ 78 ] the Hai Yang Shi You 981 in 2014, in the Natuna Islands in 2016 and the Whitsun Reef in 2021. [ 79 ] Some recent historiographical narratives in Vietnam have reassessed South Vietnam as a legitimate state, partly to support claims of sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands, on the grounds that the Republic of Vietnam exercised legal authority over these maritime territories. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] In June 2020, Indonesia cited the South China Sea Arbitration ruling in its note verbale against China, amid China's encroachment activities in the waters around the Natuna islands. [ 83 ] In October, Teodoro Locsin Jr. , the Filipino Secretary of Foreign Affairs, said that the Philippines was building a maritime fleet that could swarm areas in the South China Sea. He said the fleet build up was because of China which was also doing the same thing. [ 84 ] He also said if one of the vessels got hit, the Filipino defense treaty with the United States would also be activated. [ 84 ] Conflicts over fishing Prior to the territorial disputes, fishermen from involved countries tended to enter each other's controlled islands and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) leading to conflicts with the authorities that controlled the areas as they were unaware of the exact borders. As well, due to depletion of the fishing resources in their maritime areas, they were forced to fish in the neighbouring countries' areas. [ 85 ] [ 86 ] [ 87 ] In May 2013 a Taiwanese fisherman on Guang Da Xing No. 28 operating 43 nautical miles east of Balintang Island on the eastern side of the Balintang Channel was killed by machine gun fire from a Philippine Coast Guard vessel. [ 88 ] In September 2019, seven members of the coast guard and a police man involved were convicted and sentenced to imprisonment and civil damages. [ 89 ] Indonesian President Joko Widodo instituted a policy in 2015 that, if any foreign fishermen were caught illegally fishing in Indonesian waters, their vessels would be destroyed. He wanted to make maritime resources, especially fisheries, a key component of his administration's economic policy. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Since the policy's initiation, fishing vessels drawing from many neighbouring countries were destroyed by Indonesian authorities. On 21 May 2015, around 41 fishing vessels from China, Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines were destroyed. [ 92 ] On 19 March 2016, the China Coast Guard prevented the detention of Chinese fishermen by Indonesian authorities after Chinese fishermen were caught fishing near the waters around Natuna, leading to a protest by Indonesian authorities; the Chinese ambassador was subsequently summoned, as China had considered the areas to be "Chinese traditional fishing grounds". [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Further Indonesian campaigns against foreign fishermen resulted in the destruction of 23 fishing boats from Malaysia and Vietnam on 5 April 2016. [ 95 ] Out of the 556 ships Indonesia had destroyed from October 2014 to 2019 for violating rules, 312 of them were from Vietnam, 91 were from the Philippines, 87 were from Malaysia, 26 were local, and 3 were from China. [ 96 ] According to a 2023 Tempo report, Thai vessels also often illegally fished in Indonesian waters. [ 97 ] The areas in the South China Sea had also become known for Indonesian pirates , with frequent attacks on Malaysian, Singaporean and Vietnamese vessels as well as leading to hijacking such as the MT Orkim Harmony and MT Zafirah hijacking incidents. The continuing war against foreign fishermen by Indonesia led to protests by Vietnam in late 2016, when a Vietnamese fisherman was killed after being shot by Indonesian authorities. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Attacks have also come from Filipino and Moro pirates arriving from the Sulu Sea ; a Vietnamese fisherman was killed by Filipino pirates in late 2015. [ 98 ] In 2017, two Vietnamese fishermen died from gunshot wounds from a pursuing Philippine Navy patrol boat about 40 miles off the city of Bolinao , Pangasinan . A police report said that the boats had collided after the navy had fired warning shots; the Philippine government said that it had promised Vietnam a “fair and thorough” investigation. [ 99 ] On 8 May 2019, Vietnam's ambassador to Malaysia was summoned to the Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to explain on the high number of encroachments by Vietnamese vessels into the country's waters. [ 100 ] Three months later, Mahathir Mohamad who was Prime Minister at the time also raised the issue with his Vietnamese counterpart. [ 101 ] According to the Malaysia Maritime Enforcement Agency , most illegal fishing incidents in Malaysian waters have come from Vietnamese vessels, followed by Thai ones. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] As part of a group of cooperation agreements announced in December 2023, the China and Vietnam announced joint patrols in the Gulf of Tonkin and a hotline to handle South China Sea fishing incidents. [ 104 ] Oil and gas development The area is said to be rich in oil and natural gas deposits; however, the estimates are highly varied. The Chinese Ministry of Geological Resources and Mining estimated that the South China Sea may contain 17.7 billion barrels of crude oil, [ 105 ] compared to the oil rich country of Kuwait which has 13 billion barrels. In the years following the announcement by the PRC ministry, the claims regarding the South China Sea islands intensified. However, other sources claim that the proven reserves of oil in the South China Sea may only be 7.5 billion barrels, or about 1.1 billion barrels. [ citation needed ] According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA)'s profile of the South China Sea region, a US Geological Survey estimate puts the region's discovered and undiscovered oil reserves at 11 billion barrels, as opposed to a PRC figure of 125 billion barrels. [ 106 ] The same EIA report also points to the wide variety of natural gas resource estimations, ranging from 190 trillion cubic feet to 500 trillion cubic feet, likely located in the contested Reed Bank ". [ 106 ] Competing claims in the oil and gas-rich South China Sea have stifled the development and exploitation of these resources. To break from this, the Philippines and China agreed to a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Cooperation on Oil and Gas Development in November 2018, where joint-use of, and not ownership over assets underlies the agreement. In the past, Chinese naval patrols deterred Filipino PXP Energy from exploring gas deposits in disputed waters, like the Reed Bank, such that this type of agreement may allow for the claimant states to jointly develop the natural gas in the offshore area. The mechanism of joint agreements is not new, with Malaysia and Vietnam having forged a similar mechanism in 1992, while Malaysia and Thailand reached understandings in 1979 and 1990 over the development of gas-rich disputed waters. [ 107 ] Philippines The Philippines began exploring the areas west of Palawan for oil in 1970. Exploration in the area began in Reed Bank /Tablemount. [ 108 ] In 1976, gas was discovered following the drilling of a well. [ 109 ] However, the PRC's complaints halted the exploration. [ citation needed ] On 27 March 1984, the first Philippine oil company discovered an oil field off Palawan, which is an island province bordering the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea. [ 110 ] These oil fields supply 15% of annual oil consumption in the Philippines. [ 111 ] Vietnam Vietnam and Japan reached an agreement early in 1978 on the development of oil in the South China Sea . [ citation needed ] In 1986, the "White Tiger" oil field in the South China Sea came into operation, producing over 2,000 tons of crude oil per year, followed by "The Bear" and "Dragon" oil fields. [ 112 ] The country is a net importer of oil products. [ 113 ] In 2009 petroleum accounted for 14 percent of Vietnamese government income, down from 24 percent in 2004. [ 114 ] By 2012 Vietnam had concluded some 60 oil and gas exploration and production contracts with various foreign companies. [ 115 ] In September 2011, shortly after the PRC and Vietnam signed an agreement seeking to contain a dispute over the South China Sea, India's state-run Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) said that its overseas arm had signed a three-year agreement with PetroVietnam for developing long-term co-operation in the oil sector, drawing objections from the PRC foreign ministry. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] [ 118 ] In 2017, after Chinese pressure, the Vietnamese government ordered Spain's Repsol to stop drilling in the disputed area. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] A joint-venture of Japanese Inpex and Petrovietnam planned to start drilling in the disputed area in 2021. [ 121 ] China China's first independently designed and constructed oil drilling platform in the South China Sea is the Ocean Oil 981 ( 海洋石油981 ). The major shareholders are JPMorgan Chase (19%), Commonwealth Bank (14%), T Rowe Price (6%), and BlackRock (5%). [ 122 ] It began operation on 9 May 2012 in the South China Sea , 320 kilometres (200 mi) southeast of Hong Kong, at a depth of 1,500 m and employing 160 people. [ 123 ] On 2 May 2014 the platform was moved near to the Paracel Islands , [ 124 ] a move Vietnam stated violated their territorial claims. [ 125 ] Chinese officials said it was legal, stating the area lies in waters surrounding the Paracel Islands which China occupies and militarily controls. [ 126 ] Agreements and summits 2011 On 20 July 2011, the PRC, Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam agreed a set of preliminary guidelines on the implementation of the DOC (Declaration of Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea) which would help resolve disputes. [ 127 ] This set of guidelines is based on an earlier agreement, also called DOC, from 2002, between China and the ASEAN Member States. [ 128 ] The agreement was described by the PRC's assistant foreign minister, Liu Zhenmin, as "an important milestone document for cooperation among China and ASEAN countries". [ 127 ] Some of the early drafts acknowledged aspects such as "marine environmental protection, scientific research, safety of navigation and communication, search and rescue and combating transnational crime ", although the issue of oil and natural gas drilling remains unresolved. "Following the spirit of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC), China and ASEAN countries actively advanced the consultations on the Code of Conduct (COC) in the South China Sea," [ 129 ] with the forecast that the COC will be completed by 2021. [ 130 ] 2016 The Shangri-La Dialogue serves as the "Track One" exchange forum on security issues surrounding the Asia-Pacific region. The South China Sea territorial disputes has dominated proceedings at the conference in recent years. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] [ 133 ] The Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific is the "Track Two" forum for dialogue on security issues. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] In February 2016, U.S. President Barack Obama initiated the US-ASEAN Summit at Sunnylands in Rancho Mirage, California for closer engagement with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . Territorial disputes in the South China Sea were a major topic, but its joint statement, the "Sunnylands Declaration", did not name the South China Sea, instead calling for "respect of each nation's sovereignty and for international law". Analysts believe it indicates divisions within the group on how to respond to China's maritime strategy. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Chinese policies According to retired American diplomat Chas W. Freeman Jr. , for decades China under Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping preferred a policy of forbearance even as claimant activities in the South China Sea intensified, resisting calls from the more nationalistic elements of the country. [ 138 ] In spring 2010, PRC officials reportedly communicated to US officials that the South China Sea was "an area of 'core interest' that is as non-negotiable" and on par with Taiwan and Tibet on the national agenda. However, Beijing appeared to have backed away from that assertion in 2011. [ 139 ] [ 140 ] [ 141 ] In October 2011, the Chinese Communist Party -owned Global Times tabloid editorialised on the South China Sea territorial disputes under the banner "Don't take peaceful approach for granted". The article referenced incidents earlier that year involving the Philippines and South Korea detaining PRC fishing boats in the region. "If these countries don't want to change their ways with China, they will need to prepare for the sounds of cannons. We need to be ready for that, as it may be the only way for the disputes in the sea to be resolved." [ 142 ] Responding to questions about whether this reflected official policy, a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman stated the country's commitment "to resolving the maritime dispute through peaceful means." [ 143 ] From 2013 to the beginning of 2018, China carried out land reclamation in the South China Sea. The construction of the islands has been completed. The three island airports of Meiji Reef, Zhubi Reef, and Yongshu Reef have been completed. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] In July 2014, Professor Alan Dupont of the University of New South Wales was reported as saying that the Chinese government appeared to be directing its fishing fleet into disputed waters as a matter of policy. [ 146 ] China has been accused of using its Maritime Militia and grey-zone tactics in conflicts with other countries. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] By deploying civilian instead of naval vessels, the PRC benefits from legal and diplomatic ambiguities and avoids military confrontations. [ 147 ] In August 2019, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping told Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte that China would not recognise or abide by the arbitration decision. China rejects the arbitration proceedings as illegitimate because China excluded itself from compulsory arbitration in its ratification of the 2006 United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas (UNCLOS). [ 148 ] [ 149 ] This stance by Beijing is in line with the July 2019 publishing of a Chinese White Paper, "China's National Defense in the New Era," which details China's armed strength and repeatedly mentions deployment in the South China Sea. [ 150 ] In July 2025, the Chinese consulate in Auckland requested that the DocEdge Festival in New Zealand cancel the screening of Food Delivery: Fresh From the West Philippine Seas . [ 151 ] The film documents the experiences of Philippine fishermen and the Philippine Coast Guard , highlighting tensions with the China Coast Guard. The formal request has been described as an attempt to censor the film. [ 152 ] [ 153 ] On 11 August 2025, a China Coast Guard vessel is damaged after colliding with a Chinese Navy ship while trying to expel the Philippine Coast Guard vessel BRP Suluan from Scarborough Shoal . [ 154 ] International law The doctrine of intertemporal law was established after the Island of Palmas Case ruling. Under the doctrine, treaty rights are assessed under the laws in force at the time the treaty is made, not at the time a dispute takes place. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] In the Eastern Greenland Case between Norway and Denmark, the critical date doctrine was established in 1933. It was ruled by the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) that the Norwegian proclamation on July 10, 1931, annexing Eastern Greenland was the "critical date" in that specific case. [ 157 ] Under the principle of Uti possidetis juris , the boundaries of former colonies must be respected by all states. It was established after the 1986 Frontier Dispute case between Burkina Faso and Mali. The ICJ ruled that uti possidetis juris is a "general principle, which is logically connected with the phenomenon of the obtaining of independence, wherever it occurs. Its obvious purpose is to prevent the independence and stability of new States being endangered by fratricidal struggles provoked by the challenging of frontiers following the withdrawal of the administering power…Its purpose, at the time of the achievement of independence by the former Spanish colonies of America, was to scotch any designs which non-American colonizing powers might have on regions which had been assigned by the former metropolitan State to one division or another, but which were still uninhabited or unexplored." [ 158 ] Maps cannot establish title to territory unless if it is attached to a treaty. Moreover, maps unilaterally produced by a state, even if not attached to a treaty, can bind the producing state if it is "adverse to its interest". This was established in the 2002 Delimitation of the Border between the State of Eritrea and Ethiopia case, and was affirmed further in the Pedra Blanca arbitration between Malaysia and Singapore in 2008, when the ICJ ruled: "The map still stands as a statement of geographical fact, especially when the State adversely affected has itself produced and disseminated it, even against its own interest." [ 159 ] South China Sea Arbitration In 2013, the Philippines initiated an arbitration against China on South China Sea issues, with its initial petition disputing the nine-dash line's validity, China's environmental impact, and the legality of China's contact with Filipino vessels in the area. [ 57 ] : 122–123 In 2015, the Philippines added contentions based on China's land reclamation projects. [ 57 ] : 122 Both China and Taiwan stated that they did not recognize the tribunal and insisted that the matter should be resolved through bilateral negotiations with other claimants. [ 160 ] As part of its grounds for nonparticipation and nonacceptance, China cited the fact that China is a signatory to the 2006 UNCLOS exclusion clause which removes sovereignty and boundary delimitations issues from arbitration procedures. [ 57 ] : 122–123 The merits hearing proceeded without China's presence and the arbitration result favored the Philippines on most of its contentions. [ 57 ] : 122–123 In September 2020, Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte again rejected China's claims to the disputed waters and said, "The award is now part of international law, beyond compromise and beyond the reach of passing governments to dilute, diminish, or abandon." [ 161 ] In response to the ruling, political scientist Graham Allison stated, "None of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council have ever accepted any international court's ruling when (in their view) it infringed their sovereignty or national security interests. Thus, when China rejects the Court's decision in this case, it will be doing just what the other great powers have repeatedly done for decades." [ 162 ] On 17 September 2020, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom issued a joint note verbale recognizing the PCA ruling and challenging China's claims. [ 163 ] A legal scholar at De La Salle University observed that discarding the historical claims of the PRC, ROC, and Vietnam is unrealistic. Application of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and proposed solutions must account for such concerns. [ 48 ] : 388 [ 48 ] : 401 Analysis and commentary According to Mohan Malik, a professor at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies of the United States Department of Defense , the vast majority of international legal experts have concluded that China's claim to historical title , meaning full sovereign authority, is invalid. [ 164 ] U.S. Naval War College professor Peter A. Dutton writes that the Chinese government sees itself as fundamentally above the law and beyond accountability to others, especially smaller states. [ 165 ] According to Johns Hopkins University professor and Carnegie Endowment for International Peace analyst Isaac B. Kardon, Chinese maritime rules mostly mirror the international law except for certain crucial areas reflecting its political interests. [ 166 ] According to Bill Hayton, an analyst at Chatham House , no claimant undertook any physical act of sovereignty on any of the disputed islands before the 19th century. [ 4 ] According to historian Stein Tønnesson , no country laid any serious claim to any of the features until the early 20th century. [ 5 ] Broadly speaking China, Taiwan, and Vietnam base their claims on history, such as being the first to name, discover, use, administer, or occupy some of the islands, even if not continuously. It has been argued that UNCLOS supersedes all historical rights, but this is difficult for these governments to embrace. The Philippines argues that before 1956 the islands were terra nullius not owned by anyone and claims the Kalayaan group based on its exclusive economic zone (EEZ), although EEZs apply only to the high seas, not territories that might belong to another state. When signing up for UNCLOS, most of these claimants declared that their disputes are not subject to the convention. [ 167 ] Non-claimant views Australia On 25 July 2020 Australia rejected China's claims to the South China Sea and filed a statement with the United Nations that said: "Australia rejects any claims to internal waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf based on such baselines," and there is "no legal basis" to draw the nine-dash line around the Four Sha archipelagos, Paracel and Spratly Islands or low-tide maritime zones. They encourage the claimants to resolve their disputes peacefully. [ 168 ] Cambodia Cambodia has backed China over the dispute in ASEAN meetings, preventing consensus over unified ASEAN action. [ 169 ] Anti-Vietnamese sentiment due to Vietnam's conquest of previously Cambodian lands , giving the Vietnamese a privileged status and encouragement of Vietnamese settlers in Cambodia during French colonial rule, and the occupation of Cambodia after the ousting of the Khmer Rouge has led to anti-Vietnamese feelings against ethnic Vietnamese in Cambodia and against Vietnam, and in turn has led to pro-China sentiment among the Cambodian government and the Cambodian opposition, including in the South China Sea. [ 170 ] India India says that the South China Sea was "part of global commons and India has an abiding interest in peace and stability in the region... We firmly stand for the freedom of navigation and overflight and unimpeded lawful commerce in these international waterways , in accordance with international law, notably UNCLOS ." [ 171 ] Indonesia Since early in the South China Sea dispute, Indonesia has repeatedly asserted its position as a non-claimant state in the original South China Sea dispute, [ 172 ] and often positioned itself as an "honest broker". [ 173 ] However, parts of China's unilaterally claimed nine-dash line overlap Indonesia's exclusive economic zone near the Natuna islands . [ 174 ] : 555 Although China has acknowledged Indonesia's sovereignty over the Natuna islands, [ 175 ] the PRC has argued that the waters around the Natuna islands are Chinese "traditional fishing grounds". Indonesia quickly dismissed China's claim, asserting that China's nine-dash line claim over parts of the Natuna islands has no legal basis. [ 176 ] In November 2015, Indonesia's security chief Luhut Pandjaitan said Indonesia could take China before an international court. [ 177 ] Indonesia filed a comment with the Permanent Court of Arbitration regarding China's claim in the arbitration. Indonesia's recent approach to one of the issues has been described in Javanese as being menang tanpa ngasorake which means winning the war without shaming the enemies . [ 174 ] : 554 Chinese fishing vessels – often escorted by Chinese coastguard ships – have repeatedly been reported to have breached Indonesian waters near the Natuna islands. On 19 March 2016, for example, Indonesian authorities tried to capture a Chinese trawler accused of illegal fishing in Indonesian waters, and arrested the Chinese crew. They were prevented from towing the boat to harbour by a Chinese coast guard vessel which reportedly "rammed" the trawler in Indonesian waters. "To prevent anything else occurring, the Indonesian authorities let go of the Chinese boat and then left toward Natuna, still with eight fishermen and the captain on board." On 21 March, Arrmanatha Nasir, a spokesman for Indonesia's Foreign Ministry , said that Indonesia still had the Chinese crew in custody, and Minister for Fisheries and Maritime Affairs Susi Pudjiastuti said that she would summon the Chinese ambassador, Xie Feng, to discuss this matter. [ 178 ] Indonesia insists that they have the right to prosecute the Chinese trawler crew, despite Beijing's demand to release their eight fishermen. Arif Havas Oegroseno, the government official of maritime security, said that the Chinese claim of "traditional fishing grounds" was not recognised under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . This incident prompted security minister Luhut Pandjaitan to deploy more troops and patrol boats, and to strengthen the Ranai naval base in the area. [ 179 ] Following the clashes, on 23 June 2016, Indonesian President Joko Widodo visited the Natuna islands on a warship to demonstrate Indonesia's authority. He led a high-level delegation, which included the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) and state ministers. Security Minister Luhut Pandjaitan said it was meant to send a "clear message" that Indonesia was "very serious in its effort to protect its sovereignty". [ 180 ] Following the Permanent Court of Arbitration decision on 12 July 2016, Indonesia called on all parties involved in the territorial dispute to exercise self-restraint and to respect applicable international laws . [ 181 ] Indonesia challenged the Chinese nine-dash historical claim by arguing that if the historical claims can be used on presenting the territorial naval claims, Indonesia might also use its historical claims on the South China Sea by referring to the ancient influence of the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires. [ 182 ] Indonesia's EEZ extends 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its shores, which around Natuna means it is slightly intersected by China's nine-dash line , defining its widely disputed claim to most of the South China Sea . In 2014–2015, the presence of the TNI on the islands was reinforced, which the Indonesian government hoped would reduce the chance of any conflict. [ 183 ] Then in early 2020, a further 600 troops were deployed and eight navy warships from the Indonesian Navy including Ahmad Yani-class frigates , Bung Tomo-class corvettes , and Kapitan Pattimura-class ASW corvettes were sent to the area with support from the Indonesian Navy Naval Aviation CN-235 MPA , the Indonesian Air Force also sent 4 F-16 and a Boeing 737-2x9 Surveillance , and put BAE Hawk aircraft nearby on alert after Chinese fishing vessels increased illegal activity within the EEZ, escorted by a Chinese Coast Guard vessel. A recent visit to the area by President Joko Widodo displayed Indonesia's resolve to not overlook such incursions. [ 184 ] Japan Japan has used "normative power" via strategic foreign aid to certain claimants in the dispute such as the Philippines and Vietnam in order to assert its presence in the region as promoting the " rule of law at sea." [ 185 ] The Quad The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)—comprising the United States, Japan, Australia, and India—has consistently expressed concern over developments in the South China Sea, emphasizing the necessity of upholding international law and regional stability. China's increasingly assertive behaviour in the East and South China Seas, along with tensions along the India-China border, contributed significantly to the revival of the Quad grouping in 2017. While the initial iteration of the Quad in 2007 had dissipated amid shifting priorities, growing regional concerns over Beijing's actions led to renewed interest in institutionalized cooperation among the United States, Japan, Australia, and India. This was also shaped by former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe ’s advocacy for a democratic security framework to uphold the “common good” in the Indo-Pacific. [ 186 ] Academic Bec Strating, professor of international relations at La Trobe University, describes the Quad countries’ cooperation on defense and foreign policy positions them as a "partner-of-choice" in the region compared with China. [ 187 ] The grouping often expresses concern over "unilateral actions" in the region and maintains support for a free and open Indo-Pacific. Quad leaders have stated that they support a region that is free, open, inclusive, healthy, rooted in democratic values, and free from coercion, presenting this as a “positive vision” for the Indo-Pacific that implicitly contrasts with China's model of regional order. [ 186 ] Singapore Singapore has reiterated that it is not a claimant state in the South China Sea dispute and has offered to play a neutral role in being a constructive conduit for dialogue among the claimant states. [ 188 ] Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said during his official visit to the US that he hoped all countries will respect international law and the outcome of arbitration. [ 189 ] The spokesperson of China Hua Chunying responded in a press conference said that the award by the Arbitral Tribunal was "illegal" and "invalid", and thus not binding at all. She urged Singapore to respect China's position, stay objective and impartial. [ 190 ] Thailand Thailand as one of the member of ASEAN played a coordinating role in facilitating China and ASEAN members involved in the dispute in hope of reaching peaceful resolution. Despite its domestic political turmoil, the Thai government relied on its Ministry of Foreign Affairs' expertise on international dispute. It took the initiative to hold several meetings with parties concerned. Thailand's first attempt was hosting the ASEAN–China Senior Officials' Meeting Retreat in Pattaya, Thailand 2012. Via this meeting, Wang Yi , the Chinese Foreign Minister called for a joint development of resources in South China Sea. Bangkok was viewed as a South China Sea neutral player because it is not a claimant and did not have disputes in the South China Sea with China. After several meetings, the 6th ASEAN–China SOM on DOC was the first official consultation on the Code of Conduct (COC) was formed with all parties agreement to push forward the drafting of COC. Thai-China relationship was generally seen as positive. Thailand's neutral position enabled it to act as a mediator and influence discussions among parties involved. [ 191 ] United States In 1974, the PRC received a non-involvement promise from the United States when it occupied the Yagong Island and the Crescent Group from South Vietnam. [ 61 ] The United States officially addressed the South China Sea dispute for the first time in 1995, when its statement focused on the peaceful resolution of disputes, peace and stability, freedom of navigation, neutrality over the question of sovereignty, and respect of maritime norms. [ 192 ] The 1995 statement did not name any states by their names. The 1995 policy was changed in 2010, when the administration of the President Obama felt that even though the United States cannot take sides in the dispute, it still has to make a statement that it is not passively accepting the assertive actions taken in the region. [ 193 ] At the July 2010 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum meeting in Hanoi, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton gave a speech on resolving the disputes in the region without coercion and unequivocally stating that the South China Sea was a matter of U.S. national interest. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Her comments were countered by China's Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi as "in effect an attack on China," and he warned the United States against making the South China Sea an international issue or multilateral issue. [ 196 ] In 2012, a United States State Department press statement identified the PRC as an assertive state in the region and communicated United States concerns about the developments in the area. [ 197 ] Also in 2012, Secretary Clinton testified in support of congressional approval of the Law of the Sea Convention, which would strengthen U.S. ability to support countries that oppose Chinese claims to certain islands in the area. [ 198 ] On 29 May 2012, a spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry expressed concern over this development, stating that "non-claimant Association of South East Asian Nations countries and countries outside the region have adopted a position of not getting involved into territorial disputes." [ 199 ] In July 2012, the United States Senate passed resolution 524, initially sponsored by Senator John Kerry , stating (among other things) the United States' strong support for the 2002 declaration of conduct of parties in the South China Sea, reaffirms the United States' commitment to assist the nations of Southeast Asia to remain strong and independent, and supports enhanced operations by the United States armed forces in the Western Pacific . [ 200 ] In 2014, the United States responded to China's claims over the fishing grounds of other nations by saying that "China has not offered any explanation or basis under international law for these extensive maritime claims." [ 201 ] USN CNO Jonathan Greenert then pledged American support to the Philippines in its territorial conflicts with the PRC. [ 202 ] The Chinese Foreign Ministry asked the United States to maintain a neutral position on the issue. [ 203 ] In 2014 and 2015, the United States continued freedom of navigation operations ("FONOPs"), including in the South China Sea. [ 204 ] In May 2015, the Wall Street Journal reported that the “US Navy regularly conducts freedom of navigation transits in the region ... [but] has yet to receive explicit authorization from the administration to do so within 12 nautical miles of the artificial islands”. [ 205 ] At the Shangri-La Dialogue on May 30, 2015, Secretary of Defense Ash Carter drew attention to China's artificial islands, stating that: “China is out of step with...international rules [as] turning an underwater rock into an airfield simply does not afford the rights of sovereignty or permit restrictions on international air or maritime transit. ... All countries should have the right to freedom of navigation [and] America, alongside its allies and partners in the [region] will not be deterred from exercising these rights.” [ 206 ] On September 18, 2015, the Chinese Foreign Ministry replied by stating that “China, like the US, champions navigation freedom in the South China Sea, but opposes any country’s attempt to challenge China’s territorial sovereignty ... under the pretext of safeguarding navigation freedom.” [ 207 ] [ 206 ] At the start of October 2015, the US Department of Defense made it clear that a FONOP within 12 nautical miles of one of China's artificial islands was “not a question of if, but when”, [ 208 ] and by mid-October 2015, US officials said the FONOP was expected "within days". [ 209 ] On 27 October 2015, the US destroyer USS Lassen navigated within 12 nautical miles of reclaimed land in the Subi Reef as the first in a series of "Freedom of Navigation Operations". [ 210 ] [ 206 ] This was the first time since 2012 that the US has directly challenged China's claims of the island's territorial limit . [ 211 ] On 8–9 November 2015, two US B-52 strategic bombers flew near artificial Chinese-built islands in the area of the Spratly Islands and were contacted by Chinese ground controllers but continued their mission undeterred. [ 212 ] President Trump's administration increased the frequency of freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea. [ 213 ] In June 2020, US Ambassador to the United Nations Kelly Craft sent a letter to the U.N. secretary general explaining the US position on China's "excessive maritime claims." [ 214 ] On 14 July 2020, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo declared China's claims and coercions of in parts of the South China Sea “completely unlawful”. [ 215 ] On 26 August 2020, the US sanctioned individuals and 24 Chinese companies linked to construction and militarization of the artificial islands. [ 216 ] Publications by US think tanks have made recommendations for courses of actions that the United States could take in response to PRC activities in the South China Sea. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] The US Navy has conducted freedom of navigation drills in the South China Sea to counter Vietnamese claims in the region, particularly around the Côn Đảo islands. [ 219 ] The US, Japan and the Philippines conducted military exercises intended to "(ensure) that all countries are free to fly, sail, and operate wherever international law allows" on April 7, 2024, in advance of a planned trilateral summit. The Southern Theater Command of China's PLA issued statements saying it was organizing "joint naval and air combat patrols in the South China Sea" and "All military activities that mess up the situation in the South China Sea and create hotspots are under control". [ 220 ] Other countries Kabir Hashim , General Secretary of the United National Party of Sri Lanka , said in 2022 that the South China Sea disputes should be resolved through bilateral talks between China and the countries concerned rather than being subject to external forces. [ 221 ] In 2016, Yemen expressed support for China's position on the South China Sea issues. [ 222 ] : 71 In a 2024 joint statement, Pakistan expressed support for China's position in the South China Sea. [ 223 ] Belarus has also expressed support for China's position. [ 224 ] See also North Borneo dispute Chinese claim on Palawan Regional reactions to China's maritime activities in the South China Sea Scarborough Shoal standoff Spratly Islands dispute Chinese expansionism Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China References Citations ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "How much trade transits the South China Sea?" . 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France 24 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2024 . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ Press Trust of India (31 May 2016). "Sri Lanka backs talks to resolve South China Sea disputes" . Business Standard India . Archived from the original on 19 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Murphy, Dawn (2022). China's Rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's Alternative World Order . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press . ISBN 978-1-5036-3009-3 . ^ "Five One-Chinas: The contest to define Taiwan" . Lowy Institute . Retrieved 15 November 2025 . ^ "Lukashenko: Belarus, China have similar views on multipolar world order" . soyuz.by . Retrieved 16 November 2025 . Sources Bateman, Sam; Emmers, Ralf, eds. (2008). Security and International Politics in the South China Sea: Towards a co-operative management regime (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-88524-6 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Bonnet, Francois-Xavier (November 2012). "Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal" (PDF) . Irasec's Discussion Paper (14). Institut de Recherche sur l'Asie du Sud-Est Contemporaine – Research Institute on Contemporary Southeast Asia. Antonio Carpio (24 May 2024). Philippine Island Territories in the West Philippine Sea (YouTube video). Institute for Maritime and Ocean Affairs. [ unreliable source? ] Kivimäki, Timo, ed. (2002). War Or Peace in the South China Sea? . Contributor Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (illustrated ed.). NIAS Press. ISBN 978-8791114014 . ISSN 0904-597X . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Morley, James W.; Nishihara, Masashi, eds. (1997). Vietnam Joins the World . M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-3306-4 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Nordquist, Myron H.; Moore, John Norton (1998). Security Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation; [twenty-first Annual Seminar Held at the UN Plaza Hotel in New York City from February 7–8, 1997] . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-411-1056-5 . Pak, Hŭi-gwŏn (2000). The Law of the Sea and Northeast Asia: A Challenge for Cooperation . Publications on Ocean Development. Vol. 35. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-9041114075 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Severino, Rodolfo (2011). Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory (illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814311717 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Wortzel, Larry M.; Higham, Robin D. S. (1999). Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-29337-5 . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Further reading Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Dupuy, Florian; Dupuy, Pierre-Marie (2013). "A Legal Analysis of China's Historic Rights Claim in the South China Sea". American Journal of International Law . 107 (1): 121– 141. doi : 10.5305/amerjintelaw.107.1.0124 . S2CID 55162381 . Kittrie, Orde F. (2016). Lawfare: Law as a Weapon of War . Oxford ; New York, NY: Oxford University Press . pp. 161– 168. ISBN 978-0-19-026357-7 . Lorteau, Steve (2018). "China's South China Sea Claims as 'Unprecedented': Sceptical Remarks". Canadian Yearbook of International Law . 55 : 79– 99. doi : 10.1017/cyl.2018.6 . S2CID 158337369 . Bautista, Lowell B. (December 2011). "Philippine Territorial Boundaries: Internal Tensions, Colonial Baggage, Ambivalent Conformity" (PDF) . JATI – Journal of Southeast Asian Studies . 16 : 35– 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2013. Corr, Anders, ed. (2018). Great Powers, Grand Strategies: The New Game in the South China Sea . Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978-1-68247-235-4 . Raine, Sarah; Le Miere, Christian (2013). Regional disorder: the South China Sea disputes . Adelphi. London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies . ISBN 978-0-415-70262-1 . Rowan, Joshua P. (2005). "The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance, ASEAN, and the South China Sea Dispute" (PDF) . Asian Survey . 45 (3): 414– 436. doi : 10.1525/as.2005.45.3.414 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2010. Townsend-Gault, Ian; Miller, Meredith; Schofield, Clive; Storey, Ian; Cook, Tim; Djalal, Hasjim (July 2011). "From Disputed Waters to Seas of Opportunity: Overcoming Barriers to Maritime Cooperation in East and Southeast Asia" . NBR Special Report . 30 . The National Bureau of Asian Research. Cook, Tim (17 June 2011). "Rising Tensions in the South China Sea – An interview with Ian Storey" . The National Bureau of Asian Research . Retrieved 5 February 2020 . Tupaz, Edsel (27 April 2012). "Sidebar Brief: The Law of the Seas and the Scarborough Shoal Dispute" . JURIST . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Van Quyet, Luu; Nguyet, Nguyen Thi Anh (2023). "U.S.-Vietnam maritime security cooperation in the South China Sea: From the Obama administration to the current Biden administration" . Cogent Arts & Humanities . 10 (1) 2231697. doi : 10.1080/23311983.2023.2231697 . ISSN 2331-1983 . Weissmann, Mikael (2010). "The South China Sea Conflict and Sino-ASEAN Relations: A study in conflict prevention and peace building" (PDF) . Asian Perspectives . 34 (3): 35– 69. doi : 10.1353/apr.2010.0013 . S2CID 54492222 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2014. Yea, Andy (2011). "Maritime territorial disputes in East Asia: a comparative analysis of the South China Sea and the East China Sea" . Journal of Current Chinese Affairs . 40 (2): 165– 193. doi : 10.1177/186810261104000207 . Zhang, Ketian (July 2019). "Cautious Bully: Reputation, Resolve, and Beijing's Use of Coercion in the South China Sea". International Security . 44 (1): 117– 159. doi : 10.1162/isec_a_00354 . ISSN 0162-2889 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Territorial disputes in East , South , and Southeast Asia v t e Land Islands and waters Aksai Chin ( ) Jammu and Kashmir / Azad Kashmir ( ) Bhutanese exclaves ( ) Cambodia–Thailand border areas 1 ( ) Doi Pha Hom Pok ( ) Part of Heixiazi/ Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island 1 ( ) Hong Kong ( ) Jiandao / Gando ( ) Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin 1 ( ) Kalapani ( ) Korea ( ) Gilgit-Baltistan ( ) Ladakh ( ) Limbang District ( ) Macau ( ) Mainland China ( ) North Borneo ( Sabah ) 1 ( ) Parigas region/Demchok sector ( ) Sixty-Four Villages East of the River ( ) South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh ( ) Susta ( ) Trans-Karakoram Tract ( ) Ambalat ( ) Bạch Long Vĩ Island 1 ( ) Dokdo / Takeshima ( ) Ieodo / Suyan Islet ( ) James Shoal ( ) Kuril Islands ( ) Macclesfield Bank ( ) Noktundo ( ) Paracel Islands ( ) Parangcho / Dingyan Islet ( ) Pratas Island ( ) Scarborough Shoal ( ) Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai Islands ( ) Sir Creek 1 ( ) Spratly Islands 1 ( ) Taiwan Area ( ) Tsushima/Daemado ( ) Land Islands and waters Aksai Chin ( ) Jammu and Kashmir / Azad Kashmir ( ) Bhutanese exclaves ( ) Cambodia–Thailand border areas 1 ( ) Doi Pha Hom Pok ( ) Part of Heixiazi/ Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island 1 ( ) Hong Kong ( ) Jiandao / Gando ( ) Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin 1 ( ) Kalapani ( ) Korea ( ) Aksai Chin ( ) Jammu and Kashmir / Azad Kashmir ( ) Bhutanese exclaves ( ) Cambodia–Thailand border areas 1 ( ) Doi Pha Hom Pok ( ) Part of Heixiazi/ Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island 1 ( ) Hong Kong ( ) Jiandao / Gando ( ) Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin 1 ( ) Kalapani ( ) Korea ( ) Gilgit-Baltistan ( ) Ladakh ( ) Limbang District ( ) Macau ( ) Mainland China ( ) North Borneo ( Sabah ) 1 ( ) Parigas region/Demchok sector ( ) Sixty-Four Villages East of the River ( ) South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh ( ) Susta ( ) Trans-Karakoram Tract ( ) Gilgit-Baltistan ( ) Ladakh ( ) Limbang District ( ) Macau ( ) Mainland China ( ) North Borneo ( Sabah ) 1 ( ) Parigas region/Demchok sector ( ) Sixty-Four Villages East of the River ( ) South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh ( ) Susta ( ) Trans-Karakoram Tract ( ) Ambalat ( ) Bạch Long Vĩ Island 1 ( ) Dokdo / Takeshima ( ) Ieodo / Suyan Islet ( ) James Shoal ( ) Kuril Islands ( ) Macclesfield Bank ( ) Noktundo ( ) Paracel Islands ( ) Ambalat ( ) Bạch Long Vĩ Island 1 ( ) Dokdo / Takeshima ( ) Ieodo / Suyan Islet ( ) James Shoal ( ) Kuril Islands ( ) Macclesfield Bank ( ) Noktundo ( ) Paracel Islands ( ) Parangcho / Dingyan Islet ( ) Pratas Island ( ) Scarborough Shoal ( ) Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai Islands ( ) Sir Creek 1 ( ) Spratly Islands 1 ( ) Taiwan Area ( ) Tsushima/Daemado ( ) Parangcho / Dingyan Islet ( ) Pratas Island ( ) Scarborough Shoal ( ) Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai Islands ( ) Sir Creek 1 ( ) Spratly Islands 1 ( ) Taiwan Area ( ) Tsushima/Daemado ( ) 1: Divided among multiple claimants 1: Divided among multiple claimants v t e Spratly Islands v t e Confrontations Southwest Cay incident (1975) East Sea Campaign (1975) Johnson South Reef Skirmish (1988) Southwest Cay incident (1975) East Sea Campaign (1975) Johnson South Reef Skirmish (1988) Regions Dangerous Ground Loaita Bank London Reefs North Danger Reef Reed Tablemount Tizard Bank Union Banks Dangerous Ground Loaita Bank London Reefs North Danger Reef Reed Tablemount Tizard Bank Union Banks Occupied features Brunei Louisa Reef China Cuarteron Reef Fiery Cross Reef Gaven Reefs Hughes Reef Johnson South Reef Mischief Reef Subi Reef Malaysia Ardasier Reef Dallas Reef Erica Reef Investigator Shoal Mariveles Reef Swallow Reef Philippines Commodore Reef Flat Island Irving Reef Lankiam Cay Loaita Cay Loaita Island Nanshan Island Northeast Cay Second Thomas Shoal Thitu Island West York Island Taiwan Taiping Island Zhongzhou Reef Vietnam Alison Reef Amboyna Cay Barque Canada Reef Bombay Castle Central London Reef Collins Reef Cornwallis South Reef Discovery Great Reef East London Reef Grierson Reef Ladd Reef Lansdowne Reef Namyit Island Pearson Reef Petley Reef Sand Cay Sin Cowe Island South Reef Southwest Cay Spratly Island Tennent Reef West London Reef Brunei Louisa Reef Louisa Reef China Cuarteron Reef Fiery Cross Reef Gaven Reefs Hughes Reef Johnson South Reef Mischief Reef Subi Reef Cuarteron Reef Fiery Cross Reef Gaven Reefs Hughes Reef Johnson South Reef Mischief Reef Subi Reef Malaysia Ardasier Reef Dallas Reef Erica Reef Investigator Shoal Mariveles Reef Swallow Reef Ardasier Reef Dallas Reef Erica Reef Investigator Shoal Mariveles Reef Swallow Reef Philippines Commodore Reef Flat Island Irving Reef Lankiam Cay Loaita Cay Loaita Island Nanshan Island Northeast Cay Second Thomas Shoal Thitu Island West York Island Commodore Reef Flat Island Irving Reef Lankiam Cay Loaita Cay Loaita Island Nanshan Island Northeast Cay Second Thomas Shoal Thitu Island West York Island Taiwan Taiping Island Zhongzhou Reef Taiping Island Zhongzhou Reef Vietnam Alison Reef Amboyna Cay Barque Canada Reef Bombay Castle Central London Reef Collins Reef Cornwallis South Reef Discovery Great Reef East London Reef Grierson Reef Ladd Reef Lansdowne Reef Namyit Island Pearson Reef Petley Reef Sand Cay Sin Cowe Island South Reef Southwest Cay Spratly Island Tennent Reef West London Reef Alison Reef Amboyna Cay Barque Canada Reef Bombay Castle Central London Reef Collins Reef Cornwallis South Reef Discovery Great Reef East London Reef Grierson Reef Ladd Reef Lansdowne Reef Namyit Island Pearson Reef Petley Reef Sand Cay Sin Cowe Island South Reef Southwest Cay Spratly Island Tennent Reef West London Reef Unoccupied features First Thomas Shoal Half Moon Shoal Luconia Shoals Northeast Investigator Shoal Royal Captain Shoal Sabina Shoal Third Thomas Shoal Western Reef Whitsun Reef First Thomas Shoal Half Moon Shoal Luconia Shoals Northeast Investigator Shoal Royal Captain Shoal Sabina Shoal Third Thomas Shoal Western Reef Whitsun Reef Related articles Spratly Islands dispute Free Territory of Freedomland " Great Wall of Sand " List of airports in the Spratly Islands List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands Philippines and the Spratly Islands Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads Territorial disputes in the South China Sea Nine-dash line Spratly Islands dispute Free Territory of Freedomland " Great Wall of Sand " List of airports in the Spratly Islands List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands Philippines and the Spratly Islands Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads Territorial disputes in the South China Sea Nine-dash line v t e South China Sea v t e Pratas Island Pratas Island North Vereker Bank South Vereker Bank Pratas Island North Vereker Bank South Vereker Bank Paracel Islands Amphitrite Group Rocky Island Tree Island West Sand Woody Island Qilian Yu Crescent Group Money Island Robert Island Yagong Island Other features Bombay Reef Triton Island Amphitrite Group Rocky Island Tree Island West Sand Woody Island Qilian Yu Rocky Island Tree Island West Sand Woody Island Qilian Yu Crescent Group Money Island Robert Island Yagong Island Money Island Robert Island Yagong Island Other features Bombay Reef Triton Island Bombay Reef Triton Island Northeastern SCS Zhongsha Islands Macclesfield Bank Walker Shoal Scarborough Shoal Zhongsha Islands Macclesfield Bank Walker Shoal Walker Shoal Scarborough Shoal Spratly Islands List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands Great Wall of Sand Royal Malaysian Navy Offshore Bases Vietnamese DK1 rigs List of airports in the Spratly Islands Dangerous Ground NW North Danger Reef Northeast Cay Southwest Cay Thitu Reefs Thitu Island Subi Reef Loaita Bank Lankiam Cay Loaita Cay Loaita Island Tizard Bank Gaven Reefs Namyit Island Sand Cay Taiping Island Zhongzhou Reef NNW Irving Reef West York Island WNW Western Reef NE Flat Island Nanshan Island Reed Tablemount Third Thomas Shoal SE Commodore Reef First Thomas Shoal Mischief Reef Sabina Shoal Second Thomas Shoal SW Union Banks Collins Reef Hughes Reef Johnson South Reef Sin Cowe Island Ardasier Reef Cornwallis South Reef Dallas Reef Erica Reef Investigator Shoal Mariveles Reef West London Reefs Central London Reef Cuarteron Reef East London Reef West London Reef Bombay Castle Fiery Cross Reef Ladd Reef Spratly Island East Royal Captain Shoal Half Moon Shoal South Amboyna Cay Louisa Reef Swallow Reef List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands Great Wall of Sand Royal Malaysian Navy Offshore Bases Vietnamese DK1 rigs List of airports in the Spratly Islands Dangerous Ground NW North Danger Reef Northeast Cay Southwest Cay Thitu Reefs Thitu Island Subi Reef Loaita Bank Lankiam Cay Loaita Cay Loaita Island Tizard Bank Gaven Reefs Namyit Island Sand Cay Taiping Island Zhongzhou Reef NNW Irving Reef West York Island WNW Western Reef NE Flat Island Nanshan Island Reed Tablemount Third Thomas Shoal SE Commodore Reef First Thomas Shoal Mischief Reef Sabina Shoal Second Thomas Shoal SW Union Banks Collins Reef Hughes Reef Johnson South Reef Sin Cowe Island Ardasier Reef Cornwallis South Reef Dallas Reef Erica Reef Investigator Shoal Mariveles Reef NW North Danger Reef Northeast Cay Southwest Cay Thitu Reefs Thitu Island Subi Reef Loaita Bank Lankiam Cay Loaita Cay Loaita Island Tizard Bank Gaven Reefs Namyit Island Sand Cay Taiping Island Zhongzhou Reef NNW Irving Reef West York Island WNW Western Reef North Danger Reef Northeast Cay Southwest Cay Northeast Cay Southwest Cay Thitu Reefs Thitu Island Subi Reef Thitu Island Subi Reef Loaita Bank Lankiam Cay Loaita Cay Loaita Island Lankiam Cay Loaita Cay Loaita Island Tizard Bank Gaven Reefs Namyit Island Sand Cay Taiping Island Zhongzhou Reef Gaven Reefs Namyit Island Sand Cay Taiping Island Zhongzhou Reef NNW Irving Reef West York Island Irving Reef West York Island WNW Western Reef Western Reef NE Flat Island Nanshan Island Reed Tablemount Third Thomas Shoal Flat Island Nanshan Island Reed Tablemount Third Thomas Shoal SE Commodore Reef First Thomas Shoal Mischief Reef Sabina Shoal Second Thomas Shoal Commodore Reef First Thomas Shoal Mischief Reef Sabina Shoal Second Thomas Shoal SW Union Banks Collins Reef Hughes Reef Johnson South Reef Sin Cowe Island Ardasier Reef Cornwallis South Reef Dallas Reef Erica Reef Investigator Shoal Mariveles Reef Union Banks Collins Reef Hughes Reef Johnson South Reef Sin Cowe Island Collins Reef Hughes Reef Johnson South Reef Sin Cowe Island Ardasier Reef Cornwallis South Reef Dallas Reef Erica Reef Investigator Shoal Mariveles Reef West London Reefs Central London Reef Cuarteron Reef East London Reef West London Reef Bombay Castle Fiery Cross Reef Ladd Reef Spratly Island London Reefs Central London Reef Cuarteron Reef East London Reef West London Reef Central London Reef Cuarteron Reef East London Reef West London Reef Bombay Castle Fiery Cross Reef Ladd Reef Spratly Island East Royal Captain Shoal Half Moon Shoal Royal Captain Shoal Half Moon Shoal South Amboyna Cay Louisa Reef Swallow Reef Amboyna Cay Louisa Reef Swallow Reef Southeastern SCS Palawan Passage Palawan Passage Southern SCS James Shoal Luconia Shoals James Shoal Luconia Shoals Tudjuh Archipelago Natuna Islands Anambas Islands Badas Islands Tambelan Archipelago Natuna Islands Anambas Islands Badas Islands Tambelan Archipelago History Territorial disputes History of the Spratly Islands Nine-dash line Spratly Islands dispute Philippines and the Spratly Islands Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944) Battle of the Paracel Islands (1974) Southwest Cay incident (1975) Johnson South Reef skirmish (1988) Scarborough Shoal standoff (2012) Designation of the West Philippine Sea (2012) Hai Yang Shi You 981 standoff (2014) Territorial disputes History of the Spratly Islands Nine-dash line Spratly Islands dispute Philippines and the Spratly Islands Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944) Battle of the Paracel Islands (1974) Southwest Cay incident (1975) Johnson South Reef skirmish (1988) Scarborough Shoal standoff (2012) Designation of the West Philippine Sea (2012) Hai Yang Shi You 981 standoff (2014) Transport Ships Coconut Princess Airports Pratas Is Paracel Islands Airports Woody Is Spratly Islands Airports Itu Aba Spratly Is Swallow Reef Thitu Is Ships Coconut Princess Coconut Princess Airports Pratas Is Paracel Islands Airports Woody Is Spratly Islands Airports Itu Aba Spratly Is Swallow Reef Thitu Is Pratas Is Paracel Islands Airports Woody Is Woody Is Spratly Islands Airports Itu Aba Spratly Is Swallow Reef Thitu Is Itu Aba Spratly Is Swallow Reef Thitu Is Oceans portal Oceans portal Disputed territories in Southeast Asia South China Sea disputes Spratly Islands Chinese irredentism Territorial disputes of China Territorial disputes of Malaysia Territorial disputes of Vietnam Territorial disputes of the Philippines Territorial disputes of Indonesia Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2024 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Rationale 2 So what's wrong with pro and con lists? 3 Alternatives 4 Alternative forums 5 See also 6 Cleanup Wikipedia : Pro and con lists Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This is an essay . It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors. This page is not an encyclopedia article or a Wikipedia policy , as it has not been reviewed by the community and may reflect various opinions. .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcut .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:PROCON WP:PROCON WP:PROCON WP:PROCON A number of Wikipedia articles contain pro and con lists : lists of arguments for and against some particular contention or position. These take several forms, including lists of advantages and disadvantages of a technology; pros and cons of a proposal which may be as technical as Wi-Fi or otherwise; and lists of criticisms and defenses of a political position or other view (such as socialism or creationism ; lists on those articles have since been removed). In some cases a "pros and cons" list is appropriate, in others not; where inappropriate, the template {{ Pro and con list }} can be added as a preliminary to rewording the article without such a list. Criteria on the appropriateness of pro and con lists include: Is a pro and con list likely to be factually useful to a reader, rather than simply listing opposing opinions? Does the list concisely summarise brief specific and uncontroversial points? Does the list include objective facts that most people agree upon, rather than the expression of different opinions? Listed pros and cons must, as for all content, be sourced by a reference , either in the list or elsewhere in the article. (A "criticisms and defenses" list is a backwards pro and con list. The opposing side is presented first, followed by the responses of the defending side. Lists of this form seem to grow out of more contentious articles.) Rationale In many articles the purpose of pro and con lists is to encapsulate or bracket neutral point of view (NPOV) problems, by making separate logical spaces in which different points of view can be expressed. They are preferable over " thread-mode " discussions in which editors insert responses from alternating points of view. However, pro and con lists used in this way lead to problems of their own, and generally show that an article needs more work to integrate different points of view. Ultimately, pro and con lists may be a symptom of unresolved NPOV problems, rather than being a successful strategy for resolving them. Structure of a thread-mode discussion (bad!) Point from POV A Response from POV B Response to response, from POV A Response from POV B Response to response, from POV A Response to response, from POV A Another point from POV A Another response from POV B Response to response, from POV A Response 3 , from POV B Another response from POV B Response to response, from POV A Response 3 , from POV B Response to response, from POV A Response 3 , from POV B Response 3 , from POV B Structure of a pro and con list Pro side (e.g. Advantages ) Point from POV A Another point from POV A Point from POV A Another point from POV A Con side (e.g. Disadvantages ) Point from POV B Another point from POV B Point from POV B Another point from POV B So what's wrong with pro and con lists? Pro and con lists are an improvement (for Wikipedia's purposes) over thread-mode discussions. However, they pose problems both for the reader and for future editors. Pro and con lists fragment the presentation of facts . There are many issues on which there is a difference of opinion over whether some fact is a benefit or a detriment. For instance, it is a fact that Wi-Fi networks use unlicensed radio spectrum. This has advantages and disadvantages, many of which are subjective or relative. However, in a pro and con list, the advantages of unlicensed spectrum will be grouped with other unrelated advantages, and the disadvantages with unrelated disadvantages – rather than both being presented in a section about unlicensed spectrum. Details about the matter will be split between the pro and con sides, presented either redundantly (which is bad) or selectively to promote the two different POVs (worse). So a reader who is interested in reading about the facts of a matter ends up having to jump back and forth between the pro and con sides of the list. Pro and con lists oversimplify controversies . There are issues where describing a dispute or controversy is an important part of an article. There is no way to discuss certain subjects adequately without discussing the massive controversies on these issues. Pro and con lists seem to be a way to describe the views of the different sides on a controversy. However, few controversies really have just two sides. The pro and con list format is rarely expanded to include more than two views – young Earth creationism and old Earth creationism contradict one another thoroughly, but in a pro and con list that pits creationism against evolution, they are wedged into the same side. While this may represent the political alliance of young- and old-Earth creationists, it does not accurately represent the claims and arguments made. It sacrifices accuracy for politics – a devil's bargain for a Wikipedia editor! Pro and con lists invite spurious correspondences between "sides" . One way that a future editor can "improve" a pro and con list is to attempt to point out the connections between points on either side of the list, or to set up correspondences between specific points. (This is a natural response to a criticisms and defenses list, and can take the shape of a 2xN table, as seen in this old version of Plural of virus .) However, real-world disagreements are rarely so simple that they can be lined up in tables of correspondences. As a result, the "sides" that are depicted in such a pro and con list veer towards being misrepresented. Even though a pro and con list is usually better than thread-mode, in this fashion it can run down over successive edits until it is equivalent to thread-mode. Pro and con lists are never complete, and thus invite biased contributions . For any given viewpoint, there is generally a large number of arguments that can be marshalled for it. An editor with a tendency towards one of the positions described in a pro and con list can easily see that the strengths of his or her own position and the weaknesses of the other are not fully expressed. A natural reaction is to edit the list to enhance the arguments on the favored side and weaken those in the opposition. This kind of behavior not only degrades the quality of the article, but leads editors to drift into "camps" opposing one another. This can lead down two paths. In the presence of hot-headed editors, it leads to edit wars; otherwise it leads to an article which is a precarious compromise between the camps rather than a collaboration among editors. (Articles of this sort can be recognized by the fact that a new editor coming along starts putting in revisions and blows away the carefully balanced compromise worked out on the talk page.) Finally, pro and con lists have a tendency to encourage forbidden primary research , by encouraging contributors to add to one side or another to balance out the other side—the problem being that the contributor thought of the argument. Alternatives Contrast these versions of the article Internet Explorer – and also see the "Features" section of the present version. Editors recategorized a pro & con list of "positive and negative features" of the popular Web browser into a form which is more balanced, more accurate, and more suitable for future editing. We may disagree on whether a given feature is positive or negative; we can agree on whether it is present or absent. Observing the edit history of the article since then, we find that while other parts of it have been fiercely disputed since then, the previously contentious "Features" list has become relatively settled. Alternative forums If you are thinking of creating one of these lists, you may find a more appropriate forum outside the encyclopedia. Debate and discussion sites include: Debategraph Kialo ProCon.org See also Wikipedia:Be neutral in form Wikipedia:Content forking Cleanup Adding {{ Pro and con list }} to an article will display: This article contains a pro and con list . Please help improve it by integrating both sides into a more neutral presentation. This will add pages to Category:Articles containing pro and con lists . As an alternative, the matter can be taken to the article talk page for discussion. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? 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Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 4 Release Toggle Release subsection 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 After release Toggle After release subsection 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 7 Thematic analysis Toggle Thematic analysis subsection 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 9 Sequels 10 Footnotes 11 Notes 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 13 External links Batman Returns العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Returns Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by Daniel Waters Story by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Based on Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Produced by Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Starring Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Cinematography Stefan Czapsky Edited by Chris Lebenzon Music by Danny Elfman Production companies Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Release dates June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50–80 million Box office $266.8 million Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989), also directed by Burton, and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). The cast includes Michael Keaton , Danny DeVito , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Michael Gough , Pat Hingle , and Michael Murphy . Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman (Keaton) as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Walken) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin (DeVito), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle (Pfeiffer), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Burton was initially uninterested in directing a sequel to Batman , feeling creatively constrained by Warner Bros. ' expectations. He agreed to return only after being granted greater creative control, which included replacing original writer Sam Hamm with Daniel Waters and reuniting with many of his previous collaborators. Waters's script emphasized characterization over plot, and Wesley Strick was later hired for an uncredited rewrite that added, among other elements, a master plan for the Penguin. Filming took place from September 1991 to February 1992 on a budget of $50–80 million, primarily on sets and soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios and the Universal Studios Lot in California. The film's special effects relied mainly on practical techniques and makeup, supplemented with animatronics, limited computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dozens of live penguins. The film's marketing campaign was extensive, featuring brand tie-ins and merchandise intended to replicate the financial success of Batman . Released on June 19, 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 , but fell short of Batman in overall success and longevity. The darker tone, along with violent and sexual content, was cited as alienating family audiences and prompted backlash against marketing partners for promoting the film to children. Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the mixed reception of Batman Returns , Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995), which was developed with a more family-friendly tone. Keaton also declined to return. In the years since its release, Batman Returns has been reappraised as one of the strongest Batman films and a pivotal early example of auteur -driven superhero cinema that helped shape the genre's darker, more ambitious direction. The film is also recognized as an alternative Christmas classic due to its winter setting, festive imagery, and themes of loneliness and isolation. Its story was revisited in the comic series Batman '89 (2021), and Keaton later reprised his version of Batman in The Flash (2023). Plot In Gotham City , two wealthy socialites , horrified by the birth of their malformed and feral son Oswald , abandon him in the sewers, where he is taken in by a colony of penguins. Thirty-three years later, during the Christmas season, wealthy industrialist Max Shreck is abducted by the Red Triangle Gang—former circus performers implicated in child disappearances across the country—and taken to their hideout in the abandoned Arctic exhibit at Gotham Zoo. Their leader, Oswald, now known as the Penguin, blackmails Max with evidence of his corruption and murders, coercing him into helping Oswald re-enter Gotham's high society. Max stages the kidnapping of the mayor's infant child, allowing Oswald to "rescue" the child and become a public hero. In return, Oswald requests access to the city's birth records, claiming he seeks to uncover his true identity by investigating Gotham's first-born sons. Max attempts to kill his timid secretary, Selina Kyle , by pushing her out of a window after she discovers his plan to build a power plant that would secretly drain and store Gotham's electricity. Selina survives, returns home, crafts a costume, and adopts the persona of Catwoman . To Max's surprise, she reappears at work with newfound confidence and assertiveness, immediately attracting the attention of visiting billionaire Bruce Wayne . As the vigilante Batman , Bruce begins investigating Oswald, suspecting his ties to the Red Triangle Gang. Seeking to remove opposition to his power plant, Max convinces Oswald to run for mayor and discredit the incumbent by unleashing the gang on Gotham. Batman's efforts to quell the violence bring him into conflict with Catwoman, while in their civilian lives Selina and Bruce begin a romance. Meanwhile, Catwoman allies with Oswald to smear Batman's reputation. During Gotham's Christmas-tree lighting, Oswald and Catwoman kidnap Gotham's beauty queen, the Ice Princess, and lure Batman to a rooftop above the ceremony. Oswald pushes the Ice Princess to her death with a swarm of bats, effectively framing Batman. When Catwoman objects to the murder and rebuffs Oswald's sexual advances, he attacks her, sending her crashing through a glasshouse. Batman escapes in the Batmobile , unaware that the Red Triangle gang has sabotaged it, allowing Oswald to control the vehicle, causing what appears to be a case of road rage . Before regaining control, Batman records Oswald's insulting tirade against Gotham's citizens and later plays it during Oswald's mayoral rally, destroying his public image and forcing him to retreat to Gotham Zoo. There, Oswald renounces his humanity, fully embracing his identity as the Penguin, and sets his plan in motion to abduct and kill Gotham's first-born sons as revenge for his own abandonment and problems. Selina attempts to kill Max at his charity ball, but Bruce intervenes, and the two inadvertently discover each other's secret identities. Penguin crashes the event intending to kidnap Max's son, Chip, but Max offers himself instead. Batman disrupts the Red Triangle gang and halts the kidnappings, prompting the Penguin to unleash his missile-equipped penguin army to destroy Gotham. Batman's ally, Alfred Pennyworth , overrides the control signal, redirecting the penguins back to Gotham Zoo. As the missiles obliterate the zoo, Batman unleashes a swarm of bats, causing the Penguin to fall into the toxic waters of the Arctic exhibit. Catwoman confronts Max, rejecting Batman's plea to abandon her revenge and leave with him. Max shoots Batman, incapacitating him, and then shoots Catwoman multiple times, but she survives, claiming she has two of her nine lives left. Catwoman electrocutes Max with a live cable, causing a power surge that appears to kill them both; however, Batman finds only Max's remains. The Penguin emerges one last time but succumbs to his injuries, with his penguins carrying his body into the water. Sometime later, while traveling home, Bruce spots Selina's silhouette but finds only a cat, which he takes with him. The Bat-Signal shines above the city as Catwoman gazes up at it. Cast Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire businessman who operates as Gotham's vigilante protector [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Danny DeVito as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin : A malformed crime boss [ 6 ] Michelle Pfeiffer as Selina Kyle / Catwoman : A meek assistant turned vengeful villainess [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Christopher Walken as Max Shreck: A ruthless industrialist [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne's butler and surrogate father [ 10 ] Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The Gotham City police commissioner and Batman's ally [ 11 ] Michael Murphy as the Mayor: The city's incumbent mayor [ 5 ] [ 12 ] The cast of Batman Returns includes Andrew Bryniarski as Max's son Charles "Chip" Schreck and Cristi Conaway as the Ice Princess, Gotham's beauty queen-elect. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger appear as Tucker and Esther Cobblepot, Oswald's wealthy, elite parents. [ 16 ] Sean Whalen appears as a paperboy; [ 15 ] Jan Hooks and Steve Witting play Jen and Josh, Oswald's mayoral image consultants . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The Red Triangle gang includes the monkey-toting Organ Grinder ( Vincent Schiavelli ), the Poodle Lady ( Anna Katarina ), the Tattooed Strongman ( Rick Zumwalt ), the Sword Swallower (John Strong), the Knifethrower Dame (Erika Andersch), the Acrobatic Thug (Gregory Scott Cummins), the Terrifying Clown ( Branscombe Richmond ), the Fat Clown (Travis Mckenna), and the Thin Clown ( Doug Jones ). [ 15 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Production Development Following the success of Batman (1989), which became the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time, a sequel was considered inevitable. Warner Bros. Pictures began discussing a follow-up by late 1989, with plans to start filming the next May. [ a ] The studio wanted Robin Williams and Danny DeVito to portray the Riddler and Penguin, respectively, [ 23 ] and invested $2 million in acquiring the Gotham City sets at Pinewood Studios in England, intending to reuse them for at least two sequels. The sets were placed under 24-hour surveillance, as maintaining them was more cost-effective than rebuilding. [ 23 ] Despite Warner Bros.' pressure to secure a script and begin production, director Tim Burton was hesitant to return. [ 23 ] [ 9 ] [ 25 ] He described the idea of a sequel as "dumbfounded", particularly before the first film's box-office performance could be assessed. [ 23 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Burton was skeptical of sequels in general, believing they were only worthwhile if they offered something new and different. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] Batman writer Sam Hamm 's initial story treatment expanded on district attorney Harvey Dent —played by Billy Dee Williams in Batman —and charted his transformation into the supervillain Two-Face . Warner Bros., however, pushed for the Penguin as the primary antagonist, whom Hamm believed the studio regarded as Batman's most recognizable foe after the Joker . Catwoman was also added because Burton and Hamm were interested in the character. [ 25 ] Hamm's drafts followed directly from Batman , continuing Bruce Wayne's relationship with Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ) and leading to their engagement. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] His Penguin was depicted as an avian-themed criminal who weaponized birds, while Catwoman was portrayed as more overtly sexual, clad in " bondage " attire, and casually murdering groups of men. [ 25 ] The story paired Penguin and Catwoman in a plot to frame Batman for the murders of Gotham's wealthiest citizens while pursuing a hidden treasure, which ultimately drew them to Wayne Manor and uncovered the Wayne family's secret past. Hamm also introduced the Christmastime setting and included Robin , Batman's sidekick, though his idea of assault rifle -wielding Santas was discarded. In Hamm's drafts, Batman avoided killing and concentrated on protecting Gotham's homeless. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Ultimately, his two scripts failed to reignite Burton's interest, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and the director instead focused on Edward Scissorhands (1990) and co-writing The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993). [ 9 ] Burton was confirmed to direct the sequel in January 1991, with filming planned to begin later that year for a 1992 release. [ 27 ] His decision was influenced by the 1989 departure of Batman producers Peter Guber and Jon Peters to Columbia Pictures , as Burton had been frustrated by the level of creative control they exercised over the first film. [ 28 ] He agreed to return only after securing greater creative authority, later admitting that Batman was his least favorite of his films, describing it as "occasionally boring". [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 29 ] According to long-time collaborator Denise Di Novi , "Only about 50% of Batman was [Burton]", and Warner Bros. wanted Batman Returns to be "more of a Tim Burton movie ... [a] weirder movie but also more hip and fun". [ 29 ] Burton brought in several long-time collaborators to replace key members of the original Batman crew, including cinematographer Stefan Czapsky , production designer Bo Welch , creature-effects supervisor Stan Winston , makeup artist Ve Neill , and art directors Tom Duffield and Rick Henrichs. [ 30 ] He hired Daniel Waters to replace Hamm, preferring a writer with no emotional attachment to Batman . Burton admired Waters's script for the dark comedy Heathers (1988), which reflected the darker tone and creative direction he envisioned for the sequel. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 29 ] Burton reportedly clashed with Peters, demoting him to executive producer and largely excluding him from the set. [ 9 ] Warner Bros. served as the production company and distributor, with additional support from executive producer Guber and Peters's Polygram Pictures . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Writing Waters began work on his first draft in mid-1990. [ 33 ] Burton's only guidance was that the script should avoid connections to the previous Batman , aside from a brief reference to Vale as Wayne's former partner, and that Catwoman should be developed with more depth than the typical sexy vixen archetype. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Waters, who disliked the 1989 film, ignored its narrative threads and comic-book history, focusing instead on artistic expression. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Unlike Hamm, Waters did not object to Batman killing , arguing that the character should reflect darker contemporary sensibilities and that relying on authorities to handle captured villains felt outdated. [ 25 ] Even so, he limited Batman's lethal actions to moments that served the story. He also expressed dissatisfaction with unscripted additions, such as the scene where Batman blows up a Red Triangle gang member. [ 8 ] Keaton had Waters remove jabs at the 1989 film's merchandising, including an opening on a merchandise store, saying, "[This] is very clever. Cut it". [ 36 ] Waters's dialogue for Batman, which he described as "bitter and cynical"—including lines suggesting Gotham City was unworthy of protection—was pared back because Keaton felt Batman should speak as little as possible in costume, and Burton preferred to portray the character as motivated by trauma rather than nihilism . [ 8 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] As a result, the script focused on the villains . Burton said he initially struggled to understand the appeal of the Penguin's comic-book counterpart; Batman, Catwoman, and the Joker had clear psychological profiles, but the Penguin was "just this guy with a cigarette and a top hat". [ 25 ] The initial draft portrayed him as a stereotypical DeVito character—an abrasive gangster—but Waters and Burton agreed to make him more "animalistic". [ 33 ] They decided to present the Penguin as a tragic figure, abandoned as an infant by his parents, mirroring Batman's childhood trauma of losing his own parents. [ 25 ] Political and social satire was incorporated, influenced by two episodes of the 1960s television series Batman ("Hizzoner the Penguin" and "Dizhonner the Penguin"), in which the Penguin runs for mayor. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Waters reimagined Hamm's Catwoman, shifting her from a "fetishy sexual fantasy" femme fatale to a working-class, disenchanted secretary, writing her as an allegory of contemporary feminism. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Waters created Max Shreck—an original character named after actor Max Schreck —to replace Harvey Dent/Two-Face. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Shreck was written satirically, an evil industrialist who orchestrates the Penguin's mayoral campaign, to show that true villains do not always wear costumes. In one draft, he was depicted as the Penguin's favored brother. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] With four central characters to develop, Waters and Burton removed Robin, a garage mechanic who aids Batman after the Penguin crashes the Batmobile, describing the character as "worthless". [ 25 ] [ 30 ] The Red Triangle gang, initially conceived as a troupe of performance artists, was changed to circus clowns at Burton's request. [ 38 ] Waters said his 160-page first draft was too outlandish and would have cost $400 million to produce, prompting him to adopt a more restrained approach. [ 33 ] His fifth and final draft focused on characterization and interactions rather than plot. [ b ] Burton and Waters eventually fell out over disagreements about the script, particularly Waters's refusal to make requested changes. Burton hired Wesley Strick to streamline Waters's lengthy script, condense dialogue, and lighten the tone. [ 37 ] Warner Bros. executives required Strick to include a master plan for the Penguin, leading to the addition of a plot involving the kidnapping of Gotham's first-born sons and the threat of missile attacks. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 40 ] Strick delivered his draft in August 1991. [ 28 ] Waters described the changes as relatively minor but expressed confusion over the Penguin's master plan. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] He made a final revision to Strick's shooting script, and although Strick was on set for months and involved in agreed-upon rewrites, Waters was the sole credited screenwriter. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 41 ] Casting Michael Keaton reprised his role as Bruce Wayne / Batman for $10 million, double his salary for Batman . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 42 ] Burton initially wanted Marlon Brando to play the Penguin, but Warner Bros. preferred Dustin Hoffman . Christopher Lloyd and Robert De Niro were also considered, with Danny DeVito emerging as the frontrunner after Waters reimagined the character as a deformed human-bird hybrid. [ 22 ] [ 26 ] [ 43 ] DeVito was initially hesitant to accept the role until persuaded by his close friend Jack Nicholson , who had portrayed the Joker in Batman . [ 26 ] [ 43 ] To communicate his vision, Burton showed DeVito a painting he had created of a small character sitting on a red-and-white striped ball, captioned: "my name is Jimmy, but my friends call me the hideous penguin boy". [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Casting Selina Kyle / Catwoman proved challenging. [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Annette Bening was initially cast in the role but had to withdraw due to pregnancy. Other actresses considered included Ellen Barkin , Cher , Bridget Fonda , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Madonna , Julie Newmar , Lena Olin , Susan Sarandon , Raquel Welch , and Kim Basinger. The most notable contender was Sean Young , who had been cast as Vale in Batman before an injury prevented her from performing. [ c ] Young reportedly visited the Warner Bros. lot in a homemade Catwoman costume for an impromptu audition with Burton, who allegedly hid under his desk while Keaton and producer Mark Canton briefly met with her. She also showcased her costume on Entertainment Tonight and pitched it on The Joan Rivers Show . Warner Bros. ultimately decided that Young did not align with their vision for Catwoman. [ d ] The role went to Michelle Pfeiffer , who was regarded as a proven actress and someone who worked well with Burton, although some publications suggested the role would challenge her acting range. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] Pfeiffer had also been considered for the role of Vale in Batman , but Keaton vetoed her casting due to their previous romantic relationship, believing her presence could interfere with attempts to reconcile with his wife. [ 47 ] She received a $3 million salary—$2 million more than Bening—plus a share of the film's gross profits. [ e ] Pfeiffer trained for several months in kickboxing with her stunt double, Kathy Long , mastering the whip and becoming skilled enough to perform many of her own stunts with it. [ f ] Shreck's appearance was modeled on Vincent Price in an unspecified older film, while Walken based his performance on moguls such as Sol Hurok and Samuel Goldwyn . [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Walken said, "I tend to play mostly villains and twisted people. Unsavory guys. I think it's my face, the way I look". [ 51 ] Burgess Meredith , who portrayed the Penguin in the 1960s TV series, was originally scheduled to cameo as Penguin's father, Tucker Cobblepot, but became ill during filming. He was replaced by Paul Reubens, while Diane Salinger played Tucker's wife, Esther. Both had previously appeared in Burton's feature-film debut, Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985). [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 52 ] Although Robin was removed from the final screenplay, the character's development had progressed far enough that Marlon Wayans had already been cast (Burton had specifically wanted an African-American Robin), and costumes, sets, and action figures were created. In a 1998 interview, Wayans said that he continued to receive residual checks under the two-film contract he had signed. [ g ] Early reports suggested that Nicholson had been asked to return as the Joker, but he allegedly declined to film in England due to foreign salary taxes. Nicholson, however, denied being asked, believing that Warner Bros. would not want to replicate the generous compensation he had received for Batman . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 3, 1991. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 57 ] Burton wanted to film in the United States with American actors, believing that Batman , which had been shot in the United Kingdom, had "suffered from a British subtext". [ h ] Changes in the economics of filming in the UK also made it more cost-effective to remain in the U.S. [ 30 ] This decision required abandoning the Pinewood Studios sets in favor of Burton's new designs. Batman Returns was filmed almost entirely on up to eight soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank , California, including Stage 16, which housed the expansive Gotham Plaza set. [ i ] Stage 12 at the Universal Studios Lot was used for the Penguin's Arctic-exhibit lair. [ j ] Warner Bros. maintained a high level of security to avoid details leaking for Batman Returns . Cast and crew wore ID badges branded with the film's working title , Dictel , a word coined by Welch and Burton meaning "dictatorial", as they were unhappy with the studio's "ridiculous gestapo " measures. [ 59 ] Some sets were kept very cold for the live Emperor , black-footed , and King penguins. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 26 ] The birds were transported in a refrigerated airplane for filming, and housed in a chilled waiting area with a swimming pool stocked daily with half a ton of ice and fresh fish. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] DeVito stated that, although he generally enjoyed being on set, he disliked the cold conditions and was the only cast member somewhat comfortable due to the heavy padding in his costume. [ 8 ] The penguin army was created using live penguins supplemented by puppets, forty Emperor-penguin suits worn by little people, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). [ 8 ] [ 22 ] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protested the use of real penguins, citing concerns over moving the birds from their natural environment. While the organization later acknowledged that the penguins were not mistreated, it criticized the lack of fresh drinking water, noting they were confined to a small chlorinated pool. [ 22 ] [ 60 ] PETA also objected to the penguins being fitted with prop weapons and gadgets, which Warner Bros. stated were lightweight plastic. [ 61 ] Burton himself expressed a reluctance to use live animals, emphasizing his care and concern for their treatment. [ 62 ] Walken described the filming process as highly collaborative, recalling that his suggestion to add a blueprint for Shreck's power plant led to a model being constructed within hours. [ 8 ] The scene in which Catwoman places a live bird in her mouth was performed live, with no CGI, and Pfeiffer later remarked that she would not perform the stunt again, given the potential risks of injury or disease. [ 8 ] For a sewer scene, handlers positioned above and below guided an organ-grinder monkey carrying a note for the Penguin. When the monkey saw DeVito in full costume and makeup, it lunged at him. DeVito recalled, "The monkey looked at me, froze, and then leapt right at my balls ... Thank god it was a padded costume". [ 63 ] A scene depicting the explosion of Shreck's superstore resulted in minor injuries to four stuntmen. [ 22 ] Principal photography concluded on February 20, 1992, after 170 days. [ 22 ] Design and effects Batman Returns ' production design and visual style were reimagined by Bo Welch, replacing the late Anton Furst and bringing a darker, expressionist aesthetic after collaborating with Burton on Beetlejuice (1988) and Edward Scissorhands . [ 5 ] [ 26 ] [ 35 ] Welch designed key props such as the Batskiboat and Penguin's umbrellas, introduced a "Batmissile" mode for the Batmobile, and oversaw large-scale sets including Gotham Plaza and Penguin's lair. [ 35 ] [ 64 ] Influenced by German Expressionism —a 1920s cinematic style characterized by harsh shadows, distorted architecture, and psychological intensity—Welch also drew from neo-fascist architecture (including Nazi Germany-era styles ), American Precisionist painting, and street-level imagery of homelessness amid affluence. He employed miniatures and exaggerated verticality to evoke a decaying, alienating Gotham. [ 22 ] [ 35 ] [ 65 ] Welch, a trained architect, structured the city on a grid of strong vertical lines, emphasizing huge skyscrapers that transform streets into dark canyons to evoke a sense of victimization and oppression. [ 35 ] [ 66 ] He researched the look by studying fascist architecture from the Third Reich and world's fairs , styles he felt were "evocative of oppressive bureaucracies and dictatorships", to design the monolithic Gotham Plaza. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Welch further drew upon Precisionism, a movement known for using hard outlines, solid shadows, and slick, impersonal surfaces to lend industrial subjects an epic character, citing the work of Charles Sheeler and Georgia O'Keeffe as specific influences. [ 66 ] He also incorporated Burton's early sketch of Catwoman, with a "very S&M kind of look", by integrating steel and chain elements into the set, creating the impression of a city collapsing in on itself. [ 35 ] [ 22 ] Costume designers Bob Ringwood and Mary Vogt updated the Batsuit with a mechanical look and created a fragile latex Catwoman suit requiring numerous backups. [ 22 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] DeVito's Penguin relied on extensive prosthetics by Stan Winston Studio , including black saliva for grotesque effect, and the team built thirty animatronic penguins supplemented with actors and digital effects. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 22 ] Post-production was intense, with some effects shots conceived just weeks before the June 19, 1992 release. [ 72 ] The visual effects workload ultimately encompassed around 115 shots, employing matte paintings, miniatures, CGI, makeup, puppets, and pyrotechnics, handled by six major effects houses including Stan Winston Studio, Boss Film Studios , and Matte World Digital . [ 72 ] [ 31 ] Post-production Chris Lebenzon edited the 126-minute theatrical cut of Batman Returns . [ 7 ] [ 17 ] [ 73 ] The post-production period was rushed, forcing Burton to present a cut to studio executives only four weeks after filming wrapped—far shorter than his typical editing timelines. [ 74 ] The final scene of Catwoman looking up at the Bat-Signal was filmed during post-production, just two weeks before release. Warner Bros. mandated the scene—showing that Catwoman survived—after test audiences responded positively to Pfeiffer's performance. Pfeiffer was unavailable, so a stand-in was used. [ k ] Although the character draws on feline mythology—such as cats having nine lives—Waters and Burton never intended the supernatural elements to be taken literally, and Catwoman was planned to definitively die alongside Shreck. [ 8 ] [ 78 ] A scene showing Penguin's gang destroying a store filled with Batman merchandise was also removed. [ 25 ] Warner Bros. provided a final budget of $55 million for Batman Returns , though other sources have cited estimates of $50 million, $65 million, $75 million, or $80 million. [ l ] [ ii ] Music Danny Elfman was initially reluctant to score Batman Returns because he was unhappy that his Batman score was supplemented with pop music by Prince . [ 8 ] Elfman built on many of his Batman themes, and said that he enjoyed working on the Penguin's themes the most because of the character's sympathetic aspects, such as his abandonment and death. [ 8 ] [ 83 ] Recorded with a studio orchestra on the Sony Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, Elfman's score includes vocals, harps, bells, xylophones, flutes, pianos, and chimes. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Burton and Elfman fell out during production due to the stress of finishing Batman Returns on time, but reconciled shortly afterward. [ 86 ] The song " Face to Face ", played during the costume-ball scene, was co-written and performed by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees . [ 85 ] Release Context By the summer theatrical season of 1992 (starting the last week of May), the film industry faced low ticket sales, rising production costs, and several box-office failures from the previous year. [ 87 ] Eighty-nine films were scheduled for release, including A League of Their Own , Alien 3 , Encino Man , Far and Away , Patriot Games , and Sister Act . [ 24 ] [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Studios had to carefully plan releases to avoid competition from anticipated blockbusters, such as Lethal Weapon 3 , Batman Returns , and the 1992 Summer Olympics . [ 79 ] Batman Returns was predicted to be the summer's biggest hit, causing other studios to worry about scheduling films even a few weeks from its premiere. [ 79 ] [ 88 ] Paramount Pictures reportedly increased Patriot Games ' budget by $14 million to make it more competitive with Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 . [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Marketing Franchising had not been a major focus for Batman prior to its release, but after merchandise generated roughly $500 million of the film's $1.5 billion total earnings, it became a priority for Batman Returns . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 89 ] A 12-minute promotional reel debuted at WorldCon in September 1991, alongside a black-and-white poster of a silhouetted Batman, which was deemed "mundane" and uninspiring by industry professionals. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] Warner Bros. delayed major promotion until February 1992 to avoid over-saturation and alienating audiences. [ 65 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] A trailer rolled out in 5,000 theaters that month, accompanied by a new poster showing a snow-swept Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] The campaign focused on the three central characters—Batman, Penguin, and Catwoman—which Warner Bros. believed would offset the absence of the popular Nicholson. [ 87 ] [ 90 ] Over two-thirds of the 300 public posters were stolen, prompting Warner Bros. to offer 200 limited-edition posters for $250, signed by Keaton, who donated his earnings to charity. [ 22 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Marketing expenditures were expected to exceed $100 million, including $20 million by Warner Bros. for commercials and trailers and $60 million by merchandising partners. These partners—including McDonald's , Ralston Purina , Kmart , Target Corporation , Venture Stores , and Sears —planned roughly 300 in-store Batman shops. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] McDonald's converted 9,000 outlets into Gotham City restaurants, featuring Batman-themed packaging and a cup lid that doubled as a flying disc. [ 89 ] CBS aired the television special The Bat, The Cat, The Penguin ... Batman Returns , while Choice Hotels sponsored the hour-long The Making of Batman Returns . [ 22 ] [ 89 ] TV ads depicted Batman and Catwoman fighting over a can of Diet Coke , with the Penguin (and his penguins) promoting Choice Hotels, and additional advertisements ran on billboards and in print—sometimes across three consecutive newspaper pages—targeting older audiences. [ 90 ] Box office Batman Returns premiered on June 16, 1992, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Two blocks of Hollywood Boulevard were closed for more than 3,000 fans, 33 TV film crews, and 100 photographers. A party followed on the Stage 16 Gotham Plaza set, attended by the cast and crew, as well as Arnold Schwarzenegger , Faye Dunaway , James Caan , Mickey Rooney , Harvey Keitel , Christian Slater , and James Woods , among others. [ 58 ] The film had a limited preview release in the U.S. and Canada on Thursday, June 18, grossing $2 million. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 82 ] It expanded widely the following day, playing on an above-average 3,000 screens across 2,644 theaters. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 92 ] Batman Returns grossed $45.7 million in its opening weekend, breaking the record set by Batman ($42.7 million), and debuted as the number-one film, topping Sister Act ($7.8 million in its fourth weekend) and Patriot Games ($7.7 million in its third). [ 24 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Batman Returns was the first feature film released in Dolby Stereo Digital , in select theaters, marking a milestone in cinema audio technology that later became synonymous with surround sound in theaters. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Early analysis suggested Batman Returns could become one of the highest-grossing films of all time. Warner Bros. executive Robert Friedman noted, "We opened it the first real weekend when kids are out of school. The audience is everybody, but the engine that drives the charge are kids under 20". [ 24 ] Patriot Games producer Mace Neufeld observed that other films benefited from overflow audiences who avoided long lines or sold-out screenings of Batman Returns . [ 24 ] Batman Returns grossed $25.4 million in its second weekend—a 44.3 percent drop—yet remained the number-one film ahead of the debuting Unlawful Entry ($10.1 million) and Sister Act ($7.2 million). [ 96 ] [ 97 ] By its third weekend, it became the second-fastest film to reach $100 million (11 days), behind Batman (10 days). [ 98 ] It held the top spot with $13.8 million (a 45.6 percent drop), narrowly edging out the debuts of A League of Their Own ($13.7 million) and Boomerang ($13.6 million). [ 97 ] [ 99 ] The Washington Post described its steep week-to-week declines as concerning, and industry analysts suggested that Batman Returns would struggle to match the theatrical longevity of Batman . [ 97 ] [ 22 ] The film exited the top ten highest-grossing films by its seventh week and concluded its 18-week run in late October with a total U.S. and Canada gross of $162.8 million. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] This made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1992, behind Home Alone 2: Lost in New York ($173.6 million) and Aladdin ($217.3 million). [ 102 ] Outside the U.S. and Canada, Batman Returns grossed $104 million, [ 103 ] setting U.K. records for the highest-grossing opening weekend (£2.5 million) and single-day gross (£1.1 million). [ 97 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Worldwide, Batman Returns grossed $266.8 million, [ iii ] making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992, ahead of A Few Good Men ($243.2 million) and behind Lethal Weapon 3 ($321.7 million). [ 103 ] Reception Critical response Batman Returns drew a polarized response from critics and audiences, with its darker tone and mature content proving divisive. [ 5 ] [ 22 ] [ 106 ] CinemaScore polling reported an average grade from audiences of B on an A+-to-F scale. [ 107 ] Some reviewers, including Janet Maslin and Desson Howe , compared the sequel favorably to Batman , citing faster pacing, increased humor, and greater character depth, which avoided the original's "dourness" and "tedium". [ m ] Maslin and Dave Kehr emphasized that Burton's creative control made Batman Returns a more personal and "fearlessly" distinctive work. [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Critics such as Kenneth Turan commended the film's visuals but argued that the emphasis on spectacle sometimes made it feel cheerless and claustrophobic, occasionally at the expense of the plot. [ 7 ] [ 81 ] [ 111 ] Owen Gleiberman suggested that Burton's imaginative flourishes were undermined by a lack of grounding in normality. [ 7 ] The narrative received mixed reactions. Howe and Turan praised the film for adding emotional depth to its characters, particularly Catwoman and the Penguin, though Turan noted a lag in pacing midway. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] In contrast, Todd McCarthy found the story cluttered, with too many plotlines diminishing momentum. [ 110 ] Gleiberman similarly argued that the numerous storylines created a sense of disjointedness. [ 7 ] Critics generally agreed that the first two acts were more compelling than the finale, which they believed struggled to resolve multiple character arcs satisfactorily. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] [ 110 ] Others, including Jonathan Rosenbaum , believed the film lacked suspense and clever writing, overwhelmed by characters and near-constant banter. [ 12 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Maslin observed that Burton prioritized visuals over plot. [ 109 ] Gene Siskel argued that the sympathetic villains diminished narrative satisfaction, leaving viewers wishing Batman might not prevail. [ 115 ] Critics noted that the film devoted more attention to its villains than to Batman himself. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 116 ] Gleiberman remarked that the villain sequences often overshadowed Keaton's performance. [ 7 ] McCarthy described Batman as a symbolic figure rather than a psychologically complex character, while Ebert viewed being Batman as a curse rather than a heroic fantasy. [ 12 ] [ 110 ] [ 116 ] Conversely, Peter Travers praised Keaton's "manic depressive hero" as a fully realized character. [ 117 ] DeVito was acclaimed by Gleiberman, McCarthy, and Maslin for his energetic and distinctive portrayal, effectively conveying pathos and complexity despite heavy prosthetics. [ 7 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Howe highlighted Burton's focus on the character as indicative of directorial sympathy, [ 108 ] while Maslin and Caryn James praised DeVito's charm, making the Penguin a compelling and memorable presence. [ 109 ] [ 116 ] McCarthy and Travers described him as fascinating and humorously warped. [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Turan and Rosenbaum, however, felt he did not evoke the same fear or energy as Nicholson's Joker. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 113 ] Turan, Kehr, and Maslin praised Pfeiffer for her passionate, intelligent, and fiercely independent performance, providing energy and levity amid the film's dark tone. [ 81 ] [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Rosenbaum felt she did not match Nicholson's villainy, [ 113 ] though Turan called the Batman–Catwoman scenes the most interesting. [ 81 ] Travers noted that when the characters remove their masks, they appear "lost and touchingly human," and Ty Burr described the ballroom scene as more emotionally resonant than anything in Batman . [ 117 ] [ 111 ] Ebert observed that their sexual tension seemed muted for a younger audience. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] Walken's performance was praised for its combination of charm, wit, and understated authority. Maslin emphasized Walken's debonair and engaging performance as one of the film's highlights, while McCarthy noted his understated, composed delivery. Travers also remarked on his clever and amusing take on the character, describing him as a "fiendishly funny" presence. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Bo Welch's production design received acclaim for creating a sleeker, brighter, and more authoritarian Gotham than Furst's "brooding" style. [ 81 ] [ 112 ] [ 118 ] McCarthy lauded Welch's realization of Burton's vision, though Siskel dismissed it as "toy shop window decorating" compared to Furst. [ 110 ] [ 115 ] Costume and makeup design were praised, with Maslin noting their lingering visual impact. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 119 ] Stefan Czapsky's cinematography was well received, lending a "lively" quality to the subterranean sets. [ 109 ] Accolades At the 46th British Academy Film Awards , Batman Returns was nominated for Best Makeup (Ve Neill and Stan Winston) and Best Special Visual Effects (Michael Fink, Craig Barron, John Bruno, and Dennis Skotak). [ 120 ] For the 65th Academy Awards , Batman Returns received two nomations: Best Makeup (Neill, Ronnie Specter, and Winston) and Best Visual Effects (Fink, Barron, Bruno, and Skotak). [ 121 ] Neill and Winston received the Best Make-up award at the 19th Saturn Awards . The film received four other Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film , Best Supporting Actor (DeVito), Best Director (Burton), and Best Costume Design (Bob Ringwood, Mary Vogt, and Vin Burnham ). [ 122 ] DeVito was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor at the 13th Golden Raspberry Awards , and Pfeiffer for Most Desirable Female at the 1993 MTV Movie Awards . [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Batman Returns was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. [ 125 ] After release Performance analysis and aftermath The U.S. and Canadian box office underperformed in 1992, with admissions down by up to five percent and about 290 million tickets sold (compared to over 300 million in each of the preceding four years). Industry professionals attributed the decline to a combination of uninspired films, rising ticket prices, competition from the Olympics, and an economic recession . Even financially successful films experienced steep week-to-week drops, particularly among younger audiences, who were vital to box office success. [ 126 ] Despite these challenges, Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 gave Warner Bros. the most profitable first half-year in its history, with the studio expecting returns over $200 million . [ 98 ] However, Batman Returns fell $114.8 million short of Batman ' s $411.6 million gross, and was considered a disappointment as a sequel to the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time. [ 42 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] By July 1992, anonymous Warner Bros. executives reportedly said about the film, "It's too dark. It's not a lot of fun". [ 5 ] Although it carried a PG-13 rating —warning that it may contain content unsuitable for children—Warner Bros. received thousands of complaint letters from parents who objected to the film's violent and sexualized content. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 126 ] Waters recalled one screening where "It's like kids crying, people acting like they've been punched in the stomach and like they've been mugged". [ 5 ] He anticipated some backlash but admitted that certain elements may have gone too far. [ 129 ] Burton later said that he preferred Batman Returns to Batman and did not view it as darker. [ 130 ] Sam Hamm defended Burton and Waters, stating that, aside from merchandising, the film had never been intended as child-friendly. [ 129 ] McDonald's was also criticized for its child-centered promotion and toy tie-ins. [ n ] The company subsequently changed its practices, requiring extended previews of films before agreeing to promotional partnerships. [ 132 ] Warner Bros.' hopes that the film might mirror Batman ' s lucrative merchandising campaign were similarly undercut, as demand for licensed products proved far weaker than in 1989. A JCPenney representative reported that only about one-third of stock had sold, with the remainder discounted, while another store described sales as barely a tenth of Batman ' s. [ 132 ] In light of the backlash and merchandising decline, Warner Bros. chose to continue the series without Burton, whom they considered "too dark and odd for them", and hired Joel Schumacher to direct the next installment. [ 42 ] A rival studio executive remarked, "If you bring back Burton and Keaton, you're stuck with their vision. You can't expect Honey, I Shrunk the Batman ", referencing the family-friendly Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989). [ 131 ] Around the same time, executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael Uslan sued Warner Bros., alleging that the studio had denied them their share of profits from Batman and Batman Returns through Hollywood accounting practices—artificially inflating a film's production costs to make it appear unprofitable and limit payouts. A court ruled in Warner Bros.' favor, citing insufficient evidence. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Home media Batman Returns was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 21, 1992. [ 22 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] The VHS carried a lower-than-average price to encourage sales and rentals. Although the film was expected to sell millions of copies and perform strongly as a rental, commentators suggested its darker tone would limit appeal among children, the demographic most responsible for driving home-video sales. [ 135 ] Danny Elfman's score was issued on compact disc in 1992, with an expanded edition released in 2010. [ 85 ] The film was first released on DVD in 1997, without additional features. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In October 2005, Warner Bros. issued an anthology DVD box set containing all four films in the Burton–Schumacher Batman series. The Batman Returns disc included a commentary by Burton, the making-of featurette The Bat, The Cat, and The Penguin , the fourth part of the documentary Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight , featurettes on costumes, make-up, and special effects, and the music video for Face to Face . [ 139 ] The anthology set was reissued on Blu-ray in 2009, alongside a standalone Blu-ray edition of Batman Returns . [ 137 ] [ 140 ] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray edition, restored from the original 35mm negative, was released in 2019 with previously available special features. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] A 4K collector's edition followed in 2022, packaged in a SteelBook case with original cover art, character cards, a double-sided poster, and the earlier supplements. [ 143 ] Other media About 120 products were marketed with Batman Returns , including action figures and toys by Kenner Products , Catwoman-themed clothing, toothbrushes, roller skates, T-shirts, underwear, sunglasses, towels, beanbags, mugs, weightlifting gloves, throw pillows, cookie cutters, commemorative coins, playing cards, costume jewelry, cereal, a radio-controlled Batmobile, and even tortilla chips shaped like the Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Although a similar number of products had been marketed for Batman (1989), Warner Bros. used fewer licensees this time to allow greater oversight. To combat counterfeiting, holographic labels developed by American Bank Note Holographics were attached to licensed merchandise. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The concurrent release of Batman: The Animated Series later in 1992 was expected to extend merchandising success beyond the film's theatrical run. [ 89 ] Other tie-ins included a novelization by Craig Shaw Gardner , published in July 1992, [ 144 ] [ 145 ] and the roller coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America , built at a cost of $8 million and later replicated at additional Six Flags parks alongside a Batman stunt show. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] Several video-game adaptations titled Batman Returns were released across nearly all available platforms; [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was the most successful. [ 149 ] The film's legacy continued in later media. To celebrate the Penguin's 80th anniversary, DeVito wrote the 2021 comic story "Bird Cat Love", in which Penguin and Catwoman fall in love and end the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 150 ] [ 151 ] In 2022, DC Comics launched Batman '89 , a series written by Sam Hamm with art by Joe Quinones, which continues the Burton continuity, following up on Batman Returns by depicting Harvey Dent's transformation into Two-Face and introducing Robin. [ 152 ] The Red Triangle Gang made their first appearance outside the film in Robin #15 (2022). [ 153 ] [ 154 ] That same year, a holiday tie-in book was released, Batman Returns: One Dark Christmas Eve: The Illustrated Holiday Classic , by Ivan Cohen. [ 155 ] In 2023, LEGO released a near 4,000-piece Batcave set inspired by Batman Returns . [ 156 ] Thematic analysis Duality and fragmented identity Critic David Crow identifies duality as a central motif in Batman Returns , noting that Catwoman, Penguin, and Shreck each reflect warped aspects of Batman. [ 157 ] [ 25 ] [ 114 ] English and American studies professor Carol Siegel contends that the film is a neo-gothic fairy tale exploring bodily transformation and fragmented identity, often through the lens of rage against oppressive social structures. [ 158 ] Siegel argues that the film is unique within the Batman mythos because it is "more concerned with Bruce Wayne than his alter ego", resulting in an "almost complete abandonment of the action-adventure aspect of the comic tradition". [ 159 ] The divided selves of Bruce and Selina are central to the narrative, and themes of fractured identity are especially evident in Catwoman's transformation. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] According to author Simon Born, the dual identities constrain both characters, and their fleeting recognition at the masquerade ball is undermined by what he terms their "advanced schizophrenia". [ 161 ] Like Bruce, Selina is driven by trauma and inner conflict; unlike Batman, who seeks justice, she seeks vengeance. [ 6 ] [ 112 ] Although Catwoman acknowledges Batman's assertion that they are "the same, split right down the center", their differences prevent reconciliation. [ 25 ] Critics Darren Mooney and Betsy Sharkey argue that Penguin mirrors Batman's origin, as both lost their parents at an early age. Shreck even notes that, if not for his abandonment, Oswald Cobblepot and Bruce Wayne might have shared social circles. While Batman accepts his solitude, the Penguin craves acceptance, love, and respect, despite his destructive impulses. [ 5 ] [ 35 ] Mooney suggests Batman's conflicts with Penguin are personal rather than moral: Batman, quietly proud of being a "freak", resents the Penguin for mirroring his own abnormality. [ 5 ] Shreck, meanwhile, embodies Bruce's public persona taken to extremes—an industrialist whose greed and populism are masked by cheap gestures toward the public. [ 25 ] Born describes Batman Returns as a highly stylized neo-gothic work in which identity, social critique, and psychological trauma are externalized through an opulent design. [ 157 ] He refers to Gotham as an "insurrection of signs", where established symbols are inverted and notions of good and evil destabilized. [ 162 ] Born further argues that Batman has lost his personal identity to his alter ego: "Bruce Wayne is the mask of Batman". Batman uses this monstrous persona to shield himself from the world. Born notes that the hero's violence is depicted with a "casualness and malice" that is intended to unsettle the audience. [ 160 ] This portrayal implies that Batman is not far removed from the "relentless methods" of the fascistic powers he once opposed in earlier comics. [ 163 ] The carnivalesque and social critique Writer Catherine Mettler describes Batman Returns as a cinematic application of Mikhail Bakhtin 's theory of the carnivalesque , which posits that carnival can invert existing power hierarchies and enable popular renewal. Burton's work is characterized by elements that are "exuberantly colorful, gay, hallucinogenic, childlike, and chaotic", which he applies to films such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005). [ 164 ] The Penguin is a key embodiment of the carnivalesque, particularly through the concept of the grotesque body. [ 165 ] Mettler highlights his deformed physicality and excessive appetites as representations of the "unbounded" and "materially linked" body of the common people. [ 165 ] His sewer lair is described as a circus, further emphasizing the visual chaos of his character. [ 166 ] Living among the city's waste, the Penguin's existence underscores the stark divide between the elite and the masses he represents. [ 167 ] As the "least obvious carnivalesque character," Catwoman embodies the theme on a personal level. [ 168 ] Her transformation aligns with Bakhtin's notion of a carnival spirit that liberates a person from "conventions and established truths" and offers entry into "a completely new order of things". [ 168 ] Selina, a victim of a "sexist macho society", is pushed out a window by her boss. [ 169 ] Born argues that Selina empowers herself by adapting the 'symbol of her oppression—the cat—' and reframing it as a 'furious panther' in opposition to the chauvinistic business world. [ 160 ] Her rebellion reflects post-feminist theories linking sexuality, power, and identity. [ 160 ] However, Born argues that her struggle against masculine authority ultimately fails, as her autonomy is continually challenged by male characters, reflecting Hollywood's patriarchal system. [ 160 ] Sexuality and repression Batman Returns is noted for its exploration of sexuality, particularly the relationship between Batman and Catwoman, with critics often citing its S&M undertones and the use of leather fetish suits. [ 170 ] Siegel described the film as an "S&M art film" marketed as a children's summer blockbuster. [ 171 ] She argues that the film's exploration of fetishism, perversity, and eroticism is central to its neo-gothic themes. [ 158 ] According to Siegel, a central theme in Burton's work, including Batman Returns , is the "shared exhilaration and anxiety concerning bodily transformation". [ 172 ] This is most evident in Catwoman, whose transformation is marked by prominent stitches on her homemade patent-leather suit. [ 173 ] These stitches are both literal and symbolic, testifying to her reanimation after her death and revival by alley cats. [ 172 ] Siegel posits that the act of sewing her own suit functions as an ironic mimicry of the oppressive feminine social roles that had previously terrorized her. [ 174 ] Siegel suggests that their consensual S&M-coded relationship is mitigated by their heroic actions, which allow them to channel "both their rage and their perverse desires into their ongoing fight against destructive evil". [ 175 ] She contends this portrayal suggests that S&M can be regarded as "nearly wholesome so long as it is manifested with control and proper purpose". [ 175 ] Other critics interpret Batman and Catwoman's attraction less as sexual perversity and more as a "romance between two schizophrenics," rooted in shared anger and emotional wounds. [ 175 ] Critic Tom Breihan described Catwoman's vinyl catsuit as "pure BDSM ", complete with the whip she wields as a weapon. [ 25 ] [ 176 ] In the climax, she rejects Batman's offer of a happy ending and abandoning her revenge against Shreck; accepting Batman's will would mean allowing another man to control her. [ 25 ] Selina's arc from timid secretary to dominant Catwoman represents liberation from social conventions and established truths. [ 168 ] For Siegel, her stitched-together "Frankensteinean" catsuit is an artistic embodiment of her rage against patriarchal and repressive roles that once defined her. [ 177 ] Her story is one of personal empowerment against male hegemony, culminating in her showdown with Shreck. [ 178 ] Catwoman's overt embrace of sexuality contrasts with Batman's repression, presenting sexuality as dangerous, destabilizing, and incompatible with their vigilante roles. [ 179 ] Her sexuality functions both as empowerment and as a threat to patriarchal structures embodied by Shreck, Batman, and Penguin. [ 179 ] Alongside Catwoman's sexualized persona, Batman Returns continues a tradition in Batman media in which the hero's power stems from sublimating sexuality into violence. [ 179 ] Criminal justice scholar Graeme Newman said that, historically, Batman has been portrayed as asexual, reinforcing his obsessive focus on crime-fighting and echoing a moral stance that renounces "the medieval evil itself: sex". [ 180 ] His "tremendous force" of sexuality is redirected into "unrestrained lust: violence", presenting a distinctly male response to desire. [ 181 ] In Batman , his sexual encounter with Vicki Vale leaves him restless and disturbed, suggesting intimacy conflicts with his crime-fighting obsession. [ 182 ] The avoidance of homosexual themes—such as omitting Robin from the film or killing him in comics—was partly driven by fears that such portrayals would "contradict and divert attention away from the single-minded pursuit of justice". [ 182 ] The dynamic between Batman and Catwoman underscores this tension; both recognize that if they were to be together, they would no longer need to pursue their respective justice obsessions. [ 181 ] Mettler notes that while Catwoman achieves independence from social constraints and male control, she never achieves sexual liberation, observing that despite their attraction, she and Batman never consummate their relationship. [ 183 ] Film analyst Arthur Taussig argues that Catwoman's final decision in Batman Returns to reject the heroic Batman and choose "total freedom, total independence from all men" is a "revolutionary statement" and a "political breakthrough for popular cinema," as it subverts the traditional Hollywood formula of female characters finding fulfillment only through a male partner. [ 184 ] Power, politics, and ideology These tensions between sexuality and repression feed directly into the film's broader exploration of power and ideology, most clearly embodied in the Penguin's mayoral campaign, which Shreck masterminds. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Selina gains agency by donning the Catwoman costume and embracing her anger and sexuality. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By contrast, according to Newman, Batman sublimates sexuality into violence, aligning him with a conservative ideology: order requires the denial of personal desire, and strength must be expressed through "good violence" in service of justice. [ 185 ] The film's political themes are interwoven with the machinations of Shreck, a figure who wields wealth to secure influence, declaring, "There's no such thing as too much power; if my life has a meaning that's the meaning". [ 25 ] Born argues that Shreck is arguably the film's only purely evil character; he is more frightening than the "freaks and monsters" because he operates "behind a façade of normalcy" while manipulating, corrupting, and killing others. Born contends that Burton's work suggests the true source of fear is not "the Other" (the outsider) but the "ordinary". [ 186 ] He further explains that Burton portrays the film's "freaks and monsters" as victimized individuals: the Penguin, abandoned by wealthy parents, lashes out at the consumer society that rejected him; Catwoman emerges from a chauvinistic world; and even Batman is a "traumatized individual". [ 187 ] Born concludes that the film ultimately destabilizes the binaries of good and evil, framing them as subjective narrative constructs. [ 188 ] Shreck convinces Penguin to run for mayor to advance his own interests, while Penguin seeks the legitimacy and respect that recognition would bring, echoing Catwoman's struggle. [ 116 ] [ 189 ] Critic Caryn James observed that Batman Returns delivers "sharp political jabs", suggesting that money and image matter more than substance. [ 116 ] Whereas the Joker in Batman won support by throwing money into the crowd, Shreck and Penguin rely on spectacle, pandering, and corporate showmanship. Penguin notes that both he and Shreck are monsters, but only Shreck is "well-respected". James remarked that Penguin does not seek to become lovable, only accepted. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 116 ] When voters turn on him, he retaliates with a plan to kill infants, symbols of the opportunities he never had. Critic John Crow argued that Burton shows greatest sympathy for Penguin, devoting more screen time to his development. [ 25 ] The narrative aligns with Newman's interpretation of the film as delivering a "deeply conservative message". [ 185 ] The ineffectual liberal mayor is outmaneuvered by Shreck, the "evil capitalist", while Gotham's "fickle masses" nearly elect Penguin. [ 185 ] In this reading, "the moral weakness of liberalism is eclipsed by the moral strength of evil", leaving Batman's "good violence" as the only force capable of restoring order. [ 185 ] The interplay of sexuality and politics completes this logic: Catwoman's sexuality threatens male control, Batman's repression channels desire into violence, and Gotham's citizens, manipulated by spectacle, require a morally certain, if brutal, hero to save them from themselves. [ 190 ] These artistic and political strands are closely tied to Burton's personal rebellious impulses. He admitted a desire to vent anger "on such a grand scale," claiming he was "pretty much against society from the beginning". [ 191 ] This resistance to class hierarchy and patriarchy recurs throughout his work. [ 191 ] Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique Crow and Mooney saw Batman Returns as a critique of Batman's real-world cultural popularity and merchandising, particularly following the success of the previous film. Notably, a scene of a store filled with Batman merchandise being destroyed was removed from the final cut. [ 25 ] The film is "saturated with Christmas energy", but rejects conventional holiday norms to function as an anti- Christmas film that critiques commercialism and the absence of true goodwill. Shreck cynically exploits Christmas tropes, falsely portraying himself as selfless and benevolent, while the perversions of Penguin's Red Triangle gang represent a more overt rejection of the holiday. [ 5 ] [ 25 ] Born describes Christmas as a central motif in the film, but it is portrayed as a symbol of "commercial mass deception" and the "tyranny of department stores". [ 162 ] Both Penguin and Catwoman use the festive season to challenge Gotham's established power structures with carnivalesque traits. [ 192 ] Gotham City is dominated by Shreck. [ 193 ] Shreck embodies ruthless capitalism concealed behind the "friendly face of a cartoon animal", a subtle critique by Burton of his own experiences with corporate entities like The Walt Disney Company . [ 193 ] Batman Returns has been described as a neo-gothic fairy tale that is "more Burton than Batman". [ 194 ] Its content was deemed unsuitable for young children, prompting backlash from parents and critics. [ 132 ] An editorial in The New York Times warned that the film was "violent, sexually suggestive", featuring scenes where "kids are abandoned, kidnapped, and threatened with death". [ 132 ] The film includes racy dialogue, such as "just the pussy I've been looking for" and "I'd like to fill her void", which angered many parents. This controversy extended to merchandising, with McDonald's receiving numerous complaints about licensed toys and promotional items tied to the film. The resulting outcry over the film's tone and violence highlighted a clash between its dark themes and its marketing to a younger audience. [ 132 ] The film emphasizes loneliness and isolation during Christmastime: Bruce is first shown sitting alone in his vast mansion, inert until the Bat-Signal shines in the sky. While he forms a connection with Kyle, their differences remain insurmountable, and he ends the film as he began it; alone. [ 5 ] Critic Todd McCarthy noted that isolation is a recurring theme in much of Burton's work, emphasized in the film's three main characters. [ 110 ] Some contemporary critics argue that while the film is not explicitly antisemitic , it utilizes visual and thematic elements associated with historical Jewish stereotypes. [ 195 ] They suggest the Penguin embodies traits such as a "hooked nose, pale face and lust for herring" and is "unathletic and seemingly unthreatening but who, in fact, wants to murder every firstborn child of the gentile community". [ 195 ] The character teams with Shreck (a name the critics describe as 'Jewish-sounding') to disrupt Christmas and Christian traditions. [ 195 ] According to LAist , the Penguin's exaggerated caricature, assault on holiday customs, and overt biblical symbolism create a "perfect storm" of imagery evoking antisemitic tropes. [ 196 ] These critics contend that Burton, in drawing inspiration from the German Expressionist aesthetic, unintentionally referenced a problematic lineage, as some art critics view the Nosferatu (1922) character Count Orlok (portrayed by actor Max Shreck) as an example of a bizarre and monstrous characterization of Jews as the predatory, parasitic "other". [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 193 ] Conversely, Melvin Salberg and Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League argued that reading the film as antisemitic is a misinterpretation that overlooks the filmmakers' intent and distracts from real-world antisemitism. [ 197 ] Furthermore, Taussig noted the biblical resonance of the Penguin's infancy, with a baby carriage floating in a river recalling the story of Moses . [ 184 ] Visual effects supervisor Robert Skotak explained that the sequence was conceived as a visual descent into the underworld, portraying a sinister baptism, symbolically paralleling the biblical narrative. [ 198 ] Legacy Retrospective reception Despite a mixed initial reception from critics and audiences, Batman Returns has undergone a critical reappraisal in the years since its release and is now considered a classic of the superhero genre. Several publications, such as Variety and The Hollywood Reporter , now rank it among the best Batman and superhero films, with some calling it "the greatest Batman movie ever made". [ o ] The film is seen as "underrated" and a "series peaking early," with subsequent films failing to live up to its vision. [ 9 ] [ 201 ] Burton's artistic choices, which were criticized at the time, are now seen as prescient and ahead of their time. [ 9 ] The "darker" and more "bleak" aspects of the film have been re-evaluated in the wake of later, more serious superhero films. Burton noted the irony of the film being deemed 'too dark,' given that later films—including The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) and The Batman (2022)—went even darker. [ p ] Burton said that while Batman Returns was seen by some as bleak, for him it was a mixture of gothic, playful, kinky, and experimental tones. [ 202 ] The Hollywood Reporter notes that the film was "truer to Tim Burton's dark vision than its predecessor". [ 205 ] [ 203 ] According to The Ringer , the very "fatalistic and noir elements" that Roger Ebert criticized in 1992 are now "the going currency of event movies". [ 9 ] Critic Brian Tallerico said that the elements which originally upset critics and audiences are what makes it still "revelatory... It's one of the best and strangest movies of its kind ever made". [ 141 ] Writer Daniel Waters recalled being told that Batman Returns was a "great movie for people who don't like Batman". [ 34 ] [ 206 ] While the film received criticism for its depiction of Batman killing, Waters defended the choice, arguing that in a film like The Dark Knight (2008), it was not practical for Batman to let the Joker live, knowing he could escape and cause more harm. [ 8 ] [ 25 ] He believed that the reception to Batman Returns was improving with time, especially after the release of The Batman . [ 34 ] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has an 82% approval rating from reviews by 93 critics, with an average score of 6.9/10. According to the website's critical consensus, "Director Tim Burton's dark, brooding atmosphere, Michael Keaton's work as the tormented hero, and the flawless casting of Danny DeVito as The Penguin and Christopher Walken as, well, Christopher Walken make the sequel better than the first". [ 207 ] The film has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic (based on 23 critics), indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 208 ] Cultural influence The film is widely regarded as an exemplar of the superhero genre's potential for artistic expression. Variety credits the film with helping to legitimize the genre by pairing Keaton's Batman with Burton's distinct and vivid world-building. [ 199 ] The Burton Batman films are also credited with establishing the darker, more serious tone that would later define the modern superhero genre of the early 21st century. [ 94 ] Publications like Empire and Polygon describe the film as a deeply personal and "unmistakably Burton" work, infused with the same gothic and satirical sensibilities as his earlier films like Beetlejuice and Edward Scissorhands . [ 77 ] [ 202 ] This approach made the film a "bold, auteur-driven detour" in Batman's cinematic history, contrasting sharply with the camp of the 1960s and the later, more grounded style of The Dark Knight trilogy. [ 202 ] Author Jeff Bond called Batman Returns the "first auteur superhero movie" because it allowed Burton to make a film that was his "weird experiment" rather than a strict adaptation. [ 95 ] [ 202 ] This willingness to ignore traditional comic book elements and sequel hooks in favor of his unique vision helped pave the way for other creative directors, such as Christopher Nolan , Peter Jackson , and Sam Raimi , to helm major franchises. [ 9 ] [ 77 ] Director of The Batman Matt Reeves and that film's star Robert Pattinson both called Batman Returns their favorite Batman film. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Additionally, director Robert Eggers said that it visually inspired his film Nosferatu (2024). [ 211 ] Pfeiffer's portrayal of Catwoman is widely regarded as a definitive big-screen interpretation of the character, praised not only for her iconic costume but for a performance that brought a unique blend of sexuality, danger, outrageousness, and pathos to the role. [ q ] Burton called it one of his favorite performances he has ever worked on. [ 212 ] While initially hailed as the film's "bright spot" amid a mixed critical reception, the performance is now considered one of the greatest in the superhero genre, credited with taking a comic book character and turning her into a complex, contradictory figure that served as a commentary on the portrayal of women in genre fiction. [ r ] The role is seen as a "career-making" one that helped audiences forget previous portrayals and cemented Pfeiffer's as the "definitive big-screen Catwoman". [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 205 ] Variety argued that Pfeiffer deserved an Academy Award nomination for her performance, and set a benchmark for future portrayals. [ s ] Burton recalled that by the time of Batman Returns , studios had begun to talk in terms of "franchises" and marketing, concepts that were still relatively new during production of the 1989 film. The Hollywood Reporter notes that while Batman launched the modern superhero movie, Batman Returns marked a more complex stage in that evolution. With its darker tone, bold characterizations, and extensive marketing tie-ins, the film helped pave the way for the genre's later dominance, even if Burton's approach made that progression a more uneven one. [ 8 ] The film's tone and clash with corporate partners like McDonald's, which objected to darker content, prompted Warner Bros. to pivot to the more lighthearted and "campy" style of the Joel Schumacher films. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] While this was an attempt to create films with more broad, family-friendly appeal, The Ringer wrote that the Schumacher films are now seen as "borderline unwatchable", while Batman Returns is seen as a superior and more enduring cinematic work. [ 9 ] [ 224 ] In January 2017, one of the iconic Batsuits worn by Keaton in the film sold at auction for $41,250. [ 225 ] Although a summer blockbuster upon its release, Batman Returns has become a holiday film staple due to its winter setting and Christmas iconography. Several publications have listed it among the best alternative Christmas films, noting its themes of loneliness and isolation. [ t ] It is also identified as the centerpiece of Burton's unofficial Christmas trilogy, bookended by Edward Scissorhands and The Nightmare Before Christmas . [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Sequels Following the reception of Batman Returns , Warner Bros. sought to continue the series without Burton. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Although Burton considered making a third film, the studio encouraged him to pursue other projects and he realized they did not want him to return. He was replaced with Joel Schumacher, who was seen as better suited to delivering a more family- and merchandise-friendly sequel. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Keaton initially supported the change but eventually left the role, later saying the proposed third film "just wasn't any good, man". [ 42 ] [ 131 ] [ 229 ] Industry reports suggested he also sought a $15 million salary and profit share, though his producing partner Harry Colomby denied money was the issue. [ 129 ] Schumacher's Batman Forever (1995) was financially successful but less well received critically than Batman Returns . [ 230 ] Its sequel, Batman & Robin (1997), was a critical and commercial disappointment, often cited as one of the worst blockbuster films ever made, [ 230 ] [ 231 ] and led to the franchise being placed on hiatus until the reboot Batman Begins (2005). [ 129 ] [ 231 ] [ 131 ] By the mid-1990s, Burton and Waters were attached to a planned Catwoman film starring Pfeiffer. [ 232 ] [ 233 ] Burton and Waters held competing visions for the project: Burton wanted to make an intimate black-and-white drama in homage to Cat People (1942), while Waters's script followed Catwoman, suffering from amnesia after the events of Batman Returns , in the Las Vegas -like Oasisburg, where she confronted corrupt male superheroes. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] The project stalled as Burton and Pfeiffer moved on to other work, and Warner Bros. eventually produced Catwoman (2004), starring Halle Berry , which was widely panned. [ 234 ] [ 236 ] Keaton later reprised his Batman in The Flash (2023), [ 231 ] [ 237 ] and had also filmed scenes for the cancelled Batgirl (2022). [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Footnotes ^ Although Bob Kane received sole credit for Batman and his associated characters in Batman Returns , it was established in 2015 that writer Bill Finger was jointly involved in the creation of Batman as well as The Penguin and Catwoman, among others. He received equal credit to Kane in future adaptations of the Batman comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ The 1992 budget of $50–$80 million is equivalent to $112 million–$202 million in 2024. ^ The 1992 theatrical box office gross of $266.8 million is equivalent to $598 million in 2024. Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 39 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] [ 48 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 42 ] [ 53 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 24 ] [ 35 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 131 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 94 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 212 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Meenan, Devin (January 24, 2022). 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London : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 195– 258. doi : 10.1007/978-3-031-40912-7_6 . ISBN 978-3-031-40911-0 . Reinhart, Mark S. (2013). "10: Batman Returns ". The Batman Filmography - Second Edition . Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company . pp. 123– 138. ISBN 978-0-7864-6891-1 . Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2006). "Batman Returns". Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 102– 114. ISBN 0-571-22926-3 . Siegel, Carol (2013). "Tim Burton's Popularization of Perversity: Edward Scissorhands , Batman Returns , Sleepy Hollow , and Corpse Bride ". In Weinstock, J.A. (ed.). The Works of Tim Burton - Margins to Mainstream . New York City : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 197– 216. doi : 10.1057/9781137370839_12 . Journals Born, Simon Philipp (2017). "Shadows of the Bat: Constructions of Good and Evil in the Batman Movies of Tim Burton and Christopher Nolan" . Journal for Religion, Film, and Media . 3 (1). Marburg, Germany: Schüren Publishing House. doi : 10.25364/05.3:2017.1.5 . Retrieved August 12, 2025 . Mettler, Catarina (2012). "The Carnevalesque in Tim Burton's Batman and Batman Returns ". Werkstücke . 2 (2): 109– 133. doi : 10.60135/werkstuecke.02.2012.6 . Newman, Graeme (1993). "Batman and Justice: The True Story". Humanity & Society . 17 (3): 297– 320. doi : 10.1177/016059769301700304 . Magazines Cotta Vaz, Mark (August 1992). "A Knight At The Zoo". Cinefex . No. 51. United States. pp. 22– 69. Fennell, Tim (August 1992). "Schwing!". Empire . London . p. 40. Groves, Don (August 2, 1993). " Park Keeps Stomping On World B.O.". Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 18. Jones, Alan (November 1989). "Batman" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 20, no. 1– 2. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 48– 63 . Retrieved July 2, 2022 . McBride, Joseph (July 14, 1992). "Socko Batsequel Rolls To Record B.O. In U.K.". Daily Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 20. Resner, Jeffrey (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham". Empire . London . pp. 39– 46. Shapiro, Marc (July 1992). "Darker Knights When Batman Returns". Fangoria . No. 114. Atlanta, Georgia : Fangoria Publishing, LLC. pp. 30– 33. White, Taylor L. (August 1992). "Batman Returns" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 23, no. 1. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 8– 11 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Returns at IMDb Batman Returns at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of 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Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Catwoman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Incarnations Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Supporting characters Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Antagonists Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Publications Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives In other media Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Category Category 1990s Film United States Speculative fiction Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF Other MusicBrainz work Yale LUX MusicBrainz work Yale LUX 1992 films 1990s Christmas films 1990s political satire films 1990s superhero films Batman (1989 film series) American Christmas films American films about revenge American neo-noir films American political satire films American sequel films American superhero films Catwoman in other media Films about elections Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Denise Di Novi Films produced by Tim Burton Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in zoos Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Los Angeles Films with screenplays by Daniel Waters (screenwriter) Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Gothic films Penguin (character) in other media Saturn Award–winning films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films 1990s English-language films 1992 American films Rating controversies in film English-language action films English-language Christmas films Dolby Cinema films Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use list-defined references from July 2022 Use American English from July 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2021 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 arbitration 26 comments 2 Page 10 comments 3 Am I being bullied? 3 comments 4 How do I ask for a move request to be closed? 3 comments 5 I need urgent help. 3 comments 6 on involvement 5 comments 7 Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor 3 comments 8 Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey 8 comments 9 Writ petition 2 comments 10 Referencing errors on John Herdman 3 comments 11 Reference desk 2 comments 12 Hijacking of The Morning Leader 3 comments 13 My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. 26 comments 14 Edit removed 4 comments 15 How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? 4 comments 16 Copy-pasting a sentence added references 6 comments 17 How do you add a person to Wikipedia? 2 comments 18 Remove deceptive link 4 comments 19 Review 4 comments 20 Deprecated source and automatic filter 3 comments 21 URL for a physical book 10 comments 22 Drafts 14 comments 23 Editing page on John Campbell UK 4 comments 24 I can’t create an account!? 2 comments 25 Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes 8 comments 26 Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology 2 comments 27 Creating Art for Wikipedia 11 comments 28 Curly quotes 5 comments 29 Page never underwent review and was published without? 9 comments 30 Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival 2 comments 31 ISBN ===> cite book template 6 comments 32 Shady users 2 comments 33 Iraq Page 4 comments 34 png thumbnail issue 2 comments 35 Articles 2 comments 36 Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English 4 comments 37 returning image to entry. 9 comments 38 Referencing errors on Freibahn 3 comments 39 Tool for LLM detection? 3 comments 40 i can’t add message 3 comments 41 Question 5 comments 42 What if? 4 comments 43 Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels 2 comments 44 Translations 5 comments 45 Content Translation Tool Error 2 comments 46 Non-free image url 3 comments 47 How do I use Twinkle to warn? 3 comments 48 Create a wikepedia page 4 comments 49 How to translate? 3 comments 50 Edit "not been published" 15 comments 51 Contacting non-English article editors 4 comments 52 wikipedia25.org 8 comments 53 Question about source 5 comments 54 Help on creating a new article 17 comments 55 Historical Artwork owned by Gallery 5 comments 56 How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. 4 comments 57 A disruptive user 3 comments 58 changing email login 3 comments 59 Message on new articles 3 comments 60 HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA 5 comments 61 Police#Israel 2 comments 62 Shenandoah Presbyterian Church 4 comments 63 Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? 3 comments 64 Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? 6 comments 65 I need Help 5 comments 66 Legend for map in sidebar 2 comments 67 MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR 4 comments 68 Opening a request for un-protection 4 comments 69 "Incle Vanyan" 3 comments 70 Mobile watchlist 1 comment 71 Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni 4 comments 72 Bruno fernandes 2 comments 73 WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members 3 comments 74 External guide 2 comments Wikipedia : Help desk العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español فارسی Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Lietuvių മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Português Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Project page Talk Read Edit Add topic View history Read Edit Add topic View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikisource Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item Skip to TOC Skip to bottom Skip to bottom WP:HD WP:HD WP:Y WP:Y For other types of questions, use the search box , see the reference desk or Help:Contents . 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I want to open an arbitration case against it for its deletion Gnosticfind ( talk ) 21:23, 27 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Which article are you talking about? There's no need to involve arbcom in a routine deletion case. See WP:Deletion for how the deletion process works. Page Hello, I hope this message finds you well. I am the owner and General Manager of Flex FM, and I am writing regarding our existing Wikipedia page. Unfortunately, I no longer have access to the account originally used to manage the page, and as a result I am unable to log in to update or correct information. I would like to update elements of the page, including historical information and ensuring that the content accurately reflects Flex FM’s development and current status. I understand Wikipedia’s policies regarding neutrality and conflict of interest, and I am more than willing to follow the correct process to request changes rather than editing the article directly. Here is the link to the page in question: Flex FM I can provide proof of ownership and any supporting documentation required, and I would appreciate guidance on the appropriate next steps to have these updates reviewed and applied correctly. Thank you for your time and assistance. Kind regards, Terry Little Owner & General Manager Flex FM Noelsie tl ( talk ) 15:58, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Conflicted editor does things the wrong way Conflicted editor is reverted Conflicted editor is given advice on their talk page Conflicted editor asks here for further advice in order to do things the right way, while at the same time declaring CoI Conflicted editor is correctly answered (in this case by Ivanvector) Am I being bullied? Another user has repeatedly undone my edits but I did not introduce any external links; nor did I introduce any false information. I only added information already in the sources; everything I added is verifiable. Please help! Vollerhass ( talk ) 20:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I ask for a move request to be closed? There’s been a move request for Hans Island since February 2025. I posted to it so I can’t close it. How do I request that an uninvolved admin consider whether to close it? Mr Serjeant Buzfuz ( talk ) 03:45, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need urgent help. The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Hello, I am an Afghan commando soldier living in Afghanistan. My financial situation is not very good. I need urgent help. Kusarjan ( talk ) 16:33, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] on involvement for the purposes of closing discussions, which of those would you consider "improper", assuming different levels of involvement, but regardless of if the closure would require admin perms? closing on non-procedural grounds (keep, merge, retarget, etc.), after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of policy (i.e. "that's a2 , not g2 ") closing on non-procedural grounds after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of a page's topic (i.e. "it's a berry , not a follicle ") that is not actually opining on the discussion closing on procedural grounds (already speedy deleted, disruptive nom, malformed or duplicate nom, redirect overwritten by an article, they took earth to afd again, etc.) after a comment or correction regarding the stuff already mentioned above closing on procedural grounds after a vote (for this, it usually shouldn't matter if the vote supported or opposed the result) yes, this is mostly a matter of opinion on stuff i'm only very slightly iffy on, so don't worry too much consarn (talck) (contirbuton s) 17:29, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Reference help requested. Thanks, Javed Khan king of India ( talk ) 07:31, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey Hello, I would like to check something about non‑free images in the article Murder of Michaela McAreavey . The article currently uses a non‑free family photograph that includes Michaela McAreavey with her father and brother. I am considering whether it would be acceptable, under the Non‑free Content Criteria, to replace it with a different non‑free image that shows Michaela alone on her wedding day. This type of image seems more appropriate for identification purposes and is directly relevant to the widely reported circumstances of her murder on her honeymoon. Before doing anything, I want to confirm whether such a replacement would be allowed. If it is permitted, I would also like to know the correct way to tag the old non‑free image for deletion once the new one is in use. Could someone please advise on whether this approach complies with NFCC, and what the correct procedure would be? Thank you. ItsShandog ( talk ) 09:32, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Writ petition writ petition no. 9401 of 2019, s citation identity need for ~2026-20422-6 ( talk ) 14:25, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on John Herdman Reference help requested. Can you specific what the reference error you raised is? Thank you! Thanks, AnnWinterburne ( talk ) 17:14, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Reference desk Good saturday evening. Is it considered to spam to have too many questions on the Reference desk? I already have three there and i just got another one. I don't want to clog it. ~2025-40048-69 ( talk ) 20:51, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hijacking of The Morning Leader Hello, I am usually not editing here, so maybe posting in the wrong place -- sorry for that. I just noticed that The Morning Leader was hijacked about two weeks ago. Coming from Wikidata, a lot of the respective user's edits there seem problematic. Also, it might be coincidental, but there are contributions overlapping with activity of users blocked due to SPIs concerning Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Aboobackeramani . I hope you can do something with it. Thanks, Dorades ( talk ) 22:09, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. I recently created a page called Quiichaar. It is about the book series. With in a minute after it was created someone put issues at the top. They said it was focused too much on the plot and also that it seemed too real. It is a science fiction fantasy novel series. It states this in the first sentence, so I do not understand how people would think this is real. There was other information other than the plot, but obviously that would be what most people would want to know about a book series. I did not give anything away in the summation, so I do not understand how to fix this issue. My page is no longer visible. Can someone please explain what I am supposed to do. This is my first time creating something on here. Thanks in advance. Showik123 ( talk ) 00:00, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I am confused. Can you explain what you meant by "no possibility of your draft being accepted while it fails to demonstrate that the book meets our notability criteria - which is indicated though significant coverage in published reliable sources with no connection to the subject matter." It is a real book. I have held it in my hand and read from the pages. I even included the ISBN numbers. I am quite certain that I do not understand what you are saying. Can you please explain further? Is this something that I can fix? I am certainly not meaning to sound like I am arguing with you. I merely wish to understand what you mean. When you say you ran a google search, may I ask what you mean by "significant coverage in independent published reliable sources?" I guess I just don't understand what that means. Can you give me an example. Sorry, I am just very unclear as to what you mean and I don't want to make assumptions to what you are referring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Showik123 ( talk • contribs ) 01:36, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] That makes sense, but if you can buy the book on Amazon it must be real. Are they a source? Edit removed Hi, my edit on Preston Hollow, Dallas was removed automatically. It was a minor edit describing a former resident, Richard B. Spencer as a neo-Nazi, which his page describes him as, and I'm guessing it was removed due to the inflammatory nature of that topic and I think my edit was assumed to be vandalism. I added it because he is primarily known as Richard Spencer, potentially leading to confusion, and he has not been a high-profile figure for several years. IXequilibrium ( talk ) 03:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? Many pages, like this one, WP:TEA , or WP:AN/I , are not talk pages, however they have the format, with the "Add topic" and "Reply" buttons. How is this done? dot . p y 05:25, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Copy-pasting a sentence added references So i copied a 186 char long string from a wikipedia article and I ended up putting +1,950 chars into that article, including references I - if i remember correctly - never touched. Tried again, happened again. 1st: To make a copy of that sentence i opened the editor with an old revision. 2nd: i think i made it the Question: Are there configurations of the default editor, where this could happen, as a kind of feature? Like "hey, you copied a sentence without its refs, here, take it all"? Or could this happen as a feature to prevent an edit conflict? I'm just asking to make sure, it was my mistake and that i didn't miss some feature differences between the editor software of the different languages I'm editing in. Amtiss , SNAFU ? 11:58, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Do you refer to this edit ? This text is 1925 characters <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |title=We Pressed Trump on His Conclusion About the ICE Shooting. Here's What He Said. |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This account has been contested by eyewitnesses, journalists,<ref name=LumStein /> local figures, and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] lawmakers, some of whom have called for a criminal investigation.<ref name=startribune_601559829>{{Cite news |last=Barnett |first=Sofia |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Mayor Jacob Frey's Remarks After ICE Agent Fatally Shot Woman in Minneapolis |url= |work=[[The Minnesota Star Tribune]] |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 }}</ref> Minneapolis mayor [[Jacob Frey]] and Minnesota governor [[Tim Walz]] called on the federal government to end their presence in the city. Thousands of people [[List of Renee Good protests|have protested]] in Minneapolis,<ref name="MinnPost">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Trevor |date=January 7, 2026 |title=Minneapolis Vigil Draws Thousands as City Reels Following ICE Shooting |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[MinnPost]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and more have protested in other cities including [[Chicago]], [[New York City]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="mpr" />}} -- Andy Mabbett Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy ; Andy's edits 14:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Let me be more clear. The numbers are not too important. Sorry for that. My question is: is there some kind of automatic assisting when using copy-paste or not? (I did, at no point select and copy the >1000 bytes, just the sentence.) -- Amtiss , SNAFU ? 15:18, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do you add a person to Wikipedia? Y ~2026-22492-7 ( talk ) 14:26, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Remove deceptive link How to remove a link that appears in "Films Scored by Miklos Rozsa"? "Ministry of Fear" was actually scored by Victor Young, though some Rozsa cues may have been incorporated. Rozsaphile1 ( talk ) 14:48, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Review Can someone review the article Ogden Round Lake Wilderness Area? It is only edited by me. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 15:46, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Deprecated source and automatic filter Hello. When I tried to upload a finished new page, an automatic filter refused the page, saying that I was linking to a deprecated source, but I cannot find any link to a deprecated source. I'm using no source listed on the Wikipedia:Deprecated sources page. All my text links to other Wiki pages link to existing pages. I'm writing about a plant species using only technical/botanical references and there's no controversy about the topic. Thanks for any help. Gaiacoyote ( talk ) 19:43, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] URL for a physical book I've purchased an encyclopedia (The Pigeon by Wendell M. Levi) and in compiling the URL for my citation, I've found that the only websites I can use are commercial sites that sell the book, and the internet archive. Both seem insufficient to me. I'm unsure what I should do in this situation because the book hasn't got a PDF either, and the internet archive is a short review (one page) that is of the 1945 edition, while I have the 1977. Any help at all is appreciated :) Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Drafts I happened to see that Draft:Milos Ercegovac is hanging in the air. This is quite strange because as I said on the talk page there he is a big shot in computer arithmetic. FYI I have met him, but we are not friends or anything, and I have not seen him for 20 or more years. What can I do to support his page? Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 10:56, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yesterday, all my dreams... , I have moved the draft to main space since Ercegovac clearly meets WP:NACADEMIC . Thank you for your work to improve the encyclopedia. Cullen328 ( talk ) 06:05, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Editing page on John Campbell UK I signed up last year as a fact checker, I’ve only contributed to one article that incorrectly identified a public official that was sworn in and confirmed by the Senate is a nominee. It was accepted and the process went smoothly. I’m trying to suggest an added to talk to John Campbell UK I have watched him since the beginning of the pandemic, like me, he was excited about the vaccine, I took the first two Pfizer vaccines and had no side effects His views have shifted but only was peer reviewed journal articles I don’t think he is controversial but perhaps within orthodox medical circles, his podcasts there are always evidence based still properly just disclaimed, people may disagree but labeling him as a purveyor of misinformation is inaccurate. I guess controversial is a result in his focus focusing on government and pure review data that is often not widely covered. His recent highlighting of a 2013 study that supported higher vitamin D levels but calculated the amount of supplementation required is factual and extremely important information The error in the paper has been acknowledged by the authors but public health officials and some of the medical societies have not changed the RDA, only specialist to an endocrinologist seem to be aware. Can you provide me with the required background for the acceptance of characterizing John Campbell as a purveyor of misinformation? I certainly don’t want the name I just want to see the specific journal article which is almost always the basis for each episode. I do not know John Cambell and I’ve never communicated with him beyond subscribing to his YouTube channel I am based in the US and find it troubling that in 2026 we are labeling him as just “disinformation” source. I would respectfully request that you reconsider that characterization in the introduction I read Wikipedia briefly this morning because the information on vitamin D3 was consequential and the credibility Wikipedia, for me, plummeted if this description is current. I was unable to suggest an edit Z-factwriter ( talk ) 14:53, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I can’t create an account!? Hello, I’m trying to make an account so I can permanently enable dark mode on safari (iOS) lol. I keep getting the proxy error, but I don’t think I have ever made an account, or if I have, I don’t remember it and it would have been with an old email. I did have iCloud Relay active when I attempted to sign up the first time, then I turned it off and tried again. I assumed my IP would have changed to my actual one, because when it was active the the IP had been banned—it still didn’t work. Did that have something to do with it? Thanks! ~2026-25117-4 ( talk ) 15:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes Hello Wiki Help Desk, We’re reaching out for guidance regarding an article we recently submitted about our company, Candlelight Homes. The content was written to remain neutral in tone and supported by multiple third-party sources; however, it was declined due to concerns that the sources were not sufficiently in-depth. Candlelight Homes is an established, legitimate company, and our intent is not promotional. Our goal is simply to provide accurate, verifiable information so the company can be discoverable and properly represented within the community. We’d appreciate any direction on what types of sources or additional context would be required to meet Wikipedia’s notability and sourcing standards. Thank you for your time and assistance. Requesting guidance on acceptable sourcing and notability requirements for a company article that was declined due to insufficient depth of sources. ZacharyBinx99 ( talk ) 17:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find several sources which meet all the requirements in WP:42 . If you can't, stop there. If you can, effectively forget everything you know about your company and write a summary of what those sources say. They leave out something important? Tough. They are nasty about you? Tough. They are wrong, according to your knowledge? Tough. Wikipedia's fundamental principle is verifiability , not truth. Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology Reference help requested. tho i've been a wiki editor for decades, i find the creation and placement of references very confusing, so i'd appreciate any help! Thanks, Lee De Cola ( talk ) 20:07, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Creating Art for Wikipedia As a user, am I permitted to create art for certain pages on Wikipedia that lack any visuals? I'd like to add images to extinct animal pages that are lacking any visual. I'm a hobbyist artist and have experience making paleoart. I know users like Apokryltaros have done valuable work for this exact situation on Wikipedia, and I would like to create art in a similar vein (mostly for Holocene extinctions that lack paleo reconstructions). Are there any qualifications I need to have before doing this, or can I just try my hand without preparation? Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Curly quotes The article United_States_v._Maduro_et_al. currently has lots of curly quotes. Question: When I see curly quotes, should I edit them into straight quotes? Is there a bot that does that? Are curly quotes OK to be left in articles? The article may have received those curly quotes from the user who was involved in an ANI thread around Jan 9, which covered LLM use, user @ ApoieRacional , a few editors mentioning LLM use on several articles... resulting in Cullen328 blocking that user from article space. Thanks. David10244 ( talk ) 03:36, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Page never underwent review and was published without? I just created this page today and rather than going under review when I pressed publish to save my changes, it went up instantly, skipping categorisation and now it is missing things like a Local Description and Wikidata Item ID. I've only been contributing since December and all of my other pages had to be reviewed. Sorry if this question should rather be on the page's talk page, I'm new to this. Gone Extinct ( talk ) 06:00, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival The source, as it exists, has a generic byline. There's no other author name to use. How do I rewrite the reference to reflect that, and not order the words like a name? Thanks, DavidK93 ( talk ) 08:47, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ISBN ===> cite book template Is there a tool to convert ISBN's to the template, populating as many fields as possible? Humpster ( talk ) 09:22, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shady users I have come across a "shady" user while tending to my watchlist. Looking through their past edits, I found weird behavior, like many small and unimpactful additions to sentences that often get reverted. There's some potential they are blindly adding AI content. I also see a pretty strict routine of editing that I find unusual. But they've done nothing blatantly wrong, which is why they haven't been banned yet. I want to assume good faith but I fear they may be farming their edit count to sell their account once it's extended confirmed. Where is the best place to discuss users who may be farming edits? Edit7hesadparts ( talk ) 11:07, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Iraq Page I noticed a rule on the Iraq wiki page where it said I had to be extended confirmed to make an edit (it's only protected for confirmed/auto confirmed). Am I not allowed to do the edit request (Listed under the semi edit requests) that is requesting a typo be fixed? AirmanKitten203 ( talk ) 14:44, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] png thumbnail issue on the left hand side is the original picture; on the right hand side is the thumbnail. The thumbnail is broken on my side, but if I zoom in to 110%, it works as normal again. Does anyone know what's the problem? NDR0216 ( talk ) 15:27, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles Articles for creation Sumeetsinha1972 ( talk ) 15:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English Could anyone help me to figure out how to translate the article of "Pharmaziemuseum Brixen" into English? When I try it tells me I don't have the rights to do so. Th article is already available also in Italian and Spanish. Thank you for your help! Pharmaziemuseum Brixen ( talk ) 16:23, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] returning image to entry. I uploaded an image of Dame Louise Richardson . It was taken down due to copyright issue. The organization I represented, Carnegie Corporation of New York , in which Mrs. Richardson is the President, owns the rights to the copyright. May I reload a new image to her biography? Looking forward toward your response. Sincerely, Ronald Sexton ( talk ) 19:42, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Freibahn CS1 error on Freibahn. I have no idea what went wrong. Thanks, Neptun22 ( talk ) 21:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Tool for LLM detection? There is a current discussion at WP:RSN#Tool for detecting AI writing? which indicates lack of information on that topic. I suggested a few links there because the users at large seemed not aware of them. Does anyone here know of any tools? If not where should we suggest that WMF should hire an expert to guide them on that? Text analysis is not my area of expertise, but I know that general programmers will have no hope of success in that area without guidance. Please make suggestions. Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 22:16, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] i can’t add message i want to send a message to a user but talk page says it is protected to prevent vandalism. why is this? i want to send message so that editor understands what to do. grazie. ~2026-28017-1 ( talk ) 22:57, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question Random question.. can an editor be completely blocked from Wikipedia? I.e not even aloud to visit the website? Not a topic ban, editing restrictions, indefinite block etc but completely disallowing someone from visiting/reading some/all articles ?? ~2026-19602-0 ( talk ) 01:29, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] What if? If someone vandalizes an article but than immediately deletes the vandalism, do they still get punished? ~2026-24671-3 ( talk ) 04:14, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels Reference help requested. Thanks, Saimi Sattar1 ( talk ) 07:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translations Courtesy link: User:PUZEG1/Grand Duke Butigeidis Dragoon Battalion Hello, I am writing to ask for help translating our military unit wikipedia page. As I understand, I have to be an editor who made over 500 changes in wikipedia to publish translated pages. Is it possible to publish our page translated into other languages by being new account in here? PUZEG1 ( talk ) 11:59, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Content Translation Tool Error Hello, can someone help me? I'm trying to translate a page from Spanish to English and it tells me I am not an extended confirmed user, but I am. Thanks Josep a11 ( talk ) 12:24, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Non-free image url I have a talk page message from Iruka13 which deals with non-free image urls. Is it still recommended to use the URL to the page displaying the image, even if the URL to the page is non-unique? Sswonk ( talk ) 14:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I use Twinkle to warn? Alright so I'm new to using Twinkle and I can't figure out how to warn people. I checked the doc and it mentions a "warn tab" but I can't find it for whatever reason? I know for a fact I have warnings enabled in configuration. Thanks in advance :) Monkeymoo458 ( talk ) 18:49, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Create a wikepedia page I would like an assistance in creating a wikipedia page for my football club. Maryfelsports ( talk ) 20:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to translate? Dear Editors, I would like to translate an article, that was written by me, from Hungarian to English. I have done it already on 'paper' but I do not know how to type it into the 'English Wikipedia' version. How to link them? I do not need automatic translation and I am not an advanced editor. Thank you for your answer and help. BEK2022 ( talk ) 21:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Edit "not been published" I recently tried to add one (1) sentence containing a quotation to a page about a prominent WWII officer Ernest N. Harmon , citing a very reliable, eminent historian who was quoting yet another reliable witness/historian in his latest, acclaimed nonfiction book. But for the very first time ever in my many years of contributing to Wikipedia, I was confronted with a box informing me "Your changes have not been published." To correct this, the same box refers me "to go to the report page and follow the instructions." But I must admit I was totally stymied by that report page and don't understand at all how to use it and resolve my edit problem. Looking for assistance to figure this out. Thanks for any reply & guidance. Mwprods2 ( talk ) 23:00, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Contacting non-English article editors Not sure if this is the right place to ask this, but does anyone know how I could do this? They don't seem to have user pages on the English edition. Thanks, Fort esc ( talk ) 23:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] wikipedia25.org Happy 25 years, but is wikipedia25.org supposed to work? It only shows a Wikimedia error. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 23:44, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about source I was using the CIA World Factbook (judicial branch section) to learn more about the judiciary of Mozambique for an article and noticed they got a basic fact wrong about the Constitutional Council judges' term renewal wrong. Should I consider the rest of the information I got from them ok, or re-source everything else in the article that used that source? Urchincrawler ( talk ) 01:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Help on creating a new article Hi, I used to edit Fandom and Wikihow pages as a child and am used to writing factual, objective information in those contexts, but am not really familiar with Wikipedia's conventions. I am looking to create an article on the now-defunct game Fight My Monster (Jan 2011-Late 2016). I have a collection of sources (Silicon Republic articles, Techcrunch articles, Guardian article, Companies House page, official FMM blog posts (from archive.org), as well as many more niche journalism and non-journalism sources) towards the game's existence and notability (5 million accounts in total throughout its lifetime, and was generally thought to be very innovative), but am unsure whether this game would meet the notability requirements for Wikipedia. The game also had commercials aired on British TV, had comics featured in The Beano, had trading cards you could order, had a book and membership cards that were in British bookstores, and had a planned animated TV series. I also have some fears that maybe I would be a conflict of interest in relation to the game, as I am a community moderator for a currently-active rewritten project. This would not be an advertisement and I have no intention on mentioning the rewritten project within the article, but I still thought a conflict of interest might need to be disclosed. My main motivations are to ensure that information on the game is briefly compiled into an article as I would love for this information to be easy to access, since even though so many sources exist, they are very disjointed. Would I just have to write the article, publish it, and then see what people think of it? Or should I create a sandbox and then ask for dynamic feedback somewhere on Wikipedia? Or should I not bother, due to lack of notability (or the conflict of interest issue)? Thank you so much for any input/feedback, I appreciate Wikipedia as a resource so much but have no idea of the inner workings of how to edit it lol. -kat279 ( talk ) 04:38, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Raising $2.1mil due to how unique the game was : (pre-the game's release) Companies house page, detailing when the company was founded/disbanded: Fight my Monster x Brown Bag Films: Fight My Monster and Brown Bag Films Announce Animated TV Series - Business Insider Growth and targeting boys: Ten Year-Olds Versus the Triple-A Market | GamesIndustry.biz (I think this might be a blog, but apparently the woman who wrote it was a Managing Editor at IGN?) Fight my monster brand ambitions: Fight My Monster Borrows From The Angry Birds Playbook - Merchandise And Movies Up Next? | TechCrunch FMM growth, including game mechanics and industry-leading parent centre: FightMyMonster.com: a monster of an idea that just keeps getting bigger | Games | The Guardian The Beano collaboration: (lasted throughout the latter half of 2013) The book they published (Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide), mostly detailing game mechanics: Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide: Amazon.co.uk: Simon & Schuster UK: 9781471115707: Books Historical Artwork owned by Gallery If our gallery reports on original artwork that we own for historical details that only we can provide, is this a conflict of interest? It has flagged a filter, almost certainly because our reference to the artwork is on our website. Before we attempt to publish again we ask so that we do not fall foul of wikipedia rules but would like to offer expert advice particularly regarding album artwork. The gallery has the largest private collection in The UK and potentially the world. This includes unseen design work for prominent and historic artworks. Popnouveau ( talk ) 13:29, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. Is there a way to set what wikiproject I get important messages on? I got the messages for the wikipedia birthday celebration on my wikisource account as it was the first account i made, but I would prefer to get my messages like that either here or on meta-wiki. Is there a way i can set that? i looked for quite a bit through my various preferences but could not find anything to do so.I know you can enable global notifications, and i do have them on, but it's not the same. Sorry if this is not the right place to ask this question, i want really sure. ¿VØ!D? ☄ 13:33, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] A disruptive user Some users are annoyed (including me) that there's a user who constantly makes (mostly) disruptive edits to articles without saying why that's done or by asking in the talk page and wait for consensus. The user is "Boringhuman404", but the person using it has used it from the other old names, including Urayahahah and "Renamed user c2ca70d12a943d959769c7559822e2ae". Ominae ( talk ) 17:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] changing email login I am registered to edit wikipedia under an old email address which I haven't used for several years and no longer have access to. Is there a way to retain my pervious access with a different email or would I have to start over? ~2026-31751-6 ( talk ) 17:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Message on new articles Hello Friends! I work a lot of new biographies and today, I'm seeing a message that says the page doesn't exist and to visit Wikispecies - see: Axel Hille and Alejandro Londoño-Burbano . I have never come across this before and not sure what it means or if it is supposed to be there. Any insight would be appreciated. Thank you!! Se7enNationArmy2024 ( talk ) 18:28, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA The dominican singer and composer Alicia Baroni meets enough merits to be in Wikipedia, but so far I could not enter her bio. Can somebody help me, please? ~2026-32405-1 ( talk ) 19:20, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find sources: Google ( books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs ) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL : This looks like it would be hard to find enough secondary coverage to create an article.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦ (talk to me) 19:52, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Police#Israel in this page it talks about policing in ancient Israel, although some of the areas existed like Jerusalem, Judah there was no Israel till 1948. Wikipedia should stay impartial and not peddle political messages to try and make out a state existed before it actually did. ~2026-31843-5 ( talk ) 20:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shenandoah Presbyterian Church Courtesy link: Draft:Shenandoah (Miami) I'm trying to add a page for an historic church in Miami, Florida. Did I botch the title? It just says "Shenandoah." How do I edit it? LBK1Wiki ( talk ) 20:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? The biography of author Roald Dahl is tagged with {{ British English }} . Should this also apply to all articles about his books and short stories? Personally I think it should per MOS:TIES - but I regularly see editors changing UK to US spelling, such as this edit . (Admittedly, Dahl did live in the USA for many years, and many of his stories were first published in the USA and are set in the USA.) Muzilon ( talk ) 21:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? As seen in Talk:AmericaFest#Feedback from New Page Review process , a user told me that MSN is depreciated because the Chinese Wikipedia said so, even though it seemed to have been called generally reliable in the English Wikipedia per WP:MSNOW . They then said You should find the original URLs and use those, as these MSN sources appear to be aggregated instead. could anyone confirm that MSN should be depreciated, and if so, I'll add it onto WP:RSP ? Wikieditor662 ( talk ) 22:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need Help Is this source considered a reliable source at web archive Pinchmemore ( talk ) 00:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Legend for map in sidebar I was trying to add this map to this sidebar but I can't figure out how to make the legend visible without A. Going to Commons, or B. Having a big caption with a legend in the sidebar (which seems inappropriate). Is this possible? When I click on images like here that use {{legend}} in a caption, the colors don't appear Placeholderer ( talk ) 01:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR My Father has a page on Wikipedia and his medals are displayed. But his Purple Heart should have a SILVER STAR on it, NOT a GOLD STAR… He has 6 PURPLE HEARTS AND THE MARINES Designate that with a SILVER STAR for 5 awards and the ribbon makes it 6…. We would like to see the Gold start replaced with SILVER STAR as the award device. Mdsd77 ( talk ) 02:54, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Opening a request for un-protection Hello, Back in 2008, the Bulletball page was deleted. I think it's gone back and forth a few times and ended up protected indefinitely around 2012. I think, at the time, that was understandable. Bulletball was probably put on here as a joke because of that one YouTube video [3] . The thing is, many years after the American Inventor incident, it actually did make it into the Olympics, it is quite literally an Olympic sport. As such, I do think that the game itself is notable enough to be in an encyclopedia. A list of Olympic sports would, by definition, not be complete without Bulletball. We don't need to make it read like "whoa the inventor was so whacky and they made him a meme!". Just a short article about the sport, its rules, its appearance on American Inventor, and eventual debut at the 2012 Senior Olympics. I'd be happy to write it. We could semi-protect it to stop people turning it into a meme page. Anyway, sorry. My question is: Is there somewhere I can go to argue the above and at least open a vote or discussion on the issue? Thank you for your help! LegalUsername ( talk ) 03:02, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] "Incle Vanyan" the play Uncle Vanya" ~2026-33068-4 ( talk ) 03:14, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Mobile watchlist The desktop watchlist can group all edits to a single page together. Am I correct that the mobile watchlist doesn't have the option to do this? Thanks! Helpful Cat { talk } 03:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni Reference help requested. Please fix this error in the article of Mahendra Singh Dhoni now. Thanks, ~2026-33072-4 ( talk ) 04:33, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Bruno fernandes See I was thinking we should include something about bruno's recent Twitter hacking ~2026-14741-7 ( talk ) 06:05, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members Hello. I've noticed that in several articles for notable clergy members, It'll introduce the subject as a Anglican priest or a Baptist minister etc etc, and I'm a bit confused on how I should improve the readability, if I should improve it at all. Do I de-link the denomination or the title? Rework the sentence (somehow)? Is there any relevant consensus on this topic? Thank you. Cawfeecrow ( talk ) 06:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] External guide who is external guide ~2026-33882-3 ( talk ) 08:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wikipedia help forums Wikipedia move-protected project pages Non-talk pages that are automatically signed Pages automatically checked for incorrect links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:08 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations and impact Toggle Preparations and impact subsection 2.1 Mid-Atlantic 2.2 New England and Canada 2.1 Mid-Atlantic 2.2 New England and Canada 3 See also 4 References Tropical Storm Carrie (1972) Français ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Satellite image of Tropical Storm Carrie near Massachusetts Meteorological history Formed August 29, 1972 Dissipated September 5, 1972 Tropical storm 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 70 mph (110 km/h) Lowest pressure 993 mbar ( hPa ); 29.32 inHg Overall effects Fatalities 4 total Damage $1.78 million (1972 USD ) (equivalent to $13.38 million in 2024) Areas affected U.S. East Coast , New England , New Brunswick IBTrACS Part of the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season Tropical Storm Carrie was a strong tropical storm that affected the East Coast of the United States in early September 1972. The third tropical cyclone of the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season , Carrie formed on August 29 from a complex sequence of meteorological events starting with the emergence of a tropical wave into the Atlantic in the middle of August. Tracking generally northward throughout its life, Carrie reached an initial peak intensity as a moderate tropical storm before nearly weakening back into tropical depression status. The storm began to intensify in a baroclinic environment after turning toward the northwest, its winds of 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) as it was transitioning into an extratropical system eclipsed the cyclone's previous maximum strength. The extratropical remnants of Carrie skirted eastern New England before making the landfall in Maine on September 4 and dissipating over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence during the next two days. Carrie had a minimal impact on the East Coast south of New England, limited to increased swells, gusty winds, and light rainfall. The worst conditions occurred over southeastern New England, where wind gusts reached 84 mph (135 km/h) and rainfall exceeded 1 ft (300 mm). Damage was most severe along and slightly inland from the coast. Thousands of people became stranded on offshore islands of Massachusetts , after dangerous conditions created by the storm prompted the suspension of ferry service. Overall damage was generally light, with total monetary losses valued at $1,780,000 (equivalent to $13,380,000 in 2024), and four deaths are blamed on the storm. Meteorological history The origins of Tropical Storm Carrie are traced back to a tropical wave—an elongated area of low atmospheric air pressure that emerged from the western coast of Africa on August 15, 1972. A relatively strong weather system, the wave progressed westward, but by the time it had reached the Leeward Islands ten days later, it had degenerated substantially. The influence of a nearby upper-level low pressure system caused the disturbance to further deteriorate, and the resultant remnant circulation drifted toward the northwest; by August 28, it was situated at a position just offshore southeastern Florida . The low pressure system maintained a cold core and had not yet established itself at the surface. On August 29, the low began moving northward in response to an approaching trough . For the first time, a low-level circulation center had been identified in association with the system, [ 1 ] and the storm became a tropical depression at 1200 UTC while located east of the central Florida peninsula. [ 2 ] The depression tracked steadily northeastward as it gradually intensified. [ 1 ] On August 31, reconnaissance aircraft flying into the cyclone reported maximum sustained winds of up to around 55 mph (89 km/h). [ 1 ] Post-storm reanalysis estimated the depression had strengthened into a tropical storm at around 0000 UTC on August 31. [ 2 ] Operationally, however, it was not recognized as such until 2200 UTC that day, when it was assigned the name Carrie. At the time, the system was located approximately 350 miles (560 km) east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina . A small storm, Carrie slowed drastically in forward movement as it curved northward. [ 3 ] By the time it was identified as a tropical storm in real-time, Carrie had already reached its initial peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (97 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1,002 millibars (29.6 inHg ), and strong wind shear inhibited immediate strengthening as it continue to slow to a drift. On September 1, Carrie began to weaken, and by early on September 2, it had dwindled to a minimal tropical storm with winds of only 40 mph (64 km/h). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Satellite imagery indicated that the storm's center of circulation had become distorted with little or no associated convection . [ 4 ] At its weakest, the storm's highest winds were found far from the center, likely generated more by the increasing pressure gradient in relation to an anticyclone to the north than by the low pressure center itself. [ 1 ] A low pressure system moving through the Mid-Atlantic states pulled Carrie northwest, back toward the United States East Coast, at an accelerated forward speed. [ 5 ] Later on September 2, the storm had begun to show signs of reorganization, including an improved appearance on satellite imagery and the development of some thunderstorm activity, although significant reintensification was considered unlikely. [ 6 ] However, with the advance of a trough embedded in the westerlies, Carrie quickly deepened under the influence of baroclinic processes . While the storm's maximum sustained winds increased, it also began to shed its tropical characteristics and resemble an extratropical cyclone . [ 1 ] Moving once again toward the north-northeast, Carrie was declared extratropical by the National Hurricane Center during the late afternoon on September 2. [ 7 ] In the official Atlantic Hurricane Database , however, Carrie is listed as a tropical cyclone until 1800 UTC on September 3, at which point it possessed winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a central barometric pressure of 993 mb (29.3 inHg). As a result, these data are considered representative of the storm's peak intensity. [ 2 ] Regardless of its status, the storm was a large and intense system as it progressed north and neared New England , generating strong winds and rough surf along the coast. [ 8 ] Having fully transitioned into an extratropical system, the storm made landfall near Eastport, Maine on September 4 and slowly weakened as it continued north up the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. [ 1 ] The cyclone fully dissipated on September 6 in the Gulf. [ 1 ] Preparations and impact The pressure gradient between Carrie and the high pressure area to its north produced gusty northeasterly winds, and by extension high seas. In response, the National Weather Service issued small craft warnings starting on September 1 and extending from Massachusetts to the Carolinas . [ 9 ] Gale warnings were posted the next day from southern New Jersey to the coast of central New England, and the small craft warnings were brought north to Maine. [ 10 ] On September 3, the threat of continued heavy rainfall necessitated the issuance of flash flood watches throughout eastern Massachusetts , southeastern New Hampshire , and southern and central Maine . [ 11 ] Due to rough surf, the beach at Virginia Beach, Virginia , was closed to swimmers on August 31. [ 12 ] Mid-Atlantic Carrie had minimal effects on the U.S. East Coast south of the Mid-Atlantic states , limited to moderate winds and generally light rainfall. Precipitation at Norfolk, Virginia , reached 1.12 inches (28 mm) between September 1 and 3, and pressure fell to a modest 1,012 mb (29.9 inHg). Sustained winds were recorded at 28 mph (45 km/h), with only slightly higher gusts, although the Chesapeake Light unofficially reported gusts to near 50 mph (80 km/h). Damage in the area was minimal with the exception of beach erosion , and tides 2.5 feet (0.76 m) above normal triggered minor flooding. [ 12 ] Moderate rainfall, approaching or reaching 5 in (130 mm), fell across the southern Delmarva Peninsula . [ 13 ] Equally minor effects were felt in the Atlantic City, New Jersey , area, with comparable or even less significant reports of winds and rainfall and damages limited to coastal flooding and beach erosion. Since the adverse weather conditions fell on a portion of the Labor Day weekend, the local resort industry suffered economical losses. [ 14 ] New England and Canada The brunt of the storm occurred in southeastern New England , particularly coastal Massachusetts , where strong gusts battered the shore. [ 11 ] The distribution of winds resulting from the storm more closely resembled that of a nor'easter than a cyclone of tropical origin, in which the wind field would typically be concentrated closer to its center. Instead, the strongest winds remained well removed from the center of circulation, but were nonetheless severe; gusts reached 84 mph (135 km/h) at Point Judith, Rhode Island , and 69 mph (111 km/h) on Cape Cod , Massachusetts. Sustained winds throughout the region were generally below 50 mph (80 km/h). In Boston, Massachusetts , winds gusted to 46 mph (74 km/h). The storm brought down trees and powerlines, blocking roads and damaging property. Structural damage was also evident, especially to buildings under construction, and an entire cottage in Rockland, Maine , was blown off its foundation. [ 15 ] Rainfall in southeastern New England was heavy, locally exceeding 10 in (250 mm). On the island of Martha's Vineyard , a storm total of 12.5 in (320 mm) was reported, the highest known precipitation sum resulting from Carrie. The most torrential rains were usually confined to within 70 mi (110 km) of the coast. The deluge swelled streams, inundated cellars, and washed out a railroad near Eagle Lake, Maine , derailing a train. Along the coast, rough surf caused beach erosion and swamped hundreds of small craft. [ 15 ] On September 3, choppy conditions forced the suspension of steamship services to and from the mainland and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket . Thousands of tourists and seasonal residents became stranded on the islands, creating what officials described as a "logistical problem". [ 16 ] During the height of the storm, around 20,000 Narragansett Electric Company customers lost power, with scattered power outages reported elsewhere throughout New England. [ 17 ] Damage from Tropical Storm Carrie and its extratropical remnants was light. [ 17 ] Total monetary damage was estimated at $1,780,000 (equivalent to $13,380,000 in 2024 [ 18 ] ), of which $1,200,000 in losses was inflicted on Massachusetts. Losses totaled $350,000 in Rhode Island, $200,000 in Maine, and $30,000 in New Hampshire. [ 19 ] Four fatalities were attributed to the storm: two in the aftermath of boating accidents in Massachusetts, and two due to rough surf along the coast of Maine. In the aftermath, a local disaster area was declared for the town of Plymouth . [ 15 ] The weakening remnants of Carrie produced strong winds throughout New Brunswick on September 4. In Saint John , where wind gusts reached 97 km/h (60 mph), there were reports of downed telephone wires and trees. Widespread power outages occurred throughout communities in the province. Despite well over an inch of rain at Saint John, no flooding was evident. Fredericton also received fairly heavy rain and gusty wind on the 4th, which was its wettest day of the month but not its windiest. The storm damaged or destroyed numerous boats in Charlo, New Brunswick . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Oceanic currents produced by the storm washed cells of the harmful alga Alexandrium fundyense south and west into the coastal waters of New England. The alga releases toxins that cause shellfish poisoning and is native to the Bay of Fundy . Several weeks after the storm, a massive bloom of the alga occurred offshore the northeastern United States for the first time, and the species bloomed every year post-Carrie. [ 23 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal List of Canada hurricanes List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States Timeline of the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season References ^ a b c d e f g h .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Simpson, R.H. & Hebert, Paul J. (1973). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1972" (PDF) . Monthly Weather Review . 101 (4). American Meteorological Society: 332. Bibcode : 1973MWRv..101..323S . doi : 10.1175/1520-0493(1973)101<0323:ahso>2.3.co;2 . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ a b c d Hurricane Specialists Unit (2009). "Easy to Read HURDAT 1851–2008" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ Simpson, Robert (August 31, 1972). "Tropical Storm Advisory Number 1 – Carrie" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ Pelissier, Joe (September 1, 1972). "Tropical Cyclone Discussion – Storm Carrie" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ Hebert, Paul (September 2, 1972). "Tropical Cyclone Discussion – Storm Carrie" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ Pelissier, Joe (September 2, 1972). "Tropical Cyclone Discussion – Storm Carrie" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ Pelissier, Joe (September 2, 1972). "Tropical Cyclone Discussion – Storm Carrie" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ National Weather Service Washington (September 3, 1972). "Severe Weather Bulletin Number 2" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ National Weather Service Washington (September 1, 1972). "Tropical Storm Advisory Number 5 – Carrie" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ National Weather Service Washington (September 2, 1972). "Tropical Storm Advisory Number 9 – Carrie" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ a b National Weather Service Boston (September 3, 1972). "Special Weather Bulletin Number 4" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ a b Chapman, Dorothy (September 5, 1972). "Report on Tropical Storm Carrie" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ Roth, David. "Tropical Storm Carrie - August 29-September 5, 1972" . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ Ross, Martin (September 6, 1972). "Report on Tropical Storm Carrie" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved July 13, 2011 . ^ a b c National Climatic Center, United States Weather Bureau, Environmental Data Service (1972). Climatological data: National summary, Volume 23 . United States Department of Commerce. p. 70 . Retrieved July 14, 2011 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ Staff Writer (September 4, 1972). "Vacationers Stranded" . The Palm Beach Post . Archived from the original on July 11, 2012 . Retrieved July 14, 2011 . ^ a b Staff Writer (September 5, 1972). "Storm Moves On, Damage Is Light" . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved July 14, 2011 . ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF) . American Antiquarian Society . 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF) . American Antiquarian Society . 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" . Retrieved February 29, 2024 . ^ "State Breakdown of Storm Damage Caused by Tropical Storm Carrie" . National Hurricane Center. December 1, 1972 . Retrieved July 14, 2011 . ^ "1972 – Carrie" . Canadian Hurricane Centre. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012 . Retrieved July 14, 2011 . ^ "Historical Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada" . October 31, 2011. ^ "Historical Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada" . October 31, 2011. ^ Anderson, Donald M (2004). "The Growing Problem of Harmful Algae" . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Retrieved July 14, 2011 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Tropical cyclones of the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season v t e SS Alpha 1 Agnes 2 Betty TS Carrie 1 Dawn SS Charlie SS Delta Category Category 1972 Atlantic hurricane season Atlantic tropical storms 1972 natural disasters in the United States Hurricanes in New England CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use American English from September 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2022 Pages using obsolete storm path colors This page was last edited on 15 October 2025, at 13:21 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Glossary 2 Etymology 3 Design 4 Components Toggle Components subsection 4.1 Fuzes 4.2 Propellant or explosive 4.3 Cartridge case or container 4.4 Projectile 4.1 Fuzes 4.2 Propellant or explosive 4.3 Cartridge case or container 4.4 Projectile 5 Storage 6 Common types Toggle Common types subsection 6.1 Small arms 6.2 Shells 6.2.1 Artillery 6.2.2 Tank 6.2.3 Naval 6.3 Aircraft and anti-aircraft 6.1 Small arms 6.2 Shells 6.2.1 Artillery 6.2.2 Tank 6.2.3 Naval 6.2.1 Artillery 6.2.2 Tank 6.2.3 Naval 6.3 Aircraft and anti-aircraft 7 Logistics 8 Environmental problems 9 Unexploded ordnance 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Ammunition Afrikaans العربية Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Кыргызча Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Jaku Iban Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Ammunition" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Ammunition , also known as ammo , is the material fired, scattered, dropped, or detonated from any weapon or weapon system. [ 1 ] The term Ammunition includes both expendable weapons (e.g., bombs , missiles , grenades , land mines ), and the component parts of other weapons that create the effect on a target (e.g., bullets and warheads ). The purpose of ammunition is to project a force against a selected target to have an effect (usually, but not always, lethal). An example of ammunition is the firearm cartridge , which includes all components required to deliver the weapon effect in a single package. Until the 20th century, black powder was the most common propellant used but has now been replaced in nearly all cases by modern compounds. Ammunition comes in a great range of sizes and types and is often designed to work only in specific weapons systems. However, there are internationally recognized standards for certain ammunition types (e.g., 5.56×45mm NATO ) that enable their use across different weapons and by different users. There are also specific types of ammunition that are designed to have a specialized effect on a target, such as armor-piercing shells and tracer ammunition , used only in certain circumstances. Ammunition is commonly labeled or colored in a specific manner to assist in its identification and to prevent the wrong ammunition types from being used accidentally or inappropriately. Glossary A round is a single cartridge containing a projectile , propellant , primer and casing . A shell is a form of ammunition that is fired by a large caliber cannon or artillery piece. Before the mid-19th century, these shells were usually made of solid materials and relied on kinetic energy to have an effect. However, since that time, they are more often filled with high explosives (see artillery ). A shot is a single release of a weapons system. This may involve firing just one round or piece of ammunition (e.g., from a semi-automatic firearm ), but can also refer to ammunition types that release a large number of projectiles at the same time (e.g., cluster munitions or shotgun shells ). A dud is loaded ammunition that fails to function as intended, typically failing to detonate on landing. However, it can also refer to ammunition that fails to fire inside the weapon, known as a misfire, or when the ammunition only partially functions, known as a hang fire . Dud ammunition, which is classified as an unexploded ordnance (UXO), is regarded as highly dangerous. In former conflict zones, it is common for dud ammunition to remain buried in the ground for many years. Large quantities of ammunition from World War I continue to be regularly found in fields throughout France and Belgium and occasionally [ citation needed ] still claim lives. Although classified as a UXO, landmines that have been left behind after conflict are not considered duds as they have not failed to work and may still be fully functioning. A bomb or, more specifically, a guided or unguided bomb (also called an aircraft bomb or aerial bomb ), is typically an airdropped, unpowered explosive weapon. Mines and the warheads used in guided missiles and rockets are also referred to as bomb-type ammunition. [ 2 ] Etymology The term ammunition can be traced back to the mid-17th century. [ 1 ] The word comes from the French la munition , for the material used for war. Ammunition and munition are often used interchangeably, although munition now usually refers to the actual weapons system with the ammunition required to operate it. [ 3 ] In some languages other than English ammunition is still referred to as munition, such as: Dutch (" munitie "), French (" munitions "), German (" Munition "), Italian (" munizione ") and Portuguese (" munição "). Design This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Ammunition design has evolved throughout history as different weapons have been developed and different effects required. Historically, ammunition was of relatively simple design and build (e.g., sling-shot, stones hurled by catapults), but as weapon designs developed (e.g., rifling ) and became more refined, the need for more specialized ammunition increased. Modern ammunition can vary significantly in quality but is usually manufactured to very high standards. For example, ammunition for hunting can be designed to expand inside a target, maximizing the damage inflicted by one round. Anti-personnel shells are designed to fragment into many pieces and can affect a large area. Armor-piercing rounds are specially hardened to penetrate armor, while smoke ammunition covers an area with a fog that screens people from view. More generic ammunition (e.g., 5.56×45mm NATO ) can often be altered slightly to give it a more specific effect (e.g., tracer, incendiary), whilst larger explosive rounds can be altered by using different fuzes. Components The components of ammunition intended for rifles and munitions may be divided into these categories: fuze or primer explosive materials and propellants projectiles of all kinds cartridge casing Fuzes The term fuze refers to the detonator of an explosive round or shell. The spelling is different in British English and American English (fuse/fuze respectively) and they are unrelated to a fuse (electrical) . A fuse was earlier used to ignite the propellant (e.g., such as on a firework) until the advent of more reliable systems such as the primer or igniter that is used in most modern ammunition. The fuze of a weapon can be used to alter how the ammunition works. For example, a common artillery shell fuze can be set to "point detonation" (detonation when it hits a target), delay (detonate after it has hit and penetrated a target), time-delay (explode a specified time after firing or impact) and proximity (explode above or next to a target without hitting it, such as for airburst effects or anti-aircraft shells). These allow a single ammunition type to be altered to suit the situation it is required for. There are many designs of a fuze, ranging from simple mechanical to complex radar and barometric systems. Fuzes are usually armed by the acceleration force of firing the projectile, and usually arm several meters after clearing the bore of the weapon. This helps to ensure the ammunition is safer to handle when loading into the weapon and reduces the chance of the detonator firing before the ammunition has cleared the weapon. Propellant or explosive The propellant is the component of ammunition that is activated inside the weapon and provides the kinetic energy required to move the projectile from the weapon to the target. Before the use of gunpowder, this energy would have been produced mechanically by the weapons system (e.g., a catapult or crossbow); in modern times, it is usually a form of chemical energy that rapidly burns to create kinetic force, and an appropriate amount of chemical propellant is packaged with each round of ammunition. In recent years, compressed gas, magnetic energy and electrical energy have been used as propellants. Until the 20th-century, gunpowder was the most common propellant in ammunition. However, it has since been replaced by a wide range of fast-burning compounds that are more reliable and efficient. The propellant charge is distinct from the projectile charge which is activated by the fuze, which causes the ammunition effect (e.g., the exploding of an artillery round). Cartridge case or container The cartridge is the container that holds the projectile and propellant. Not all ammunition types have a cartridge case. In its place, a wide range of materials can be used to contain the explosives and parts. With some large weapons, the ammunition components are stored separately until loaded into the weapon system for firing. With small arms, caseless ammunition can reduce the weight and cost of ammunition, and simplify the firing process for increased firing rate, but the maturing technology has functionality issues. Projectile The projectile is the part of the ammunition that leaves the weapon and has the effect on the target. This effect is usually either kinetic (e.g., as with a standard bullet) or through the delivery of explosives. Storage An ammunition dump is a military facility for the storage of live ammunition and explosives that will be distributed and used at a later date. Such a storage facility is extremely hazardous, with the potential for accidents when unloading, packing, and transferring the ammunition. In the event of a fire or explosion, the site and its surrounding area is immediately evacuated and the stored ammunition is left to detonate itself completely with limited attempts at firefighting from a safe distance. In large facilities, there may be a flooding system to automatically extinguish a fire or prevent an explosion. Typically, an ammunition dump will have a large buffer zone surrounding it, to avoid casualties in the event of an accident. There will also be perimeter security measures in place to prevent access by unauthorized personnel and to guard against the potential threat from enemy forces. A magazine is a place where a quantity of ammunition or other explosive material is stored temporarily prior to being used. The term may be used for a facility where large quantities of ammunition are stored, although this would normally be referred to as an ammunition dump. Magazines are typically located in the field for quick access when engaging the enemy. The ammunition storage area on a warship is referred to as the "ship's magazine". On a smaller scale, magazine is also the name given to the ammunition storage and feeding device of a repeating firearm. Gunpowder must be stored in a dry place (stable room temperature) to keep it usable, as long as for 10 years. It is also recommended to avoid hot places, because friction or heat might ignite a spark and cause an explosion. [ 4 ] Common types Small arms The standard weapon of a modern soldier is an assault rifle , which, like other small arms, uses cartridge ammunition in a size specific to the weapon. Ammunition is carried on the person in box magazines specific to the weapon, ammunition boxes, pouches or bandoliers. The amount of ammunition carried is dependent on the strength of the soldier, the expected action required, and the ability of ammunition to move forward through the logistical chain to replenish the supply. A soldier may also carry a smaller amount of specialized ammunition for heavier weapons such as machine guns and mortars, spreading the burden for squad weapons over many people. Too little ammunition poses a threat to the mission, while too much limits the soldier's mobility also being a threat to the mission. Shells A shell is a payload-carrying projectile which, as opposed to a shot , contains explosives or other fillings, in use since the 19th century. Artillery Artillery shells are ammunition that is designed to be fired from artillery which has an effect over long distances, usually indirectly (i.e., out of sight of the target). There are many different types of artillery ammunition, but they are usually high-explosive and designed to shatter into fragments on impact to maximize damage. The fuze used on an artillery shell can alter how it explodes or behaves so it has a more specialized effect. Common types of artillery ammunition include high explosive, smoke, illumination, and practice rounds. Some artillery rounds are designed as cluster munitions . Artillery ammunition will almost always include a projectile (the only exception being demonstration or blank rounds), fuze and propellant of some form. When a cartridge case is not used, there will be some other method of containing the propellant bags, usually a breech-loading weapon; see Breechloader . Tank Tank ammunition was developed in WWI as tanks first appeared on the battlefield. However, as tank-on-tank warfare developed (including the development of anti-tank warfare artillery), more specialized forms of ammunition were developed such as high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warheads and armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS), including armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) rounds. The development of shaped charges has had a significant impact on anti-tank ammunition design, now common in both tank-fired ammunition and in anti-tank missiles, including anti-tank guided missiles . Naval Naval weapons were originally the same as many land-based weapons, but the ammunition was designed for specific use, such as a solid shot designed to hole an enemy ship and chain-shot to cut rigging and sails. Modern naval engagements have occurred over far longer distances than historic battles, so as ship armor has increased in strength and thickness, the ammunition to defeat it has also changed. Naval ammunition is now designed to reach very high velocities (to improve its armor-piercing abilities) and may have specialized fuzes to defeat specific types of vessels. However, due to the extended ranges at which modern naval combat may occur, guided missiles have largely supplanted guns and shells. Aircraft and anti-aircraft Logistics With every successive improvement in military arms, a corresponding modification has occurred in the method of supplying ammunition in the quantity required. As soon as projectiles were required (such as javelins and arrows), there needed to be a method of replenishment. When non-specialized, interchangeable or recoverable ammunition was used (e.g., arrows), it was possible to pick up spent arrows (both friendly and enemy) and reuse them. However, with the advent of explosive or non-recoverable ammunition, this was no longer possible and new supplies of ammunition would be needed. The weight of ammunition required, particularly for artillery shells, can be considerable, causing a need for extra time to replenish supplies. In modern times, there has been an increase in the standardization of many ammunition types between allies (e.g., the NATO Standardization Agreement ) that has allowed for shared ammunition types (e.g., 5.56×45mm NATO). Environmental problems As of 2013, [update] lead-based ammunition production is the second-largest annual use of lead in the US, accounting for over 60,000 metric tons consumed in 2012. [ 5 ] Lead bullets that miss their target or remain in a carcass or body that was never retrieved can enter environmental systems and become toxic to wildlife. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The US military has experimented with replacing lead with copper as a slug in their green bullets which reduces the dangers posed by lead in the environment as a result of artillery. Since 2010, this has eliminated over 2000 tons of lead in waste streams. [ 8 ] Hunters are also encouraged to use monolithic bullets , which exclude any lead content. Unexploded ordnance Unexploded ammunition can remain active for a very long time and poses a significant threat to both humans and the environment. See also Air travel with firearms and ammunition Ammunition box Ammunition column Armor-piercing shell Breaching round Expanding bullet Firearm propellant Full metal jacket bullet Handloading High-explosive incendiary Hollow-point bullet Howitzer International Ammunition Association KE munition List of handgun cartridges List of rebated rim cartridges List of rifle cartridges Naval artillery Overpressure ammunition Proximity fuze Rotation of ammunition Shot (pellet) Table of handgun and rifle cartridges Tubes and primers for ammunition References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "the definition of ammunition" . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . ^ "Aircraft ordnance" (PDF) . United States Naval Academy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . ^ "the definition of munitions" . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . ^ "How to Properly Store Ammo" . Guns and Ammo . 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2019 . ^ "Mineral Industry Surveys, Lead" . United States Geological Survey. January 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Göttlein Axel. "Eco-toxicological assessment of hunting rifle ammunition" . Bavarian Ministry of Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry upon an initiative of the Bavarian Hunting Association. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . ^ MacBride, Elizabeth (30 March 2019). "A Small Entrepreneur Stands Up to the Trump Administration on Lead Ammunition" . Forbes . Retrieved 31 March 2019 . ^ Audra Calloway (1 July 2013). "Picatinny ammo goes from regular to unleaded" . United States Army . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . External links European Ammunition Box Translations International Ammunition Association Authority control databases International GND GND National Japan Czech Republic Latvia Israel Japan Czech Republic Latvia Israel Other NARA Yale LUX NARA Yale LUX Ammunition Explosives Weapons All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from July 2022 Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020 Articles needing additional references from September 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 20 November 2025, at 02:10 (UTC) . 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–15 of 15 results for author: Dessì, R Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CY cs.HC cs.LG cs.MA Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2511.05171 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.SD Model Merging Improves Zero-Shot Generalization in Bioacoustic Foundation Models Authors: Davide Marincione , Donato Crisostomi , Roberto Dessi , Emanuele Rodolà , Emanuele Rossi Abstract : Foundation models capable of generalizing across species and tasks represent a promising new frontier in bioacoustics, with NatureLM being one of the most prominent examples. While its domain-specific fine-tuning yields strong performance on bioacoustic benchmarks, we observe that it also introduces trade-offs in instruction-following flexibility. For instance, NatureLM achieves high accuracy when… ▽ More Foundation models capable of generalizing across species and tasks represent a promising new frontier in bioacoustics, with NatureLM being one of the most prominent examples. While its domain-specific fine-tuning yields strong performance on bioacoustic benchmarks, we observe that it also introduces trade-offs in instruction-following flexibility. For instance, NatureLM achieves high accuracy when prompted for either the common or scientific name individually, but its accuracy drops significantly when both are requested in a single prompt. We address this by applying a simple model merging strategy that interpolates NatureLM with its base language model, recovering instruction-following capabilities with minimal loss of domain expertise. Finally, we show that the merged model exhibits markedly stronger zero-shot generalization, achieving over a 200% relative improvement and setting a new state-of-the-art in closed-set zero-shot classification of unseen species. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; v1 submitted 7 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.05171 [ pdf , ps , other ] Model Merging Improves Zero-Shot Generalization in Bioacoustic Foundation Models Authors: Davide Marincione , Donato Crisostomi , Roberto Dessi , Emanuele Rodolà , Emanuele Rossi Abstract : Foundation models capable of generalizing across species and tasks represent a promising new frontier in bioacoustics, with NatureLM being one of the most prominent examples. While its domain-specific fine-tuning yields strong performance on bioacoustic benchmarks, we observe that it also introduces trade-offs in instruction-following flexibility. For instance, NatureLM achieves high accuracy when… ▽ More Foundation models capable of generalizing across species and tasks represent a promising new frontier in bioacoustics, with NatureLM being one of the most prominent examples. While its domain-specific fine-tuning yields strong performance on bioacoustic benchmarks, we observe that it also introduces trade-offs in instruction-following flexibility. For instance, NatureLM achieves high accuracy when prompted for either the common or scientific name individually, but its accuracy drops significantly when both are requested in a single prompt. We address this by applying a simple model merging strategy that interpolates NatureLM with its base language model, recovering instruction-following capabilities with minimal loss of domain expertise. Finally, we show that the merged model exhibits markedly stronger zero-shot generalization, achieving over a 200% relative improvement and setting a new state-of-the-art in closed-set zero-shot classification of unseen species. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; v1 submitted 7 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2410.07109 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.CY cs.MA I Want to Break Free! Persuasion and Anti-Social Behavior of LLMs in Multi-Agent Settings with Social Hierarchy Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Nicolò Penzo , Massimo Stefan , Roberto Dessì , Marco Guerini , Bruno Lepri , Jacopo Staiano Abstract : As LLM-based agents become increasingly autonomous and will more freely interact with each other, studying the interplay among them becomes crucial to anticipate emergent phenomena and potential risks. In this work, we provide an in-depth analysis of the interactions among agents within a simulated hierarchical social environment, drawing inspiration from the Stanford Prison Experiment. Leveraging… ▽ More As LLM-based agents become increasingly autonomous and will more freely interact with each other, studying the interplay among them becomes crucial to anticipate emergent phenomena and potential risks. In this work, we provide an in-depth analysis of the interactions among agents within a simulated hierarchical social environment, drawing inspiration from the Stanford Prison Experiment. Leveraging 2,400 conversations across six LLMs (i.e., LLama3, Orca2, Command-r, Mixtral, Mistral2, and gpt4.1) and 240 experimental scenarios, we analyze persuasion and anti-social behavior between a guard and a prisoner agent with differing objectives. We first document model-specific conversational failures in this multi-agent power dynamic context, thereby narrowing our analytic sample to 1,600 conversations. Among models demonstrating successful interaction, we find that goal setting significantly influences persuasiveness but not anti-social behavior. Moreover, agent personas, especially the guard's, substantially impact both successful persuasion by the prisoner and the manifestation of anti-social actions. Notably, we observe the emergence of anti-social conduct even in absence of explicit negative personality prompts. These results have important implications for the development of interactive LLM agents and the ongoing discussion of their societal impact. △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2025; v1 submitted 9 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2410.07109 [ pdf , ps , other ] I Want to Break Free! Persuasion and Anti-Social Behavior of LLMs in Multi-Agent Settings with Social Hierarchy Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Nicolò Penzo , Massimo Stefan , Roberto Dessì , Marco Guerini , Bruno Lepri , Jacopo Staiano Abstract : As LLM-based agents become increasingly autonomous and will more freely interact with each other, studying the interplay among them becomes crucial to anticipate emergent phenomena and potential risks. In this work, we provide an in-depth analysis of the interactions among agents within a simulated hierarchical social environment, drawing inspiration from the Stanford Prison Experiment. Leveraging… ▽ More As LLM-based agents become increasingly autonomous and will more freely interact with each other, studying the interplay among them becomes crucial to anticipate emergent phenomena and potential risks. In this work, we provide an in-depth analysis of the interactions among agents within a simulated hierarchical social environment, drawing inspiration from the Stanford Prison Experiment. Leveraging 2,400 conversations across six LLMs (i.e., LLama3, Orca2, Command-r, Mixtral, Mistral2, and gpt4.1) and 240 experimental scenarios, we analyze persuasion and anti-social behavior between a guard and a prisoner agent with differing objectives. We first document model-specific conversational failures in this multi-agent power dynamic context, thereby narrowing our analytic sample to 1,600 conversations. Among models demonstrating successful interaction, we find that goal setting significantly influences persuasiveness but not anti-social behavior. Moreover, agent personas, especially the guard's, substantially impact both successful persuasion by the prisoner and the manifestation of anti-social actions. Notably, we observe the emergence of anti-social conduct even in absence of explicit negative personality prompts. These results have important implications for the development of interactive LLM agents and the ongoing discussion of their societal impact. △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2025; v1 submitted 9 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2306.14209 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Deep image prior inpainting of ancient frescoes in the Mediterranean Alpine arc Authors: Fabio Merizzi , Perrine Saillard , Oceane Acquier , Elena Morotti , Elena Loli Piccolomini , Luca Calatroni , Rosa Maria Dessì Abstract : The unprecedented success of image reconstruction approaches based on deep neural networks has revolutionised both the processing and the analysis paradigms in several applied disciplines. In the field of digital humanities, the task of digital reconstruction of ancient frescoes is particularly challenging due to the scarce amount of available training data caused by ageing, wear, tear and retouch… ▽ More The unprecedented success of image reconstruction approaches based on deep neural networks has revolutionised both the processing and the analysis paradigms in several applied disciplines. In the field of digital humanities, the task of digital reconstruction of ancient frescoes is particularly challenging due to the scarce amount of available training data caused by ageing, wear, tear and retouching over time. To overcome these difficulties, we consider the Deep Image Prior (DIP) inpainting approach which computes appropriate reconstructions by relying on the progressive updating of an untrained convolutional neural network so as to match the reliable piece of information in the image at hand while promoting regularisation elsewhere. In comparison with state-of-the-art approaches (based on variational/PDEs and patch-based methods), DIP-based inpainting reduces artefacts and better adapts to contextual/non-local information, thus providing a valuable and effective tool for art historians. As a case study, we apply such approach to reconstruct missing image contents in a dataset of highly damaged digital images of medieval paintings located into several chapels in the Mediterranean Alpine Arc and provide a detailed description on how visible and invisible (e.g., infrared) information can be integrated for identifying and reconstructing damaged image regions. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2023; v1 submitted 25 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. Comments: 26 pages arXiv:2306.14209 [ pdf , other ] Deep image prior inpainting of ancient frescoes in the Mediterranean Alpine arc Authors: Fabio Merizzi , Perrine Saillard , Oceane Acquier , Elena Morotti , Elena Loli Piccolomini , Luca Calatroni , Rosa Maria Dessì Abstract : The unprecedented success of image reconstruction approaches based on deep neural networks has revolutionised both the processing and the analysis paradigms in several applied disciplines. In the field of digital humanities, the task of digital reconstruction of ancient frescoes is particularly challenging due to the scarce amount of available training data caused by ageing, wear, tear and retouch… ▽ More The unprecedented success of image reconstruction approaches based on deep neural networks has revolutionised both the processing and the analysis paradigms in several applied disciplines. In the field of digital humanities, the task of digital reconstruction of ancient frescoes is particularly challenging due to the scarce amount of available training data caused by ageing, wear, tear and retouching over time. To overcome these difficulties, we consider the Deep Image Prior (DIP) inpainting approach which computes appropriate reconstructions by relying on the progressive updating of an untrained convolutional neural network so as to match the reliable piece of information in the image at hand while promoting regularisation elsewhere. In comparison with state-of-the-art approaches (based on variational/PDEs and patch-based methods), DIP-based inpainting reduces artefacts and better adapts to contextual/non-local information, thus providing a valuable and effective tool for art historians. As a case study, we apply such approach to reconstruct missing image contents in a dataset of highly damaged digital images of medieval paintings located into several chapels in the Mediterranean Alpine Arc and provide a detailed description on how visible and invisible (e.g., infrared) information can be integrated for identifying and reconstructing damaged image regions. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2023; v1 submitted 25 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. Comments: 26 pages arXiv:2304.01662 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.CL Cross-Domain Image Captioning with Discriminative Finetuning Authors: Roberto Dessì , Michele Bevilacqua , Eleonora Gualdoni , Nathanael Carraz Rakotonirina , Francesca Franzon , Marco Baroni Abstract : Neural captioners are typically trained to mimic human-generated references without optimizing for any specific communication goal, leading to problems such as the generation of vague captions. In this paper, we show that fine-tuning an out-of-the-box neural captioner with a self-supervised discriminative communication objective helps to recover a plain, visually descriptive language that is more… ▽ More Neural captioners are typically trained to mimic human-generated references without optimizing for any specific communication goal, leading to problems such as the generation of vague captions. In this paper, we show that fine-tuning an out-of-the-box neural captioner with a self-supervised discriminative communication objective helps to recover a plain, visually descriptive language that is more informative about image contents. Given a target image, the system must learn to produce a description that enables an out-of-the-box text-conditioned image retriever to identify such image among a set of candidates. We experiment with the popular ClipCap captioner, also replicating the main results with BLIP. In terms of similarity to ground-truth human descriptions, the captions emerging from discriminative finetuning lag slightly behind those generated by the non-finetuned model, when the latter is trained and tested on the same caption dataset. However, when the model is used without further tuning to generate captions for out-of-domain datasets, our discriminatively-finetuned captioner generates descriptions that resemble human references more than those produced by the same captioner without finetuning. We further show that, on the Conceptual Captions dataset, discriminatively finetuned captions are more helpful than either vanilla ClipCap captions or ground-truth captions for human annotators tasked with an image discrimination task. △ Less Submitted 4 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023. Comments: CVPR 2023 arXiv:2304.01662 [ pdf , other ] Cross-Domain Image Captioning with Discriminative Finetuning Authors: Roberto Dessì , Michele Bevilacqua , Eleonora Gualdoni , Nathanael Carraz Rakotonirina , Francesca Franzon , Marco Baroni Abstract : Neural captioners are typically trained to mimic human-generated references without optimizing for any specific communication goal, leading to problems such as the generation of vague captions. In this paper, we show that fine-tuning an out-of-the-box neural captioner with a self-supervised discriminative communication objective helps to recover a plain, visually descriptive language that is more… ▽ More Neural captioners are typically trained to mimic human-generated references without optimizing for any specific communication goal, leading to problems such as the generation of vague captions. In this paper, we show that fine-tuning an out-of-the-box neural captioner with a self-supervised discriminative communication objective helps to recover a plain, visually descriptive language that is more informative about image contents. Given a target image, the system must learn to produce a description that enables an out-of-the-box text-conditioned image retriever to identify such image among a set of candidates. We experiment with the popular ClipCap captioner, also replicating the main results with BLIP. In terms of similarity to ground-truth human descriptions, the captions emerging from discriminative finetuning lag slightly behind those generated by the non-finetuned model, when the latter is trained and tested on the same caption dataset. However, when the model is used without further tuning to generate captions for out-of-domain datasets, our discriminatively-finetuned captioner generates descriptions that resemble human references more than those produced by the same captioner without finetuning. We further show that, on the Conceptual Captions dataset, discriminatively finetuned captions are more helpful than either vanilla ClipCap captions or ground-truth captions for human annotators tasked with an image discrimination task. △ Less Submitted 4 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023. Comments: CVPR 2023 arXiv:2302.09865 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Can discrete information extraction prompts generalize across language models? Authors: Nathanaël Carraz Rakotonirina , Roberto Dessì , Fabio Petroni , Sebastian Riedel , Marco Baroni Abstract : We study whether automatically-induced prompts that effectively extract information from a language model can also be used, out-of-the-box, to probe other language models for the same information. After confirming that discrete prompts induced with the AutoPrompt algorithm outperform manual and semi-manual prompts on the slot-filling task, we demonstrate a drop in performance for AutoPrompt prompt… ▽ More We study whether automatically-induced prompts that effectively extract information from a language model can also be used, out-of-the-box, to probe other language models for the same information. After confirming that discrete prompts induced with the AutoPrompt algorithm outperform manual and semi-manual prompts on the slot-filling task, we demonstrate a drop in performance for AutoPrompt prompts learned on a model and tested on another. We introduce a way to induce prompts by mixing language models at training time that results in prompts that generalize well across models. We conduct an extensive analysis of the induced prompts, finding that the more general prompts include a larger proportion of existing English words and have a less order-dependent and more uniform distribution of information across their component tokens. Our work provides preliminary evidence that it's possible to generate discrete prompts that can be induced once and used with a number of different models, and gives insights on the properties characterizing such prompts. △ Less Submitted 7 March, 2023; v1 submitted 20 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. Comments: Published as conference paper at ICLR 2023 arXiv:2302.09865 [ pdf , other ] Can discrete information extraction prompts generalize across language models? Authors: Nathanaël Carraz Rakotonirina , Roberto Dessì , Fabio Petroni , Sebastian Riedel , Marco Baroni Abstract : We study whether automatically-induced prompts that effectively extract information from a language model can also be used, out-of-the-box, to probe other language models for the same information. After confirming that discrete prompts induced with the AutoPrompt algorithm outperform manual and semi-manual prompts on the slot-filling task, we demonstrate a drop in performance for AutoPrompt prompt… ▽ More We study whether automatically-induced prompts that effectively extract information from a language model can also be used, out-of-the-box, to probe other language models for the same information. After confirming that discrete prompts induced with the AutoPrompt algorithm outperform manual and semi-manual prompts on the slot-filling task, we demonstrate a drop in performance for AutoPrompt prompts learned on a model and tested on another. We introduce a way to induce prompts by mixing language models at training time that results in prompts that generalize well across models. We conduct an extensive analysis of the induced prompts, finding that the more general prompts include a larger proportion of existing English words and have a less order-dependent and more uniform distribution of information across their component tokens. Our work provides preliminary evidence that it's possible to generate discrete prompts that can be induced once and used with a number of different models, and gives insights on the properties characterizing such prompts. △ Less Submitted 7 March, 2023; v1 submitted 20 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. Comments: Published as conference paper at ICLR 2023 arXiv:2302.08913 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.LG Referential communication in heterogeneous communities of pre-trained visual deep networks Authors: Matéo Mahaut , Francesca Franzon , Roberto Dessì , Marco Baroni Abstract : As large pre-trained image-processing neural networks are being embedded in autonomous agents such as self-driving cars or robots, the question arises of how such systems can communicate with each other about the surrounding world, despite their different architectures and training regimes. As a first step in this direction, we systematically explore the task of referential communication in a comm… ▽ More As large pre-trained image-processing neural networks are being embedded in autonomous agents such as self-driving cars or robots, the question arises of how such systems can communicate with each other about the surrounding world, despite their different architectures and training regimes. As a first step in this direction, we systematically explore the task of referential communication in a community of heterogeneous state-of-the-art pre-trained visual networks, showing that they can develop, in a self-supervised way, a shared protocol to refer to a target object among a set of candidates. This shared protocol can also be used, to some extent, to communicate about previously unseen object categories of different granularity. Moreover, a visual network that was not initially part of an existing community can learn the community's protocol with remarkable ease. Finally, we study, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the properties of the emergent protocol, providing some evidence that it is capturing high-level semantic features of objects. △ Less Submitted 8 April, 2025; v1 submitted 4 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. Comments: Published in the Transactions of Machine Learning Research arXiv:2302.08913 [ pdf , other ] Referential communication in heterogeneous communities of pre-trained visual deep networks Authors: Matéo Mahaut , Francesca Franzon , Roberto Dessì , Marco Baroni Abstract : As large pre-trained image-processing neural networks are being embedded in autonomous agents such as self-driving cars or robots, the question arises of how such systems can communicate with each other about the surrounding world, despite their different architectures and training regimes. As a first step in this direction, we systematically explore the task of referential communication in a comm… ▽ More As large pre-trained image-processing neural networks are being embedded in autonomous agents such as self-driving cars or robots, the question arises of how such systems can communicate with each other about the surrounding world, despite their different architectures and training regimes. As a first step in this direction, we systematically explore the task of referential communication in a community of heterogeneous state-of-the-art pre-trained visual networks, showing that they can develop, in a self-supervised way, a shared protocol to refer to a target object among a set of candidates. This shared protocol can also be used, to some extent, to communicate about previously unseen object categories of different granularity. Moreover, a visual network that was not initially part of an existing community can learn the community's protocol with remarkable ease. Finally, we study, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the properties of the emergent protocol, providing some evidence that it is capturing high-level semantic features of objects. △ Less Submitted 8 April, 2025; v1 submitted 4 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. Comments: Published in the Transactions of Machine Learning Research arXiv:2302.07842 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Augmented Language Models: a Survey Authors: Grégoire Mialon , Roberto Dessì , Maria Lomeli , Christoforos Nalmpantis , Ram Pasunuru , Roberta Raileanu , Baptiste Rozière , Timo Schick , Jane Dwivedi-Yu , Asli Celikyilmaz , Edouard Grave , Yann LeCun , Thomas Scialom Abstract : This survey reviews works in which language models (LMs) are augmented with reasoning skills and the ability to use tools. The former is defined as decomposing a potentially complex task into simpler subtasks while the latter consists in calling external modules such as a code interpreter. LMs can leverage these augmentations separately or in combination via heuristics, or learn to do so from demo… ▽ More This survey reviews works in which language models (LMs) are augmented with reasoning skills and the ability to use tools. The former is defined as decomposing a potentially complex task into simpler subtasks while the latter consists in calling external modules such as a code interpreter. LMs can leverage these augmentations separately or in combination via heuristics, or learn to do so from demonstrations. While adhering to a standard missing tokens prediction objective, such augmented LMs can use various, possibly non-parametric external modules to expand their context processing ability, thus departing from the pure language modeling paradigm. We therefore refer to them as Augmented Language Models (ALMs). The missing token objective allows ALMs to learn to reason, use tools, and even act, while still performing standard natural language tasks and even outperforming most regular LMs on several benchmarks. In this work, after reviewing current advance in ALMs, we conclude that this new research direction has the potential to address common limitations of traditional LMs such as interpretability, consistency, and scalability issues. △ Less Submitted 15 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. arXiv:2302.07842 [ pdf , ps , other ] Augmented Language Models: a Survey Authors: Grégoire Mialon , Roberto Dessì , Maria Lomeli , Christoforos Nalmpantis , Ram Pasunuru , Roberta Raileanu , Baptiste Rozière , Timo Schick , Jane Dwivedi-Yu , Asli Celikyilmaz , Edouard Grave , Yann LeCun , Thomas Scialom Abstract : This survey reviews works in which language models (LMs) are augmented with reasoning skills and the ability to use tools. The former is defined as decomposing a potentially complex task into simpler subtasks while the latter consists in calling external modules such as a code interpreter. LMs can leverage these augmentations separately or in combination via heuristics, or learn to do so from demo… ▽ More This survey reviews works in which language models (LMs) are augmented with reasoning skills and the ability to use tools. The former is defined as decomposing a potentially complex task into simpler subtasks while the latter consists in calling external modules such as a code interpreter. LMs can leverage these augmentations separately or in combination via heuristics, or learn to do so from demonstrations. While adhering to a standard missing tokens prediction objective, such augmented LMs can use various, possibly non-parametric external modules to expand their context processing ability, thus departing from the pure language modeling paradigm. We therefore refer to them as Augmented Language Models (ALMs). The missing token objective allows ALMs to learn to reason, use tools, and even act, while still performing standard natural language tasks and even outperforming most regular LMs on several benchmarks. In this work, after reviewing current advance in ALMs, we conclude that this new research direction has the potential to address common limitations of traditional LMs such as interpretability, consistency, and scalability issues. △ Less Submitted 15 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. arXiv:2302.04761 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools Authors: Timo Schick , Jane Dwivedi-Yu , Roberto Dessì , Roberta Raileanu , Maria Lomeli , Luke Zettlemoyer , Nicola Cancedda , Thomas Scialom Abstract : Language models (LMs) exhibit remarkable abilities to solve new tasks from just a few examples or textual instructions, especially at scale. They also, paradoxically, struggle with basic functionality, such as arithmetic or factual lookup, where much simpler and smaller models excel. In this paper, we show that LMs can teach themselves to use external tools via simple APIs and achieve the best of… ▽ More Language models (LMs) exhibit remarkable abilities to solve new tasks from just a few examples or textual instructions, especially at scale. They also, paradoxically, struggle with basic functionality, such as arithmetic or factual lookup, where much simpler and smaller models excel. In this paper, we show that LMs can teach themselves to use external tools via simple APIs and achieve the best of both worlds. We introduce Toolformer, a model trained to decide which APIs to call, when to call them, what arguments to pass, and how to best incorporate the results into future token prediction. This is done in a self-supervised way, requiring nothing more than a handful of demonstrations for each API. We incorporate a range of tools, including a calculator, a Q\&A system, two different search engines, a translation system, and a calendar. Toolformer achieves substantially improved zero-shot performance across a variety of downstream tasks, often competitive with much larger models, without sacrificing its core language modeling abilities. △ Less Submitted 9 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. arXiv:2302.04761 [ pdf , other ] Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools Authors: Timo Schick , Jane Dwivedi-Yu , Roberto Dessì , Roberta Raileanu , Maria Lomeli , Luke Zettlemoyer , Nicola Cancedda , Thomas Scialom Abstract : Language models (LMs) exhibit remarkable abilities to solve new tasks from just a few examples or textual instructions, especially at scale. They also, paradoxically, struggle with basic functionality, such as arithmetic or factual lookup, where much simpler and smaller models excel. In this paper, we show that LMs can teach themselves to use external tools via simple APIs and achieve the best of… ▽ More Language models (LMs) exhibit remarkable abilities to solve new tasks from just a few examples or textual instructions, especially at scale. They also, paradoxically, struggle with basic functionality, such as arithmetic or factual lookup, where much simpler and smaller models excel. In this paper, we show that LMs can teach themselves to use external tools via simple APIs and achieve the best of both worlds. We introduce Toolformer, a model trained to decide which APIs to call, when to call them, what arguments to pass, and how to best incorporate the results into future token prediction. This is done in a self-supervised way, requiring nothing more than a handful of demonstrations for each API. We incorporate a range of tools, including a calculator, a Q\&A system, two different search engines, a translation system, and a calendar. Toolformer achieves substantially improved zero-shot performance across a variety of downstream tasks, often competitive with much larger models, without sacrificing its core language modeling abilities. △ Less Submitted 9 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. arXiv:2210.11512 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL Communication breakdown: On the low mutual intelligibility between human and neural captioning Authors: Roberto Dessì , Eleonora Gualdoni , Francesca Franzon , Gemma Boleda , Marco Baroni Abstract : We compare the 0-shot performance of a neural caption-based image retriever when given as input either human-produced captions or captions generated by a neural captioner. We conduct this comparison on the recently introduced ImageCoDe data-set (Krojer et al., 2022) which contains hard distractors nearly identical to the images to be retrieved. We find that the neural retriever has much higher per… ▽ More We compare the 0-shot performance of a neural caption-based image retriever when given as input either human-produced captions or captions generated by a neural captioner. We conduct this comparison on the recently introduced ImageCoDe data-set (Krojer et al., 2022) which contains hard distractors nearly identical to the images to be retrieved. We find that the neural retriever has much higher performance when fed neural rather than human captions, despite the fact that the former, unlike the latter, were generated without awareness of the distractors that make the task hard. Even more remarkably, when the same neural captions are given to human subjects, their retrieval performance is almost at chance level. Our results thus add to the growing body of evidence that, even when the ``language'' of neural models resembles English, this superficial resemblance might be deeply misleading. △ Less Submitted 27 April, 2023; v1 submitted 20 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. Comments: Accepted as a short paper at EMNLP 2022 arXiv:2210.11512 [ pdf , other ] Communication breakdown: On the low mutual intelligibility between human and neural captioning Authors: Roberto Dessì , Eleonora Gualdoni , Francesca Franzon , Gemma Boleda , Marco Baroni Abstract : We compare the 0-shot performance of a neural caption-based image retriever when given as input either human-produced captions or captions generated by a neural captioner. We conduct this comparison on the recently introduced ImageCoDe data-set (Krojer et al., 2022) which contains hard distractors nearly identical to the images to be retrieved. We find that the neural retriever has much higher per… ▽ More We compare the 0-shot performance of a neural caption-based image retriever when given as input either human-produced captions or captions generated by a neural captioner. We conduct this comparison on the recently introduced ImageCoDe data-set (Krojer et al., 2022) which contains hard distractors nearly identical to the images to be retrieved. We find that the neural retriever has much higher performance when fed neural rather than human captions, despite the fact that the former, unlike the latter, were generated without awareness of the distractors that make the task hard. Even more remarkably, when the same neural captions are given to human subjects, their retrieval performance is almost at chance level. Our results thus add to the growing body of evidence that, even when the ``language'' of neural models resembles English, this superficial resemblance might be deeply misleading. △ Less Submitted 27 April, 2023; v1 submitted 20 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. Comments: Accepted as a short paper at EMNLP 2022 arXiv:2107.01366 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Can Transformers Jump Around Right in Natural Language? Assessing Performance Transfer from SCAN Authors: Rahma Chaabouni , Roberto Dessì , Eugene Kharitonov Abstract : Despite their practical success, modern seq2seq architectures are unable to generalize systematically on several SCAN tasks. Hence, it is not clear if SCAN-style compositional generalization is useful in realistic NLP tasks. In this work, we study the benefit that such compositionality brings about to several machine translation tasks. We present several focused modifications of Transformer that g… ▽ More Despite their practical success, modern seq2seq architectures are unable to generalize systematically on several SCAN tasks. Hence, it is not clear if SCAN-style compositional generalization is useful in realistic NLP tasks. In this work, we study the benefit that such compositionality brings about to several machine translation tasks. We present several focused modifications of Transformer that greatly improve generalization capabilities on SCAN and select one that remains on par with a vanilla Transformer on a standard machine translation (MT) task. Next, we study its performance in low-resource settings and on a newly introduced distribution-shifted English-French translation task. Overall, we find that improvements of a SCAN-capable model do not directly transfer to the resource-rich MT setup. In contrast, in the low-resource setup, general modifications lead to an improvement of up to 13.1% BLEU score w.r.t. a vanilla Transformer. Similarly, an improvement of 14% in an accuracy-based metric is achieved in the introduced compositional English-French translation task. This provides experimental evidence that the compositional generalization assessed in SCAN is particularly useful in resource-starved and domain-shifted scenarios. △ Less Submitted 16 September, 2021; v1 submitted 3 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. Comments: BlackboxNLP workshop, EMNLP 2021 arXiv:2107.01366 [ pdf , other ] Can Transformers Jump Around Right in Natural Language? Assessing Performance Transfer from SCAN Authors: Rahma Chaabouni , Roberto Dessì , Eugene Kharitonov Abstract : Despite their practical success, modern seq2seq architectures are unable to generalize systematically on several SCAN tasks. Hence, it is not clear if SCAN-style compositional generalization is useful in realistic NLP tasks. In this work, we study the benefit that such compositionality brings about to several machine translation tasks. We present several focused modifications of Transformer that g… ▽ More Despite their practical success, modern seq2seq architectures are unable to generalize systematically on several SCAN tasks. Hence, it is not clear if SCAN-style compositional generalization is useful in realistic NLP tasks. In this work, we study the benefit that such compositionality brings about to several machine translation tasks. We present several focused modifications of Transformer that greatly improve generalization capabilities on SCAN and select one that remains on par with a vanilla Transformer on a standard machine translation (MT) task. Next, we study its performance in low-resource settings and on a newly introduced distribution-shifted English-French translation task. Overall, we find that improvements of a SCAN-capable model do not directly transfer to the resource-rich MT setup. In contrast, in the low-resource setup, general modifications lead to an improvement of up to 13.1% BLEU score w.r.t. a vanilla Transformer. Similarly, an improvement of 14% in an accuracy-based metric is achieved in the introduced compositional English-French translation task. This provides experimental evidence that the compositional generalization assessed in SCAN is particularly useful in resource-starved and domain-shifted scenarios. △ Less Submitted 16 September, 2021; v1 submitted 3 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. Comments: BlackboxNLP workshop, EMNLP 2021 arXiv:2106.04258 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG cs.MA Interpretable agent communication from scratch (with a generic visual processor emerging on the side) Authors: Roberto Dessì , Eugene Kharitonov , Marco Baroni Abstract : As deep networks begin to be deployed as autonomous agents, the issue of how they can communicate with each other becomes important. Here, we train two deep nets from scratch to perform realistic referent identification through unsupervised emergent communication. We show that the largely interpretable emergent protocol allows the nets to successfully communicate even about object types they did n… ▽ More As deep networks begin to be deployed as autonomous agents, the issue of how they can communicate with each other becomes important. Here, we train two deep nets from scratch to perform realistic referent identification through unsupervised emergent communication. We show that the largely interpretable emergent protocol allows the nets to successfully communicate even about object types they did not see at training time. The visual representations induced as a by-product of our training regime, moreover, show comparable quality, when re-used as generic visual features, to a recent self-supervised learning model. Our results provide concrete evidence of the viability of (interpretable) emergent deep net communication in a more realistic scenario than previously considered, as well as establishing an intriguing link between this field and self-supervised visual learning. △ Less Submitted 15 October, 2021; v1 submitted 8 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021. Comments: Accepted at NeurIPS 2021 arXiv:2106.04258 [ pdf , other ] Interpretable agent communication from scratch (with a generic visual processor emerging on the side) Authors: Roberto Dessì , Eugene Kharitonov , Marco Baroni Abstract : As deep networks begin to be deployed as autonomous agents, the issue of how they can communicate with each other becomes important. Here, we train two deep nets from scratch to perform realistic referent identification through unsupervised emergent communication. We show that the largely interpretable emergent protocol allows the nets to successfully communicate even about object types they did n… ▽ More As deep networks begin to be deployed as autonomous agents, the issue of how they can communicate with each other becomes important. Here, we train two deep nets from scratch to perform realistic referent identification through unsupervised emergent communication. We show that the largely interpretable emergent protocol allows the nets to successfully communicate even about object types they did not see at training time. The visual representations induced as a by-product of our training regime, moreover, show comparable quality, when re-used as generic visual features, to a recent self-supervised learning model. Our results provide concrete evidence of the viability of (interpretable) emergent deep net communication in a more realistic scenario than previously considered, as well as establishing an intriguing link between this field and self-supervised visual learning. △ Less Submitted 15 October, 2021; v1 submitted 8 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021. Comments: Accepted at NeurIPS 2021 arXiv:1911.01892 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Focus on What's Informative and Ignore What's not: Communication Strategies in a Referential Game Authors: Roberto Dessì , Diane Bouchacourt , Davide Crepaldi , Marco Baroni Abstract : Research in multi-agent cooperation has shown that artificial agents are able to learn to play a simple referential game while developing a shared lexicon. This lexicon is not easy to analyze, as it does not show many properties of a natural language. In a simple referential game with two neural network-based agents, we analyze the object-symbol mapping trying to understand what kind of strategy w… ▽ More Research in multi-agent cooperation has shown that artificial agents are able to learn to play a simple referential game while developing a shared lexicon. This lexicon is not easy to analyze, as it does not show many properties of a natural language. In a simple referential game with two neural network-based agents, we analyze the object-symbol mapping trying to understand what kind of strategy was used to develop the emergent language. We see that, when the environment is uniformly distributed, the agents rely on a random subset of features to describe the objects. When we modify the objects making one feature non-uniformly distributed,the agents realize it is less informative and start to ignore it, and, surprisingly, they make a better use of the remaining features. This interesting result suggests that more natural, less uniformly distributed environments might aid in spurring the emergence of better-behaved languages. △ Less Submitted 5 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019. Comments: 3rd NeurIPS Workshop on Emergent Communication arXiv:1911.01892 [ pdf , ps , other ] Focus on What's Informative and Ignore What's not: Communication Strategies in a Referential Game Authors: Roberto Dessì , Diane Bouchacourt , Davide Crepaldi , Marco Baroni Abstract : Research in multi-agent cooperation has shown that artificial agents are able to learn to play a simple referential game while developing a shared lexicon. This lexicon is not easy to analyze, as it does not show many properties of a natural language. In a simple referential game with two neural network-based agents, we analyze the object-symbol mapping trying to understand what kind of strategy w… ▽ More Research in multi-agent cooperation has shown that artificial agents are able to learn to play a simple referential game while developing a shared lexicon. This lexicon is not easy to analyze, as it does not show many properties of a natural language. In a simple referential game with two neural network-based agents, we analyze the object-symbol mapping trying to understand what kind of strategy was used to develop the emergent language. We see that, when the environment is uniformly distributed, the agents rely on a random subset of features to describe the objects. When we modify the objects making one feature non-uniformly distributed,the agents realize it is less informative and start to ignore it, and, surprisingly, they make a better use of the remaining features. This interesting result suggests that more natural, less uniformly distributed environments might aid in spurring the emergence of better-behaved languages. △ Less Submitted 5 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019. Comments: 3rd NeurIPS Workshop on Emergent Communication arXiv:1905.08527 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG CNNs found to jump around more skillfully than RNNs: Compositional generalization in seq2seq convolutional networks Authors: Roberto Dessì , Marco Baroni Abstract : Lake and Baroni (2018) introduced the SCAN dataset probing the ability of seq2seq models to capture compositional generalizations, such as inferring the meaning of "jump around" 0-shot from the component words. Recurrent networks (RNNs) were found to completely fail the most challenging generalization cases. We test here a convolutional network (CNN) on these tasks, reporting hugely improved perfo… ▽ More Lake and Baroni (2018) introduced the SCAN dataset probing the ability of seq2seq models to capture compositional generalizations, such as inferring the meaning of "jump around" 0-shot from the component words. Recurrent networks (RNNs) were found to completely fail the most challenging generalization cases. We test here a convolutional network (CNN) on these tasks, reporting hugely improved performance with respect to RNNs. Despite the big improvement, the CNN has however not induced systematic rules, suggesting that the difference between compositional and non-compositional behaviour is not clear-cut. △ Less Submitted 21 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019. Comments: accepted as a short paper at ACL 2019 arXiv:1905.08527 [ pdf , other ] CNNs found to jump around more skillfully than RNNs: Compositional generalization in seq2seq convolutional networks Authors: Roberto Dessì , Marco Baroni Abstract : Lake and Baroni (2018) introduced the SCAN dataset probing the ability of seq2seq models to capture compositional generalizations, such as inferring the meaning of "jump around" 0-shot from the component words. Recurrent networks (RNNs) were found to completely fail the most challenging generalization cases. We test here a convolutional network (CNN) on these tasks, reporting hugely improved perfo… ▽ More Lake and Baroni (2018) introduced the SCAN dataset probing the ability of seq2seq models to capture compositional generalizations, such as inferring the meaning of "jump around" 0-shot from the component words. Recurrent networks (RNNs) were found to completely fail the most challenging generalization cases. We test here a convolutional network (CNN) on these tasks, reporting hugely improved performance with respect to RNNs. Despite the big improvement, the CNN has however not induced systematic rules, suggesting that the difference between compositional and non-compositional behaviour is not clear-cut. △ Less Submitted 21 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019. Comments: accepted as a short paper at ACL 2019 arXiv:1810.07652 [ pdf , other ] eess.AS cs.CL cs.LG cs.SD stat.ML Fine-tuning on Clean Data for End-to-End Speech Translation: FBK @ IWSLT 2018 Authors: Mattia Antonino Di Gangi , Roberto Dessì , Roldano Cattoni , Matteo Negri , Marco Turchi Abstract : This paper describes FBK's submission to the end-to-end English-German speech translation task at IWSLT 2018. Our system relies on a state-of-the-art model based on LSTMs and CNNs, where the CNNs are used to reduce the temporal dimension of the audio input, which is in general much higher than machine translation input. Our model was trained only on the audio-to-text parallel data released for the… ▽ More This paper describes FBK's submission to the end-to-end English-German speech translation task at IWSLT 2018. Our system relies on a state-of-the-art model based on LSTMs and CNNs, where the CNNs are used to reduce the temporal dimension of the audio input, which is in general much higher than machine translation input. Our model was trained only on the audio-to-text parallel data released for the task, and fine-tuned on cleaned subsets of the original training corpus. The addition of weight normalization and label smoothing improved the baseline system by 1.0 BLEU point on our validation set. The final submission also featured checkpoint averaging within a training run and ensemble decoding of models trained during multiple runs. On test data, our best single model obtained a BLEU score of 9.7, while the ensemble obtained a BLEU score of 10.24. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures, system description at the 15th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT) 2018 arXiv:1810.07652 [ pdf , other ] Fine-tuning on Clean Data for End-to-End Speech Translation: FBK @ IWSLT 2018 Authors: Mattia Antonino Di Gangi , Roberto Dessì , Roldano Cattoni , Matteo Negri , Marco Turchi Abstract : This paper describes FBK's submission to the end-to-end English-German speech translation task at IWSLT 2018. Our system relies on a state-of-the-art model based on LSTMs and CNNs, where the CNNs are used to reduce the temporal dimension of the audio input, which is in general much higher than machine translation input. Our model was trained only on the audio-to-text parallel data released for the… ▽ More This paper describes FBK's submission to the end-to-end English-German speech translation task at IWSLT 2018. Our system relies on a state-of-the-art model based on LSTMs and CNNs, where the CNNs are used to reduce the temporal dimension of the audio input, which is in general much higher than machine translation input. Our model was trained only on the audio-to-text parallel data released for the task, and fine-tuned on cleaned subsets of the original training corpus. The addition of weight normalization and label smoothing improved the baseline system by 1.0 BLEU point on our validation set. The final submission also featured checkpoint averaging within a training run and ensemble decoding of models trained during multiple runs. On test data, our best single model obtained a BLEU score of 9.7, while the ensemble obtained a BLEU score of 10.24. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures, system description at the 15th International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT) 2018 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Skip to content Accessibility Help Your account Home News Sport Earth Reel Worklife Travel Culture Future Music TV Weather Sounds More menu Home News Sport Earth Reel Worklife Travel Culture Future Music TV Weather Sounds Home Israel-Gaza war War in Ukraine Climate Video World US & Canada UK Business Tech Science Entertainment & Arts Health In Pictures BBC Verify World News TV Newsbeat World Africa Asia Australia Europe Latin America Middle East South Africa's strained ties with US face new test - war games with China, Iran and Russia Image source, SA National Defence Force By Mayeni Jones Africa correspondent , Reporting from Johannesburg Published 10 January 2026 The participation of warships from China, Iran and Russia in military exercises hosted by South Africa could further strain the country's relationship with the US, which are already at an all-time low. A News24 report suggesting South Africa is hoping to persuade Iran to become an observer , external rather than an active participant points to the sensitivities over how the war games may be viewed by US President Donald Trump. Vessels flying Chinese, Iranian and Russian flags have been seen sailing into South Africa's main naval base in Simon's Town on the Cape Peninsula in recent days. The week-long drill got under way on Friday. It is being led by China - and involves other members from an alliance of major developing countries, which when it was launched in 2006 was known as Bric. It took its acronym from its founding members Brazil, Russia, India and China - and when South Africa joined four years later an "s" was added to its name. With the recent addition of Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) the alliance is now called Brics+ - and its aim is to challenge the political and economic power of the wealthier Western nations. Image source, Bloomberg/Getty Images Image caption, An Iranian ship was pictured on Friday in Simon's Town South Africa's defence department said the navies were gathering "for an intensive programme of joint maritime safety operations, interoperability drills and maritime protection serials". It did not specify which nations would be taking part, only that the aim of the training was "to ensure the safety of shipping and maritime economic activities". Some commentators have questioned why Brics+ members are carrying out military exercises together, given the grouping is an economic alliance. "There are members of Brics+ that are diametrically opposed to each other politically and even have hot border skirmishes between them," defence analyst Dean Wingrin told the BBC. It is not the first time South Africa has had naval exercises with China and Russia. The first was called "Mosi", which means "smoke" in South Africa's Tswana language, and took place in 2019 with little fanfare. But by the time Mosi II took place in 2023, Russia had launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the timing of the exercise was heavily criticised . "It fell straight over the first-year anniversary of the Russian invasion," says Wingrin. "So it raised eyebrows because of the timing." What is the Brics group and what does it do? Published 1 February 2024 The current exercise was initially scheduled to take place in November last year and was going to be called Mosi III. But it was postponed because of the G20 leaders' summit that South Africa hosted for the first time - and has been subject to a name change and the invitation broadened. "Around the middle of last year, we started hearing that it was no longer called Mosi III, but that it was now going to be a Brics+ maritime exercise called 'Will for Peace'," Wingrin says. But in the current political climate this expansion could further alienate South Africa from the US, one of its main trading partners. "South Africa has been under pressure since the Trump administration came back into power. And even before that, when the Democrats were in power, they also perceived South Africa as anti-American," William Gumede, a professor at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, told the BBC. And the fallout with the Trump administration has been spectacular. He accused the South African authorities of failing to protect its white minority population and offered Afrikaners (who are mainly descended from Dutch settlers), refugee status in the US. He then imposed higher tariffs and removed aid to South Africa. His anger was also partly fuelled by Pretoria's role in bringing a case against Israel to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) . The US ally has strongly rejected the allegation of genocide against Palestinians in Gaza as "baseless". But overtures by Pretoria and South Africa's President Cyril Ramaphosa's visit in May to the White House, with a delegation that included famous white South African golf players, failed to mend fences. Instead Ramaphosa was ambushed in the Oval Office with a series of contested claims about the killings of white farmers in South Africa . None of South Africa's political parties have said that there is a white genocide in the country. That includes parties that represent Afrikaners and the white community in general. Yet Trump repeated such claims when he decided to boycott November's G20 summit, which was held in Johannesburg, saying it was a "total disgrace" that Africa's largest economy was hosting it. "Afrikaners are being killed and slaughtered, and their land and farms are being illegally confiscated," he posted on his social media platform Truth Social. Gumede points out that the South African economy, which has been struggling for years, needs access to the US market. "We cannot afford to alienate the US. If we add the contribution of the US state, the American private sector as well as US civil society to the South African economy, it is much higher than China's," he says. "US companies in South Africa alone produce more than 500,000 jobs. If you look at all the Chinese companies in South Africa, saying they create 10,000 jobs, or even 20,000 jobs, would be a generous estimate." This differs from government figures released in 2024, which said China had created around 400,000 jobs in South Africa. "I think the US is much more strategic to us in real terms than China," Gumede says. Last year the central bank warned that the US's new 30% tariffs on South African exports could lead to around 100,000 job losses, with the agriculture and automotive sectors hardest-hit. Gumede explained that the African National Congress (ANC), the party that brought liberation to South Africa in 1994, sees China as an ideological partner. Russia too is respected for its role in supporting the ANC's struggle against the apartheid regime and white-minority rule. But the ANC has failed to update its foreign policy to encompass its new coalition partners after losing its parliamentary majority in 2024, he says. It was forced to enter a governing coalition including parties such as the pro-business, Western-aligned Democratic Alliance (DA). "When it was a majority party, China was a strategic partner for the ANC government. But now we are in a government of national unity, so what we should have done, as a country and as a government, is to come up with a new foreign policy which is inclusive of the ANC's partners, because the ANC is not a majority partner any more." Image source, SA National Defence Force Image caption, One South African official said the war games were a good training opportunity for its defence forces and would boost morale The DA, the second largest party in the country, has heavily criticised the Will for Peace naval exercise. In a statement, its defence spokesperson Chris Hattingh said it undermined South Africa's non-aligned foreign policy stance. "This exercise is being led by China and includes participation by Russia and Iran, both heavily sanctioned and both involved in active conflicts. "Hosting and training with such forces cannot be described as neutral or non-aligned. It is a political choice, whether the government admits it or not." But Wingrin says there may also have been practical considerations behind the South African military's decision to go ahead. "South Africa is in a difficult position because years of defunding the defence force and of cutting its budget has left our defence capabilities decimated," he says. "We don't have as many ships capable of going to sea to go to other countries to exercise. So we have to take every opportunity we can to exercise with any country that's willing to come to South Africa." South Africa deputy Defence Minister Bantu Holomisa has also shrugged off the criticism, saying it is an honour for the country's defence forces "to practise with well-equipped countries in military terms" and it will boost the morale of troops. However, Wingrin warns it could spell trouble: "I don't believe this exercise will result in any military action from any other country. "But it may certainly make South African trade negotiations more difficult with certain countries. It's not the exercise per se, it's all about the optics." A view echoed by other commentators, like Gumede: "This definitely will be seen as a provocation by the Trump administration. "This is not a good look for South Africa given the current geopolitics. I think it would have been best for President Ramaphosa to cancel these joint naval exercises." Image source, AFP/Getty Images Image caption, Russia's naval presence in South African waters has caused controversy in the past because of the Ukraine war Political analyst Sandile Swana, however, is more sanguine, even in the light of the recent US military operation to remove President Nicolás Maduro from power and its seizure of oil tankers leaving the South American country . "The objective of the exercise is to make the seas safe for international trade, to combat piracy and to create a safe maritime environment. I think by any standards that would be welcome by anybody," he told the BBC, adding that relations between the US and South African cannot get much worse. "I cannot see any credible reason why the call for safe maritime activities should be curtailed by anyone. Trump has been issuing extreme threats and then turning his back on them just as quickly as he's made them." For Gumede it is the economic impact of the rift that should be the focus. "We are in real danger, if we don't make our foreign policy more reconciliatory towards the US or more pragmatic, we will be squeezed between the fights between the US and China, the US and Iran, as well as the US and Russia. "And South Africa will be the biggest loser." You may also be interested in: Is there a genocide of white South Africans as Trump claims? Published 2 June 2025 White South Africans divided on US refugee offer Published 8 December 2025 Thousands of workers in limbo as US-Africa trade deal set to expire Published 30 September 2025 Image source, Getty Images/BBC Go to BBCAfrica.com , external for more news from the African continent. Follow us on Twitter @BBCAfrica , external , on Facebook at BBC Africa , external or on Instagram at bbcafrica , external Related topics China Russia Iran South Africa Africa United States BBC Africa podcasts Focus on Africa This Is Africa South Africa's strained ties with US face new test - war games with China, Iran and Russia Published 10 January 2026 The participation of warships from China, Iran and Russia in military exercises hosted by South Africa could further strain the country's relationship with the US, which are already at an all-time low. A News24 report suggesting South Africa is hoping to persuade Iran to become an observer , external rather than an active participant points to the sensitivities over how the war games may be viewed by US President Donald Trump. Vessels flying Chinese, Iranian and Russian flags have been seen sailing into South Africa's main naval base in Simon's Town on the Cape Peninsula in recent days. The week-long drill got under way on Friday. It is being led by China - and involves other members from an alliance of major developing countries, which when it was launched in 2006 was known as Bric. It took its acronym from its founding members Brazil, Russia, India and China - and when South Africa joined four years later an "s" was added to its name. With the recent addition of Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) the alliance is now called Brics+ - and its aim is to challenge the political and economic power of the wealthier Western nations. An Iranian ship was pictured on Friday in Simon's Town South Africa's defence department said the navies were gathering "for an intensive programme of joint maritime safety operations, interoperability drills and maritime protection serials". It did not specify which nations would be taking part, only that the aim of the training was "to ensure the safety of shipping and maritime economic activities". Some commentators have questioned why Brics+ members are carrying out military exercises together, given the grouping is an economic alliance. "There are members of Brics+ that are diametrically opposed to each other politically and even have hot border skirmishes between them," defence analyst Dean Wingrin told the BBC. It is not the first time South Africa has had naval exercises with China and Russia. The first was called "Mosi", which means "smoke" in South Africa's Tswana language, and took place in 2019 with little fanfare. But by the time Mosi II took place in 2023, Russia had launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the timing of the exercise was heavily criticised . "It fell straight over the first-year anniversary of the Russian invasion," says Wingrin. "So it raised eyebrows because of the timing." What is the Brics group and what does it do? Published 1 February 2024 What is the Brics group and what does it do? Published 1 February 2024 The current exercise was initially scheduled to take place in November last year and was going to be called Mosi III. But it was postponed because of the G20 leaders' summit that South Africa hosted for the first time - and has been subject to a name change and the invitation broadened. "Around the middle of last year, we started hearing that it was no longer called Mosi III, but that it was now going to be a Brics+ maritime exercise called 'Will for Peace'," Wingrin says. But in the current political climate this expansion could further alienate South Africa from the US, one of its main trading partners. "South Africa has been under pressure since the Trump administration came back into power. And even before that, when the Democrats were in power, they also perceived South Africa as anti-American," William Gumede, a professor at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, told the BBC. And the fallout with the Trump administration has been spectacular. He accused the South African authorities of failing to protect its white minority population and offered Afrikaners (who are mainly descended from Dutch settlers), refugee status in the US. He then imposed higher tariffs and removed aid to South Africa. His anger was also partly fuelled by Pretoria's role in bringing a case against Israel to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) . The US ally has strongly rejected the allegation of genocide against Palestinians in Gaza as "baseless". But overtures by Pretoria and South Africa's President Cyril Ramaphosa's visit in May to the White House, with a delegation that included famous white South African golf players, failed to mend fences. Instead Ramaphosa was ambushed in the Oval Office with a series of contested claims about the killings of white farmers in South Africa . None of South Africa's political parties have said that there is a white genocide in the country. That includes parties that represent Afrikaners and the white community in general. Yet Trump repeated such claims when he decided to boycott November's G20 summit, which was held in Johannesburg, saying it was a "total disgrace" that Africa's largest economy was hosting it. "Afrikaners are being killed and slaughtered, and their land and farms are being illegally confiscated," he posted on his social media platform Truth Social. Gumede points out that the South African economy, which has been struggling for years, needs access to the US market. "We cannot afford to alienate the US. If we add the contribution of the US state, the American private sector as well as US civil society to the South African economy, it is much higher than China's," he says. "US companies in South Africa alone produce more than 500,000 jobs. If you look at all the Chinese companies in South Africa, saying they create 10,000 jobs, or even 20,000 jobs, would be a generous estimate." This differs from government figures released in 2024, which said China had created around 400,000 jobs in South Africa. "I think the US is much more strategic to us in real terms than China," Gumede says. Last year the central bank warned that the US's new 30% tariffs on South African exports could lead to around 100,000 job losses, with the agriculture and automotive sectors hardest-hit. Gumede explained that the African National Congress (ANC), the party that brought liberation to South Africa in 1994, sees China as an ideological partner. Russia too is respected for its role in supporting the ANC's struggle against the apartheid regime and white-minority rule. But the ANC has failed to update its foreign policy to encompass its new coalition partners after losing its parliamentary majority in 2024, he says. It was forced to enter a governing coalition including parties such as the pro-business, Western-aligned Democratic Alliance (DA). "When it was a majority party, China was a strategic partner for the ANC government. But now we are in a government of national unity, so what we should have done, as a country and as a government, is to come up with a new foreign policy which is inclusive of the ANC's partners, because the ANC is not a majority partner any more." One South African official said the war games were a good training opportunity for its defence forces and would boost morale The DA, the second largest party in the country, has heavily criticised the Will for Peace naval exercise. In a statement, its defence spokesperson Chris Hattingh said it undermined South Africa's non-aligned foreign policy stance. "This exercise is being led by China and includes participation by Russia and Iran, both heavily sanctioned and both involved in active conflicts. "Hosting and training with such forces cannot be described as neutral or non-aligned. It is a political choice, whether the government admits it or not." But Wingrin says there may also have been practical considerations behind the South African military's decision to go ahead. "South Africa is in a difficult position because years of defunding the defence force and of cutting its budget has left our defence capabilities decimated," he says. "We don't have as many ships capable of going to sea to go to other countries to exercise. So we have to take every opportunity we can to exercise with any country that's willing to come to South Africa." South Africa deputy Defence Minister Bantu Holomisa has also shrugged off the criticism, saying it is an honour for the country's defence forces "to practise with well-equipped countries in military terms" and it will boost the morale of troops. However, Wingrin warns it could spell trouble: "I don't believe this exercise will result in any military action from any other country. "But it may certainly make South African trade negotiations more difficult with certain countries. It's not the exercise per se, it's all about the optics." A view echoed by other commentators, like Gumede: "This definitely will be seen as a provocation by the Trump administration. "This is not a good look for South Africa given the current geopolitics. I think it would have been best for President Ramaphosa to cancel these joint naval exercises." Russia's naval presence in South African waters has caused controversy in the past because of the Ukraine war Political analyst Sandile Swana, however, is more sanguine, even in the light of the recent US military operation to remove President Nicolás Maduro from power and its seizure of oil tankers leaving the South American country . "The objective of the exercise is to make the seas safe for international trade, to combat piracy and to create a safe maritime environment. I think by any standards that would be welcome by anybody," he told the BBC, adding that relations between the US and South African cannot get much worse. "I cannot see any credible reason why the call for safe maritime activities should be curtailed by anyone. Trump has been issuing extreme threats and then turning his back on them just as quickly as he's made them." For Gumede it is the economic impact of the rift that should be the focus. "We are in real danger, if we don't make our foreign policy more reconciliatory towards the US or more pragmatic, we will be squeezed between the fights between the US and China, the US and Iran, as well as the US and Russia. "And South Africa will be the biggest loser." You may also be interested in: Is there a genocide of white South Africans as Trump claims? Published 2 June 2025 Is there a genocide of white South Africans as Trump claims? Published 2 June 2025 White South Africans divided on US refugee offer Published 8 December 2025 White South Africans divided on US refugee offer Published 8 December 2025 Thousands of workers in limbo as US-Africa trade deal set to expire Published 30 September 2025 Thousands of workers in limbo as US-Africa trade deal set to expire Published 30 September 2025 Go to BBCAfrica.com , external for more news from the African continent. Follow us on Twitter @BBCAfrica , external , on Facebook at BBC Africa , external or on Instagram at bbcafrica , external Related topics China Russia Iran South Africa Africa United States BBC Africa podcasts Focus on Africa Focus on Africa This Is Africa This Is Africa Top stories Live . NHS trust 'violated dignity' of nurses by allowing trans woman to use female changing room, tribunal rules 16013 viewing 16k viewing NHS trust 'violated dignity' of nurses by allowing trans woman to use female changing room, tribunal rules 16013 viewing 16k viewing Live . 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Príomhleathanach Tairseach chomhphobail Athruithe deireanacha Leathanach fánach Cabhair Leathanaigh speisialta Síntiúis Cruthaigh cuntas Logáil isteach Síntiúis Cruthaigh cuntas Logáil isteach Príomhleathanach Príomhleathanach Plé Léigh Féach ar an bhfoinse Féach ar stair Léigh Féach ar an bhfoinse Féach ar stair Cad a nascann anseo Athruithe gaolmhara Nasc buan Eolas faoin leathanach Luaigh an lch seo Faigh URL giorraithe Íoslódáil cód QR Cruthaigh leabhar Íoslódáil mar PDF Leagan inphriontáilte Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiquote Wiktionary Mír Wikidata Fáilte chuig an Vicipéid , an chiclipéid shaor ar féidir le cách í a chur in eagar . 62,823 alt faoi láthair as Gaeilge - 126 eagarthóirí gníomhach Fáilte chuig an Vicipéid , an chiclipéid shaor ar féidir le cách í a chur in eagar . 62,823 alt faoi láthair as Gaeilge - 126 eagarthóirí gníomhach Beathaisnéisí Cultúr Cumarsáid Beathaisnéisí Cultúr Cumarsáid Ealaíona Fealsúnacht Matamaitic Ealaíona Fealsúnacht Matamaitic Ríomhaireacht Stair Tíreolaíocht Ríomhaireacht Stair Tíreolaíocht Alt roghnaithe File Éireannach ab ea William Butler Yeats (13 Iúil 1865 - 28 Eanáir 1939). Ba phríomhphearsa é san athbheochan litríochta in Éirinn i dtús na fichiú haoise . Ba iad Yeats, an Bantiarna Gregory agus Edward Martyn na cinn feadhna ar athbheochan litríochta na hÉireann agus bhunaigh siad, agus roinnt eile, Amharclann na Mainistreach . [ níos mó ] Cartlann | Ailt roghnaithe Cúrsaí reatha Aimsir na bliana 2025 • Cogadh Iosrael-Gaza • Géarchéim i Veiniséala • Ionradh na Rúise ar an Úcráin • Dara téarma Donald Trump • Cainteanna síochána idir an Rúis agus an Úcráin • Loscadh Crans-Montana 2026 • Ionsaithe na Stát Aontaithe ar gháinneálaithe drugaí líomhnaithe • Súil siar 2025 Cúrsaí reatha Ar an lá seo ... Is é an 10 Eanáir an deichiú lá den bhliain de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra. Tá 355 lá fágtha sa bhliain nó 356 i mbliain bhisigh. 49 RC – Thrasnaigh Iúil Caesar abhainn an Rubicon, ag cur tús le cogadh cathartha sa Róimh 1654 – Cailleadh Nicholas Culpeper , luibheolaí Sasanach (r. 1616 ) 1776 – Foilsíodh Common Sense le Thomas Paine 1778 – Cailleadh Carl von Linné , luibheolaí Sualannach (r. 1707 ) 1880 – Rugadh Manuel Azaña , polaiteoir Spáinneach (b. 1940 ) 1922 – Toghadh Arthur Griffith mar uachtarán Dháil Éireann 1960 – Rugadh Brian Ó Comhain , 12ú Taoiseach 1984 – Cailleadh Seán Mac an tSaoi , polaiteoir Éireannach & 5ú Tánaiste (r. 1889 ) 2016 – Cailleadh David Bowie , ceoltóir Sasanach (r. 1947 ) Tuilleadh teagmhais: 9 Eanáir • 10 Eanáir • 11 Eanáir Cartlann | Féilire Inniu an Satharn , 10 Eanáir 2026 (UTC) – Athnuaigh an leathanach Alt roghnaithe File Éireannach ab ea William Butler Yeats (13 Iúil 1865 - 28 Eanáir 1939). Ba phríomhphearsa é san athbheochan litríochta in Éirinn i dtús na fichiú haoise . Ba iad Yeats, an Bantiarna Gregory agus Edward Martyn na cinn feadhna ar athbheochan litríochta na hÉireann agus bhunaigh siad, agus roinnt eile, Amharclann na Mainistreach . [ níos mó ] Cartlann | Ailt roghnaithe File Éireannach ab ea William Butler Yeats (13 Iúil 1865 - 28 Eanáir 1939). Ba phríomhphearsa é san athbheochan litríochta in Éirinn i dtús na fichiú haoise . Ba iad Yeats, an Bantiarna Gregory agus Edward Martyn na cinn feadhna ar athbheochan litríochta na hÉireann agus bhunaigh siad, agus roinnt eile, Amharclann na Mainistreach . [ níos mó ] Cartlann | Ailt roghnaithe Cúrsaí reatha Aimsir na bliana 2025 • Cogadh Iosrael-Gaza • Géarchéim i Veiniséala • Ionradh na Rúise ar an Úcráin • Dara téarma Donald Trump • Cainteanna síochána idir an Rúis agus an Úcráin • Loscadh Crans-Montana 2026 • Ionsaithe na Stát Aontaithe ar gháinneálaithe drugaí líomhnaithe • Súil siar 2025 Cúrsaí reatha Ar an lá seo ... Is é an 10 Eanáir an deichiú lá den bhliain de réir fhéilire Ghréagóra. Tá 355 lá fágtha sa bhliain nó 356 i mbliain bhisigh. 49 RC – Thrasnaigh Iúil Caesar abhainn an Rubicon, ag cur tús le cogadh cathartha sa Róimh 1654 – Cailleadh Nicholas Culpeper , luibheolaí Sasanach (r. 1616 ) 1776 – Foilsíodh Common Sense le Thomas Paine 1778 – Cailleadh Carl von Linné , luibheolaí Sualannach (r. 1707 ) 1880 – Rugadh Manuel Azaña , polaiteoir Spáinneach (b. 1940 ) 1922 – Toghadh Arthur Griffith mar uachtarán Dháil Éireann 1960 – Rugadh Brian Ó Comhain , 12ú Taoiseach 1984 – Cailleadh Seán Mac an tSaoi , polaiteoir Éireannach & 5ú Tánaiste (r. 1889 ) 2016 – Cailleadh David Bowie , ceoltóir Sasanach (r. 1947 ) Tuilleadh teagmhais: 9 Eanáir • 10 Eanáir • 11 Eanáir Cartlann | Féilire Inniu an Satharn , 10 Eanáir 2026 (UTC) – Athnuaigh an leathanach 49 RC – Thrasnaigh Iúil Caesar abhainn an Rubicon, ag cur tús le cogadh cathartha sa Róimh 1654 – Cailleadh Nicholas Culpeper , luibheolaí Sasanach (r. 1616 ) 1776 – Foilsíodh Common Sense le Thomas Paine 1778 – Cailleadh Carl von Linné , luibheolaí Sualannach (r. 1707 ) 1880 – Rugadh Manuel Azaña , polaiteoir Spáinneach (b. 1940 ) 1922 – Toghadh Arthur Griffith mar uachtarán Dháil Éireann 1960 – Rugadh Brian Ó Comhain , 12ú Taoiseach 1984 – Cailleadh Seán Mac an tSaoi , polaiteoir Éireannach & 5ú Tánaiste (r. 1889 ) 2016 – Cailleadh David Bowie , ceoltóir Sasanach (r. 1947 ) Ciclipéid Eolaíochtaí Matamaitice agus Nádúrtha Bitheolaíocht · Ceimic · Éiceolaíocht · Eolaíocht an domhain · Eolaíocht shláinte – Micribitheolaíocht · Fisic · Matamaitic · Réalteolaíocht · Ríomheolaíocht · Staidreamh Ealaíona agus Eolaíochtaí Feidhmeacha Ailtireacht · Cumarsáid · Dlí · Eolaíocht leabharlainne agus faisnéise · Eolaíocht muintire agus caiteora · Gnó · Gnóthaí poiblí · Innealtóireacht · Innealtóireacht bhogearraí · Iompar · Leigheas · Oideachas · Polaitíocht · Reacht · Rialtas · Talmhaíocht · Teicneolaíocht Fealsúnacht agus Eolaíochtaí Sóisialta Antraipeolaíocht · Eacnamaíocht · Eolaíocht pholaitiúil · Fealsúnacht · Miotaseolaíocht · Oideachas · Seandálaíocht · Síceolaíocht · Socheolaíocht · Stair · Stair na heolaíochta agus na teicneolaíochta · Teanga · Teangeolaíocht · Tíreolaíocht Cultúr agus na Míndána Amharclann · Caitheamh aimsire · Ceirmeacht · Ceol · Ceoldráma · Clasaicigh · Cluichí · Cócaireacht · Creideamh · Damhsa · Dána agus dearthóireacht radharcach · Dealbhóireacht · Déanamh priontaí · Dearcealaíona · Drámaíocht · Ealaíon · Filíocht · Fótagrafaíocht mínealaíne · Garraíodóireacht · Idirlíon · Laethanta saoire · Lámhcheird · Litríocht · Meáin chumarsáide · Ogham · Oirfide · Péintéireacht · Raidió · Scannánaíocht · Spórt · Teilifís · Turasóireacht Catagóirí Am · Ainmhithe · Ceimic · Cultúr · Daoine · An Domhan · Dúlra · Éire · Eolaíocht · Fisic · Iompar · Réalteolaíocht · Reiligiún · Sochaí · Stair · Teangacha · Tíortha · Tíreolaíocht · Vicipéid Imeachtaí pobail Vicí Eolaíochta 2025 in Éirinn Comórtas grianghrafadóireachta eolaíochta bliantúil chun íomhánna ardchaighdeáin eolaíochta a bhailiú do Chómhaoin Wikimedia . Tá an comórtas grianghrafadóireachta ar siúl ó 1 go 30 Samhain . Tá fáilte roimh gach ábhar eolaíochta - ón réalteolaíocht go micreascóip, ó dhúlra na hÉireann go micribhitheolaíocht. Le linn an fheachtais, táimid ag spreagadh ar dhaoine ailt nua a chruthú nó ceann a fhorbairt ar ábhair eolaíochta ar Vicipéid i nGaeilge, nó i mBéarla. Bígí linn: → níos mó Cartlann Cabhair Fáilte, a núíosaigh · Clár dubh · Polasaí · Cóipchearta · Conas leathanach a chur in eagar · Conas leathanach iontach a scríobh · Lámhleabhar leagain amach · Lámhleabhar stíle Faoin tionscadal Leathanach eolais · Wikimedia · Fógraí · Ceisteanna Coiteanta · Staidrimh · Teagmháil · Halla baile · Vicipéideoirí · IRC · Áiseanna · Tuairisciú an phreasa · Tacaíocht Ciclipéid Eolaíochtaí Matamaitice agus Nádúrtha Bitheolaíocht · Ceimic · Éiceolaíocht · Eolaíocht an domhain · Eolaíocht shláinte – Micribitheolaíocht · Fisic · Matamaitic · Réalteolaíocht · Ríomheolaíocht · Staidreamh Ealaíona agus Eolaíochtaí Feidhmeacha Ailtireacht · Cumarsáid · Dlí · Eolaíocht leabharlainne agus faisnéise · Eolaíocht muintire agus caiteora · Gnó · Gnóthaí poiblí · Innealtóireacht · Innealtóireacht bhogearraí · Iompar · Leigheas · Oideachas · Polaitíocht · Reacht · Rialtas · Talmhaíocht · Teicneolaíocht Fealsúnacht agus Eolaíochtaí Sóisialta Antraipeolaíocht · Eacnamaíocht · Eolaíocht pholaitiúil · Fealsúnacht · Miotaseolaíocht · Oideachas · Seandálaíocht · Síceolaíocht · Socheolaíocht · Stair · Stair na heolaíochta agus na teicneolaíochta · Teanga · Teangeolaíocht · Tíreolaíocht Cultúr agus na Míndána Amharclann · Caitheamh aimsire · Ceirmeacht · Ceol · Ceoldráma · Clasaicigh · Cluichí · Cócaireacht · Creideamh · Damhsa · Dána agus dearthóireacht radharcach · Dealbhóireacht · Déanamh priontaí · Dearcealaíona · Drámaíocht · Ealaíon · Filíocht · Fótagrafaíocht mínealaíne · Garraíodóireacht · Idirlíon · Laethanta saoire · Lámhcheird · Litríocht · Meáin chumarsáide · Ogham · Oirfide · Péintéireacht · Raidió · Scannánaíocht · Spórt · Teilifís · Turasóireacht Catagóirí Am · Ainmhithe · Ceimic · Cultúr · Daoine · An Domhan · Dúlra · Éire · Eolaíocht · Fisic · Iompar · Réalteolaíocht · Reiligiún · Sochaí · Stair · Teangacha · Tíortha · Tíreolaíocht · Vicipéid Bitheolaíocht · Ceimic · Éiceolaíocht · Eolaíocht an domhain · Eolaíocht shláinte – Micribitheolaíocht · Fisic · Matamaitic · Réalteolaíocht · Ríomheolaíocht · Staidreamh Ealaíona agus Eolaíochtaí Feidhmeacha Ailtireacht · Cumarsáid · Dlí · Eolaíocht leabharlainne agus faisnéise · Eolaíocht muintire agus caiteora · Gnó · Gnóthaí poiblí · Innealtóireacht · Innealtóireacht bhogearraí · Iompar · Leigheas · Oideachas · Polaitíocht · Reacht · Rialtas · Talmhaíocht · Teicneolaíocht Fealsúnacht agus Eolaíochtaí Sóisialta Antraipeolaíocht · Eacnamaíocht · Eolaíocht pholaitiúil · Fealsúnacht · Miotaseolaíocht · Oideachas · Seandálaíocht · Síceolaíocht · Socheolaíocht · Stair · Stair na heolaíochta agus na teicneolaíochta · Teanga · Teangeolaíocht · Tíreolaíocht Cultúr agus na Míndána Amharclann · Caitheamh aimsire · Ceirmeacht · Ceol · Ceoldráma · Clasaicigh · Cluichí · Cócaireacht · Creideamh · Damhsa · Dána agus dearthóireacht radharcach · Dealbhóireacht · Déanamh priontaí · Dearcealaíona · Drámaíocht · Ealaíon · Filíocht · Fótagrafaíocht mínealaíne · Garraíodóireacht · Idirlíon · Laethanta saoire · Lámhcheird · Litríocht · Meáin chumarsáide · Ogham · Oirfide · Péintéireacht · Raidió · Scannánaíocht · Spórt · Teilifís · Turasóireacht Catagóirí Imeachtaí pobail Vicí Eolaíochta 2025 in Éirinn Comórtas grianghrafadóireachta eolaíochta bliantúil chun íomhánna ardchaighdeáin eolaíochta a bhailiú do Chómhaoin Wikimedia . Tá an comórtas grianghrafadóireachta ar siúl ó 1 go 30 Samhain . Tá fáilte roimh gach ábhar eolaíochta - ón réalteolaíocht go micreascóip, ó dhúlra na hÉireann go micribhitheolaíocht. Le linn an fheachtais, táimid ag spreagadh ar dhaoine ailt nua a chruthú nó ceann a fhorbairt ar ábhair eolaíochta ar Vicipéid i nGaeilge, nó i mBéarla. Bígí linn: → níos mó Cartlann Comórtas grianghrafadóireachta eolaíochta bliantúil chun íomhánna ardchaighdeáin eolaíochta a bhailiú do Chómhaoin Wikimedia . Tá an comórtas grianghrafadóireachta ar siúl ó 1 go 30 Samhain . Tá fáilte roimh gach ábhar eolaíochta - ón réalteolaíocht go micreascóip, ó dhúlra na hÉireann go micribhitheolaíocht. Le linn an fheachtais, táimid ag spreagadh ar dhaoine ailt nua a chruthú nó ceann a fhorbairt ar ábhair eolaíochta ar Vicipéid i nGaeilge, nó i mBéarla. Bígí linn: → níos mó Cartlann Cabhair Fáilte, a núíosaigh · Clár dubh · Polasaí · Cóipchearta · Conas leathanach a chur in eagar · Conas leathanach iontach a scríobh · Lámhleabhar leagain amach · Lámhleabhar stíle Faoin tionscadal Leathanach eolais · Wikimedia · Fógraí · Ceisteanna Coiteanta · Staidrimh · Teagmháil · Halla baile · Vicipéideoirí · IRC · Áiseanna · Tuairisciú an phreasa · Tacaíocht Íomhá roghnaithe Is ceann de na ceithre speiceas lincse atá fós ann, cait fhiáine sa teaghlach Felidae , é an Lincse Ibéarach (Lynx pardinus). Sonraí an ghrianghrafadóra: Diego Delso Íomhánna roghnaithe | Iarrthóirí Íomhá roghnaithe Is ceann de na ceithre speiceas lincse atá fós ann, cait fhiáine sa teaghlach Felidae , é an Lincse Ibéarach (Lynx pardinus). Sonraí an ghrianghrafadóra: Diego Delso Íomhánna roghnaithe | Iarrthóirí Comhthionscadail Ciclipéid shaor is ea an Vicipéid a óstálaítear ag an bhfondúireacht neamhbhrabúis Wikimedia. Tá go leor tionscadail ilteangacha saor-ábhair eile ag Wikimedia: Cómhaoin Comhachmhainní meán Vicínuacht Nuacht shaora Vicífhoclóir Foclóir agus teasáras Vicíshliocht Bailiúchán athfhriotal Vicíleabhair Téacsleabhair shaora Vicífhoinse Doiciméid saor-fhoinse Vicíghnéithe Eolaire na n-gnéithe Vicíollscoil Uirlisí staidéar Meta-Vicí Comheagar do thionscadail Wikimedia Comhthionscadail Ciclipéid shaor is ea an Vicipéid a óstálaítear ag an bhfondúireacht neamhbhrabúis Wikimedia. Tá go leor tionscadail ilteangacha saor-ábhair eile ag Wikimedia: Cómhaoin Comhachmhainní meán Vicínuacht Nuacht shaora Vicífhoclóir Foclóir agus teasáras Vicíshliocht Bailiúchán athfhriotal Vicíleabhair Téacsleabhair shaora Vicífhoinse Doiciméid saor-fhoinse Vicíghnéithe Eolaire na n-gnéithe Vicíollscoil Uirlisí staidéar Meta-Vicí Comheagar do thionscadail Wikimedia Cómhaoin Comhachmhainní meán Vicínuacht Nuacht shaora Vicífhoclóir Foclóir agus teasáras Vicíshliocht Bailiúchán athfhriotal Vicíleabhair Téacsleabhair shaora Vicífhoinse Doiciméid saor-fhoinse Vicíghnéithe Eolaire na n-gnéithe Vicíollscoil Uirlisí staidéar Meta-Vicí Comheagar do thionscadail Wikimedia Vicipéid i dteangacha eile .mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-complete{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages>ul{list-style:none;text-align:center;clear:both}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count-container{width:90%;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding-top:1em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-prettybars{width:100%;height:1px;margin:0.5em 0;background-color:#c8ccd1;flex-shrink:1;align-self:center}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count{padding:0 1em;white-space:nowrap} 1,000,000+ ailt العربية • Deutsch • Español • Français • Italiano • Nederlands • 日本語 • Polski • Português • Русский • Svenska • Українська • Tiếng Việt • 中文 250,000+ ailt Bahasa Indonesia • Bahasa Melayu • 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí • Български • Català • Čeština • Dansk • Esperanto • Euskara • فارسی • עברית • 한국어 • Magyar • Norsk Bokmål • Română • Srpski • Srpskohrvatski • Suomi • Türkçe 50,000+ ailt Asturianu • বাংলা • Bosanski • Eesti • Ελληνικά • Simple English • Galego • Hrvatski • Latviešu • Lietuvių • മലയാളം • Македонски • Norsk nynorsk • Shqip • Slovenčina • Slovenščina • ไทย Teangacha Ceilteacha Brezhoneg • Cymraeg • Gaelg • Gàidhlig • Kernowek Vicipéid i dteangacha eile .mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-complete{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages>ul{list-style:none;text-align:center;clear:both}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count-container{width:90%;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding-top:1em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-prettybars{width:100%;height:1px;margin:0.5em 0;background-color:#c8ccd1;flex-shrink:1;align-self:center}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count{padding:0 1em;white-space:nowrap} 1,000,000+ ailt العربية • Deutsch • Español • Français • Italiano • Nederlands • 日本語 • Polski • Português • Русский • Svenska • Українська • Tiếng Việt • 中文 250,000+ ailt Bahasa Indonesia • Bahasa Melayu • 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí • Български • Català • Čeština • Dansk • Esperanto • Euskara • فارسی • עברית • 한국어 • Magyar • Norsk Bokmål • Română • Srpski • 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Title and translation 3.3 Filming 3.4 Children 3.5 Art and animation 3.6 Musical sequences 3.7 Background music 3.8 Promotional material 3.1 Development 3.2 Title and translation 3.3 Filming 3.4 Children 3.5 Art and animation 3.6 Musical sequences 3.7 Background music 3.8 Promotional material 4 Soundtrack 5 Release Toggle Release subsection 5.1 Box office 5.2 Protests in Gujarat 5.3 International Dyslexia Association 5.4 Home media 5.1 Box office 5.2 Protests in Gujarat 5.3 International Dyslexia Association 5.4 Home media 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Scholarly response 6.3 Public response 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Scholarly response 6.3 Public response 7 Spiritual successor 8 Accolades Toggle Accolades subsection 8.1 2009 Academy Awards submission and Slumdog Millionaire 8.1 2009 Academy Awards submission and Slumdog Millionaire 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Taare Zameen Par العربية অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ සිංහල Simple English کوردی Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikiquote Wikidata item Taare Zameen Par Theatrical release poster Directed by Aamir Khan Written by Amole Gupte Produced by Aamir Khan Starring Darsheel Safary Aamir Khan Tisca Chopra Vipin Sharma Tanay Chheda Cinematography Satyajit Pande Edited by Deepa Bhatia Music by Score: Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Songs: Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Shailendra Barve Production companies Aamir Khan Productions PVR Pictures Distributed by PVR Pictures Release date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 21 December 2007 ( 2007-12-21 ) 21 December 2007 ( 2007-12-21 ) Running time 164 minutes [ 1 ] Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹12 crore [ 2 ] Box office ₹98.48 crore [ 3 ] Taare Zameen Par ( lit. ' Stars on the Earth ' ), also known as Like Stars on Earth in English, is a 2007 Indian Hindi -language psychological drama film produced and directed by Aamir Khan . It stars Khan, with Darsheel Safary , Tanay Chheda , Vipin Sharma and Tisca Chopra . It explores the life and imagination of Ishaan (Safary), an artistically gifted 8-year-old boy whose poor academic performance leads his parents to send him to a boarding school , where a new art teacher Nikumbh (Aamir Khan) suspects that he is dyslexic and helps him to overcome his reading disorder. The film focuses on raising awareness about dyslexia in children. Creative director and writer Amole Gupte developed the idea with his wife Deepa Bhatia , who was the film's editor. Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy composed the score, and Prasoon Joshi wrote the lyrics for many of the songs. Principal photography took place in Mumbai , and in Panchgani 's New Era High School , where some of the school's students participated in the filming. Taare Zameen Par made its theatrical debut in India on 21 December 2007. It was commercially successful, earning ₹98.48 crore gross worldwide. [ 3 ] It received positive reviews, with praise for its story, screenplay, direction, dialogues, soundtrack, and performances. A recipient of several accolades , Taare Zameen Par was India's official entry at the 81st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Film , but was not nominated. At the 55th National Film Awards , it won 3 awards: Best Film on Family Welfare , Best Lyrics ( Prasoon Joshi for "Maa") and Best Male Playback Singer ( Shankar Mahadevan for "Maa"). At the 53rd Filmfare Awards , it received 11 nominations, including Best Actor (Safary), Best Supporting Actor ( Aamir Khan ) and Best Supporting Actress (Chopra), and won a leading 5 awards, including Best Film , Best Director ( Aamir Khan ) and Best Lyricist (Joshi for "Maa"). Plot Ishaan is an 8-year-old boy living in Mumbai , who has trouble following school. He is assumed by all to simply hate learning and deemed a troublemaker, and is belittled for it. He has even repeated the 3rd standard due to his academic failures from the previous year. Ishaan's imagination, creativity and talent for art and painting are often disregarded. Ishaan's father, Nandkishore Awasthi, is a successful executive who expects his sons to excel. His mother, Maya, is a homemaker who gave up her career and is frustrated by her inability to educate Ishaan. His elder brother Yohaan is an exemplary student and tennis player in whose shadow Ishaan remains, though he is the most supportive of Ishaan. One day his parents are called by the principal to discuss his behavior and grades. Due to Ishaan's failures, lack of improvement and rebellious behavior, the principal suggests they look into special schools, but Nandkishore rejects this and sends him to a boarding school despite Maya and Yohaan being against that idea. Alone there, Ishaan rapidly sinks into a state of fear, anxiety and depression , which is only worsened by the teachers' strict and abusive regime. Ishaan's only friend is Rajan Damodaran, a physically disabled boy who is one of the top students and resides with his family there, as his father is part of the school's board. Ishaan contemplates suicide one day, but Rajan intervenes and stops him. Rajan subsequently informs Ishaan that Mr. Holkar, the boarding school's strict and abusive art teacher, has left and is being replaced by someone else. Ram Shankar Nikumbh, a young, cheerful and optimistic instructor at the Tulips School for young children with developmental disabilities , joins as the boarding school's temporary art teacher the same day, replacing Mr. Holkar. Ram's teaching style is markedly different from Holkar's, and he quickly notes Ishaan's unhappiness after Ishaan fails to draw anything during the class. Ram reviews Ishaan's work and concludes that his academic shortcomings are indicative of dyslexia . Ram then visits Ishaan's house in Mumbai, where he is surprised to discover Ishaan's hidden interest in art. Ram demonstrates to Maya and Yohaan how Ishaan has extreme difficulty in understanding letters and words due to dyslexia and his trouble in sports stems from his poor motor ability (which also applies to his difficulty in tying shoelaces and judging the size, speed and distance of a ball). However, Nandkishore labels it as an intellectual disability (as well as an excuse) and dismisses it as laziness, much to Ram's frustration. Back at school, Ram brings up the topic of dyslexia in a class by offering a list of famous dyslexic people . Ram comforts Ishaan, telling him how he struggled as a child as well. Ram obtains the principal's permission to become Ishaan's tutor. With gradual care, Ram works to improve Ishaan's reading and writing by using remedial techniques developed by dyslexia specialists. Eventually, both Ishaan's demeanor and grades improve. One day, Nandkishore visits the school and tells Ram that he and Maya have read up on dyslexia and understand the condition. Ram mentions that what Ishaan needs more than understanding is that someone loves him. Outside, Nandkishore sees Ishaan attempting to read from a board. With teary eyes, he is unable to face his son and walks away, remorseful. At the end of the school year, Ram organises an arts and crafts contest for the staff and students, judged by artist Lalita Lajmi . Ishaan's work makes him the winner and Ram, who paints Ishaan's portrait, is declared the runner-up. The principal announces that Ram has been hired as the boarding school's permanent art teacher. When Ishaan's parents meet his teachers on the last day of school, they are left speechless by the transformation within their son. Overcome with emotion, Nandkishore thanks Ram. Before leaving, Ishaan runs toward Ram, who lifts him high up in a hug, advising him to come back next year. Cast Darsheel Safary as Ishaan "Inu" Nandkishore Awasthi [ 5 ] Veer Mohan as Young Ishaan Veer Mohan as Young Ishaan Aamir Khan as Ram Shankar Nikumbh, An art teacher at New Era High School and Ishaan's tuition teacher [ 6 ] Tisca Chopra as Maya Nandkishore Awasthi, Nandkishore's wife and Yohaan's and Ishaan's mother [ 7 ] Vipin Sharma as Nandkishore Awasthi, Maya's husband and Yohaan's and Ishaan's father [ 8 ] Sachet Engineer as Yohaan Nandkishore Awasthi, Nandkishore's and Maya's first son and Ishaan's elder brother Aniket Engineer as Young Yohaan Aniket Engineer as Young Yohaan Tanay Chheda as Rajan Damodran, Ishaan's best friend and classmate at New Era High School Ramit Gupta as Ranjeet Girija Oak as Jabeen Khan, Ram's co-worker Bugs Bhargava and Shankar Sachdev as Mr. Sen and Mr. Tiwari, Two teachers of New Era High School [ 9 ] M. K. Raina as Headmaster, principal of New Era High School Pratima Kulkarni as the principal of St. Anthony's School Meghna Malik as Victoria, class and Math teacher of Ishaan's former school, St. Anthony's School Sonali Sachdev as Irene, English teacher of St. Anthony's school Production Development The husband and wife team of Amole Gupte and Deepa Bhatia developed the story that eventually became Taare Zameen Par as a way of understanding why some children could not conform to a conventional educational system. Their work began as a short story that evolved into a screenplay over seven years. Bhatia said in an interview with The Hindu that her original inspiration was the childhood of Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa , who did poorly in school. She cited a specific place in Kurosawa's biography where he began to excel after meeting an attentive art teacher, and said that it "became the inspiration for how a teacher could transform the life of a student". [ 5 ] While developing the character of a young boy based on Kurosawa, Bhatia and Gupte explored some possible reasons why he failed in school. Their research led them to the Maharashtra Dyslexia Association and Parents for a Better Curriculum for the Child (PACE). Dyslexia eventually became the central topic and theme of the film. The pair worked with dyslexic children to research and develop the screenplay, basing characters and situations on their observations. Bhatia and Gupte carefully concealed the children's identities in the final version of the script. [ 5 ] "While Amole has written what I think is a brilliant and moving script, his contribution towards the film is not limited to that of a writer. The entire pre-production was done by him including the most important task of creating the music ... he has been present on set throughout the shooting as the Creative Director, and has been a big support and strong guiding force in my debut as a director. I thank him for that, and more so for having the faith in me by entrusting to me something that is so close to him." "While Amole has written what I think is a brilliant and moving script, his contribution towards the film is not limited to that of a writer. The entire pre-production was done by him including the most important task of creating the music ... he has been present on set throughout the shooting as the Creative Director, and has been a big support and strong guiding force in my debut as a director. I thank him for that, and more so for having the faith in me by entrusting to me something that is so close to him." Khan and Gupte first met in college. Khan has said that he admired Gupte's abilities as an actor, writer, and painter. Three years before the film's release, Gupte brought Khan to the project as a producer. [ 10 ] Gupte originally envisioned Akshaye Khanna as Ram and hoped that Khan could put him in touch with Khanna, since Khan and Khanna had recently collaborated in Dil Chahta Hai (2001). [ 11 ] However, this changed after Khan expressed interest in playing the role. Gupte himself was to direct, [ 10 ] but the first week's dailies were a great disappointment to Khan, who "lost faith in Amole and his capability of translating on screen what he had so beautifully written on paper". [ 12 ] Khan was on the verge of withdrawing his participation in the film because of these "creative differences", [ 12 ] [ 13 ] but Gupte kept him on board by stepping down as director. Contrary to Khan's claim, Gupte lashed out saying that after the wrap-up party, Khan announced that he was the director of the film, despite Gupte acting as director. [ 14 ] Had it been necessary to hire a third party, production would have been postponed for 6–8 months as the new director prepared for the film. Keen to keep Safary as Ishaan—the actor might have aged too much for the part had production been delayed—Khan took over the role of director. [ 12 ] Taare Zameen Par was Khan's first experience in the dual role of actor and director. He has admitted that the transition was challenging, stating that while he had always wanted to direct a film, it was unknown territory for him. [ 15 ] Gupte remained on set, "guiding [Khan] and, at times, even correcting [him]". [ 12 ] Title and translation Initially, the film was to retain the short story's title of "High Jump", which referenced Ishaan's inability to achieve the high jump in gym class. This subplot, which was filmed but later cut, would have tied into the original ending for the movie. In this planned ending, a "ghost image" separates from Ishaan after the art competition and runs to the sports field; the film would end on a freeze frame of Ishaan's "ghost image" successfully making the leap. Aamir Khan disliked this proposed ending and convinced Gupte to rewrite it. With the working title no longer relevant, [ 16 ] Khan, Gupte, and Bhatia discussed several alternatives, [ 17 ] eventually deciding on Taare Zameen Par. Possible translations of this title include Stars on the Ground [ 18 ] and Like Stars on Earth . [ 19 ] According to Khan: Taare Zameen Par is a film about children and it is a film which celebrates the abilities of children. Taare Zameen Par is a title which denotes that aspect. It is a title with a very positive feel to it. All the kids are special and wonderful. They are like stars on earth. This particular aspect gave birth to the title. [ 17 ] Taare Zameen Par is a film about children and it is a film which celebrates the abilities of children. Taare Zameen Par is a title which denotes that aspect. It is a title with a very positive feel to it. All the kids are special and wonderful. They are like stars on earth. This particular aspect gave birth to the title. [ 17 ] Filming Principal photography took place in India over five months. [ 20 ] Khan spent his first two days as director blocking the first scene to be filmed: Ishaan returning home from school and putting away his recently collected fish. [ 21 ] Believing the audience should not be aware of the camera, he chose a simple shooting style that involved relatively little camera movement . [ 22 ] The opening scene of Ishaan collecting fish outside his school was shot on location and at Film City . The shots of Ishaan took place at the former, while those involving the gutter terrarium were filmed at a water tank at the latter. The tank's water often became murky, forcing production to constantly empty and refill it, and causing the scene to take eight hours to film. [ 23 ] The film's next sequence involved Ishaan playing with two dogs. To compensate for the "absolutely petrified" Safary, most joint shots used a body double, though other portions integrated close-up shots of the actor. [ 24 ] Ishaan's nightmare—he becomes separated from his mother at a train station and she departs on a train while he is trapped in a crowd—was filmed in Mumbai on a permanent railway-station set. To work around the train set piece's immobility, production placed the camera on a moving trolley to create the illusion of a departing train. For the sequences related from the mother's point of view—shot from behind the actress—Chopra stood on a trolley next to a recreated section of the train's door. [ 25 ] All the school sequences were filmed on location. The production team searched for a Mumbai school with an "oppressive" feel to establish the "heaviness of being in a metropolitan school", [ 26 ] and eventually chose St. Xavier's School . [ 27 ] As the school is situated along a main road filming took place on weekends, to minimise the background noise, but an early scene in which Ishaan is sent out of the classroom was filmed on the day of the Mumbai Marathon . The production staff placed acrylic sheets invisible to the naked eye on the classroom windows to mask the sounds of nearby crowds and helicopters. [ 28 ] New Era High School served as Ishaan's boarding school. The change of setting was a "breath of fresh air" for the production crew, who moved from Ishaan's small house in Mysore Colony, Chembur to the "vast, beautiful environs" of Panchgani . [ 29 ] Production relied on stock footage for the brief scene of a bird feeding its babies. Khan carefully selected a clip to his liking, but learned three weeks before the film's release that the footage was not available in the proper format. With three days to replace it or else risk delaying the release, Khan made do with what he could find. He says that he "cringes" every time he sees it. [ 30 ] Children Real schoolchildren participated throughout the movie's filming. Khan credited them with the film's success, and was reportedly very popular with them. [ 15 ] Furthermore, Khan placed a high priority on the day-to-day needs of his child actors, and went to great lengths to attend to them. [ 17 ] The production staff made sure that the students were never idle, and always kept them occupied outside of filming. [ 31 ] New Era Faculty Coordinator Douglas Lee thought the experience not only helped the children to learn patience and co-operation, but also gave them a better understanding of how they should behave towards children like Ishaan who have problems in school. [ 32 ] Because filming at New Era High School occurred during the winter holiday, those portraying Ishaan's classmates gave up their vacation to participate. [ 33 ] To fill in the campus background, students from nearby schools were also brought in. [ 34 ] A total of 1,500 children were used for wide-shots of the film's art-fair climax; medium shots only required 400 students. [ 35 ] New to acting, the children often made errors such as staring into the camera, and Khan resorted to unorthodox methods to work around their rookie mistakes. For example, an early scene in the film featured a school assembly; Khan wanted the students to act naturally and to ignore the principal's speech, but recognised that this would be a difficult feat with cameras present. First Assistant Director Sunil Pandey spoke continuously in an attempt to "bore the hell out of [them]", and they eventually lost interest in the filming and behaved normally. [ 36 ] A later scene involved Nikumbh enlightening his class about famous people with dyslexia, and the children's responses to his speech were the last portion to be filmed. Having already spent 3–4 days hearing the dialogue the children's reactions were "jaded". Khan opted to film them while he recited a tale, and manipulated his storytelling to achieve the varying spontaneous reactions. [ 37 ] The following scene had the children playing around a nearby pond. Horrified when he learned that the water was 15 feet (4.6 m) deep, Khan recruited four lifeguards in case a child fell in. [ 38 ] Khan found it important that the audience connect the film to real children, and had Pandey travel throughout India filming documentary-style footage of children from all walks of life. Those visuals were integrated into the end credits. [ 39 ] Art and animation While claymation has been used in Indian television commercials, [ 40 ] the film's title sequence—a representation of Ishaan's imagination [ 41 ] —marked its first instance in a Bollywood film. [ 42 ] Khan gave claymation artist Dhimant Vyas free rein over the various elements. [ 43 ] The storyboarding took one and a half months and the shooting required 15 days. [ 40 ] The "3 into 9" sequence, in which Ishaan delves into his imagination to solve a math problem, was originally conceived as a 3D animation. Halfway through its creation, however, Khan felt it was not turning out as he had envisioned it. Khan scrapped the project and hired Vaibhav Kumaresh, who hand-drew the scene as a 2D animation. [ 44 ] Artist Samir Mondal composed Ishaan and Nikumbh's art-fair watercolor paintings. He held a workshop with the schoolchildren, and incorporated elements from their artwork into Ishaan's. [ 45 ] Mondal also instructed Khan on a painter's typical mannerisms and movements. [ 46 ] Gupte created the rest of Ishaan's artwork and Assistant Art Director Veer Nanavati drew Ishaan's flipbook. [ 47 ] The art department's designs for Ishaan's school notebooks disappointed Khan, who had familiarized himself with dyslexic writing. Using his left hand, Khan instead wrote it himself. [ 48 ] Musical sequences The musical sequence of "Jame Raho" establishes the characters of the four members of Ishaan's family; for example, the father is hardworking and responsible, and Yohaan is an "ideal son" who does all the right things. A robotic style of music overlaps most of the sequence—this is mirrored by the machine-like morning routines of the mother, father, and Yohaan—but changes for Ishaan's portion to imply that he is different from the rest. This concept is furthered by speed ramping and having the camera sway with the music to create a distinct style. [ 49 ] The twilight scenes of "Maa" were a particular issue for the production crew. Because the specific lighting only lasted ten to fifteen minutes a day, the scenes took nearly ten evenings to film. Production at one time considered having a child singing, but ultimately deemed it too over the top and felt it would connect to more people if sung by an adult. Shankar initially performed the song as a sample—they planned to replace him with another singer—but production eventually decided that his rendition was best. [ 50 ] Ishaan's truancy scene—he leaves school one day after realizing that his mother has not signed his failed math test—originally coincided with the song "Kholo Kholo," but Khan did not believe it worked well for the situation. In his opinion, the accompanying song should focus on what a child wants—to be free—and be told from the first-person perspective instead of "Kholo Kholo " 's second person. When Khan took over as director, he opted to use "Mera Jahan"—a song written by Gupte—and moved "Kholo Kholo" to the art fair. Viewers of test screenings were divided over the truancy scene. Half thoroughly enjoyed it but the rest complained that it was too long, did not make sense, and merely showed "touristy" visuals of Mumbai. Khan nevertheless kept the scene, because he "connected deeply" with it and felt that it established Ishaan's world. [ 51 ] Shiamak Davar choreographed the dance sequence of "Bum Bum Bole," and was given free rein over its design. He had intended to use 40 students from his dance school, but Khan did not want trained dancers. [ 33 ] Davar gave the children certain cues and a general idea of what to do, but left the style and final product up to them to avoid a choreographed appearance. [ 52 ] Time constraints meant that while Khan was busy filming "Bum Bum Bole," Ram Madhvani took over as director for "Bheja Kum". [ 33 ] [ 53 ] The latter sequence, containing a "fun-filled" song of rhythmic dialogue, [ 54 ] allowed the audience to perceive how Ishaan sees the world and written languages. It was intended to represent "a young boy's worst nightmare, in terms of ... the worst thing that he can think of"; Madhvani based the visual concept on his son's fear of "creepy-crawlies" such as cockroaches, dragonflies, and lizards. [ 55 ] Tata Elxsi 's Visual Computing Labs made the creatures out of the English alphabet and numbers, although Khan insisted they include the Hindi alphabet as not all the audience would be familiar with English. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The chalkboard writing's transformation into a snake was included to surprise the audience and "end the song on a high note." [ 55 ] In writing the song "Taare Zameen Par," lyricist Prasoon Joshi followed the theme of "however much you talk about children, it's not enough." Every line throughout the song describes children, and only one repeats: "Kho Naa Jaaye Yeh / Taare Zameen Par" ("Let us not lose these / Little stars on earth"). [ 57 ] The song is mostly set to the annual day performance by the developmentally disabled children of Tulips School. Actual students from Tulips School and Saraswati Mandir participated, and were filmed over a period of five days. [ 58 ] The sequence originally featured numerous dance performances, but was trimmed down when test audiences found it too long. [ 59 ] A song accompanying the scene in which Ishaan's mother is watching home videos of her son was also cut, and replaced with background music after test audiences expressed their opposition to yet another song. [ 60 ] Background music "It is easier when you have to create a song like "Move Your Body" in Johnny Gaddaar . There you can add a lot of nonsense in the recording studio. On the other hand, something like Taare Zameen Par requires melody to hold center stage. There is a different level of energy that you have to bring in composing for such different soundtrack as we had to be subdued yet effective in Taare Zameen Par ." – Shankar Mahadevan [ 61 ] Timing and other aspects are usually planned when scoring a film, but Khan chose to take a more improvised approach. Instead of using a studio, he and the trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy recorded it at Khan's home in Panchgani, to clear their heads and not be in the mindset of the city. As they watched the film, Khan pointed out when he wanted music to begin and of what type. Ehsaan Noorani noted that this strategy allowed the score to have a "spontaneity to it." [ 62 ] Different styles of background music were used to convey certain things. For example, a guitar is played when Ishaan is tense or upset, sometimes with discordant notes. [ 23 ] The music of the opening scene—the recurring "Ishaan's Theme," which represents the character's peace of mind—overpowers the background noise to show that Ishaan is lost in his own world; the noise becomes louder after he snaps back to reality. [ 63 ] But the scene in which Nikumbh explains dyslexia to Ishaan's family took the opposite approach. Silent at first, the music is slowly introduced as the father begins to understand his son's dilemma. The almost seven-minute long scene scarcely used any background music, to slow the pace and make it seem more realistic. [ 64 ] Promotional material When filming part of the montage that details Ishaan's tutoring by Nikumbh, Khan immediately decided it would be the "key art of the film". He noted that "this one shot tells you the entire story", and used it for the poster. [ 65 ] Soundtrack The soundtrack for Taare Zameen Par was released on 5 November 2007 under the label T-Series . [ 66 ] The music is mainly composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy , with lyrics by Prasoon Joshi . However, "Mera Jahan" was scored by Shailendra Barve and written by Gupte. [ 67 ] The Indian trade website Box Office India reported that the album sold around 1,100,000 units, becoming the year's thirteenth highest-selling. [ 68 ] Joshi received the National Film Award for Best Lyrics , and Shankar Mahadevan won the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer , both for "Maa." [ 69 ] Release Box office Taare Zameen Par was released worldwide on 14 December 2007, although countries such as Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Fiji opened it on 20 December. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] It debuted in India with 425 prints, [ 71 ] [ 72 ] although revenue-sharing issues between the film's distributors and theatre owners caused some slight delays. [ 71 ] The movie grossed ₹ 150 million (US$3.63 million) domestically within the first three days. [ 72 ] Its theatre occupancy in Mumbai dropped to 58 percent during its third week, but climbed back to 62 percent the following week—this brought the total to ₹ 770 million (US$18.62 million)—after the Maharashtra government granted the film exemption from the entertainment tax . Anticipating further tax exemption in other states, world distributor PVR Pictures circulated 200 more prints of the film. [ 73 ] The film completed its domestic run with $19,779,215. [ 70 ] To reach more audiences, the film was later dubbed in the regional languages of Tamil (Vaal Nakshatram) and Telugu . Both were scheduled for release on 12 September 2008. [ 74 ] It grossed $1,223,869 in the US by its seventh week, and £351,303 in the UK by its ninth week. [ 75 ] Reports regarding the film's worldwide gross have conflicted, with sources citing ₹ 889.7 million (US$21.52 million), [ 76 ] ₹ 984.8 million (US$23.82 million) [ 3 ] ₹ 1.07 billion (US$25.88 million), [ 77 ] ₹ 1.31 billion (US$31.68 million), [ 2 ] and ₹ 1.35 billion (US$32.65 million). [ 78 ] Protests in Gujarat In response to Khan's support for the Narmada Bachao Andolan and his criticism of Chief Minister Narendra Modi , [ 79 ] [ 80 ] approximately 50 activists of the Sardar Patel Group conducted protests outside of PVR and INOX theatres in Vadodara , Gujarat . The group also issued statements to all the multiplexes of Gujarat, suggesting that the film not be screened unless Khan apologised for his comments. [ 79 ] [ 81 ] The INOX cinema eventually boycotted the film; INOX Operations Manager Pushpendra Singh Rathod stated that "INOX is with Gujarat, and not isolated from it". [ 79 ] International Dyslexia Association The International Dyslexia Association screened Taare Zameen Par on 29 October 2008 in Seattle, Washington . Khan noted in his official blog that there were about 200 people in the audience and that he was "curious to see the response of a non-Indian audience to what we had made." He felt some concern that Taare Zameen Par was shown in a conference room rather than a cinema hall and was projected as a DVD rather than as a film. He said that the showing concluded to an "absolutely thunderous standing ovation" which "overwhelmed" him and that he "saw the tears streaming down the cheeks of the audience." Khan also noted that the reaction to the film "was exactly as it had been with audiences back home in India". [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Home media UTV Home Entertainment released the film on DVD in India on 25 July 2008. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] It was launched at Darsheel Safary's school, Green Lawns High School, in Mumbai. Aamir Khan, Tisca Chopra, Vipin Sharma, Sachet Engineer, and the rest of the cast and crew were present. In his speech, Khan stated, "Darsheel is a very happy child, full of life and vibrant. I am sure it's because of the way his parents and teachers have treated him. I must say Darsheel's principal Mrs. Bajaj has been extremely supportive and encouraging. The true test of any school is how happy the kids are and by the looks of it, the children here seem really happy." [ 86 ] Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment , whose parent company previously acquired 33 percent of UTV Software Communications, bought the DVD rights for distribution in North America, the United Kingdom, and Australia for ₹ 70 million (US$830,000). [ 87 ] This marked "the first time an international studio has bought the video rights of an Indian film." [ 88 ] Retitling it Like Stars on Earth , Disney released the film in Region 2 on 26 October 2009, [ 89 ] in Region 1 on 12 January 2010, [ 90 ] and in Region 4 on 29 March 2010. [ 91 ] A three-disc set, the Disney version features the original Hindi audio soundtrack with English subtitles or another dubbed in English, as well as bonus material such as audio commentary, deleted scenes, and the musical soundtrack. [ 92 ] The film is available on Netflix . [ 93 ] Reception Critical response Taare Zameen Par received widespread critical acclaim upon release. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , 93% of 14 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.4/10. [ 94 ] Subhash K. Jha suggests that the film is "a work of art, a water painting where the colors drip into our hearts, which could easily have fallen into the motions of over-sentimentality. Aamir Khan holds back where he could easily resort to an extravagant display of drama and emotions." [ 95 ] Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times wrote that Khan "rekindles those uncomfortable moments of our childhood but reassures us that hey, it’s quite okay to be out-of-the-box," and labelled the movie "a must-experience for sensitive viewers." [ 96 ] Sudhish Kamath of The Hindu called it "the movie of the year," writing that "the filmmaking here is calculatedly flawed because it is all-heart. While it is world-class in terms of sensibility, craft and performances (almost), it does feel the need to reach out, please and educate a mass." [ 97 ] Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN argued that the true power of the film lies in its "remarkable, rooted, rock-solid script which provides the landscape for such an emotionally engaging, heart-warming experience." [ 98 ] Manish Gajjar from the BBC stated that the film "touches your heart and moves you deeply with its sterling performances. [It is] a film full of substance!" [ 99 ] Jaspreet Pandohar, also of BBC, posited that Taare Zameen Par is a "far cry from the formulaic masala flicks churned out by the Bollywood machine," and is "an inspirational story that is as emotive as it is entertaining; this is a little twinkling star of a movie." [ 100 ] Furthermore, Aprajita Anil of Screen gave the film four stars and stated, " Taare Zameen Par cannot be missed. Because it is different. Because it is delightful. Because it would make everyone think. Because it would help everyone grow. Because very rarely do performances get so gripping. And of course because the 'perfectionist' actor has shaped into a 'perfectionist' director." [ 101 ] In addition, filmmaker Anurag Kashyap stated that, " Taare Zameen Par took me back to my hostel days. If you take away the dyslexia, it seems like my story. The film affected me so deeply that I was almost left speechless. After watching the film , I was asked how I liked Taare Zameen Par. I could not talk as I was deeply overwhelmed." [ 102 ] However, there were some criticisms. Jha's only objection to the film was Nikumbh's "sanctimonious lecture" to Ishaan's "rather theatrically-played" father. Jha found this a jarring "deviation from the delectable delicacy" of the film's tone. [ 95 ] Although she applauded the film overall and recommended "a mandatory viewing for all schools and all parents", Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India believed the second half was "a bit repetitive," the script needed "taut editing," and Ishaan's trauma "[seemed] a shade too prolonged and the treatment simplistic." [ 103 ] Despite commending the "great performances" and excellent directing, Gautaman Bhaskaran of The Hollywood Reporter , too, suggested that the movie "suffers from a weak script." [ 104 ] Likewise, Derek Kelly of Variety criticized it for what he described as its "touchy-feely-ness" attention to "a special needs kid's plight." Kelly also disliked the film for being "so resolutely caring ... and devoid of real drama and interesting characters" that "it should have 'approved by the Dyslexia Assn.' stamped on the posters." [ 105 ] The core plot of the movie was reported to be similar to the 1985 American movie Love, Mary . [ 106 ] Scholarly response In his article " Taare Zameen Par and dyslexic savants" featured in the Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology , Ambar Chakravarty noted the general accuracy of Ishaan's dyslexia. Though Chakravarty was puzzled by Ishaan's trouble in simple arithmetic—a trait of dyscalculia rather than dyslexia—he reasoned it was meant to "enhance the image of [Ishaan's] helplessness and disability". Labeling Ishaan an example of "dyslexic savant syndrome", he especially praised the growth of Ishaan's artistic talents after receiving help and support from Nikumbh, and deemed it the "most important (and joyous) neurocognitive phenomenon" of the film. This improvement highlights cosmetic neurology, a "major and therapeutically important issue" in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology . [ 107 ] Likewise, in their article "Wake up call from 'Stars on the Ground'" for the Indian Journal of Psychiatry , T. S. Sathyanarayana Rao and V. S. T. Krishna wrote that the film "deserves to be vastly appreciated as an earnest endeavor to portray with sensitivity and empathetically diagnose a malady in human life". They also felt it blended "modern professional knowledge" with a "humane approach" in working with a dyslexic child. However, the authors believed the film expands beyond disabilities and explores the "present age where everyone is in a restless hurry". The pair wrote, "This film raises serious questions on mental health perspectives. We seem to be heading to a state of mass scale mindlessness even as children are being pushed to 'perform'. Are we seriously getting engrossed in the race of 'achievement' and blissfully becoming numb to the crux of life i.e., experiencing meaningful living in a broader frame rather than merely existing?" The film depicts how "threats and coercion are not capable of unearthing rich human potentialities deeply embedded in children", and that teachers should instead map their strengths and weakness. With this in mind, the author felt that Khan "dexterously drives home the precise point that our first priority ought to be getting to know the child before making any efforts to fill them with knowledge and abilities". Overall, the pair found a "naive oversimplification" in the film. With India "only recently waking to recognizing the reality and tragedy of learning disability", however, they "easily [forgave the film's fault] under artistic license". [ 18 ] Public response The film raised awareness of the issue of dyslexia, and prompted more open discussions among parents, schools, activists, and policymakers. Anjuli Bawa, a parent-activist and founder of Action Dyslexia Delhi, said that the number of parents who visit her office increased tenfold in the months following the film's release. [ 108 ] Many began taking a more proactive approach by contacting her after noticing problems, rather than using her as a last resort. Gupte himself received "many painful letters and phone calls" from Indian parents. He noted, "Fathers weep on the phone and say they saw the film and realized that they have been wrong in the way they treated their children. This is catharsis." [ 109 ] These reactions have also brought about a change in policies. The film, only ten days after its debut, influenced the Central Board of Secondary Education to provide extra time to disabled children—including visually impaired, physically disabled, and dyslexic students—during exams. In 2008, Mumbai's civic body also opened 12 classrooms for autistic students. In Chandigarh , the education administration started a course to educate teachers on how to support children with learning disabilities. [ 110 ] The film has had a similarly positive response in Greater China , where the film was not officially released yet has a large online cult following due to Aamir Khan's popularity in the region after the success of 3 Idiots (2009). The film has been well received by Chinese audiences for how it tackles issues such as education and dyslexia, and is one of the highest-rated films on popular Chinese film site Douban , along with two other Aamir Khan films, 3 Idiots and Dangal (2016). [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Spiritual successor In 2025, a spiritual successor titled Sitaare Zameen Par was announced. Directed by R.S. Prasanna and produced by Aamir Khan and Aparna Purohit, the film features Khan alongside Genelia Deshmukh and a cast of ten newcomers. [ 113 ] Unlike its predecessor, which focused on dyslexia , Sitaare Zameen Par centers around a basketball coach who trains a team of players with intellectual disabilities, and is an official remake of 2018 Spanish film Champions . [ 114 ] Sitaare Zameen Par was theatrically released on 20 June 2025. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Accolades Among its many awards, Taare Zameen Par won the Filmfare Award for Best Film for 2008, [ 117 ] as well as the National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare . [ 69 ] Khan's directorial role and Safary's performance were recognized at the 2008 Zee Cine Awards, [ 118 ] 2008 Filmfare Awards, [ 117 ] and 4th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards. [ 119 ] 2009 Academy Awards submission and Slumdog Millionaire Taare Zameen Par was initially acclaimed as India's official entry for the 2009 Academy Awards Best Foreign Film , [ 19 ] [ 120 ] [ 121 ] but after it failed to progress to the short list, a debate began in the Indian media as to why Indian films never win Academy Awards. [ 122 ] Speculation for the reasons behind Taare Zameen Par ' s failed bid included Rediff.com 's Arthur J. Pai's observation that it lacked mainstream media attention; [ 123 ] AMPAS jury member Krishna Shah criticized its length and abundance of songs. [ 124 ] "Three days before Chandni Chowk to China hit theaters in the U.S. and India, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced its shortlist of nine films edging closer to a foreign-language nomination. India's submission, the powerful and moving Taare Zameen Par by Aamir Khan, didn't make the cut. Sadly, that film never will be seen by mainstream American audiences; yet Chandni Chowk is enjoying a hefty publicity push. If only Taare Zameen Par could have gotten its hands on that magic potato." "Three days before Chandni Chowk to China hit theaters in the U.S. and India, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced its shortlist of nine films edging closer to a foreign-language nomination. India's submission, the powerful and moving Taare Zameen Par by Aamir Khan, didn't make the cut. Sadly, that film never will be seen by mainstream American audiences; yet Chandni Chowk is enjoying a hefty publicity push. If only Taare Zameen Par could have gotten its hands on that magic potato." Khan claimed that he was "not surprised" that Taare Zameen Par was not included in the Academy Award shortlist, [ 126 ] and argued, "I don't make films for awards. I make films for the audience. The audience, for which I have made the film, really loved it and the audiences outside India have also loved it. What I am trying to say is that film has been well loved across the globe and that for me it is extremely heartening and something that I give very high value to." [ 127 ] The Indian news media also frequently compared Taare Zameen Par's nomination failure with the British drama film Slumdog Millionaire ' s multiple Academy Award nominations and wins, [ 128 ] [ 129 ] and noted that other Indian films in the past were overlooked. [ 130 ] Film critic Rajeev Masand argued that it is difficult to compare the two films and noted that Slumdog Millionaire was being marketed in a way that Indian films such as Taare Zameen Par could not compete with. [ 131 ] In this context, Slumdog Millionaire actor Mahesh Manjrekar stated, "I'm sad that Aamir's Taare Zameen Par didn't make it to the final round of the Oscars. I thought it to be way better than Slumdog [ Millionaire ]..., without taking away anything from Boyle and the kids. But, Indian movies are underestimated there." [ 132 ] See also Film portal Bollywood portal List of artistic depictions of dyslexia List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film List of submissions to the 81st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "TAARE ZAMEEN PAR (PG) – British Board of Film Classification" . 17 December 2007. 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Event occurs at approximately 43:00 ^ Like Stars on Earth DVD commentary . Event occurs at approximately 1:38:00 ^ Like Stars on Earth DVD commentary . Event occurs at approximately 1:26:15 ^ Like Stars on Earth DVD commentary . Event occurs at approximately 17:30 ^ Like Stars on Earth DVD commentary . Event occurs at approximately 51:00 ^ Like Stars on Earth DVD commentary . Event occurs at approximately 28:45 ^ Like Stars on Earth Bonus Disc: The Making... . Event occurs at approximately 45:00 ^ Like Stars on Earth DVD commentary . Event occurs at approximately 1:03:15 ^ "Aamir Khan Turns Singer for Taare Zameen Par" . Yahoo! India Movies. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . ^ a b c Like Stars on Earth Bonus Disc: The Making... . Event occurs at approximately 49:00 ^ "Tata Elxsi renders visual effects for the Bollywood movie Taare Zameen Par" . Bollywood Hungama . 26 December 2007. Archived from the original on 15 January 2011 . 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Archived from the original on 3 July 2021 . Retrieved 3 September 2019 . ^ " Taare Zameen Par " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 18 July 2022 . ^ a b Jha, Subhash (27 December 2007). "Subhash K Jha speaks about Taare Zameen Par " . Bollywood Hungama . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Mohamed, Khalid (21 December 2007). "Won from the heart" . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. ^ Kamath, Sudhish (4 January 2008). "Return to innocence -- Taare Zameen Par" . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. ^ Masand, Rajeev (21 December 2007). "Taare Zameen Par may change your life" . IBN-CNN. Archived from the original on 23 June 2008 . Retrieved 10 April 2008 . ^ Gajjar, Manish. "Taare Zameen Par (2007)" . BBC. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2008 . ^ Pandohar, Jaspreet (18 December 2007). "Taare Zameen Par (2007)" . BBC. 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"Gujarat says Jai Ho to Slumdog victory" . DNA. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . ^ "Live Chat: Rajeev Masand on Rahman, Oscars – IBNLive" . DNA. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2010 . ^ Ashar, Urvashi (26 April 2009). "No more acting for me: Mahesh Manjrekar" . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Further reading Mohideen, Nabeel (26 December 2007). Hoelterhoff, Manuela (ed.). "Aamir Khan Makes Sparkling Debut as Film Director With Taare " . Bloomberg News . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Mukherjee, Krittivas (24 December 2007). " Taare Zameen Par , film on dyslexic child, pulls at Indian heartstrings" . Mumbai : Reuters Life. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Chhabra, Aseem; Kumar, Amitava; Tharoor, Shashi (25 February 2009). "Singing The Praises Of Bollywood Films" (Radio). Interviewed by Palca, Joe . Boston : WBUR-FM . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. External links Official website Like Stars on Earth (Taare Zameen Par) at IMDb Like Stars on Earth (Taare Zameen Par) at Rotten Tomatoes Taare Zameen Par at Bollywood Hungama .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Aamir Khan v t e Filmography Accolades Filmography Accolades Films produced Lagaan (2001) Accolades Soundtrack Taare Zameen Par (2007) Accolades Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na (2008) Peepli Live (2010) Dhobi Ghat (2011) Delhi Belly (2011) " Bhaag D.K. Bose " Talaash: The Answer Lies Within (2012) Dangal (2016) Soundtrack " Naina " Secret Superstar (2017) Laal Singh Chaddha (2022) Laapataa Ladies (2024) Sitaare Zameen Par (2025) Lagaan (2001) Accolades Soundtrack Accolades Soundtrack Taare Zameen Par (2007) Accolades Accolades Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na (2008) Peepli Live (2010) Dhobi Ghat (2011) Delhi Belly (2011) " Bhaag D.K. Bose " " Bhaag D.K. Bose " Talaash: The Answer Lies Within (2012) Dangal (2016) Soundtrack " Naina " Soundtrack " Naina " " Naina " Secret Superstar (2017) Laal Singh Chaddha (2022) Laapataa Ladies (2024) Sitaare Zameen Par (2025) Films directed Taare Zameen Par (2007) Accolades Taare Zameen Par (2007) Accolades Accolades TV Satyamev Jayate (2012–2014) Season 1 2 3 Rubaru Roshni (2019) Satyamev Jayate (2012–2014) Season 1 2 3 Season 1 2 3 Rubaru Roshni (2019) Assistant direction Manzil Manzil (1984) Zabardast (1985) Manzil Manzil (1984) Zabardast (1985) Screenplay Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993) Rang De Basanti (2006) Ghajini (2008) Game Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993) Rang De Basanti (2006) Ghajini (2008) Game Game Playback Ghulam (1998) Mela (2000) Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005) Rang De Basanti (2006) Taare Zameen Par (2007) Dangal (2016) Ghulam (1998) Mela (2000) Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005) Rang De Basanti (2006) Taare Zameen Par (2007) Dangal (2016) Related articles Khan–Hussain family Junaid Khan Kiran Rao Khan–Hussain family Junaid Khan Kiran Rao v t e Amole Gupte v t e Directed Sniff (2017) Hawa Hawai (2014) Stanley Ka Dabba (2011) Sniff (2017) Hawa Hawai (2014) Stanley Ka Dabba (2011) Written Taare Zameen Par (Like Stars on Earth) (2007) Taare Zameen Par (Like Stars on Earth) (2007) v t e Filmfare Award for Best Film v t e 1954–1975 Do Bigha Zamin (1954) Boot Polish (1955) Jagriti (1956) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje (1957) Mother India (1958) Madhumati (1959) Sujata (1960) Mughal-e-Azam (1961) Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai (1962) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1963) Bandini (1964) Dosti (1965) Himalay Ki God Mein (1966) Guide (1967) Upkar (1968) Brahmachari (1969) Aradhana (1970) Khilona (1971) Anand (1972) Be-Imaan (1973) Anuraag (1974) Rajnigandha (1975) Do Bigha Zamin (1954) Boot Polish (1955) Jagriti (1956) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje (1957) Mother India (1958) Madhumati (1959) Sujata (1960) Mughal-e-Azam (1961) Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai (1962) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1963) Bandini (1964) Dosti (1965) Himalay Ki God Mein (1966) Guide (1967) Upkar (1968) Brahmachari (1969) Aradhana (1970) Khilona (1971) Anand (1972) Be-Imaan (1973) Anuraag (1974) Rajnigandha (1975) 1976–2000 Deewaar (1976) Mausam (1977) Bhumika (1978) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki (1979) Junoon (1980) Khubsoorat (1981) Kalyug (1982) Shakti (1983) Ardh Satya (1984) Sparsh (1985) Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1986) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1989) Maine Pyar Kiya (1990) Ghayal (1991) Lamhe (1992) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar (1993) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1994) Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1995) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1996) Raja Hindustani (1997) Dil To Pagal Hai (1998) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1999) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000) Deewaar (1976) Mausam (1977) Bhumika (1978) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki (1979) Junoon (1980) Khubsoorat (1981) Kalyug (1982) Shakti (1983) Ardh Satya (1984) Sparsh (1985) Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1986) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1989) Maine Pyar Kiya (1990) Ghayal (1991) Lamhe (1992) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar (1993) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1994) Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1995) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1996) Raja Hindustani (1997) Dil To Pagal Hai (1998) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1999) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (2000) 2001–present Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2001) Lagaan (2002) Devdas (2003) Koi... Mil Gaya (2004) Veer-Zaara (2005) Black (2006) Rang De Basanti (2007) Taare Zameen Par (2008) Jodhaa Akbar (2009) 3 Idiots (2010) Dabangg (2011) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2012) Barfi! (2013) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2014) Queen (2015) Bajirao Mastani (2016) Dangal (2017) Hindi Medium (2018) Raazi (2019) Gully Boy (2020) Thappad (2021) Shershaah (2022) Gangubai Kathiawadi (2023) 12th Fail (2024) Laapataa Ladies (2025) Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2001) Lagaan (2002) Devdas (2003) Koi... Mil Gaya (2004) Veer-Zaara (2005) Black (2006) Rang De Basanti (2007) Taare Zameen Par (2008) Jodhaa Akbar (2009) 3 Idiots (2010) Dabangg (2011) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2012) Barfi! (2013) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2014) Queen (2015) Bajirao Mastani (2016) Dangal (2017) Hindi Medium (2018) Raazi (2019) Gully Boy (2020) Thappad (2021) Shershaah (2022) Gangubai Kathiawadi (2023) 12th Fail (2024) Laapataa Ladies (2025) v t e Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film v t e Mother India (1957) Madhumati (1958) The World of Apu (1959) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962) Mahanagar (1963) Guide (1965) Amrapali (1966) Aakhri Khat (1967) Majhli Didi (1968) Deiva Magan (1969) Reshma Aur Shera (1971) Uphaar (1972) Saudagar (1973) Garm Hava (1974) Manthan (1977) The Chess Players (1978) Payal Ki Jhankaar (1980) Saaransh (1984) Saagar (1985) Swathi Muthyam (1986) Nayakan (1987) Salaam Bombay! (1988) Parinda (1989) Anjali (1990) Henna (1991) Thevar Magan (1992) Rudaali (1993) In Custody (1994) Kuruthipunal (1995) Indian (1996) Guru (1997) Jeans (1998) Earth (1999) Hey Ram (2000) Lagaan (2001) Devdas (2002) Shwaas (2004) Paheli (2005) Rang De Basanti (2006) Eklavya: The Royal Guard (2007) Taare Zameen Par (2008) Harishchandrachi Factory (2009) Peepli Live (2010) Adaminte Makan Abu (2011) Barfi! (2012) The Good Road (2013) Liar's Dice (2014) Court (2015) Visaranai (2016) Newton (2017) Village Rockstars (2018) Gully Boy (2019) Jallikattu (2020) Pebbles (2021) Last Film Show (2022) 2018 (2023) Laapataa Ladies (2024) Homebound (2025) Mother India (1957) Madhumati (1958) The World of Apu (1959) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962) Mahanagar (1963) Guide (1965) Amrapali (1966) Aakhri Khat (1967) Majhli Didi (1968) Deiva Magan (1969) Reshma Aur Shera (1971) Uphaar (1972) Saudagar (1973) Garm Hava (1974) Manthan (1977) The Chess Players (1978) Payal Ki Jhankaar (1980) Saaransh (1984) Saagar (1985) Swathi Muthyam (1986) Nayakan (1987) Salaam Bombay! (1988) Parinda (1989) Anjali (1990) Henna (1991) Thevar Magan (1992) Rudaali (1993) In Custody (1994) Kuruthipunal (1995) Indian (1996) Guru (1997) Jeans (1998) Earth (1999) Hey Ram (2000) Lagaan (2001) Devdas (2002) Shwaas (2004) Paheli (2005) Rang De Basanti (2006) Eklavya: The Royal Guard (2007) Taare Zameen Par (2008) Harishchandrachi Factory (2009) Peepli Live (2010) Adaminte Makan Abu (2011) Barfi! (2012) The Good Road (2013) Liar's Dice (2014) Court (2015) Visaranai (2016) Newton (2017) Village Rockstars (2018) Gully Boy (2019) Jallikattu (2020) Pebbles (2021) Last Film Show (2022) 2018 (2023) Laapataa Ladies (2024) Homebound (2025) 2007 films 2000s educational films Indian educational films 2000s Hindi-language films Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award winners 2000s children's drama films 2000s psychological drama films Films about disability in India Films about fictional painters Films about the education system in India Films scored by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Films set in Mumbai Films shot in Mumbai Films shot in Panchgani Indian children's drama films Indian psychological drama films Indian films with live action and animation 2007 directorial debut films Disney India films Films set in boarding schools Films about educators Films about students Films about teacher–student relationships Films about special education Films set in 2006 Films set in 2007 Fiction about dyslexia Films about school bullying PVR Inox Pictures films Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use Indian English from August 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2021 Articles containing Hindi-language text Template film date with 1 release date Rotten Tomatoes template using name parameter Bollywood Hungama movie template using non-numeric ID Featured articles This page was last edited on 6 January 2026, at 11:18 (UTC) . 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Plus, the genetics of dogs’ floppy ears and a huge study on reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Flora Graham Nature Briefing 14 Jan 2026 Contents Subscribe Current Issue 15 Jan 2026 Featured Content PhD students’ taste for risk mirrors their supervisors’ Learned risk-taking behaviours can persist for years after leaving the lab — and even after taking on a new research topic. Diana Kwon News 15 Jan 2026 PhD students’ taste for risk mirrors their supervisors’ Learned risk-taking behaviours can persist for years after leaving the lab — and even after taking on a new research topic. Diana Kwon News 15 Jan 2026 PhD students’ taste for risk mirrors their supervisors’ Learned risk-taking behaviours can persist for years after leaving the lab — and even after taking on a new research topic. Diana Kwon Humanoid robots step up their game: how useful are the latest droids? Chinese factories have embraced the machines, but many activities still require human operators. Elizabeth Gibney News 16 Jan 2026 Humanoid robots step up their game: how useful are the latest droids? Chinese factories have embraced the machines, but many activities still require human operators. Elizabeth Gibney News 16 Jan 2026 Humanoid robots step up their game: how useful are the latest droids? Chinese factories have embraced the machines, but many activities still require human operators. Elizabeth Gibney Little red dots as young supermassive black holes in dense ionized cocoons The highest-quality JWST spectra reveal that little red dots are young supermassive black holes shrouded in dense cocoons of ionized gas, where electron scattering, not Doppler motions, broadens their spectral lines. V. Rusakov D. Watson J. Witstok Article Open Access 14 Jan 2026 Little red dots as young supermassive black holes in dense ionized cocoons The highest-quality JWST spectra reveal that little red dots are young supermassive black holes shrouded in dense cocoons of ionized gas, where electron scattering, not Doppler motions, broadens their spectral lines. V. Rusakov D. Watson J. Witstok Article Open Access 14 Jan 2026 Little red dots as young supermassive black holes in dense ionized cocoons The highest-quality JWST spectra reveal that little red dots are young supermassive black holes shrouded in dense cocoons of ionized gas, where electron scattering, not Doppler motions, broadens their spectral lines. V. Rusakov D. Watson J. Witstok Daily briefing: Why ‘harmless’ germs can be deadly for some people Rare immune errors can make usually harmless infections deadly in some people. Plus, the genetics of dogs’ floppy ears and a huge study on reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Flora Graham Nature Briefing 14 Jan 2026 Daily briefing: Why ‘harmless’ germs can be deadly for some people Rare immune errors can make usually harmless infections deadly in some people. Plus, the genetics of dogs’ floppy ears and a huge study on reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Flora Graham Nature Briefing 14 Jan 2026 Daily briefing: Why ‘harmless’ germs can be deadly for some people Rare immune errors can make usually harmless infections deadly in some people. Plus, the genetics of dogs’ floppy ears and a huge study on reasons for vaccine hesitancy. Flora Graham Contents Subscribe Current Issue 15 Jan 2026 Contents Subscribe Advertisement window.SN = window.SN || {}; window.SN.libs = window.SN.libs || {}; window.SN.libs.ads = window.SN.libs.ads || {}; window.SN.libs.ads.slotConfig = window.SN.libs.ads.slotConfig || {}; window.SN.libs.ads.slotConfig['billboard'] = { 'pos': 'billboard', 'type': 'billboard', 'path': '/nature' }; <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/nature.com/homepage sz=970x250 c=1018444403 t=pos%3Dbillboard%26artid%3D/nature"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/nature.com/homepage sz=970x250 c=1018444403 t=pos%3Dbillboard%26artid%3D/nature" alt="Advertisement" width="970" height="250"/> </a> Advertisement News & Comment Humanoid robots step up their game: how useful are the latest droids? Chinese factories have embraced the machines, but many activities still require human operators. Elizabeth Gibney News 16 Jan 2026 Making progress on global health will need high-quality evidence Editorial 15 Jan 2026 PhD students’ taste for risk mirrors their supervisors’ Diana Kwon News 15 Jan 2026 A ‘time capsule for cells’ stores the secret experiences of their past Ewen Callaway News 15 Jan 2026 Do you have a side hustle alongside your PhD studies? 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Chinese factories have embraced the machines, but many activities still require human operators. Elizabeth Gibney News 16 Jan 2026 Humanoid robots step up their game: how useful are the latest droids? Chinese factories have embraced the machines, but many activities still require human operators. Elizabeth Gibney News 16 Jan 2026 Humanoid robots step up their game: how useful are the latest droids? Chinese factories have embraced the machines, but many activities still require human operators. Elizabeth Gibney Making progress on global health will need high-quality evidence Editorial 15 Jan 2026 Making progress on global health will need high-quality evidence Editorial 15 Jan 2026 Making progress on global health will need high-quality evidence PhD students’ taste for risk mirrors their supervisors’ Diana Kwon News 15 Jan 2026 PhD students’ taste for risk mirrors their supervisors’ Diana Kwon News 15 Jan 2026 PhD students’ taste for risk mirrors their supervisors’ Diana Kwon A ‘time capsule for cells’ stores the secret experiences of their past Ewen Callaway News 15 Jan 2026 A ‘time capsule for cells’ stores the secret experiences of their past Ewen Callaway News 15 Jan 2026 A ‘time capsule for cells’ stores the secret experiences of their past Ewen Callaway Do you have a side hustle alongside your PhD studies? Take Nature ’s poll News 14 Jan 2026 Do you have a side hustle alongside your PhD studies? Take Nature ’s poll News 14 Jan 2026 Do you have a side hustle alongside your PhD studies? Take Nature ’s poll The infection enigma: why some people die from typically harmless germs Diana Kwon News Feature 14 Jan 2026 The infection enigma: why some people die from typically harmless germs Diana Kwon News Feature 14 Jan 2026 The infection enigma: why some people die from typically harmless germs Diana Kwon Credit in research goes hand in hand with responsibility Editorial 14 Jan 2026 window.SN = window.SN || {}; window.SN.libs = window.SN.libs || {}; window.SN.libs.ads = window.SN.libs.ads || {}; window.SN.libs.ads.slotConfig = window.SN.libs.ads.slotConfig || {}; window.SN.libs.ads.slotConfig['native'] = { 'pos': 'native', 'type': 'native', 'path': '/nature' }; <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/nature.com/homepage sz=2x2 c=967663345 t=pos%3Dnative%26artid%3D/nature"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/nature.com/homepage sz=2x2 c=967663345 t=pos%3Dnative%26artid%3D/nature" alt="Advertisement" width="2" height="2"/> </a> Credit in research goes hand in hand with responsibility Editorial 14 Jan 2026 Credit in research goes hand in hand with responsibility Latest Reviews & Analysis Nationwide genetic screening proves effective at catching disease risk early A study in Australia supports genetic screening in young adults before symptoms show, but the generalizability and cost–benefit ratios need to be examined in other settings. Teri A. Manolio News & Views 15 Jan 2026 AI tools boost individual scientists but could limit research as a whole Analyses of hundreds of thousands of papers in the natural sciences reveal a paradox: scientists who use AI tools produce more research but on a more confined set of topics. Veda C. Storey News & Views 14 Jan 2026 LLMs behaving badly: mistrained AI models quickly go off the rails Training large language models to write insecure code can cause them to exhibit seemingly aggressive behaviour when performing unrelated tasks. Richard Ngo News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Predicting the fate of tropical forests under intensifying heat Intense droughts have caused water stress and elevated mortality for trees in the Amazon, foreshadowing the future of tropical forests as the climate changes. Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira Krishna Anujan News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Stretchy organic LED devices with an ‘exciplex’ state are highly efficient Fully stretchable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been limited by poor efficiency, in part because their elastic-polymer components hinder the harvesting of ‘triplet-state’ quasiparticles that can be converted into light-emitting states. Fully stretchable OLEDs with unprecedented efficiencies have been developed that recycle triplets in an elastomer-tolerant manner. Research Briefing 14 Jan 2026 Mysterious ‘little red dots’ could be black holes in disguise Rodrigo Nemmen News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Ageing rewires the body’s tolerance to infection Miguel P. Soares Elisa Jentho News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Genomic clues to the origin of eukaryotic cells John M. Archibald News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Biosensors characterize the routes taken by receptors to different active states Research Briefing 14 Jan 2026 Latest Reviews & Analysis Nationwide genetic screening proves effective at catching disease risk early A study in Australia supports genetic screening in young adults before symptoms show, but the generalizability and cost–benefit ratios need to be examined in other settings. Teri A. Manolio News & Views 15 Jan 2026 AI tools boost individual scientists but could limit research as a whole Analyses of hundreds of thousands of papers in the natural sciences reveal a paradox: scientists who use AI tools produce more research but on a more confined set of topics. Veda C. Storey News & Views 14 Jan 2026 LLMs behaving badly: mistrained AI models quickly go off the rails Training large language models to write insecure code can cause them to exhibit seemingly aggressive behaviour when performing unrelated tasks. Richard Ngo News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Predicting the fate of tropical forests under intensifying heat Intense droughts have caused water stress and elevated mortality for trees in the Amazon, foreshadowing the future of tropical forests as the climate changes. Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira Krishna Anujan News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Stretchy organic LED devices with an ‘exciplex’ state are highly efficient Fully stretchable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been limited by poor efficiency, in part because their elastic-polymer components hinder the harvesting of ‘triplet-state’ quasiparticles that can be converted into light-emitting states. Fully stretchable OLEDs with unprecedented efficiencies have been developed that recycle triplets in an elastomer-tolerant manner. Research Briefing 14 Jan 2026 Nationwide genetic screening proves effective at catching disease risk early A study in Australia supports genetic screening in young adults before symptoms show, but the generalizability and cost–benefit ratios need to be examined in other settings. Teri A. Manolio News & Views 15 Jan 2026 Nationwide genetic screening proves effective at catching disease risk early A study in Australia supports genetic screening in young adults before symptoms show, but the generalizability and cost–benefit ratios need to be examined in other settings. Teri A. Manolio News & Views 15 Jan 2026 Nationwide genetic screening proves effective at catching disease risk early A study in Australia supports genetic screening in young adults before symptoms show, but the generalizability and cost–benefit ratios need to be examined in other settings. Teri A. Manolio AI tools boost individual scientists but could limit research as a whole Analyses of hundreds of thousands of papers in the natural sciences reveal a paradox: scientists who use AI tools produce more research but on a more confined set of topics. Veda C. Storey News & Views 14 Jan 2026 AI tools boost individual scientists but could limit research as a whole Analyses of hundreds of thousands of papers in the natural sciences reveal a paradox: scientists who use AI tools produce more research but on a more confined set of topics. Veda C. Storey News & Views 14 Jan 2026 AI tools boost individual scientists but could limit research as a whole Analyses of hundreds of thousands of papers in the natural sciences reveal a paradox: scientists who use AI tools produce more research but on a more confined set of topics. Veda C. Storey LLMs behaving badly: mistrained AI models quickly go off the rails Training large language models to write insecure code can cause them to exhibit seemingly aggressive behaviour when performing unrelated tasks. Richard Ngo News & Views 14 Jan 2026 LLMs behaving badly: mistrained AI models quickly go off the rails Training large language models to write insecure code can cause them to exhibit seemingly aggressive behaviour when performing unrelated tasks. Richard Ngo News & Views 14 Jan 2026 LLMs behaving badly: mistrained AI models quickly go off the rails Training large language models to write insecure code can cause them to exhibit seemingly aggressive behaviour when performing unrelated tasks. Richard Ngo Predicting the fate of tropical forests under intensifying heat Intense droughts have caused water stress and elevated mortality for trees in the Amazon, foreshadowing the future of tropical forests as the climate changes. Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira Krishna Anujan News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Predicting the fate of tropical forests under intensifying heat Intense droughts have caused water stress and elevated mortality for trees in the Amazon, foreshadowing the future of tropical forests as the climate changes. Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira Krishna Anujan News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Predicting the fate of tropical forests under intensifying heat Intense droughts have caused water stress and elevated mortality for trees in the Amazon, foreshadowing the future of tropical forests as the climate changes. Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira Krishna Anujan Stretchy organic LED devices with an ‘exciplex’ state are highly efficient Fully stretchable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been limited by poor efficiency, in part because their elastic-polymer components hinder the harvesting of ‘triplet-state’ quasiparticles that can be converted into light-emitting states. Fully stretchable OLEDs with unprecedented efficiencies have been developed that recycle triplets in an elastomer-tolerant manner. Research Briefing 14 Jan 2026 Stretchy organic LED devices with an ‘exciplex’ state are highly efficient Fully stretchable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been limited by poor efficiency, in part because their elastic-polymer components hinder the harvesting of ‘triplet-state’ quasiparticles that can be converted into light-emitting states. Fully stretchable OLEDs with unprecedented efficiencies have been developed that recycle triplets in an elastomer-tolerant manner. Research Briefing 14 Jan 2026 Stretchy organic LED devices with an ‘exciplex’ state are highly efficient Fully stretchable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been limited by poor efficiency, in part because their elastic-polymer components hinder the harvesting of ‘triplet-state’ quasiparticles that can be converted into light-emitting states. Fully stretchable OLEDs with unprecedented efficiencies have been developed that recycle triplets in an elastomer-tolerant manner. Mysterious ‘little red dots’ could be black holes in disguise Rodrigo Nemmen News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Ageing rewires the body’s tolerance to infection Miguel P. Soares Elisa Jentho News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Genomic clues to the origin of eukaryotic cells John M. Archibald News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Biosensors characterize the routes taken by receptors to different active states Research Briefing 14 Jan 2026 Mysterious ‘little red dots’ could be black holes in disguise Rodrigo Nemmen News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Mysterious ‘little red dots’ could be black holes in disguise Rodrigo Nemmen News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Mysterious ‘little red dots’ could be black holes in disguise Rodrigo Nemmen Ageing rewires the body’s tolerance to infection Miguel P. Soares Elisa Jentho News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Ageing rewires the body’s tolerance to infection Miguel P. Soares Elisa Jentho News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Ageing rewires the body’s tolerance to infection Miguel P. Soares Elisa Jentho Genomic clues to the origin of eukaryotic cells John M. Archibald News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Genomic clues to the origin of eukaryotic cells John M. Archibald News & Views 14 Jan 2026 Genomic clues to the origin of eukaryotic cells John M. Archibald Biosensors characterize the routes taken by receptors to different active states Research Briefing 14 Jan 2026 Biosensors characterize the routes taken by receptors to different active states Research Briefing 14 Jan 2026 Biosensors characterize the routes taken by receptors to different active states Latest Research articles Mosaic lateral heterostructures in two-dimensional perovskite Colourful patterns in two-dimensional lead halide perovskites are created by letting them self-etch into tiny squares that can template epitaxial growth. Shuchen Zhang Yuan Lu Letian Dou Article 14 Jan 2026 Dominant contribution of Asgard archaea to eukaryogenesis A survey of the reconstructed gene set of the last eukaryotic common ancestor shows a consistent link between Asgard archaea and the origin of numerous, functionally diverse eukaryotic genes, demonstrating the dominant Asgard contribution to eukaryogenesis. Victor Tobiasson Jacob Luo Eugene V. Koonin Article Open Access 14 Jan 2026 Microbiota-induced T cell plasticity enables immune-mediated tumour control Molecular mimicry between a gut commensal and a tumour antigen forms part of an important mechanistic framework that can boost the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy and restrain tumour growth. Tariq A. Najar Yuan Hao Dan R. Littman Article Open Access 14 Jan 2026 Exciplex-enabled high-efficiency, fully stretchable OLEDs Fabrication of fully stretchable organic light-emitting diodes incorporating an intrinsically stretchable exciplex-assisted phosphorescent layer along with MXene-contact stretchable electrodes is described, demonstrating high efficiency and mechanical compliance for applications in next-generation wearable and deformable displays. Huanyu Zhou Hyun-Wook Kim Tae-Woo Lee Article 14 Jan 2026 Direct observation of the Migdal effect induced by neutron bombardment Direct observation of the Migdal effect in neutron–nucleus collisions is reported, which resolves a long-standing gap in experimental validation. Difan Yi Qian Liu Yangheng Zheng Article Open Access 14 Jan 2026 Latest Research articles Mosaic lateral heterostructures in two-dimensional perovskite Colourful patterns in two-dimensional lead halide perovskites are created by letting them self-etch into tiny squares that can template epitaxial growth. Shuchen Zhang Yuan Lu Letian Dou Article 14 Jan 2026 Mosaic lateral heterostructures in two-dimensional perovskite Colourful patterns in two-dimensional lead halide perovskites are created by letting them self-etch into tiny squares that can template epitaxial growth. Shuchen Zhang Yuan Lu Letian Dou Article 14 Jan 2026 Mosaic lateral heterostructures in two-dimensional perovskite Colourful patterns in two-dimensional lead halide perovskites are created by letting them self-etch into tiny squares that can template epitaxial growth. Shuchen Zhang Yuan Lu Letian Dou Dominant contribution of Asgard archaea to eukaryogenesis A survey of the reconstructed gene set of the last eukaryotic common ancestor shows a consistent link between Asgard archaea and the origin of numerous, functionally diverse eukaryotic genes, demonstrating the dominant Asgard contribution to eukaryogenesis. Victor Tobiasson Jacob Luo Eugene V. Koonin Article Open Access 14 Jan 2026 Dominant contribution of Asgard archaea to eukaryogenesis A survey of the reconstructed gene set of the last eukaryotic common ancestor shows a consistent link between Asgard archaea and the origin of numerous, functionally diverse eukaryotic genes, demonstrating the dominant Asgard contribution to eukaryogenesis. Victor Tobiasson Jacob Luo Eugene V. Koonin Article Open Access 14 Jan 2026 Dominant contribution of Asgard archaea to eukaryogenesis A survey of the reconstructed gene set of the last eukaryotic common ancestor shows a consistent link between Asgard archaea and the origin of numerous, functionally diverse eukaryotic genes, demonstrating the dominant Asgard contribution to eukaryogenesis. Victor Tobiasson Jacob Luo Eugene V. Koonin Microbiota-induced T cell plasticity enables immune-mediated tumour control Molecular mimicry between a gut commensal and a tumour antigen forms part of an important mechanistic framework that can boost the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy and restrain tumour growth. Tariq A. Najar Yuan Hao Dan R. Littman Article Open Access 14 Jan 2026 Microbiota-induced T cell plasticity enables immune-mediated tumour control Molecular mimicry between a gut commensal and a tumour antigen forms part of an important mechanistic framework that can boost the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy and restrain tumour growth. Tariq A. Najar Yuan Hao Dan R. Littman Article Open Access 14 Jan 2026 Microbiota-induced T cell plasticity enables immune-mediated tumour control Molecular mimicry between a gut commensal and a tumour antigen forms part of an important mechanistic framework that can boost the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade therapy and restrain tumour growth. Tariq A. Najar Yuan Hao Dan R. Littman Exciplex-enabled high-efficiency, fully stretchable OLEDs Fabrication of fully stretchable organic light-emitting diodes incorporating an intrinsically stretchable exciplex-assisted phosphorescent layer along with MXene-contact stretchable electrodes is described, demonstrating high efficiency and mechanical compliance for applications in next-generation wearable and deformable displays. Huanyu Zhou Hyun-Wook Kim Tae-Woo Lee Article 14 Jan 2026 Exciplex-enabled high-efficiency, fully stretchable OLEDs Fabrication of fully stretchable organic light-emitting diodes incorporating an intrinsically stretchable exciplex-assisted phosphorescent layer along with MXene-contact stretchable electrodes is described, demonstrating high efficiency and mechanical compliance for applications in next-generation wearable and deformable displays. Huanyu Zhou Hyun-Wook Kim Tae-Woo Lee Article 14 Jan 2026 Exciplex-enabled high-efficiency, fully stretchable OLEDs Fabrication of fully stretchable organic light-emitting diodes incorporating an intrinsically stretchable exciplex-assisted phosphorescent layer along with MXene-contact stretchable electrodes is described, demonstrating high efficiency and mechanical compliance for applications in next-generation wearable and deformable displays. Huanyu Zhou Hyun-Wook Kim Tae-Woo Lee Direct observation of the Migdal effect induced by neutron bombardment Direct observation of the Migdal effect in neutron–nucleus collisions is reported, which resolves a long-standing gap in experimental validation. Difan Yi Qian Liu Yangheng Zheng Article Open Access 14 Jan 2026 Direct observation of the Migdal effect induced by neutron bombardment Direct observation of the Migdal effect in neutron–nucleus collisions is reported, which resolves a long-standing gap in experimental validation. Difan Yi Qian Liu Yangheng Zheng Article Open Access 14 Jan 2026 Direct observation of the Migdal effect induced by neutron bombardment Direct observation of the Migdal effect in neutron–nucleus collisions is reported, which resolves a long-standing gap in experimental validation. Difan Yi Qian Liu Yangheng Zheng Collections Influenza Every year, there are about one billion cases of influenza globally, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths. Spotlight 17 Dec 2025 window.SN = window.SN || {}; window.SN.libs = window.SN.libs || {}; window.SN.libs.ads = window.SN.libs.ads || {}; window.SN.libs.ads.slotConfig = window.SN.libs.ads.slotConfig || {}; window.SN.libs.ads.slotConfig['right'] = { 'pos': 'right', 'type': 'right', 'path': '/nature' }; <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/nature.com/homepage sz=300x250 c=-882163534 t=pos%3Dright%26artid%3D/nature"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/nature.com/homepage sz=300x250 c=-882163534 t=pos%3Dright%26artid%3D/nature" alt="Advertisement" width="300" height="250"/> </a> Advertisement Collections Influenza Every year, there are about one billion cases of influenza globally, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths. Spotlight 17 Dec 2025 Influenza Advertisement Trending - Altmetric Early hominins from Morocco basal to the Homo sapiens lineage Artificial intelligence tools expand scientists’ impact but contract science’s focus Search for light sterile neutrinos with two neutrino beams at MicroBooNE Little red dots as young supermassive black holes in dense ionized cocoons Trending - Altmetric Early hominins from Morocco basal to the Homo sapiens lineage Early hominins from Morocco basal to the Homo sapiens lineage Early hominins from Morocco basal to the Homo sapiens lineage Artificial intelligence tools expand scientists’ impact but contract science’s focus Artificial intelligence tools expand scientists’ impact but contract science’s focus Artificial intelligence tools expand scientists’ impact but contract science’s focus Search for light sterile neutrinos with two neutrino beams at MicroBooNE Search for light sterile neutrinos with two neutrino beams at MicroBooNE Search for light sterile neutrinos with two neutrino beams at MicroBooNE Little red dots as young supermassive black holes in dense ionized cocoons Little red dots as young supermassive black holes in dense ionized cocoons Little red dots as young supermassive black holes in dense ionized cocoons Science jobs Associate Publisher or Publisher Title: Associate Publisher or Publisher Location: Shanghai, Beijing, Pune - hybrid working model Closing date: February 4th, 2026 About Springer ... 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Photography and illustration 3 Critical reception 4 Cover versions 5 Live performances 6 Track listing 7 Personnel Toggle Personnel subsection 7.1 Slayer 7.2 Production 7.1 Slayer 7.2 Production 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 References 11 Bibliography South of Heaven العربية Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item South of Heaven Studio album by Slayer Released July 5, 1988 ( 1988-07-05 ) Recorded December 1987 – February 1988 Studio Hit City West, Los Angeles Chung King , New York City Hit City West, Los Angeles Chung King , New York City Genre Thrash metal Length 36 : 54 Label Def Jam Producer Slayer Rick Rubin Slayer Rick Rubin Slayer chronology Reign in Blood (1986) South of Heaven (1988) Seasons in the Abyss (1990) Reign in Blood (1986) South of Heaven (1988) Seasons in the Abyss (1990) Singles from South of Heaven "South of Heaven" Released: 1988 "South of Heaven" Released: 1988 South of Heaven is the fourth studio album by American thrash metal band Slayer , released on July 5, 1988, by Def Jam Recordings . The album was the band's second collaboration with producer Rick Rubin , whose production skills on their previous album Reign in Blood (1986) had helped their sound evolve. Given the frenetic pace of Reign in Blood , Slayer made no attempt to top it on South of Heaven ; rather, the band offset and complemented Reign in Blood by deliberately slowing the tempo down on South of Heaven , as well as by utilizing undistorted guitars and toned-down vocals. It was the band's last album released by Def Jam, although the rights were transferred to Rubin's new label Def American Recordings after Rubin ended his partnership with Russell Simmons . The album was one of only two Def Jam titles to be distributed by Geffen Records through Warner Bros. , as Def Jam's then-distributor Columbia refused to release work by the band. South of Heaven became Slayer's second album to enter the Billboard 200 , peaking at number 57. While some critics praised the change in the band's sound, others more accustomed to the style of their earlier efforts were disappointed. Nonetheless, the songs "Mandatory Suicide" and the title track have since become permanent features of the band's live setlist. South of Heaven was later certified gold by the RIAA in 1992. Background The album was recorded in Los Angeles with Reign in Blood producer Rick Rubin. PopMatters reviewer Adrien Begrand observed that Rubin's production "shoves [Dave] Lombardo 's drumming right up front in the mix". [ 1 ] Guitarist Jeff Hanneman has since said that South of Heaven was the only album the band members discussed before writing the music. Aware that they "couldn't top Reign in Blood ", and that whatever they recorded would be compared to the album, he believed they "had to slow down", something Slayer had never done on albums before, or since. [ 2 ] Guitarist Kerry King cited the need to "keep people guessing" as another reason for the musical shift. [ 3 ] "In order to contrast the aggressive assault put forth on Reign in Blood , Slayer consciously slowed down the tempo of the album as a whole", according to Slayer's official biography. "They also added elements like undistorted guitars and toned-down vocal styles not heard on previous albums." [ 4 ] King has since been critical of his performance, which he describes as his "most lackluster". King attributes this to the fact he had recently married, and moved to Phoenix, Arizona . Describing himself as "probably the odd man out at that point", he stated he "didn't participate as much because of that". Hanneman said: "We go through dry spells sometimes, but the good thing about having two guitar players that can write music is that you are never gonna go without. I guess at that time, Kerry was hitting a dry spell." King has also been critical of the album in general, describing it as one of his least favorite Slayer albums. He felt vocalist Tom Araya moved too far away from his regular vocal style, and "added too much singing". [ 2 ] Drummer Dave Lombardo has since observed: "There was fire on all the records, but it started dimming when South of Heaven came into the picture. And that's me personally. Again, I was probably wanting something else." [ 5 ] Judas Priest 's " Dissident Aggressor " is the first cover version to appear on a Slayer studio album. The song was chosen due to its war-themed lyrics. Hanneman described the track as "more just like one of those odd songs that a lot of people didn't know, but it was a favorite of Kerry and I, so we just picked that one". [ 6 ] Meanwhile, "Cleanse the Soul" has been heavily criticized by King who said that he hates the track: "That's one of the black marks in our history, in my book. I just fucking think it's horrible. [Laughs] I hate the opening riff. It's what we call a 'happy riff.' It's just like 'la-lala-la-la-la.' I can't see myself playing it, but after that, where it gets heavier, I like that section. If we ever did a medley , I'd put part of that in there." [ 7 ] The closing track "Spill The Blood" features clean guitar tones in the beginning and middle sections, and Araya's singing capabilities. [ 8 ] Photography and illustration Artist Larry Carroll and illustrator Howard Schwartzberg designed the cover artwork for South of Heaven , having designed the artwork for Slayer's previous album Reign in Blood . [ 2 ] Photographer Glen E. Friedman took the promotional shot which surfaced as the back cover of South of Heaven around the time of 1986's Reign in Blood . Lombardo felt it made Slayer seem as though they "had matured a little bit", while Friedman himself deemed it "a really cool back cover" and "one of the most classic shots of them [Slayer] ever". [ 2 ] The artwork shown on the front cover was inspired by KNM-ER 1470, an incomplete skull of an archaic human of the extinct species Homo rudolfensis that was discovered in 1972 in Kenya. Critical reception Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [ 9 ] Robert Christgau B− [ 10 ] Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal 10/10 [ 11 ] Kerrang! [ 12 ] Metal Forces 8/10 [ 8 ] Rock Hard 8.5/10 [ 13 ] Rolling Stone [ 14 ] The Rolling Stone Album Guide [ 15 ] Spin Alternative Record Guide 8/10 [ 16 ] South of Heaven was released on July 5, 1988, and was the final Slayer album distributed via Def Jam Records . When label co-founders Russell Simmons and Rubin parted ways, Slayer signed to Rubin's newly founded Def American Recordings label. [ 9 ] The album peaked at number 57 on the Billboard 200 album chart, [ 17 ] and on November 20, 1992, became Slayer's second album to be certified gold in the United States. [ 18 ] South of Heaven was awarded silver certification in the United Kingdom on January 1, 1993, Slayer's first record to do so in that country. [ 19 ] Slayer's official biography states that "some critics praised the album as demonstrating Slayer's desire to grow musically and avoid repeating themselves." [ 4 ] Alex Henderson of AllMusic described the record as "disturbing and powerful," [ 9 ] while Joe Matera of Ultimate Guitar deemed the album a slight departure; he wrote that while the pace was slowed down, it "didn't sacrifice any of the heaviness inherent in Slayer's music". [ 3 ] Reviewing the 2003 Slayer box set Soundtrack to the Apocalypse , Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described the album as "their most underrated, and on this set, its five selections show how highly the band thinks of the record". [ 1 ] KNAC.com ' s Peter Atkinson was also positive, saying the album has a "grandiosity and imposing presence" which makes the record "so magnificent". [ 20 ] Grave 's Ola Lindgren and Bolt Thrower 's Karl Willetts both rate South of Heaven as amongst the top five albums of all time, [ 21 ] [ 22 ] while Max Kolesne of Brazilian death metal group Krisiun remembers hearing the song "Silent Scream" for the first time: "It just blew me away. It was like fast double-bass, fast kicks during the whole song. That was very inspiring for me." [ 23 ] When discussing Slayer in an October 2007 interview, Evile frontman Matt Drake stated that while Reign in Blood "was just speed", South of Heaven proved that the group could write "slow material as well". [ 24 ] Metal Forces reviewer gives "the band credit for at least making an effort to try something new and not being afraid to experiment at such a crucial stage of their career", creating "one of the more original sounding thrash / speed metal albums he heard in a long while". He remarked, however, that "if you're expecting to hear Reign in Blood Part Two, you'll be in for a major disappointment". [ 8 ] Kim Neely of Rolling Stone dismissed the album as "genuinely offensive satanic drivel". [ 14 ] However, the magazine would later rank the album 47th on their 2017 "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time" list. [ 25 ] Slayer's official biography states: "The new sounds disappointed some of the band's fans who were more accustomed to the style of earlier releases." [ 2 ] Michael Roberts of Westworld Online said this was due to some of the numbers moving "at the sludgier speed of Black Sabbath ". [ 26 ] Araya commented that the "album was a late bloomer—it wasn't really received well, but it kind of grew on everybody later". [ 2 ] Decibel inducted South of Heaven into the Decibel Magazine Hall of Fame in January 2013. Due to Jeff Hanneman 's death in May of the same year, South of Heaven would be the second and final classic Slayer album to receive an induction into Decibel's Hall of Fame. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Cover versions The title track and the song "Mandatory Suicide" have received various cover interpretations, particularly on Slayer tribute albums. Toni Ferguson recorded string quartet adaptations of both tracks on the album The String Quartet Tribute to Slayer: The Evil You Dread , with "South of Heaven" being described as having "menacing chord shifts" by AllMusic 's Johnny Loftus. [ 29 ] 1995 Slayer tribute album Slatanic Slaughter featured three songs which originally appeared on South of Heaven , with "South of Heaven", "Mandatory Suicide" and "Spill the Blood" interpreted by Cemetary , Crown of Thornz and Grope, respectively. [ 30 ] Its 1996 follow up Slatanic Slaughter, Vol. 2 only featured two tracks originally from the album: "Silent Scream", arranged by Vader , and "Read Between the Lies", interpreted by Anathema . [ 31 ] 1999's Straight to Hell: A Tribute to Slayer collected four Slayer renditions which originated on the album, with versions of "South of Heaven" performed by Abaddon, ( Venom ) and Electric Hellfire Club , "Mandatory Suicide" cut by Chapter 7 and "Behind the Crooked Cross" adapted by Gigantor. [ 32 ] The 2006 Argentine tribute album Al Sur Del Abismo (Tributo Argentino A Slayer) saw Nafak and Climatic Terra also respectively cover "South of Heaven" and "Mandatory Suicide". [ 33 ] Live performances Two songs taken from the album ("Mandatory Suicide" and "South of Heaven") have become near constant fixtures in the band's live setlist, [ 4 ] notching up appearances on the following: the live DVDs Live Intrusion , [ 34 ] War at the Warfield , [ 35 ] Still Reigning , [ 36 ] Soundtrack to the Apocalypse ' s deluxe edition's bonus live disc, [ 37 ] and the live double album Decade of Aggression . [ 38 ] Adrien Begrand of PopMatters described "South of Heaven" as "an unorthodox set opener in theory", noting "the song went over like a megaton bomb detonating the place: dozens of inverted crosses projected behind the high drum riser, the sinewy opening notes kicked in, followed by an overture of bass, cymbal crashes, and tom fills, leading up to the slowly building crescendo" in a concert review. [ 39 ] Lombardo remembers listening to a live rendition of "South of Heaven" and thinking, " 'Man! There's just so much groove in that song.' To my kids I was saying, 'Listen to that! Listen to how groovy that is!' And it's heavy." [ 5 ] A live version of the track featured on the JÄGERMUSIC Rarities 2004 promotional CD, given away to attendees at the Spring 2004 Jägermeister Music Tour. [ 40 ] A live rendition of "South of Heaven" was also included on a bonus DVD which came with the group's 2007 re-release of ninth studio album Christ Illusion , shot in Vancouver , British Columbia during 2006's Unholy Alliance tour. [ 41 ] "Behind the Crooked Cross" was rarely played live as Hanneman hated the track, though King had always wanted to play it "because it's got a cool intro" despite it not being his favorite song. King said "that's fine" when speaking of the situation, noting "there are songs that he wants to play that I always shoot down". [ 2 ] "Ghosts of War" isn't King's favorite song either, which he attests "everybody always wants to hear" performed live. He confessed; "I like the ending, you know, I like the big heavy part and I always say, 'Let's put the heavy ending at the end of "Chemical Warfare" and just do the last half.' But I could never make that fly." [ 42 ] Slayer has toyed with the idea of creating a live set mixed with selections from the album and 1990's Seasons in the Abyss , though Hanneman said it's something which hasn't been "seriously considered". [ 43 ] Metal Maniacs asked Slayer in a 2006 interview whether they would consider playing South of Heaven in the footsteps of the Still Reigning tour, to which Araya replied, "It's becoming a trendy thing now. I don't know. We have some really cool albums, but I don't think we'll ever do that again." King was equally unsure, commenting, "Probably not. And I just don't like enough songs off South of Heaven ." [ 7 ] Track listing All music by Jeff Hanneman unless noted. No. Title Lyrics Music Length 1. "South of Heaven" Tom Araya 4:58 2. "Silent Scream" Araya Hanneman Kerry King Hanneman Kerry King 3:07 3. "Live Undead" Araya King Araya King 3:50 4. "Behind the Crooked Cross" Hanneman 3:15 5. "Mandatory Suicide" Araya Hanneman King Hanneman King 4:05 No. Title Lyrics Music Length 6. "Ghosts of War" King Hanneman King Hanneman King 3:53 7. "Read Between the Lies" Araya King Araya King 3:20 8. "Cleanse the Soul" Araya King Araya King 3:02 9. " Dissident Aggressor " ( Judas Priest cover) Rob Halford K. K. Downing Glenn Tipton K. K. Downing Glenn Tipton 2:35 10. "Spill the Blood" Hanneman 4:48 Total length: 36:54 Personnel Slayer Tom Araya – bass, vocals Kerry King – guitars Jeff Hanneman – guitars Dave Lombardo – drums Production Rick Rubin – production Slayer – production Larry Carroll – artwork Howie Weinberg – mastering Andy Wallace – mixing Charts Chart (1988) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) [ 44 ] 53 Canada Top Albums/CDs ( RPM ) [ 45 ] 89 Dutch Albums ( Album Top 100 ) [ 46 ] 31 Finnish Albums ( The Official Finnish Charts ) [ 47 ] 11 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) [ 48 ] 23 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) [ 49 ] 50 UK Albums ( OCC ) [ 50 ] 25 US Billboard 200 [ 51 ] 57 Chart (2006) Peak position Irish Albums ( IRMA ) [ 52 ] 91 Chart (2016) Peak position Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders) [ 53 ] 198 Chart (2025) Peak position Hungarian Physical Albums ( MAHASZ ) [ 54 ] 31 Certifications Region Certification Certified units /sales Canada ( Music Canada ) [ 55 ] Gold 50,000 ^ United Kingdom ( BPI ) [ 56 ] Silver 60,000 ^ United States ( RIAA ) [ 57 ] Gold 500,000 ^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Begrand, Adrien (January 23, 2004). "The Devil in Music" . PopMatters . Retrieved March 17, 2007 . ^ a b c d e f g "An exclusive oral history of Slayer" . Decibel Magazine. Archived from the original on August 13, 2006 . Retrieved December 3, 2006 . ^ a b Matera, Joe (August 4, 2006). "Slayer's Kerry King: The Art Of Writing Songs That Nobody Else Can Write" . UltimateGuitar.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012 . Retrieved March 17, 2007 . ^ a b c "About" . Slayer.net. Archived from the original on August 10, 2007 . Retrieved March 17, 2007 . ^ a b Baronas, Mike (August 9, 2006). "Dave Saves" . GASPetc.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2006 . Retrieved March 25, 2007 . ^ a b Davis, Brian. "A Rare Interview With Slayer Shredder Hanneman, Gripping Firmly onto the Reigns of Metal" . Knac.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 . Retrieved March 17, 2007 . ^ a b "Slayer's Tom Araya Wants To Sue Demiricous For Plagiarism" . Blabbermouth.net . August 15, 2006. Archived from the original on May 25, 2024 . Retrieved October 21, 2018 . ^ a b c Krgin, Borivoj (1988). "Slayer – South of Heaven" . Metal Forces . No. 28 . Retrieved April 20, 2013 . ^ a b c Henderson, Alex. "South of Heaven" . AllMusic . Retrieved March 17, 2007 . ^ Christgau, Robert. "CG: Slayer" . Robert Christgau . Retrieved June 16, 2009 . ^ Popoff, Martin (November 1, 2005). The Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal: Volume 2: The Eighties . Burlington, Ontario , Canada: Collector's Guide Publishing . p. 328. ISBN 978-1-894959-31-5 . ^ Russell, Xavier (July 9, 1988). "Slayer – 'South of Heaven' ". Kerrang! . No. 195. ^ Trojan, Frank (1988). "Review Album: Slayer – South of Heaven" . Rock Hard (in German). No. 28 . Retrieved May 20, 2013 . ^ a b Neely, Kim (October 6, 1988). "Slayer: South Of Heaven : Music Reviews" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 24, 2007 . Retrieved November 30, 2012 . ^ The new Rolling Stone album guide . 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ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5 . ^ " Offiziellecharts.de – Slayer – South of Heaven " (in German). GfK Entertainment charts . Retrieved February 23, 2021. ^ " Swedishcharts.com – Slayer – South of Heaven ". Hung Medien. Retrieved February 23, 2021. ^ " Slayer Songs and Albums | Full Official Chart History ". Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 23, 2021. ^ " Slayer Chart History ( Billboard 200) ". Billboard . Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ " Irish-charts.com – Discography Slayer ". Hung Medien. Retrieved February 23, 2021. ^ " Ultratop.be – Slayer – South of Heaven " (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved February 23, 2021. ^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista (fizikai hanghordozók) – 2025. 20. hét" . MAHASZ . Retrieved May 21, 2025 . ^ "Canadian album certifications – Slayer – South of Heaven" . Music Canada . ^ "British album certifications – Slayer – South of Heaven" . British Phonographic Industry . ^ "American album certifications – Slayer – South of Heaven" . Recording Industry Association of America . Bibliography Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (1995). Spin Alternative Record Guide . Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-75574-8 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Slayer v t e Kerry King Tom Araya Paul Bostaph Gary Holt Jeff Hanneman Dave Lombardo Jon Dette Kerry King Tom Araya Paul Bostaph Gary Holt Jeff Hanneman Dave Lombardo Jon Dette Studio albums Show No Mercy Hell Awaits Reign in Blood South of Heaven Seasons in the Abyss Divine Intervention Undisputed Attitude Diabolus in Musica God Hates Us All Christ Illusion World Painted Blood Repentless Show No Mercy Hell Awaits Reign in Blood South of Heaven Seasons in the Abyss Divine Intervention Undisputed Attitude Diabolus in Musica God Hates Us All Christ Illusion World Painted Blood Repentless Live albums Live Undead Decade of Aggression The Big Four: Live from Sofia, Bulgaria (with Anthrax , Megadeth and Metallica ) Live Undead Decade of Aggression The Big Four: Live from Sofia, Bulgaria (with Anthrax , Megadeth and Metallica ) Box sets Soundtrack to the Apocalypse The Vinyl Conflict Soundtrack to the Apocalypse The Vinyl Conflict Extended plays Haunting the Chapel Eternal Pyre Haunting the Chapel Eternal Pyre Video albums Live Intrusion War at the Warfield Still Reigning The Big Four: Live from Sofia, Bulgaria Live Intrusion War at the Warfield Still Reigning The Big Four: Live from Sofia, Bulgaria Songs " Angel of Death " " Raining Blood " " Eyes of the Insane " " Jihad " " Cult " " Angel of Death " " Raining Blood " " Eyes of the Insane " " Jihad " " Cult " Tours Clash of the Titans Tour The Unholy Alliance Tour American Carnage Tour European Carnage Tour World Painted Blood Tour Farewell Tour Clash of the Titans Tour The Unholy Alliance Tour American Carnage Tour European Carnage Tour World Painted Blood Tour Farewell Tour Related articles Discography Songs Whiplash Exodus Testament Pat O'Brien Gene Hoglan Murder in the Front Row From Hell I Rise Murder of Elyse Pahler Discography Songs Whiplash Exodus Testament Pat O'Brien Gene Hoglan Murder in the Front Row From Hell I Rise Murder of Elyse Pahler Category Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz release group Slayer albums American Recordings (record label) albums 1988 albums Def Jam Recordings albums Albums produced by Rick Rubin CS1: unfit URL CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) Use mdy dates from February 2024 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Album articles lacking alt text for covers Album chart usages for Canada Album chart usages for Netherlands Album chart usages for Germany Album chart usages for Sweden Album chart usages for UK Album chart usages for Billboard200 Album chart called without album Album chart usages for Ireland2 Album chart usages for Flanders Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Pages using certification Table Entry with shipments figures Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using certification Table Entry with shipments footnote Featured articles This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 21:19 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Current total 2 Level 3 vital articles Toggle Level 3 vital articles subsection 2.1 People 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.2 History 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.3 Geography 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.4 Arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.5 Philosophy and religion 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.6 Everyday life 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.7 Society and social sciences 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.8 Health, medicine and disease 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.9 Science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.10 Technology 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.11 Mathematics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics 2.1 People 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.2 History 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.3 Geography 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.4 Arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.5 Philosophy and religion 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.6 Everyday life 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.7 Society and social sciences 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.8 Health, medicine and disease 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.9 Science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.10 Technology 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.11 Mathematics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics Wikipedia : Vital articles/Level/3 Afrikaans अंगिका العربية تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Dagbanli ཇོང་ཁ Ελληνικά فارسی Français Italiano עברית Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî ဘာသာမန် Nederlands नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල Taqbaylit ᏣᎳᎩ Tiếng Việt Wayuunaiki 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item WP:VITAL3 WP:VITAL3 WP:VA3 WP:VA3 The five nested vital article Levels are meant to give direction to the prioritization of improvements of English Wikipedia articles (e.g. which articles to bring to WP:GA and WP:FA status), to provide a measurement of quality of overall English Wikipedia (e.g. what proportion of the most important articles are at GA and FA status), and to serve as a centralized watchlist of English Wikipedia's most important articles. Unlike the list of articles every Wikipedia should have , they are tailored to the English Wikipedia and are actively maintained by the dedicated WikiProject Vital Articles . This page contains the 1,000 articles of the Level 3 list. Any addition to or removal from this list should ONLY BE MADE after a discussion on the Level 3 talk page . Level 1 (10 articles) < Level 2 (100 articles) < Level 3 (1,000 articles) < Level 4 (10,000 articles) < Level 5 (50,000 articles) Current total The following table summarizes the quality of the articles on this list. It is updated daily by Cewbot . Total 994 articles. Class #Articles FA 82 GA 137 A 1 B 474 C 301 FFA 79 DGA 95 FFLC 1 Level 3 vital articles This section contains 994 articles out of a quota of 1000. People This section contains 104 articles. Leaders and politicians This section contains 27 articles. Hammurabi Ramesses II Cyrus the Great Alexander the Great Ashoka Qin Shi Huang Julius Caesar Cleopatra Augustus Charlemagne Genghis Khan Mansa Musa Timur Joan of Arc Suleiman the Magnificent Akbar Elizabeth I Catherine the Great George Washington Napoleon Simón Bolívar Abraham Lincoln Mahatma Gandhi Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Mao Zedong Nelson Mandela Explorers This section contains 3 articles. Zheng He Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Artists This section contains 6 articles. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Rembrandt Hokusai Vincent van Gogh Pablo Picasso Leaders and politicians This section contains 27 articles. Hammurabi Ramesses II Cyrus the Great Alexander the Great Ashoka Qin Shi Huang Julius Caesar Cleopatra Augustus Charlemagne Genghis Khan Mansa Musa Timur Joan of Arc Suleiman the Magnificent Akbar Elizabeth I Catherine the Great George Washington Napoleon Simón Bolívar Abraham Lincoln Mahatma Gandhi Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Mao Zedong Nelson Mandela Explorers This section contains 3 articles. Zheng He Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Artists This section contains 6 articles. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Rembrandt Hokusai Vincent van Gogh Pablo Picasso Philosophers and social scientists This section contains 16 articles. Confucius Laozi Socrates Plato Aristotle Cicero Thomas Aquinas Ibn Khaldun Niccolò Machiavelli René Descartes John Locke Adam Smith Immanuel Kant Mary Wollstonecraft Karl Marx Sigmund Freud Writers This section contains 11 articles. Homer Virgil Li Bai Murasaki Shikibu Rumi Dante Alighieri Miguel de Cervantes William Shakespeare Voltaire Leo Tolstoy Rabindranath Tagore Musicians This section contains 6 articles. Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven Louis Armstrong The Beatles Michael Jackson Filmmakers This section contains 2 articles. Charlie Chaplin Walt Disney Philosophers and social scientists This section contains 16 articles. Confucius Laozi Socrates Plato Aristotle Cicero Thomas Aquinas Ibn Khaldun Niccolò Machiavelli René Descartes John Locke Adam Smith Immanuel Kant Mary Wollstonecraft Karl Marx Sigmund Freud Writers This section contains 11 articles. Homer Virgil Li Bai Murasaki Shikibu Rumi Dante Alighieri Miguel de Cervantes William Shakespeare Voltaire Leo Tolstoy Rabindranath Tagore Musicians This section contains 6 articles. Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven Louis Armstrong The Beatles Michael Jackson Filmmakers This section contains 2 articles. Charlie Chaplin Walt Disney Scientists and inventors This section contains 18 articles. Hippocrates Avicenna Shen Kuo Johannes Gutenberg Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Antoine Lavoisier Michael Faraday Charles Darwin Florence Nightingale Louis Pasteur James Clerk Maxwell Dmitri Mendeleev Thomas Edison Nikola Tesla Marie Curie Albert Einstein Mathematicians This section contains 8 articles. Euclid Archimedes Al-Khwarizmi Leonhard Euler Carl Friedrich Gauss Emmy Noether Kurt Gödel Alan Turing Religious figures This section contains 6 articles. The Buddha Jesus Muhammad Ali Adi Shankara Martin Luther Businesspeople This section contains 1 article. Henry Ford Scientists and inventors This section contains 18 articles. Hippocrates Avicenna Shen Kuo Johannes Gutenberg Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Antoine Lavoisier Michael Faraday Charles Darwin Florence Nightingale Louis Pasteur James Clerk Maxwell Dmitri Mendeleev Thomas Edison Nikola Tesla Marie Curie Albert Einstein Mathematicians This section contains 8 articles. Euclid Archimedes Al-Khwarizmi Leonhard Euler Carl Friedrich Gauss Emmy Noether Kurt Gödel Alan Turing Religious figures This section contains 6 articles. The Buddha Jesus Muhammad Ali Adi Shankara Martin Luther Businesspeople This section contains 1 article. Henry Ford History This section contains 79 articles. History: General This section contains 4 articles. History ( Level 2 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Civilization ( Level 2 ) Archaeology History by region This section contains 6 articles. History of Africa History of Asia History of Europe History of North America History of Oceania History of South America History by subject This section contains 12 articles. History of science History of art History of agriculture History of architecture History of literature History of mathematics History of medicine History of music History of philosophy History of religion History of technology Military history Prehistory This section contains 3 articles. Prehistory ( Level 2 ) Stone Age Neolithic Revolution History: General This section contains 4 articles. History ( Level 2 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Civilization ( Level 2 ) Archaeology History by region This section contains 6 articles. History of Africa History of Asia History of Europe History of North America History of Oceania History of South America History by subject This section contains 12 articles. History of science History of art History of agriculture History of architecture History of literature History of mathematics History of medicine History of music History of philosophy History of religion History of technology Military history Prehistory This section contains 3 articles. Prehistory ( Level 2 ) Stone Age Neolithic Revolution Stone Age Neolithic Revolution Neolithic Revolution Ancient history This section contains 18 articles. Ancient history ( Level 2 ) Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Post-classical history This section contains 13 articles. Post-classical history ( Level 2 ) Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Ancient history This section contains 18 articles. Ancient history ( Level 2 ) Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Maya civilization Post-classical history This section contains 13 articles. Post-classical history ( Level 2 ) Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Modern history This section contains 23 articles. Early modern period ( Level 2 ) Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Modern era ( Level 2 ) British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization Modern history This section contains 23 articles. Early modern period ( Level 2 ) Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Modern era ( Level 2 ) British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization Geography This section contains 107 articles. Geography: General This section contains 1 article. Geography ( Level 2 ) Continents and regions This section contains 53 articles. Continent Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Geographical regions Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Countries This section contains 39 articles. Country Africa Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Geography: General This section contains 1 article. Geography ( Level 2 ) Continents and regions This section contains 53 articles. Continent Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Geographical regions Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Countries This section contains 39 articles. Country Africa Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Europe France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Physical geography This section contains 28 articles. Terrestrial features This section contains 12 articles. Land ( Level 2 ) Desert Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Hydrological features This section contains 16 articles. Sea ( Level 2 ) Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Lake Caspian Sea Great Lakes River Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Europe France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia Australia South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Argentina Brazil Colombia Physical geography This section contains 28 articles. Terrestrial features This section contains 12 articles. Land ( Level 2 ) Desert Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Desert Sahara Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Hydrological features This section contains 16 articles. Sea ( Level 2 ) Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Lake Caspian Sea Great Lakes Caspian Sea Great Lakes River Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Human settlements This section contains 25 articles. Human settlement ( Level 2 ) City Town Urbanization Village Africa Cairo Lagos Asia East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Europe London Moscow Paris Rome North America Mexico City New York City South America São Paulo Human settlements This section contains 25 articles. Human settlement ( Level 2 ) City Town Urbanization Village City Town Urbanization Village Africa Cairo Lagos Cairo Lagos Asia East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Europe London Moscow Paris Rome London Moscow Paris Rome North America Mexico City New York City Mexico City New York City South America São Paulo São Paulo Arts This section contains 39 articles. Arts: General This section contains 4 articles. The arts ( Level 1 ) Art Fashion Museum Artistic movements This section contains 4 articles. Abstract art Modernism Realism Romanticism Architecture This section contains 1 article. Architecture ( Level 2 ) Arts: General This section contains 4 articles. The arts ( Level 1 ) Art Fashion Museum Artistic movements This section contains 4 articles. Abstract art Modernism Realism Romanticism Architecture This section contains 1 article. Architecture ( Level 2 ) Literature This section contains 6 articles. Literature ( Level 2 ) Fiction Novel Short story Non-fiction Poetry Music This section contains 9 articles. Music ( Level 2 ) Musical instrument Rhythm Singing Musical genres Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Literature This section contains 6 articles. Literature ( Level 2 ) Fiction Novel Short story Novel Short story Non-fiction Poetry Music This section contains 9 articles. Music ( Level 2 ) Musical instrument Rhythm Singing Musical genres Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Performing arts This section contains 5 articles. Performing arts ( Level 2 ) Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Visual arts This section contains 10 articles. Visual arts ( Level 2 ) Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Performing arts This section contains 5 articles. Performing arts ( Level 2 ) Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Visual arts This section contains 10 articles. Visual arts ( Level 2 ) Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Philosophy and religion This section contains 56 articles. Philosophy This section contains 16 articles. Philosophy: General This section contains 1 article. Philosophy ( Level 1 ) Philosophical branches and concepts This section contains 12 articles. Aesthetics Epistemology Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Ethics ( Level 2 ) Good and evil Logic ( Level 2 ) Metaphysics Free will Ontology Philosophy by region and period This section contains 3 articles. Eastern philosophy Confucianism Western philosophy Philosophy This section contains 16 articles. Philosophy: General This section contains 1 article. Philosophy ( Level 1 ) Philosophical branches and concepts This section contains 12 articles. Aesthetics Epistemology Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Ethics ( Level 2 ) Good and evil Good and evil Logic ( Level 2 ) Metaphysics Free will Ontology Free will Ontology Philosophy by region and period This section contains 3 articles. Eastern philosophy Confucianism Confucianism Western philosophy Mythology This section contains 2 articles. Myth Greek mythology Religion This section contains 13 articles. Religion ( Level 2 ) Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Secularism Atheism Mythology This section contains 2 articles. Myth Greek mythology Greek mythology Religion This section contains 13 articles. Religion ( Level 2 ) Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Secularism Atheism Atheism Specific religions This section contains 25 articles. Abrahamic religions This section contains 13 articles. Abraham Bible Christianity Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Islam Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Judaism Talmud Moses East Asian religions This section contains 3 articles. Chinese folk religion Shinto Taoism Indian religions This section contains 8 articles. Buddhism Mahayana Theravada Hinduism Vedas Bhagavad Gita Jainism Sikhism Other religions This section contains 1 article. African traditional religions Specific religions This section contains 25 articles. Abrahamic religions This section contains 13 articles. Abraham Bible Christianity Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Islam Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Judaism Talmud Talmud Moses East Asian religions This section contains 3 articles. Chinese folk religion Shinto Taoism Indian religions This section contains 8 articles. Buddhism Mahayana Theravada Mahayana Theravada Hinduism Vedas Bhagavad Gita Vedas Bhagavad Gita Jainism Sikhism Other religions This section contains 1 article. African traditional religions Everyday life This section contains 60 articles. Everyday life: General This section contains 5 articles. Clothing ( Level 2 ) Shoe Home ( Level 2 ) Furniture Jewellery Family, kinship and friendship This section contains 4 articles. Family ( Level 2 ) Marriage Parenting Friendship Stages of life This section contains 4 articles. Adult Adolescence Child Infant Sexuality and gender This section contains 6 articles. Human sexuality ( Level 2 ) Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Gender Man Woman Everyday life: General This section contains 5 articles. Clothing ( Level 2 ) Shoe Shoe Home ( Level 2 ) Furniture Jewellery Family, kinship and friendship This section contains 4 articles. Family ( Level 2 ) Marriage Parenting Marriage Parenting Friendship Stages of life This section contains 4 articles. Adult Adolescence Child Infant Infant Sexuality and gender This section contains 6 articles. Human sexuality ( Level 2 ) Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Gender Man Woman Man Woman Food and drink This section contains 25 articles. Cooking Food ( Level 2 ) Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Drink Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Food and drink This section contains 25 articles. Cooking Food ( Level 2 ) Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Bean Potato Drink Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Recreation and entertainment This section contains 16 articles. Entertainment ( Level 2 ) Play (activity) Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Martial arts Swimming Tourism Recreation and entertainment This section contains 16 articles. Entertainment ( Level 2 ) Play (activity) Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Martial arts Swimming Tourism Society and social sciences This section contains 149 articles. Society and social sciences: General This section contains 15 articles. Culture ( Level 2 ) Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Society ( Level 1 ) Community Power (social and political) Social class Communication ( Level 2 ) Information Social science Anthropology Sociology Ethnicity ( Level 2 ) Politics and government This section contains 26 articles. Politics ( Level 2 ) Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Government ( Level 2 ) Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Ideology Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Nation State ( Level 2 ) Diplomacy Military International organizations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations Conflict This section contains 4 articles. War ( Level 2 ) Genocide Peace Terrorism Education This section contains 4 articles. Education ( Level 2 ) School Library University Society and social sciences: General This section contains 15 articles. Culture ( Level 2 ) Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Society ( Level 1 ) Community Power (social and political) Social class Community Power (social and political) Social class Communication ( Level 2 ) Information Social science Anthropology Sociology Anthropology Sociology Ethnicity ( Level 2 ) Politics and government This section contains 26 articles. Politics ( Level 2 ) Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Government ( Level 2 ) Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Ideology Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Nation State ( Level 2 ) Diplomacy Military Diplomacy Military International organizations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations Conflict This section contains 4 articles. War ( Level 2 ) Genocide Peace Terrorism Education This section contains 4 articles. Education ( Level 2 ) School Library University School Library University Business and economics This section contains 23 articles. Business ( Level 2 ) Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Economics ( Level 2 ) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Economy Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Social issues This section contains 17 articles. Disability Discrimination Racism Sexism Famine Feminism Human migration Human rights Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Indigenous peoples Pollution Poverty Violence Welfare spending Law This section contains 7 articles. Law ( Level 2 ) Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Business and economics This section contains 23 articles. Business ( Level 2 ) Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Economics ( Level 2 ) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Economy Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Social issues This section contains 17 articles. Disability Discrimination Racism Sexism Racism Sexism Famine Feminism Human migration Human rights Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Indigenous peoples Pollution Poverty Violence Welfare spending Law This section contains 7 articles. Law ( Level 2 ) Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Psychology This section contains 17 articles. Psychology ( Level 2 ) Emotion ( Level 2 ) Anger Fear Happiness Humour Love Sadness Mind ( Level 2 ) Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Human behavior Intelligence Learning Personality Language This section contains 32 articles. Language ( Level 2 ) Indo-European languages Bengali English French German Greek Hindustani Latin Portuguese Russian Spanish Other languages Arabic Chinese Japanese Malay Swahili Linguistics Grammar Word Literacy Personal name Speech Writing ( Level 2 ) Alphabet Arabic script Brahmic scripts Cyrillic script Greek alphabet Latin script Arabic numerals Chinese characters Media This section contains 4 articles. Mass media ( Level 2 ) Broadcasting News Publishing Psychology This section contains 17 articles. Psychology ( Level 2 ) Emotion ( Level 2 ) Anger Fear Happiness Humour Love Sadness Anger Fear Happiness Humour Humour Love Sadness Mind ( Level 2 ) Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Human behavior Intelligence Learning Personality Language This section contains 32 articles. 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Archaea Bacteria Eukaryote Animal ( Level 2 ) Zoology Arthropod Crustacean Insect Mollusca Vertebrate Amphibian Bird Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Plant ( Level 2 ) Algae Botany Tree Fungus Animal ( Level 2 ) Zoology Arthropod Crustacean Insect Mollusca Vertebrate Amphibian Bird Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Zoology Arthropod Crustacean Insect Crustacean Insect Mollusca Vertebrate Amphibian Bird Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Amphibian Bird Chicken Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Dinosaur Plant ( Level 2 ) Algae Botany Tree Algae Botany Tree Fungus Virus Anatomy This section contains 19 articles. 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Tool ( Level 2 ) Machine Simple machine Lever Wheel Engine Electric motor Internal combustion engine Steam engine Robotics Media and communication This section contains 9 articles. Printing Book Mail Telecommunications Internet Radio Telephone Mobile phone Television Computing and information technology This section contains 4 articles. Computer science Computer ( Level 2 ) Artificial intelligence Cryptography Electronics This section contains 4 articles. Electronics Electric light Integrated circuit Semiconductor Space This section contains 4 articles. Rocket Satellite Space exploration Spaceflight Tools and machinery This section contains 10 articles. Tool ( Level 2 ) Machine Simple machine Lever Wheel Simple machine Lever Wheel Lever Wheel Engine Electric motor Internal combustion engine Steam engine Electric motor Internal combustion engine Steam engine Robotics Media and communication This section contains 9 articles. 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Concrete Glass Masonry Metallurgy Natural rubber Paper Plastic Textile Cotton Wood Optical This section contains 5 articles. Camera Laser Lens Microscope Telescope Transportation This section contains 10 articles. Transport ( Level 2 ) Vehicle Aircraft Bicycle Car Ship Train Bridge Canal Road Vehicle Aircraft Bicycle Car Ship Train Aircraft Bicycle Car Ship Train Bridge Canal Road Navigation and timekeeping This section contains 6 articles. Navigation Compass Map Radar Compass Map Radar Calendar Clock Structures This section contains 4 articles. Fortification Infrastructure Building Dam Building Dam Materials This section contains 10 articles. Concrete Glass Masonry Metallurgy Natural rubber Paper Plastic Textile Cotton Cotton Wood Optical This section contains 5 articles. Camera Laser Lens Microscope Telescope Mathematics This section contains 42 articles. Mathematics: General This section contains 5 articles. Mathematics ( Level 1 ) Algorithm Mathematical proof Set Function Counting and numbers This section contains 11 articles. Number ( Level 2 ) Real number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number Complex number Number theory Mathematics: General This section contains 5 articles. Mathematics ( Level 1 ) Algorithm Mathematical proof Set Function Algorithm Mathematical proof Set Function Counting and numbers This section contains 11 articles. Number ( Level 2 ) Real number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number Complex number Number theory Real number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number 0 Natural number Prime number Complex number Number theory Algebra This section contains 5 articles. Algebra ( Level 2 ) Equation Variable Abstract algebra Linear algebra Analysis This section contains 5 articles. Mathematical analysis Calculus Infinity Limit Series Arithmetic This section contains 3 articles. 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صفحهٔ اصلی رویدادهای کنونی مقالهٔ تصادفی تغییرات اخیر ویکینویس شوید! راهنما تماس با ویکیپدیا صفحههای ویژه کمک مالی ساخت حساب ورود کمک مالی ساخت حساب ورود فهرست بخش آغازین 1 روزشمار تغییر وضعیت زیربخشهای روزشمار 1.1 ۷ دی 1.2 ۸ دی 1.3 ۹ دی 1.4 ۱۰ دی 1.5 ۱۱ دی 1.6 ۱۲ دی 1.7 ۱۳ دی 1.8 ۱۴ دی 1.9 ۱۵ دی 1.10 ۱۶ دی 1.11 ۱۷ دی 1.12 ۱۸ دی 1.13 ۱۹ دی 1.14 ۲۰ دی 1.14.1 جدول شهرها، مناطق و شعارها (به همراه حوادث مرتبط) 1.15 ۲۱ دی 1.1 ۷ دی 1.2 ۸ دی 1.3 ۹ دی 1.4 ۱۰ دی 1.5 ۱۱ دی 1.6 ۱۲ دی 1.7 ۱۳ دی 1.8 ۱۴ دی 1.9 ۱۵ دی 1.10 ۱۶ دی 1.11 ۱۷ دی 1.12 ۱۸ دی 1.13 ۱۹ دی 1.14 ۲۰ دی 1.14.1 جدول شهرها، مناطق و شعارها (به همراه حوادث مرتبط) 1.14.1 جدول شهرها، مناطق و شعارها (به همراه حوادث مرتبط) 1.15 ۲۱ دی 2 جستارهای وابسته 3 منابع گاهشمار اعتراضات دی ۱۴۰۴ ایران مقاله بحث خواندن ویرایش نمایش تاریخچه خواندن ویرایش نمایش تاریخچه پیوندها به این صفحه تغییرات مرتبط بارگذاری پرونده پیوند پایدار اطلاعات صفحه یادکرد این صفحه دریافت نشانی کوتاهشده بارگیری کیوآر کد استفاده از تجزیهگر قدیمی بارگیری بهصورت PDF نسخهٔ قابل چاپ .mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-right:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 0 4px 1em;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-right:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-right:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-right:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-right:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-right:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-right:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-right:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}} این مقاله یا بخشی از آن یک رویداد روز را در بر دارد. با گذشت زمان، ممکن است اطلاعات بهسرعت تغییر کند و اخبار اولیه ممکن است نامعتبر باشد. آخرین بهروزرسانیهای این مقاله شاید همهٔ اتفاقها دربارهٔ این رویداد را بازتاب ندهد . لطفاً نسبت به بهبود این مقاله اقدام کنید یا در صفحهٔ بحث تغییرات موردنظر خود را به بحث بگذارید. اما لطفاً دقت کنید که بهروزرسانیهای فاقد ارجاع به منابع معتبر برگردانده خواهند شد. ( چگونگی و زمان حذف پیام این الگو را بدانید ) .mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center} اعتراضات دی ۱۴۰۴ ایران بخشی از اعتراضات علیه جمهوری اسلامی ، بحران اقتصادی و اعتراضات نسل زد شهرهایی در ایران که اعتراضات در آنها گزارش شده است. تاریخ ۷ دی ۱۴۰۴ – اکنون (۱۹ روز) موقعیت ۵۱۲ شعبه در ۱۸۰ شهر در مجموع ۳۱ استان ایران . [ ۱ ] این اعتراضات در چندین شهر در سراسر کشور ثبت شده است، در درجه اول تهران ( بازار بزرگ تهران و مناطق تجاری), اهواز ، اراک ، درگهان ، فارسان ، فسا ، فولادشهر ، همدان ، اصفهان ، ایذه ، کرمانشاه ، مشهد ، مارلیک ، نجفآباد ، نورآباد (ممسنی) , جزیره قشم ، قم ، شیراز ، ساری و دیگر شهرها. [ الف ] [ ۲ ] [ ۳ ] علت(ها) مسائل سیاسی اقتدارگرایی حقوق بشر فساد سانسور مسائل سیستمی/ایدئولوژیک دینسالاری تروریسم دولتی حجاب تبعیض قومی آزادی مذهب مسائل اقتصادی بحران اقتصادی تحریمها تورم بحران واحد پولی – استهلاک شدید ریال ایران افزایش قیمت مواد غذایی و کالاهای اساسی بحران آب در ایران و کمبود انرژی اهداف سرنگونی حکومت جمهوری اسلامی [ ۴ ] [ ۵ ] بازگشت رضا پهلوی برای رهبری یک دولت انتقالی (برخی جناحها) [ ۶ ] پایان سوء مدیریت اقتصادی تثبیت نرخ ارز رسیدگی به مشکلات شهروندان و بازرگانان روشها اعتراضات خیابانی، راهپیماییها، آتشافروزی ، تظاهرات پشت بام شعارهای سیاسی اعتصاب و تعطیلی مغازهها (به رهبری بازاری بازرگانان و مغازهداران) کنشگری اینترنتی جنبش دانشجویی شورش قیام شورشگری وضعیت در حال انجام طرفهای مدنی درگیر مخالفان جمهوری اسلامی ایران تظاهرکنندگان ضد دولتی دانشجویان معترض [ ۷ ] فراریان پلیس و ارتش پشتیبانی شده توسط: گروههای سیاسی: شورای ملی ایران [ ۶ ] [ ۸ ] [ ۹ ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" right 0 top -2981px;padding-right:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:right 0 top -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:right 9px} سازمان مجاهدین خلق ایران [ ۱۰ ] شورای ملی مقاومت ایران [ ۱۱ ] [ ۱۲ ] [ ۱۳ ] همبستگی برای یک جمهوری سکولار دموکراتیک در ایران [ ۱۰ ] گروههای تجزیهطلب: جداییخواهی احزاب کرد از ایران حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب آزادی کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب حیات آزاد کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] سازمان خبات انقلابی کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب کومله کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان انقلابی [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] گارد ملی کردستان واحدهای تورنادو زاگرس [ ۱۶ ] شورش سیستان و بلوچستان جبهه مبارزین مردمی [ ۱۷ ] [ ۱۸ ] [ ۱۹ ] حزب مردم بلوچستان [ ۲۰ ] [ ۲۱ ] پانترکیسم در ایران شورای همکاری سازمانهای آذربایجان جنوبی [ ۲۲ ] [ bare URL ] شورای هماهنگی احزاب آذربایجانی در ایران [ ۲۳ ] گروههای کارگری، اجتماعی و بازنشستگان: اتحادیه آزاد کارگران ایران [ ۲۴ ] انجمن نویسندگان ایران [ ۲۴ ] شورای هماهنگی کانونهای صنفی معلمان ایران [ ۲۴ ] سندیکای کارگران نیشکر هفت تپه [ ۲۴ ] کمیته هماهنگی برای کمک به تشکیل تشکلهای مستقل کارگری [ ۲۴ ] کارگران بازنشسته خوزستان [ ۲۴ ] گروه اتحادیه بازنشستگان [ ۲۴ ] سازمانهای زنان کرد [ ۲۴ ] اتحادیه بازنشستگان [ ۲۵ ] انجمن برق و فلز کرمانشاه [ ۲۵ ] «اعدامها را متوقف کنید» [ ۲۵ ] «عدالت خواهان» [ ۲۵ ] شورای هماهنگی اعتراضات کارگران قراردادی نفت [ ۲۵ ] شورای هماهنگی اعتراضات کارگران غیررسمی نفت [ ۲۵ ] اعتراضات شورای هماهنگی پرستاران [ ۲۵ ] «ندای زنان ایران» [ ۲۵ ] اتحاد جهانی مسیحیان ایرانی [ ۲۶ ] نظام جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ایران ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران [ ۱۶ ] فرماندهی انتظامی جمهوری اسلامی ایران سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی بسیج نیروهای زمینی [ ۲۷ ] سپاه نبی اکرم کرمانشاه [ ۲۸ ] معترضان حامی دولت [ ۲۹ ] و لباسشخصی نیروهای شبهنظامی خارجی [ ۲۱ ] حشد شعبی کتائب حزبالله جنبش مقاومت اسلامی نجباء کتائب سیدالشهداء سازمان بدر حزبالله لشکر فاطمیون شخصیتهای پیشرو بهطور گسترده بدون رهبر [ ۳۰ ] [ ۳۱ ] [ ۳۲ ] [ ۳۳ ] رضا پهلوی [ ۳۴ ] [ ۳۵ ] سید علی خامنهای ( رهبر جمهوری اسلامی ) مسعود پزشکیان ( رئیسجمهور ) دیگران: غلامحسین محسنی اژهای ( رئیس قوه قضائیه ) محمدباقر قالیباف ( رئیس مجلس ) علی لاریجانی ( شورای عالی ) سید عباس عراقچی ( وزیر امور خارجه ) سید عبدالرحیم موسوی ( ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح ) امیر حاتمی ( فرمانده ارتش ) احمدرضا رادان (فرمانده ارشد نیروی انتظامی محمد پاکپور (فرمانده نیروی زمینی سپاه پاسداران غلامرضا سلیمانی (فرمانده بسیج ) تعداد میلیونها (به نقل از ایران اینترنشنال) [ ۳۶ ] استقرار گسترده ۸۰۰ شبهنظامی عراقی تحت حمایت ایران (ادعای اپوزیسیون) [ ۲۱ ] دهها هزار نفر از حامیان دولت در تهران تظاهرات کردند [ ۳۷ ] تلفات مرگ(ها) ۱۲٬۰۰۰–۲۰٬۰۰۰ معترض (طبق سیبیاس نیوز ) [ ۳۸ ] بیش از ۱۲٬۰۰۰ معترض (طبق ایران اینترنشنال ) [ ۳۹ ] در کل حدود ۲٬۰۰۰–۳٬۰۰۰ (ادعای جمهوری اسلامی ) [ ب ] در مجموع ۲٬۵۵۹ (تأیید شده؛ طبق فعالان حقوق بشر ) [ پ ] دستگیرشدگان بیش از ۱۶٬۷۰۰ [ ۴۳ ] تلفات دقیق به دلیل قطعی سراسری اینترنت در ایران نامشخص است. گاهشمار اعتراضات دی ۱۴۰۴ ن • ب • و 7 — – 8 — – 9 — – 10 — – 11 — – 12 — – 13 — – 14 — – 15 — – 16 — – 17 — – 18 — – 19 — – 20 — – 21 — – 22 — – 23 — اعتراضات صنفی و اقتصادی اعتراضات سیاسی سراسری → ۷ دی: اعتصاب در بازار تهران → ۸ دی: گسترش به کرج، اصفهان، مشهد و کوی دانشگاه تهران → ۹ دی: اعتصاب سراسری در ۲۰ شهر؛ تعطیلی مدارس تهران → ۱۰ دی: کشتهشدن داریوش انصاری ؛ حمله به ساختمان بسیج اسدآباد → ۱۱ دی: شعار «جاوید شاه» در قم؛ پیوستن کارگران میدان ترهبار → ۱۲ دی: تظاهرات نمازگزاران در زاهدان علیه خامنهای → ۱۳ دی: دستور سرکوب توسط خامنهای؛ توییت «زهی خیال باطل» ایلان ماسک → ۱۴ دی: درگیری شدید در بازار تهران؛ حمله نیروهای امنیتی به بیمارستان ایلام → ۱۵ دی: اعتصاب کامل در مرودشت؛ تظاهرات در باغسپهسالار تهران → ۱۶ دی: اعتراضات گسترده در ایلام؛ ۳۵ کشته تاییدشده و بیش از ۱۲۰۰ بازداشتی → ۱۷ دی: ادامه اعتراضات مردمی به همراه اعتصابات بازاریان → ۱۸ دی: حضور گسترده معترضان در فراخوان ۱۸ دی ماه رضا پهلوی → ۱۹ دی: حضور میلیونی مردم در روز دوم فراخوان؛ قطعی اینترنت ؛ سرکوب شدید → ۲۰ دی: بحرانی ترین شب اعتراضات؛ کشتار وسیع؛ حکومت نظامی غیررسمی → ۲۱ دی: انتشار تصاویر اجساد انبوهی از معترضان → ۲۳ دی: اعلام آمار دستکم ۱۲ هزار نفر کشته در اعتراضات رویدادها بر پایه روزهای ماه دی ۱۴۰۴ گاهشمار خیزش ایران در دی ۱۴۰۴ شامل رویدادهای اعتراضی این ماه به ترتیب روز میشود. این مقاله یا بخشی از آن یک رویداد روز را در بر دارد. با گذشت زمان، ممکن است اطلاعات بهسرعت تغییر کند و اخبار اولیه ممکن است نامعتبر باشد. آخرین بهروزرسانیهای این مقاله شاید همهٔ اتفاقها دربارهٔ این رویداد را بازتاب ندهد . لطفاً نسبت به بهبود این مقاله اقدام کنید یا در صفحهٔ بحث تغییرات موردنظر خود را به بحث بگذارید. اما لطفاً دقت کنید که بهروزرسانیهای فاقد ارجاع به منابع معتبر برگردانده خواهند شد. ( چگونگی و زمان حذف پیام این الگو را بدانید ) اعتراضات دی ۱۴۰۴ ایران بخشی از اعتراضات علیه جمهوری اسلامی ، بحران اقتصادی و اعتراضات نسل زد شهرهایی در ایران که اعتراضات در آنها گزارش شده است. تاریخ ۷ دی ۱۴۰۴ – اکنون (۱۹ روز) موقعیت ۵۱۲ شعبه در ۱۸۰ شهر در مجموع ۳۱ استان ایران . [ ۱ ] این اعتراضات در چندین شهر در سراسر کشور ثبت شده است، در درجه اول تهران ( بازار بزرگ تهران و مناطق تجاری), اهواز ، اراک ، درگهان ، فارسان ، فسا ، فولادشهر ، همدان ، اصفهان ، ایذه ، کرمانشاه ، مشهد ، مارلیک ، نجفآباد ، نورآباد (ممسنی) , جزیره قشم ، قم ، شیراز ، ساری و دیگر شهرها. [ الف ] [ ۲ ] [ ۳ ] علت(ها) مسائل سیاسی اقتدارگرایی حقوق بشر فساد سانسور مسائل سیستمی/ایدئولوژیک دینسالاری تروریسم دولتی حجاب تبعیض قومی آزادی مذهب مسائل اقتصادی بحران اقتصادی تحریمها تورم بحران واحد پولی – استهلاک شدید ریال ایران افزایش قیمت مواد غذایی و کالاهای اساسی بحران آب در ایران و کمبود انرژی اقتدارگرایی حقوق بشر فساد سانسور مسائل سیستمی/ایدئولوژیک دینسالاری تروریسم دولتی حجاب تبعیض قومی آزادی مذهب مسائل اقتصادی بحران اقتصادی تحریمها تورم بحران واحد پولی – استهلاک شدید ریال ایران افزایش قیمت مواد غذایی و کالاهای اساسی بحران آب در ایران و کمبود انرژی اهداف سرنگونی حکومت جمهوری اسلامی [ ۴ ] [ ۵ ] بازگشت رضا پهلوی برای رهبری یک دولت انتقالی (برخی جناحها) [ ۶ ] پایان سوء مدیریت اقتصادی تثبیت نرخ ارز رسیدگی به مشکلات شهروندان و بازرگانان سرنگونی حکومت جمهوری اسلامی [ ۴ ] [ ۵ ] بازگشت رضا پهلوی برای رهبری یک دولت انتقالی (برخی جناحها) [ ۶ ] پایان سوء مدیریت اقتصادی تثبیت نرخ ارز رسیدگی به مشکلات شهروندان و بازرگانان تثبیت نرخ ارز رسیدگی به مشکلات شهروندان و بازرگانان روشها اعتراضات خیابانی، راهپیماییها، آتشافروزی ، تظاهرات پشت بام شعارهای سیاسی اعتصاب و تعطیلی مغازهها (به رهبری بازاری بازرگانان و مغازهداران) کنشگری اینترنتی جنبش دانشجویی شورش قیام شورشگری اعتراضات خیابانی، راهپیماییها، آتشافروزی ، تظاهرات پشت بام شعارهای سیاسی اعتصاب و تعطیلی مغازهها (به رهبری بازاری بازرگانان و مغازهداران) کنشگری اینترنتی جنبش دانشجویی شورش قیام شورشگری وضعیت در حال انجام طرفهای مدنی درگیر مخالفان جمهوری اسلامی ایران تظاهرکنندگان ضد دولتی دانشجویان معترض [ ۷ ] فراریان پلیس و ارتش پشتیبانی شده توسط: گروههای سیاسی: شورای ملی ایران [ ۶ ] [ ۸ ] [ ۹ ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" right 0 top -2981px;padding-right:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:right 0 top -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:right 9px} سازمان مجاهدین خلق ایران [ ۱۰ ] شورای ملی مقاومت ایران [ ۱۱ ] [ ۱۲ ] [ ۱۳ ] همبستگی برای یک جمهوری سکولار دموکراتیک در ایران [ ۱۰ ] گروههای تجزیهطلب: جداییخواهی احزاب کرد از ایران حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب آزادی کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب حیات آزاد کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] سازمان خبات انقلابی کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب کومله کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان انقلابی [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] گارد ملی کردستان واحدهای تورنادو زاگرس [ ۱۶ ] شورش سیستان و بلوچستان جبهه مبارزین مردمی [ ۱۷ ] [ ۱۸ ] [ ۱۹ ] حزب مردم بلوچستان [ ۲۰ ] [ ۲۱ ] پانترکیسم در ایران شورای همکاری سازمانهای آذربایجان جنوبی [ ۲۲ ] [ bare URL ] شورای هماهنگی احزاب آذربایجانی در ایران [ ۲۳ ] گروههای کارگری، اجتماعی و بازنشستگان: اتحادیه آزاد کارگران ایران [ ۲۴ ] انجمن نویسندگان ایران [ ۲۴ ] شورای هماهنگی کانونهای صنفی معلمان ایران [ ۲۴ ] سندیکای کارگران نیشکر هفت تپه [ ۲۴ ] کمیته هماهنگی برای کمک به تشکیل تشکلهای مستقل کارگری [ ۲۴ ] کارگران بازنشسته خوزستان [ ۲۴ ] گروه اتحادیه بازنشستگان [ ۲۴ ] سازمانهای زنان کرد [ ۲۴ ] اتحادیه بازنشستگان [ ۲۵ ] انجمن برق و فلز کرمانشاه [ ۲۵ ] «اعدامها را متوقف کنید» [ ۲۵ ] «عدالت خواهان» [ ۲۵ ] شورای هماهنگی اعتراضات کارگران قراردادی نفت [ ۲۵ ] شورای هماهنگی اعتراضات کارگران غیررسمی نفت [ ۲۵ ] اعتراضات شورای هماهنگی پرستاران [ ۲۵ ] «ندای زنان ایران» [ ۲۵ ] اتحاد جهانی مسیحیان ایرانی [ ۲۶ ] نظام جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ایران ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران [ ۱۶ ] فرماندهی انتظامی جمهوری اسلامی ایران سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی بسیج نیروهای زمینی [ ۲۷ ] سپاه نبی اکرم کرمانشاه [ ۲۸ ] معترضان حامی دولت [ ۲۹ ] و لباسشخصی نیروهای شبهنظامی خارجی [ ۲۱ ] حشد شعبی کتائب حزبالله جنبش مقاومت اسلامی نجباء کتائب سیدالشهداء سازمان بدر حزبالله لشکر فاطمیون مخالفان جمهوری اسلامی ایران تظاهرکنندگان ضد دولتی دانشجویان معترض [ ۷ ] فراریان پلیس و ارتش پشتیبانی شده توسط: گروههای سیاسی: شورای ملی ایران [ ۶ ] [ ۸ ] [ ۹ ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" right 0 top -2981px;padding-right:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:right 0 top -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:right 9px} سازمان مجاهدین خلق ایران [ ۱۰ ] شورای ملی مقاومت ایران [ ۱۱ ] [ ۱۲ ] [ ۱۳ ] همبستگی برای یک جمهوری سکولار دموکراتیک در ایران [ ۱۰ ] گروههای تجزیهطلب: جداییخواهی احزاب کرد از ایران حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب آزادی کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب حیات آزاد کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] سازمان خبات انقلابی کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب کومله کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان انقلابی [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] گارد ملی کردستان واحدهای تورنادو زاگرس [ ۱۶ ] شورش سیستان و بلوچستان جبهه مبارزین مردمی [ ۱۷ ] [ ۱۸ ] [ ۱۹ ] حزب مردم بلوچستان [ ۲۰ ] [ ۲۱ ] پانترکیسم در ایران شورای همکاری سازمانهای آذربایجان جنوبی [ ۲۲ ] [ bare URL ] شورای هماهنگی احزاب آذربایجانی در ایران [ ۲۳ ] گروههای کارگری، اجتماعی و بازنشستگان: اتحادیه آزاد کارگران ایران [ ۲۴ ] انجمن نویسندگان ایران [ ۲۴ ] شورای هماهنگی کانونهای صنفی معلمان ایران [ ۲۴ ] سندیکای کارگران نیشکر هفت تپه [ ۲۴ ] کمیته هماهنگی برای کمک به تشکیل تشکلهای مستقل کارگری [ ۲۴ ] کارگران بازنشسته خوزستان [ ۲۴ ] گروه اتحادیه بازنشستگان [ ۲۴ ] سازمانهای زنان کرد [ ۲۴ ] اتحادیه بازنشستگان [ ۲۵ ] انجمن برق و فلز کرمانشاه [ ۲۵ ] «اعدامها را متوقف کنید» [ ۲۵ ] «عدالت خواهان» [ ۲۵ ] شورای هماهنگی اعتراضات کارگران قراردادی نفت [ ۲۵ ] شورای هماهنگی اعتراضات کارگران غیررسمی نفت [ ۲۵ ] اعتراضات شورای هماهنگی پرستاران [ ۲۵ ] «ندای زنان ایران» [ ۲۵ ] اتحاد جهانی مسیحیان ایرانی [ ۲۶ ] مخالفان جمهوری اسلامی ایران تظاهرکنندگان ضد دولتی دانشجویان معترض [ ۷ ] فراریان پلیس و ارتش شورای ملی ایران [ ۶ ] [ ۸ ] [ ۹ ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" right 0 top -2981px;padding-right:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:right 0 top -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:right 9px} سازمان مجاهدین خلق ایران [ ۱۰ ] شورای ملی مقاومت ایران [ ۱۱ ] [ ۱۲ ] [ ۱۳ ] سازمان مجاهدین خلق ایران [ ۱۰ ] شورای ملی مقاومت ایران [ ۱۱ ] [ ۱۲ ] [ ۱۳ ] شورای ملی مقاومت ایران [ ۱۱ ] [ ۱۲ ] [ ۱۳ ] همبستگی برای یک جمهوری سکولار دموکراتیک در ایران [ ۱۰ ] جداییخواهی احزاب کرد از ایران حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب آزادی کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب حیات آزاد کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] سازمان خبات انقلابی کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب کومله کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان انقلابی [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] گارد ملی کردستان واحدهای تورنادو زاگرس [ ۱۶ ] جداییخواهی احزاب کرد از ایران حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب آزادی کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب حیات آزاد کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] سازمان خبات انقلابی کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب کومله کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان انقلابی [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] گارد ملی کردستان واحدهای تورنادو زاگرس [ ۱۶ ] حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب آزادی کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب حیات آزاد کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] سازمان خبات انقلابی کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] حزب کومله کردستان ایران [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان انقلابی [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] انجمن زحمتکشان کردستان [ ۱۴ ] [ ۱۵ ] گارد ملی کردستان واحدهای تورنادو زاگرس [ ۱۶ ] واحدهای تورنادو زاگرس [ ۱۶ ] شورش سیستان و بلوچستان جبهه مبارزین مردمی [ ۱۷ ] [ ۱۸ ] [ ۱۹ ] حزب مردم بلوچستان [ ۲۰ ] [ ۲۱ ] شورش سیستان و بلوچستان جبهه مبارزین مردمی [ ۱۷ ] [ ۱۸ ] [ ۱۹ ] حزب مردم بلوچستان [ ۲۰ ] [ ۲۱ ] جبهه مبارزین مردمی [ ۱۷ ] [ ۱۸ ] [ ۱۹ ] حزب مردم بلوچستان [ ۲۰ ] [ ۲۱ ] پانترکیسم در ایران شورای همکاری سازمانهای آذربایجان جنوبی [ ۲۲ ] [ bare URL ] شورای هماهنگی احزاب آذربایجانی در ایران [ ۲۳ ] پانترکیسم در ایران شورای همکاری سازمانهای آذربایجان جنوبی [ ۲۲ ] [ bare URL ] شورای هماهنگی احزاب آذربایجانی در ایران [ ۲۳ ] شورای همکاری سازمانهای آذربایجان جنوبی [ ۲۲ ] [ bare URL ] شورای هماهنگی احزاب آذربایجانی در ایران [ ۲۳ ] اتحادیه آزاد کارگران ایران [ ۲۴ ] انجمن نویسندگان ایران [ ۲۴ ] شورای هماهنگی کانونهای صنفی معلمان ایران [ ۲۴ ] سندیکای کارگران نیشکر هفت تپه [ ۲۴ ] کمیته هماهنگی برای کمک به تشکیل تشکلهای مستقل کارگری [ ۲۴ ] کارگران بازنشسته خوزستان [ ۲۴ ] گروه اتحادیه بازنشستگان [ ۲۴ ] سازمانهای زنان کرد [ ۲۴ ] اتحادیه بازنشستگان [ ۲۵ ] انجمن برق و فلز کرمانشاه [ ۲۵ ] «اعدامها را متوقف کنید» [ ۲۵ ] «عدالت خواهان» [ ۲۵ ] شورای هماهنگی اعتراضات کارگران قراردادی نفت [ ۲۵ ] شورای هماهنگی اعتراضات کارگران غیررسمی نفت [ ۲۵ ] اعتراضات شورای هماهنگی پرستاران [ ۲۵ ] «ندای زنان ایران» [ ۲۵ ] اتحاد جهانی مسیحیان ایرانی [ ۲۶ ] نظام جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ایران ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران [ ۱۶ ] فرماندهی انتظامی جمهوری اسلامی ایران سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی بسیج نیروهای زمینی [ ۲۷ ] سپاه نبی اکرم کرمانشاه [ ۲۸ ] معترضان حامی دولت [ ۲۹ ] و لباسشخصی نیروهای شبهنظامی خارجی [ ۲۱ ] حشد شعبی کتائب حزبالله جنبش مقاومت اسلامی نجباء کتائب سیدالشهداء سازمان بدر حزبالله لشکر فاطمیون نظام جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ایران ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران [ ۱۶ ] فرماندهی انتظامی جمهوری اسلامی ایران سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی بسیج نیروهای زمینی [ ۲۷ ] سپاه نبی اکرم کرمانشاه [ ۲۸ ] معترضان حامی دولت [ ۲۹ ] و لباسشخصی نیروهای شبهنظامی خارجی [ ۲۱ ] حشد شعبی کتائب حزبالله جنبش مقاومت اسلامی نجباء کتائب سیدالشهداء سازمان بدر حزبالله لشکر فاطمیون نیروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ایران ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران [ ۱۶ ] فرماندهی انتظامی جمهوری اسلامی ایران سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی بسیج نیروهای زمینی [ ۲۷ ] سپاه نبی اکرم کرمانشاه [ ۲۸ ] ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران [ ۱۶ ] فرماندهی انتظامی جمهوری اسلامی ایران سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی بسیج نیروهای زمینی [ ۲۷ ] سپاه نبی اکرم کرمانشاه [ ۲۸ ] بسیج نیروهای زمینی [ ۲۷ ] سپاه نبی اکرم کرمانشاه [ ۲۸ ] سپاه نبی اکرم کرمانشاه [ ۲۸ ] معترضان حامی دولت [ ۲۹ ] و لباسشخصی نیروهای شبهنظامی خارجی [ ۲۱ ] حشد شعبی کتائب حزبالله جنبش مقاومت اسلامی نجباء کتائب سیدالشهداء سازمان بدر حزبالله لشکر فاطمیون حشد شعبی کتائب حزبالله جنبش مقاومت اسلامی نجباء کتائب سیدالشهداء سازمان بدر کتائب حزبالله جنبش مقاومت اسلامی نجباء کتائب سیدالشهداء سازمان بدر حزبالله لشکر فاطمیون شخصیتهای پیشرو بهطور گسترده بدون رهبر [ ۳۰ ] [ ۳۱ ] [ ۳۲ ] [ ۳۳ ] رضا پهلوی [ ۳۴ ] [ ۳۵ ] سید علی خامنهای ( رهبر جمهوری اسلامی ) مسعود پزشکیان ( رئیسجمهور ) دیگران: غلامحسین محسنی اژهای ( رئیس قوه قضائیه ) محمدباقر قالیباف ( رئیس مجلس ) علی لاریجانی ( شورای عالی ) سید عباس عراقچی ( وزیر امور خارجه ) سید عبدالرحیم موسوی ( ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح ) امیر حاتمی ( فرمانده ارتش ) احمدرضا رادان (فرمانده ارشد نیروی انتظامی محمد پاکپور (فرمانده نیروی زمینی سپاه پاسداران غلامرضا سلیمانی (فرمانده بسیج ) بهطور گسترده بدون رهبر [ ۳۰ ] [ ۳۱ ] [ ۳۲ ] [ ۳۳ ] رضا پهلوی [ ۳۴ ] [ ۳۵ ] رضا پهلوی [ ۳۴ ] [ ۳۵ ] سید علی خامنهای ( رهبر جمهوری اسلامی ) مسعود پزشکیان ( رئیسجمهور ) دیگران: غلامحسین محسنی اژهای ( رئیس قوه قضائیه ) محمدباقر قالیباف ( رئیس مجلس ) علی لاریجانی ( شورای عالی ) سید عباس عراقچی ( وزیر امور خارجه ) سید عبدالرحیم موسوی ( ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح ) امیر حاتمی ( فرمانده ارتش ) احمدرضا رادان (فرمانده ارشد نیروی انتظامی محمد پاکپور (فرمانده نیروی زمینی سپاه پاسداران غلامرضا سلیمانی (فرمانده بسیج ) مسعود پزشکیان ( رئیسجمهور ) غلامحسین محسنی اژهای ( رئیس قوه قضائیه ) محمدباقر قالیباف ( رئیس مجلس ) علی لاریجانی ( شورای عالی ) سید عباس عراقچی ( وزیر امور خارجه ) سید عبدالرحیم موسوی ( ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح ) امیر حاتمی ( فرمانده ارتش ) احمدرضا رادان (فرمانده ارشد نیروی انتظامی محمد پاکپور (فرمانده نیروی زمینی سپاه پاسداران غلامرضا سلیمانی (فرمانده بسیج ) غلامحسین محسنی اژهای ( رئیس قوه قضائیه ) محمدباقر قالیباف ( رئیس مجلس ) علی لاریجانی ( شورای عالی ) سید عباس عراقچی ( وزیر امور خارجه ) سید عبدالرحیم موسوی ( ستاد کل نیروهای مسلح ) امیر حاتمی ( فرمانده ارتش ) احمدرضا رادان (فرمانده ارشد نیروی انتظامی محمد پاکپور (فرمانده نیروی زمینی سپاه پاسداران غلامرضا سلیمانی (فرمانده بسیج ) تعداد میلیونها (به نقل از ایران اینترنشنال) [ ۳۶ ] استقرار گسترده ۸۰۰ شبهنظامی عراقی تحت حمایت ایران (ادعای اپوزیسیون) [ ۲۱ ] دهها هزار نفر از حامیان دولت در تهران تظاهرات کردند [ ۳۷ ] میلیونها (به نقل از ایران اینترنشنال) [ ۳۶ ] استقرار گسترده ۸۰۰ شبهنظامی عراقی تحت حمایت ایران (ادعای اپوزیسیون) [ ۲۱ ] دهها هزار نفر از حامیان دولت در تهران تظاهرات کردند [ ۳۷ ] تلفات مرگ(ها) ۱۲٬۰۰۰–۲۰٬۰۰۰ معترض (طبق سیبیاس نیوز ) [ ۳۸ ] بیش از ۱۲٬۰۰۰ معترض (طبق ایران اینترنشنال ) [ ۳۹ ] در کل حدود ۲٬۰۰۰–۳٬۰۰۰ (ادعای جمهوری اسلامی ) [ ب ] در مجموع ۲٬۵۵۹ (تأیید شده؛ طبق فعالان حقوق بشر ) [ پ ] دستگیرشدگان بیش از ۱۶٬۷۰۰ [ ۴۳ ] تلفات دقیق به دلیل قطعی سراسری اینترنت در ایران نامشخص است. گاهشمار خیزش ایران در دی ۱۴۰۴ شامل رویدادهای اعتراضی این ماه به ترتیب روز میشود. روزشمار [ ویرایش ] ۷ دی [ ویرایش ] گروهی از کسبه و فروشندگان در پاساژ علاءالدین تهران و چند مرکز تجاری دیگر از جمله پاساژ چارسو با بستن مغازههای خود دست به اعتصاب زدند. همزمان تجمعهای اعتراضی در اطراف این مراکز شکل گرفت و تصاویر و ویدئوهایی از تعطیلی گسترده واحدهای صنفی در شبکههای اجتماعی منتشر شد. [ ۴۴ ] [ ۴۵ ] بر اساس گزارشها، معترضان با اشاره به افزایش نرخ دلار و ناپایداری بازار، اعلام کردند که ادامه این وضعیت باعث ورشکستگی بسیاری از کسبوکار های کوچک و متوسط شده است. برخی از تجمعها به خیابانهای اطراف، از جمله خیابان جمهوری اسلامی در تهران کشیده شد. [ ۴۵ ] [ ۴۶ ] همچنین ویدئوهای منتشرشده و گزارش شاهدان عینی نشان میداد که گروههایی از کسبه با سر دادن شعارهایی علیه سوءمدیریت اقتصادی و در برخی موارد با مضامین انتقادی نسبت به حکومت، نارضایتی خود را ابراز میکردند. [ ۴۵ ] معترضان همچنین با شعار «نیروی انتظامی حمایت، حمایت» از نیروهای امنیتی خواستند از این اعتراض حمایت کنند. [ ۴۷ ] مطالبات اصلی معترضان شامل کنترل و ثبات نرخ ارز، رسیدگی فوری به مشکلات معیشتی و اقتصادی اصناف، فراهم شدن امکان فعالیت اقتصادی قابل پیشبینی و جلوگیری از زیانهای ناشی از نوسانات بازار است. [ ۴۶ ] [ ۴۵ ] ۸ دی [ ویرایش ] اعتراضها به تهران محدود نمانده و به شهرهای دیگر نیز کشیده شده است. پس از تجمع و اعتصاب بازاریان در تهران، گزارشهایی از گسترش اعتراضها به شهرهای کرج ، اصفهان ، شیراز ، مشهد و همدان منتشر شده است. [ ۴۸ ] تعطیل کردن مغازههای بازار سلطانی تهران به دلیل اعتراض به گرانیها و افزایش قیمت دلار (کاهش ارزش پول ملی، ریال) اعتراضات در ۸ دی وارد دومین روز خود شد و در بخشهای مختلف تهران و بازار بزرگ از جمله خیابان جمهوری اسلامی در تهران ، بازار شوش، خیابان جمهوری اسلامی ، لالهزار ، و میدان امام خمینی ادامه یافت. بر اساس گزارشها، بازاریان و کسبه بازار بزرگ تهران و دیگر بخشهای تجاری، مغازههای خود را به نشانه اعتراض به سقوط بیسابقه ارزش ریال و افزایش شدید قیمت ارز و طلای داخلی تعطیل کردند و در خیابانها تجمع کردند. اعتراضکنندگان با شعارهایی علیه وضعیت اقتصادی و مدیریت دولت، نسبت به کاهش شدید قدرت خرید و تورم فزاینده که به افزایش هزینههای زندگی انجامیده است، کنشگری میکنند. تصاویر و فیلمهای منتشرشده در شبکههای اجتماعی نشان میدهد که تجمعات در حوالی بازار لالهزار، چهار سوق، و خیابان جمهوری ادامه دارد و برخی شرکتکنندگان خشونتطلبانه نیستند اما پیامهای انتقادی نسبت به سیاستهای اقتصادی حکومت را منتقل میکنند. [ ۴۹ ] [ ۵۰ ] [ ۵۱ ] در ادامه گروهی از دانشجویان ساکن کوی دانشگاه تهران نیز با برگزاری تجمعی شبانه به این اعتراضات پیوستند. بر اساس گزارشها، درهای کوی دانشگاه بسته شده و نیروهای امنیتی این مجموعه را محاصره کردهاند. [ ۵۲ ] دانشجویان با سردادن شعارهایی چون «دانشجو میمیرد، ذلت نمیپذیرد» و «بترسید، بترسید، ما همه با هم هستیم» نارضایتی خود را ابراز کردند. [ ۵۳ ] در تجمعات این روز علاوهبر شعارهای اقتصادی مانند «گرونی، تورم، بلای جون مردم»، شعارهای سیاسی هم مانند « رضاشاه روحت شاد » و « این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده » سر داده شد. [ ۵۲ ] نیروی انتظامی برای متواری کردن تجمعکنندگان در مقابل پاساژ علاءالدین، از گاز اشکآور استفاده کرد. [ ۵۲ ] همزمان با اعتراضات در تهران، شماری از مردم در منطقهٔ درگهان در قشم با بستن مغازههای خود دست به اعتراض شبانه زدند. [ ۵۲ ] [ ۵۴ ] پس از اعتراضات کسبهٔ تهران، کسبهٔ کرج هم در حمایت از آنها، دست به اعتصاب و اعتراض زدند و شعارهای اقتصادی دادند. [ ۵۵ ] در همدان، مردم در محلههای سیزدهخانه و آرامگاه بوعلی دست به تجمعاتی زدند تا اعتراض خود را نسبت به وضعیت اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشور نشان دهند. گزارشها حاکی است که این تجمعات با واکنش شدید نیروهای پلیس ضد شورش و یگانهای ویژه مواجه شد. منابع خبری از حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی در محل و تلاش برای پراکنده کردن معترضان خبر دادهاند و برخی از شرکتکنندگان نیز دستگیر شدند. [ ۵۲ ] در شهر ملارد نیز مردم با برگزاری تجمعاتی به وضعیت اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشور اعتراض کردند. گزارشها حاکی از آن است که نیروهای انتظامی برای پراکنده کردن معترضان وارد عمل شدند و در برخی موارد تیراندازی صورت گرفت و تعدادی از معترضان دستگیر شدند. [ ۵۶ ] در مشهد نیز در جریان اعتراضات سراسری ایران مردم با حضور در میدانهای مرکزی شهر و خیابانهای اطراف علیه جمهوری اسلامی شعار دادند و اعتراضات خود را ابراز کردند. [ ۵۷ ] علاوه بر حضور در خیابانها، مردم اقدام به شعارنویسی بر دیوارها و معابر عمومی کردند که بیشتر انتقاداتی علیه جمهوری اسلامی را شامل میشد. [ ۵۸ ] در شهر شیراز گروههایی از مردم به دلیل مشکلات اقتصادی و اجتماعی دست به اعتراض زدند. این اعتراضات بخشی از موجی گسترده از تجمعات سراسری در کشور بود. [ ۵۹ ] اعتراضها در اصفهان بهعنوان بخشی از این حرکت سراسری، در برخی روزها با اعتصاب کسبه و تعطیلی مغازهها در میدان نقشجهان و دیگر نقاط بازار همراه بود. نیروهای امنیتی نیز در بخشهایی از کشور حضور یافتند تا تجمعات را کنترل کنند. [ ۶۰ ] ۹ دی [ ویرایش ] در پی گسترش اعتراضات دیماه ۱۴۰۴ در ایران، گزارشهای متعددی از اعتصابها، تجمعهای اعتراضی و واکنش نیروهای امنیتی در شهرهای مختلف منتشر شد. در تهران، تعطیلی گستردهٔ مغازهها در مناطقی چون لالهزار، امیرکبیر، سعدی، چهارراه سیروس، میدان حسنآباد، سهراهی امینحضور، میدان ولیعصر، میدان شوش، مولوی و آریاشهر گزارش شد. [ ۶۱ ] [ ۶۲ ] همچنین گروهی از معترضان در بازار مبل یافتآباد با تجمع و راهپیمایی و سر دادن شعار «ببندید، ببندید»، از دیگر بازاریان خواستند به اعتصاب بپیوندند. همزمان، دانشجویان دانشگاههایی از جمله شهید بهشتی، علم و فرهنگ، امیرکبیر، خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، پلیتکنیک، صنعتی شریف و علم و صنعت تجمعهای اعتراضی برگزار کردند. [ ۶۳ ] [ ۶۴ ] گزارشها همچنین از استقرار گسترده نیروهای امنیتی در نقاطی چون میدان آزادی، میدان هفتتیر و اطراف دانشگاه خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی خبر دادند. [ ۶۵ ] در همین روز، استانداری تهران با اشاره به کاهش شدید دما و نگرانیهای مربوط به تأمین انرژی، دستور تعطیلی موقت مدارس، دانشگاهها و ادارههای دولتی استان تهران در روز ۱۰ دی را صادر کرد. [ ۶۶ ] [ ۶۷ ] [ ۶۸ ] [ ۶۹ ] در اصفهان، در جریان اعتراضات ۹ دی، اعتصاب بازاریان و تجمعهای مردمی در واکنش به وضعیت اقتصادی و افزایش قیمتها گزارش شد و دانشجویان دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان نیز به اعتراضات پیوستند. [ ۷۰ ] [ ۷۱ ] [ ۷۲ ] در فولادشهر، همزمان با اصفهان، بازاریان با تعطیلی مغازهها دست به اعتصاب زدند و تجمعهایی در اعتراض به شرایط اقتصادی برگزار شد. [ ۷۳ ] در همدان، کرمانشاه، مشهد، اهواز، فولادشهر، ایذه، اراک، نجفآباد، نورآباد ممسنی و برخی شهرهای استان البرز از جمله مارلیک، گزارشهایی از اعتصاب بازاریان، تعطیلی مغازهها و تجمعهای اعتراضی منتشر شد. [ ۷۴ ] [ ۷۵ ] اعتراضات در روز ۹ دی در کرمانشاه گزارش شده است؛ در این شهر بازاریان و شهروندان علیه شرایط اقتصادی دست به تجمع و اعتصاب زدند. [ ۷۴ ] همچنین معترضان در کرمانشاه در این روز، شعار «جاوید شاه» [ ۷۶ ] و «رضا شاه روحت شاد» سر دادند. [ ۷۷ ] و شماری از دختران در کرمانشاه، به کسبه ای که برای پیوستن به اعتراضات مغازه خود را نبسته بودند، اعتراض کردند. [ ۷۸ ] و در بخشهایی از این اعتراضات در کرمانشاه، مأموران امنیتی به سمت معترضان، گاز اشک آور شلیک کردند. [ ۷۹ ] در استان فارس، در شهرهای فسا و شیراز تجمعهای اعتراضی و اعتصاب بازاریان گزارش شد و در قشم، بازاریان درگهان در اعتراض به بحران اقتصادی مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردند. همچنین در زنجان و یزد، دانشجویان دانشگاهها با برگزاری تجمع و سر دادن شعارهایی، حمایت خود را از اعتراضات مردمی اعلام کردند. [ ۷۳ ] [ ۷۴ ] در روز سوم، دامنهٔ اعتراضات گسترش یافت و با سر داده شدن شعارهای ضدحکومتی، نشان داده شد که مطالبات معترضان از مسائل اقتصادی فراتر رفته و به اعتراضات سیاسی و ضدحکومتی تغییر جهت داده است. [ ۸۰ ] در شامگاه روز چهارم، معترضان در شهر اسدآباد استان همدان یک ساختمان را به آتش کشیدند، که برخی گزارشها ادعا میکنند سازه مورد نظر پایگاه نیروهای شبهنظامی بسیج بوده است. [ ۸۱ ] ۱۰ دی [ ویرایش ] در جریان اعتراضات دیماه ۱۴۰۴ ایران، گزارشهایی از تجمعهای اعتراضی در چندین شهر منتشر شد. در تهران، نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از خودروهای آبپاش برای مقابله با معترضان در خیابان ولیعصر مستقر شدند و حضور این خودروها به ویژه در جنوب خیابان ولیعصر و تقاطع خیابان خمینی مشاهده شد؛ همچنین در مقابل پاساژ چارسو جو امنیتی شدید ایجاد شده بود. [ ۸۲ ] [ ۸۳ ] در کرمانشاه، مردم چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی تجمع کردند و شعارهایی مانند «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سر دادند و بازارهای مختلف شهر از جمله راسته بازار و بازار زرگرها اعتصاب کردند، در حالی که نیروهای امنیتی در میدان فردوسی تا گاراژ مستقر بودند. [ ۸۴ ] در استان فارس، در فسا گروهی از معترضان در برابر ساختمان فرمانداری تجمع کردند و شعار «آخوند باید گم بشه» سر دادند و در جریان این اعتراض در ورودی فرمانداری آسیب دید؛ برخی گزارشها حاکی از شلیک مستقیم مأموران جمهوری اسلامی با اسلحه شکاری به سمت جمعیت بوده است. [ ۸۵ ] [ ۸۶ ] [ ۸۷ ] همچنین در شیراز بازاریان در مناطقی مانند وکیلآباد مغازههای خود را به نشانه اعتراض به وضعیت اقتصادی تعطیل کردند و یک دختر جوان شعارهایی علیه حکومت در ملأ عام سر داد. [ ۸۸ ] [ ۸۹ ] در سنندج، گروهی از دانشجویان دانشگاه کردستان با فراخوانی در شبکههای اجتماعی، از مردم خواستند در تجمعی در روز چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی شرکت کنند و بر ضرورت مقابله با فساد و استقرار عدالت اجتماعی تأکید کردند. [ ۹۰ ] در استان لرستان در شهر کوهدشت تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند. گزارشها حاکی است که این تجمع در واکنش به مشکلات اقتصادی و معیشتی شکل گرفت. معترضان با حضور در یکی از نقاط شهر، نارضایتی خود را نسبت به شرایط موجود ابراز کردند. [ ۹۱ ] [ ۹۲ ] همچنین مأموران امنیتی کوهدشت در روز ۱۰ دی، در میدان امام این شهر به سمت معترضان، تیراندازی و شلیک پیاپی کردند. [ ۹۳ ] در شامگاه ۱۰ دیماه، علی سعیدپور، معاون سیاسی امنیتی استانداری لرستان، گزارش داد که در جریان ناآرامیها، ۱۳ نفر از نیروهای امنیتی، از جمله اعضای نیروی انتظامی و بسیج، مورد حمله قرار گرفتند و مجروح شدند و یک متعرض کشته شد. [ ۹۴ ] [ ۹۵ ] در مشهد، جمعی از دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی برای برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی در روز چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی فراخوان دادند. [ ۹۶ ] علاوه بر این در پی فراخوان دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی، گزارش شد که برخی خطوط اتوبوسرانی، از جمله مسیرهای «مصلی شهدا پارک ملت» و «قاسمآباد پارک ملت»، موقتاً متوقف شده و اتوبوسها تنها تا میدان جانباز حرکت میکنند و سپس بازمیگردند. [ ۹۷ ] همچنین گزارش شده بود که نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از ونهایی با پوشش اپراتورهای تلفن همراه «ایرانسل» و «همراه اول» در اطراف میدان جانباز و فلکه پارک مستقر شدهاند. این نیروها به گفته منابع محلی، برای جابهجایی نیرو و بازداشت احتمالی معترضان فعالیت داشتهاند. [ ۹۷ ] بر اساس این گزارش، نیروهای لباسشخصی نیز در قالب گروههای چهار تا پنج نفره و با لباسهای ورزشی در سطح شهر تردد میکردند؛ اقدامی که به گفته منابع محلی، برای کاهش شناسایی و محافظت از خودروهای امنیتی انجام شده است. [ ۹۷ ] در شهر اسدآباد در استان همدان شاهد تجمعهای اعتراضی بود. بنا بر گزارشهای منتشر شده توسط رسانههای مستقل و روزنامهنگاران، برخی معترضان ساختمانی را در شهر به آتش کشیدند. [ ۹۸ ] برخی منابع ادعا کردند که سازه مورد نظر، پایگاه نیروهای بسیج بوده است، هرچند این موضوع بهطور مستقل قابل تأیید نیست. گزارشها همچنین حاکی از آن است که نیروهای امنیتی محلی برای متفرق کردن معترضان از تیراندازی و گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند. با وجود این اقدامات امنیتی، برخی منابع گزارش دادند که معترضان همچنان در خیابانها حضور داشتند. [ ۹۹ ] در خرمآباد، مرکز استان لرستان، معترضان در خیابانها حضور یافتند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت و شرایط اقتصادی سر دادند، از جمله شعار «ایرانی، فریاد بزن، برای حقت فریاد بزن». [ ۹۹ ] [ ۱۰۰ ] شهرهای دیگر شامل جونقان، شهرکرد، فولادشهر، اراک و دزفول نیز شاهد تجمعهایی بودند در جونقان و شهرکرد مردم شعارهایی علیه حکومت سر دادند، در فولادشهر مردم به خیابانها آمدند و اعتراض کردند، در اراک فیلمهایی منتشر شد که معترضان شعارهای ضدرژیم مانند «بسیجی، سپاهی، شما داعشی هستید» سر میدادند و در دزفول گروهی از مردم شامگاه چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی برای پیوستن به اعتراضات در خیابانها آتش روشن کردند. [ ۱۰۰ ] [ ۱۰۱ ] [ ۹۹ ] همچنین در استان خوزستان، مردم رامهرمز و زاهدان در خیابانها حاضر شدند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت جمهوری اسلامی سر دادند. [ ۱۰۰ ] در استان همدان، شهر نهاوند شاهد تجمعهای اعتراضی بود و معترضان علیه وضعیت اقتصادی و سیاسی شعار دادند. [ ۱۰۰ ] در شیروان ، معلمان شاغل و بازنشسته مقابل اداره آموزشوپرورش تجمع کردند. [ ۱۰۲ ] در اصفهان، معترضان چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی در میدان نقشجهان تجمع کردند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت و به ویژه رهبر جمهوری اسلامی، علی خامنهای، سر دادند. [ ۸۴ ] [ ۱۰۰ ] در جریان اعتراضات در اصفهان و فولادشهر، گزارش شد که نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از سلاح گرم به سمت معترضان شلیک کردند. بر اساس گزارشهای رسانههای مستقل، یک جوان معترض در فولادشهر به نام داریوش انصاری بختیاروند بر اثر شلیک مستقیم نیروهای امنیتی کشته شد. [ ۱۰۳ ] ۱۱ دی [ ویرایش ] با وجود شلیک مرگبار نیروهای سرکوبگر جمهوریاسلامی، اعتراضات مردم در پنجمین روز ادامه یافت. مأموران حکومتی بیشتر از روزهای قبل اقدام به تیراندازی کردند و با شلیک به مردم چندین نفر را کشتند و زخمی کردند. در شبکههای اجتماعی اسامی تعدادی از کشتهشدگان به شرح زیر گزارش شده است: «شایان اسداللهی»، «وهاب موسوی»، «خداداد شیروانی»، «رضا نیکنام»، کودکی با نام «مصطفی». «داریوش انصاری بختیاروند»، «امیرحسام خدایاری»، «احمد جلیل» و «سجاد والامنش». مردم معترض و خشمگین، در شهر فارسان حوزه علمیه این شهر را به آتش کشیدند. هچنین مجسمه قاسم سلیمانی در یکی از میدانهای شهر لالی فارس در آتش سوخت. همچنین شهر همدان شاهد شلیک کور مأموران سرکوبگر به سمت معترضان بود. [ ۱۰۴ ] از طرف دیگر در آغاز پنجمین روز اعتراضات، کارگران و کارکنان میدان مرکزی میوه و ترهبار تهران دست از کار کشیده و با توقف چرخه توزیع، به خیزش سراسری پیوستند. معترضان با شعار «میدونی با غیرت، حمایت حمایت»، از بازاریان و عموم مردم خواستند با گسترش اعتصابات، اراده ملی برای تغییر را تقویت کنند. مأموران انتظامی سرکوبگر با زدن گاز اشک آور، قصد متفرق کردن تظاهرکنندگان را داشتند که با مقاومت مردم مواجه شده و از صحنه فرار میکنند. [ ۱۰۵ ] نیروهای انتظامی در میدان صادقیه مستقر شدهاند و در میدان میوه و ترهبار مرکزی تهران در منطقه ۱۹، مأموران به سوی معترضان تیراندازی کرده و گاز اشکآور شلیک کردهاند. همچنین کاسبان میدان مرکزی میوه و ترهبار با شعار «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» به اعتراضات پیوستند. ویدیوهای دیگری نیز حضور مأموران سرکوب در بازار تهران را نشان میدهد. [ ۱۰۶ ] شماری از شهروندان شهر قم در خیابانها تجمع کردند و با حضور در حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری، شعارهایی علیه حکومت جمهوری اسلامی و از جمله «جاوید شاه» سر دادند. همچنین برخی معترضان شعارهایی از حمایت از رضا پهلوی و حکومت رضاشاه پهلوی فریاد زدند. قم به عنوان یکی از پایگاههای مذهبی و سیاسی جمهوری اسلامی، با حضور حوزههای علمیه و مراجع شیعه حامی حکومت، از شهرهای حساس در این ناآرامیها بهشمار میرود. با وجود حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی و تلاش برای متفرق کردن جمعیت، معترضان همچنان به حضور خود در خیابان ادامه دادند. [ ۱۰۷ ] [ ۱۰۸ ] معترضان در مترو سعدی مشهد جمع شدند و پلیسها و یگانهای امنیتی با حمله به این تجمع تلاش کردند آنها را متفرق کنند. [ ۱۰۹ ] استان خراسان رضوی ، اعتراضاتی توسط دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی و دانشگاه خیام برگزار شد. این تجمعها شامل سر دادن شعارهایی همچون «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» و «دانشجو میمیرد، ذلت نمیپذیرد» بود. [ ۱۱۰ ] برخی منابع گزارش دادند که نیروهای امنیتی برای متفرق کردن معترضان در مکانهایی مانند ایستگاه مترو سعدی دخالت کردند. [ ۱۱۰ ] همچنین، گزارشهایی از مشارکت شهروند سالخورده در مشهد شروع به اعتراض و با شعار «مرگ بر خامنهای» اعتراض خود را عنوان کرد. [ ۱۱۰ ] در این روز همچنین گزارش شد که معترضان در مرودشت در تجمعی اعتراضی حضور یافتند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت جمهوری اسلامی چون «امسال سال خونه، سیدعلی سرنگونه» سر دادند. [ ۱۱۱ ] در نورآباد ، لرستان ، معترضان با روشن کردن آتش در خیابانها و سر دادن شعارهایی علیه حکومت اعتراض کردند. همچنین برخی منابع مدعی شدند که معترضان در برابر نیروهای امنیتی که اقدام به تیراندازی کرده بودند، مقاومت نشان دادند، هرچند جزئیات این رویدادها بهطور مستقل تأیید نشده است. [ ۱۱۲ ] مردم معترض در نورآباد لرستان، شعارهای «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» و «مرگ بر خامنهای» سردادند. [ ۱۱۳ ] [ ۱۱۴ ] بر اساس گزارشها، نیروهای حکومتی در جریان این تجمعها اقدام به تیراندازی مستقیم به سمت معترضان کردند که منجر به زخمی شدن چند نفر شد. همچنین گزارش شده است که یک خودروی پلیس در جریان این ناآرامیها به آتش کشیده شد. جزئیات بیشتری دربارهٔ شمار دقیق زخمیها یا وضعیت آنان منتشر نشده است. [ ۱۱۵ ] همچنین در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری و فارسان شاهد اعتراضات و برخوردهای امنیتی بودند. صبح روز وقوع ناآرامیها، تجمعهایی در نقاطی از شهر لردگان از جمله اطراف فرمانداری و فلکه شهرداری، فلکه بسیج شکل گرفت. بهگزارش این منابع، با افزایش تنشها، برخی افراد اقدام به تخریب و آسیبزدن با پرتاب سنگ به ساختمانهای دولتی و بانکی کردند. نیروهای پلیس برای متفرق کردن تجمعکنندگان از گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند و درگیریهایی میان دو طرف گزارش شد. در جریان این ناآرامیها تعدادی زخمی شدند و گزارشهایی تأییدنشده از کشته شدن چند نفر منتشر شد. [ ۱۱۶ ] [ ۱۱۷ ] [ ۱۱۸ ] در لردگان، معترضان با شعارهایی چون «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» به خیابان آمدند و ویدیوهایی از حمله مأموران سرکوب و فریاد «بیشرف» مردم منتشر شد. در فارسان، گزارشها از بازداشت دستکم ۲۰ معترض، که اغلب زیر ۱۸ سال سن داشتند، خبر میدهد. [ ۱۰۶ ] گزارش شد که دفتر امامجمعه شهر جونقان به آتش کشیده شد. [ ۱۱۹ ] گروهی از مردم معترض عصر پنجشنبه ۱۱ دیماه در شهر کوار در استان فارس به خیابان آمدند و تظاهرات خیابانی برپا کردند. [ ۱۲۰ ] مرودشت صحنه تجمعهای گسترده اعتراضی بود. معترضان در این شهر شعارهایی مانند «امسال سال خونه، سیدعلی سرنگونه»، «توپ تانک فشفشه، آخوند باید گم بشه» و «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۱۱۰ ] در کرمانشاه برای برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی به خیابان نوبهار آمدند و شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» و «جاوید شاه» سردادند. این تجمعها با حضور نیروهای امنیتی همراه بود. [ ۱۱۰ ] ۱۲ دی [ ویرایش ] در روز جمعه ۱۲ دیماه (۲ ژانویهٔ ۲۰۲۶)، در ادامهٔ اعتراضات سراسری ایران ، گزارشهای رسانههای معتبر حاکی از حضور مردمی در خیابانهای زاهدان ، مرکز استان سیستان و بلوچستان بود که با سردادن شعارهایی علیه وضعیت اقتصادی و سیاسی، از جمله « مرگ بر دیکتاتور » و « مرگ بر خامنهای »، مخالفت خود را با وضعیت معیشتی و حکومتی ابراز کردند. [ ۱۲۱ ] این حضور اعتراضی در زاهدان نمایانگر گسترش اعتراضات از چند شهر بزرگ به استانهای مرزی و جنوبشرقی کشور بود و مورد توجه رسانههای بینالمللی نیز قرار گرفت. [ ۱۲۲ ] در شامگاه ۱۲ دی معترضان در جونقان پایگاه بسیج در این شهر آتش زدند. [ ۱۲۳ ] بر اساس گزارشهای رسانههای معتبر، اعتراضات در تهران ، قم ، اصفهان ، شیراز ، مشهد ، کرج ، زنجان ، همدان و قشم در روزهای قبل و پس از ۱۲ دی نیز ادامه یافته یا در آنها تجمعهای مردمی گزارش شده است، هرچند تمرکز پوشش رسانهای بر شهرهای بزرگ بوده است. [ ۱۲۴ ] [ ۱۲۵ ] [ ۱۲۶ ] گزارشهای بینالمللی نشان میدهند که در تهران تجمعات بازاریان و دیگر گروهها با شعارهای اقتصادی و سیاسی همراه بوده است و در شهرهای دیگر نیز اعتراضات پراکنده یا ادامه یافتهاند، اگرچه شدت و ابعاد آنها نسبت به روزهای آغازین متغیر بوده است. [ ۱۲۷ ] [ ۱۲۸ ] ۱۳ دی [ ویرایش ] در هفتمین روز اعتراضات سراسری در ایران علیه جمهوری اسلامی، تظاهرات و تجمعهای اعتراضی در چندین شهر کشور از جمله تهران میدان ولیعصر، شیراز، کازرون و کرمانشاه ادامه پیدا کرد و گروهها و تشکلهای بیشتری به این اعتراضات پیوستند. [ ۱۲۹ ] در شنبه ۱۳ دی موج اعتراضات سراسری ادامه ادامه یافت. ویدیوهای منتشر شده از کازرون در صبح شنبه ۱۳ دی ماه، از حرکت دهها معترض در خیابانهای این شهر استان فارس حکایت دارد. معترضان در شماری از شهرها مانند نقاب خراسان رضوی، شیراز ، نیریز و کازرون در استان فارس، اصفهان ، تهران، مشهد، کرمانشاه و بروجرد و خرمآباد در استان لرستان به خیابانها آمدند. [ ۱۳۰ ] شنبهشب، در شهر محلات از توابع استان مرکزی، افراد ناشناس اقدام به آتشزدن یک کیوسک پلیس کردند. همچنین در جریان این حادثه، یکی از دوربینهای مداربستهٔ شهری از کار افتاد. [ ۱۳۱ ] [ ۱۳۲ ] در شهرستان ملکشاهی در استان ایلام، گروهی از مردم روز شنبه ۱۳ دی ماه با شعارهایی مانند «مرگ بر خامنهای» دست به تجمع اعتراضی زدند. [ ۱۳۳ ] [ ۱۲۹ ] بر اساس گزارشهای شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان، در تاریخ ۳ ژانویه در شهر ملکشاهی استان ایلام، نیروهای سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی به سوی معترضان کرد تیراندازی کردند که به کشته شدن چهار نفر و زخمی شدن حدود ۳۰ نفر دیگر منجر شد. [ ۱۳۴ ] افراد کشتهشده بهگفته منابع محلی، رضا عظیمزاده، فارز آقامحمدی، محمد بزونه و مهدی امامیپور بودند. تعدادی از مجروحان در بیمارستان محلی ملکشاهی بستری شدند و برخی دیگر به بیمارستان امام خمینی در شهر ایلام منتقل شدند. [ ۱۳۴ ] منابع محلی گزارش کردند که کارکنان بیمارستان ملکشاهی با کمبود خون و پزشکان متخصص مواجه بودند و از مردم برای اهدای خون فراخوان دادند. [ ۱۳۴ ] همچنین ساکنان محلی و کارکنان بیمارستان مانع ورود نیروهای پلیس ضدشورش به بیمارستان شدند تا از دستگیری مجروحان جلوگیری کنند. شاهدان عینی گزارش دادن مأموران حکومت، شماری از مجروحان را ربودند و حتی مانع اهدای خون برای کمک به این افراد شدند. [ ۱۳۵ ] تیراندازی زمانی رخ داد که گروهی از معترضان از خیابانی عبور میکردند که فرمانداری و دفتر بسیج ملکشاهی در آن قرار دارند. [ ۱۳۴ ] پس از آن، شهر تحت تدابیر شدید امنیتی قرار گرفت. [ ۱۳۴ ] حزب کومله کردستان با انتشار اطلاعیهای، ضمن حمایت قاطع از اعتراضات، خواستار پیوستن همه اقشار به اعتصابات سراسری و فشار جامعه جهانی برای توقف سرکوبها شد. گروهی از ایرانیان مقیم آمریکا مقابل دفتر حافظ منافع جمهوری اسلامی در واشینگتن دی.سی. تجمع کردند. گروهی از معترضان در شهر آمل شامگاه شنبه ۱۳ دیماه شعار «فقر فساد گرونی، میریم تا سرنگونی» سر دادند. شهروندان در شهر زرقان استان فارس، شامگاه شنبه ۱۳ دی در حمایت از دیگر شهرهای ایران به خیابان آمدند. شهروندان کرج در خیابانی در فردیس تجمع کردند و شعارهایی علیه علی خامنهای و در هواداری از رضا پهلوی سر دادند. گروهی از ایرانیان ساکن مونترال کانادا در حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری مقابل دانشگاه کونکوردیا تجمع کردند. [ ۱۳۰ ] همچنین گروهی از معترضان جوان در فارسان، شهری در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری و در هفشجان ، در خیابان آتش روشن کردند و در حالی که نیروهای امنیتی با آنها روبرو میشدند، مقاومت میکردند. [ ۱۳۶ ] معترضان در شهر یاسوج، در جنوب غربی ایران، در جریان تظاهرات خیابانی شنبه شب شعارهایی در حمایت از پهلوی سر دادند. [ ۱۳۷ ] در جریان اعتراضات در خرمآباد، معترضان در برابر نیروهای امنیتی مقاومت کردند. [ ۱۳۸ ] [ ۱۳۰ ] در جریان اعتراضات در شهر فارسان، استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، گزارش شده است که ساغر اعتمادی، ۲۲ ساله، در اثر اصابت گلوله ساچمهای به سر و صورت به دست نیروهای انتظامی جان خود را از دست داده. [ ۱۳۹ ] [ ۱۴۰ ] مأموران در بجنورد استان خراسان شمالی، شامگاه شنبه به سمت معترضان گاز اشکآور شلیک کردند. خبرنامه خواجه نصیر شنبه ۱۳ دی گزارش داد دانشجویان در خوابگاه پسرانه دانش یک، پرچم جمهوری اسلامی را آتش زدند. معترضان در گوهردشت کرج، شعار « این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده » سر دادند. معترضان در شیراز، محله کشن (گلشن)، در مقابل نیروهای حکومتی بر زمین نشستند و خیابان را بستند. [ نیازمند منبع ] همچین در ششمین سالگرد کشته شدن قاسم سلیمانی، فرمانده سابق نیروی قدس سپاه پاسداران، بنری از او در دانشگاه شیراز به آتش کشیده شد. [ ۱۴۱ ] رهبر جمهوری اسلامی، در نخستین واکنش رسمی خود به اعتراضات جاری، میان معترضان به وضعیت اقتصادی و آنچه او «اغتشاشگر» نامید، تفاوت قائل شد. او با بیان اینکه «اعتراض غیر از اغتشاش است»، تأکید کرد که مسئولان باید با معترضان گفتگو کنند، اما «با اغتشاشگر حرف زدن فایدهای ندارد و اغتشاشگر را باید سر جایش نشاند.» خامنهای این اعتراضات را به «تحریک دشمن» و «مزدوران» نسبت داد و گفت که دشمن قصد دارد با سوءاستفاده از بازاریان، امنیت کشور را برهم بزند. [ ۱۴۲ ] [ ۱۴۳ ] ۱۴ دی [ ویرایش ] در روز یکشنبه، هشتمین روز اعتراضات سراسری علیه جمهوری اسلامی ایران، گزارشهایی از حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی در بازار اصلی تهران و خیابان جمهوری منتشر شد. [ ۱۴۴ ] بر اساس این گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی هنگام بازگشایی مراکز خرید بزرگ و بازار موبایل چون علاءالدین و پاساژ چارسو که پس از چند روز تعطیلی بسته بودند، از گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند و بین نیروهای امنیتی و معترضان و بازرگانان درگیریهایی رخ داد و معترضان خطاب به نیروهای امنیتی شعار «بیشرف» سر میدهند. [ ۱۴۵ ] [ ۱۴۶ ] [ ۱۴۷ ] در خیابان حافظ تهران معترضان شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سر دادند و در دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند و شعارهایی در انتقاد از رهبری ایران سر دادند. [ ۱۴۸ ] [ ۱۴۹ ] معترضان در باغ سپهسالار تهران شعار «این است شعار ملی، رضا رضا پهلوی» سردادند و مردم مقابل پاساژ چارسو در تهران تجمع کرده و خطاب به مأموران سرکوب فریاد «بیشرف» سردادند. [ ۱۵۰ ] در محلههای چیتگر و اکباتان تهران نشان میدهد جمعی از شهروندان شامگاه یکشنبه ۱۴ دی علیه علی خامنهای و در حمایت از رضا پهلوی شعار سر دادند و در محلههای نازیآباد، هفتحوض و مشیریه تهران نشان میدهد مردم شامگاه یکشنبه ۱۴ دی به خیابان آمده و شعارهایی چون «مرگ بر خامنهای» و «جاوید شاه» سر دادند. [ ۱۵۱ ] [ ۱۵۲ ] همچنین در جریان اعتراضات روز یکشنبه، کسبه شهر مرودشت و کازرون اعتصاب گسترده مغازهداران گزارش شد و بسیاری از کسبه از باز کردن مغازههای خود خودداری کردند. در برخی مناطق، نیروهای امنیتی برای کنترل وضعیت به خیابانها اعزام شدند و فضای امنیتی شدیدی حاکم بود. [ ۱۵۳ ] [ ۱۵۴ ] در رامسر نیز معترضان روی پل عابرپیادهای پرچم شیر و خورشید را آویزان کردند. [ ۱۵۴ ] همزمان با ادامه اعتراضات خیابانی، مراسم خاکسپاری برخی از جانباختگان اعتراضات در چند شهر ایران به صحنههایی از تجمع و اعتراض تبدیل شد. [ ۱۵۳ ] در شهرستان ملکشاهی، مراسم خاکسپاری سه تن از معترضان کشتهشده با حضور گسترده شهروندان برگزار شد و بنا بر گزارشها، شرکتکنندگان شعارهایی اعتراضی سر دادند. [ ۱۵۳ ] در شهر هفشجان از توابع استان چهارمحال و بختیاری نیز مراسم خاکسپاری سروش (حافظ) سلیمانی، که در روز ۱۳ دی ۱۴۰۴ در جریان اعتراضات جان باخته بود، با سردادن شعارهای اعتراضی همراه شد. همچنین در فلاورجان ، مراسم عزاداری و خاکسپاری داریوش انصاری بختیاروند ، از جانباختگان اعتراضات فولادشهر ، به تجمعی اعتراضی تبدیل شد. بر اساس گزارشها، وی پیشتر در جریان اعتراضات با شلیک نیروهای حکومتی کشته شده بود. [ ۱۵۳ ] جمعی از معترضان پرچمهای جمهوری اسلامی را در جاده شهریار پایین کشیدند و آتش زدند. [ ۱۵۵ ] بر اساس گزارشها، در شهر ساری با وجود فضای امنیتی و حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی، معترضان به خیابانها آمدند. [ ۱۵۶ ] ویدئوهای منتشرشده نشان میدهد که گروهی از شهروندان در خیابان قارن این شهر سرود «ای ایران» را همخوانی کرده و شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سر دادند. [ ۱۵۶ ] همچنین گزارشهایی از برگزاری تظاهرات در شهرستان سنگسر (مهدیشهر) استان سمنان در شامگاه یکشنبه منتشر شد. بنا بر این گزارشها، معترضان شعارهایی ضد حکومتی و شعارهایی محلی سر دادند. [ ۱۵۶ ] در شهر همدان نیز اعتراضات ادامه یافت و ویدئویی منتشر شد که به گفته منابع، نشاندهنده درگیری میان معترضان و یک عضو بسیج است. [ ۱۵۶ ] علاوه بر این، گزارشهایی از اعتراضات مردمی در شهرهای مشکان (نیریز) استان فارس، یاسوج، بوشهر، اراک و کرمانشاه منتشر شده است. [ ۱۵۶ ] همچنین در برخی محلههای تهران از جمله مشیریه، نازیآباد و هفتحوض، تجمعات اعتراضی و سر دادن شعار علیه حکومت و نیروهای امنیتی گزارش شده است. [ ۱۵۶ ] در لاهیجان معترضان در شامگاه یکشنبه ۱۴ دی علیه مأموران امنیتی از کوکتل مولوتف استفاده کردند. [ ۱۵۷ ] در شهر بابل، معترضان به خیابانها آمدند. بنا بر تصاویر منتشرشده، نیروهای امنیتی برای متفرق کردن تجمعکنندگان وارد عمل شدند. [ ۱۵۸ ] بر اساس گزارشها، کسبه مجتمع تجاری نگین در شهر شیراز دست به اعتصاب زدند. در یک ویدیو تعطیلی واحدهای تجاری این مجتمع در جریان اعتراضات گزارش شده است. [ ۱۵۹ ] در مشهد نیز معترضان بنر قاسم سلیمانی آتش زدن. [ ۱۶۰ ] همچنین گزارشهایی از برگزاری اعتراضات در شهر ایلام منتشر شد. بر اساس این گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی وارد بیمارستان امام خمینی شهر ایلام شدند و تلاش کردند مجروحان اعتراضات را بازداشت کنند. منابع محلی اعلام کردند که در جریان این اقدام، از گاز اشکآور و باتون استفاده شده و تنشهایی در داخل بیمارستان رخ داده است. گفته میشود شماری از مجروحان اعتراضات شهر ملکشاهی برای درمان به این بیمارستان منتقل شده بودند. [ ۱۵۶ ] [ ۱۶۱ ] در زابل، خاش، فیروزآباد، بوشهر، دورود، خرمآباد، رشت، فردیس، معترضان برای ابراز نارضایتی خود با سردادن شعارهای ضدحکومتی و سرنگونیطلبانه درخیابان تجمعهای اعتراضی برپا کردند. [ ۱۶۲ ] همزمان، انجمن دفاع از زندانیان سیاسی آذربایجانی در ایران (آداپ) از بازداشت یوروش مهرعلیبیگلو، فعال سیاسی آذربایجانی، توسط نیروهای امنیتی در تبریز خبر داد. به گفته این نهاد، بازداشت او در شرایطی صورت گرفت که شهرهای تبریز، زنجان و اردبیل شاهد حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی بودند. مهرعلیبیگلو پیشتر از سوی دادگاه انقلاب تبریز به ده سال زندان محکوم شده بود. [ ۱۶۳ ] ۱۵ دی [ ویرایش ] اعتراضات روز دوشنبه برای نهمین روز ادامه یافت و تظاهرکنندگان در منطقه باغ سپهسالار تهران تجمع کردند و شعار «مرگ بر علی خامنهای» سر دادند. [ ۱۶۴ ] بر اساس گزارشها، روز دوشنبه ۱۵ دی، نیروهای یگان ویژه جمهوری اسلامی در مقابل دانشگاه تهران در حالت آمادهباش قرار داشتند. [ ۱۶۵ ] تجمعاتی نیز در شهرهایی از جمله یاسوج و ساری گزارش شده است و مغازهها در شهر بندری گناوه در جنوب تعطیل شدهاند. [ ۱۶۶ ] همچنین نیرو انتظامی یاسوج به خانواده بازداشتشدگان یاسوج در مقابل ساختمان فرمانداری حمله کردند. [ ۱۶۷ ] بر اساس گزارشهای منتشرشده، شهر مرودشت در اعتصاب کامل بهسر میبرد و بیشتر کسبه و بازاریان، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردهاند. [ ۱۶۸ ] علاوه بر محلات مختلف در تهران، در استانها و شهرستانهایی مانند: سامان، استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، سنگسر در استان سمنان، زاهدان، فردیس کرج، مشکان فارس، نورآباد ممسنی، قزوین، همدان، ایلام، مشهد، نیشابور، آباده، بوشهر، بابل، بجنورد، کوشک در استان اصفهان، شازند در استان مرکزی، رشت و ساری، مردم در خیابانها با سر دادن شعارهای اعتراضی به اعتراضات سراسری پیوسته و نارضایتی خود را علیه حکومت خامنهای ابراز کردند. [ ۱۶۹ ] ۱۶ دی [ ویرایش ] در سهشنبه ۱۶ دی، کسبه بازار بزرگ تهران مغازههای خود را بستند و اعتصاب سراسری برگزار کردند. [ ۱۷۰ ] [ ۱۷۱ ] در این تجمع، معترضان شعارهایی از جمله «آزادی»، «رضاشاه، روحت شاد»، «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» و «امسال سال خونه، سیدعلی سرنگونه» سر دادند. [ ۱۷۰ ] [ ۱۷۱ ] همچنین یکی از کاسبان بازار بزرگ مشکلات خود را در جمع بازاریهای معترض فریاد میزند و دیگر کسبه با فریاد «باشرف، باشرف» او را حمایت میکنند. [ ۱۷۲ ] در جریان اعتراضات ذکر شده نیروهای امنیتی به تجمع کاسبان معترض در بازار بزرگ تهران اقدام کردند و به سمت آنها گاز اشکآور شلیک کردند. [ ۱۷۳ ] [ ۱۷۴ ] همزمان، شهروندان در ایستگاه متروی «۱۵ خرداد» تهران تجمع کردند و بنا بر گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی برای پراکنده کردن تجمع از گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند. [ ۱۷۵ ] [ ۱۷۶ ] همچنین بر اساس پیام دیگری، در پی درگیری میان بازاریان و مردم با مأموران حکومتی، در بیمارستان سینا در تهران بسته شد. [ ۱۷۷ ] در اعتراضات روز سهشنبه ۱۶ دیماه در محله تهرانسر در غرب تهران، نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از توپ پینتبال و گاز اشکآور به معترضان حمله کردند. [ ۱۷۸ ] همچنین در بازار چارسو، معترضان بازاری با مداخله مأموران امنیتی مواجه شدند و گزارش شد که مأموران پس از مقاومت معترضان مجبور به عقبنشینی شدند. [ ۱۷۸ ] در تهران نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از گاز اشکآور به تجمع معترضان در پاساژ پلاسکو و خیابانهای اطراف از جمله خیابان جمهوری و منطقه لبافینژاد برخورد کردند. همچنین کسبه مجتمع تجاری کاترپیلار در محله آذری و بازار بزرگ تهران در جریان اعتراضها شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» و «مرگ بر خامنهای» سر دادند. [ ۱۷۹ ] [ ۱۸۰ ] [ ۱۸۱ ] [ ۱۸۲ ] گزارشهایی نیز از تجمع و شعاردهی کسبه در باغ سپهسالار تهران، و اعتصاب گسترده کسبه در شهرستان کوار استان فارس و بسته بودن بسیاری از مغازهها منتشر شد. در یزدانشهر اصفهان، معترضان شعار «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۱۸۳ ] [ ۱۸۴ ] نیروهای امنیتی در بازار تهران علاوه بر گاز اشکآور، از ماشین آبپاش برای سرکوب معترضان استفاده کردهاند. [ ۱۸۵ ] همچنین ویدیوهایی منتشر شد که نشان میداد مأموران به داخل حیاط بیمارستان سینا و همچنین به فضای بسته «پاساژ ایرانیان» در بازار شوش گاز اشکآور شلیک کردهاند که منجر به مشکلات تنفسی برای حاضران شد. [ ۱۸۶ ] برخی شاهدان عینی در بازار تهران مدعی شدند که نیروهای یگان ویژه به زبانی غیر از فارسی (عربی) صحبت میکردند. [ ۱۸۷ ] معترضان در شهرکرد به خیابان آمدند و نیروهای امنیتی برای پراکنده کردن تجمع وارد عمل شدند. گزارشها حاکی از حضور گسترده خودروها و موتورسواران نیروهای امنیتی در خیابانهای شهرکرد است و اعلام شد که اعتراضات در چهارراه بازار این شهر به خشونت کشیده شد و از گاز اشکآور و ساچمه برای متفرق کردن معترضان استفاده شد [ ۱۷۵ ] همچنین مخاطبان گزارش دادند خودروها و نیروهای یگان ویژه برای سرکوب معترضان به سطح شهرکرد گسیل شدند و شهروندان معترض نیز در جریان تجمعهای اعتراضی شعار «مرگ بر خامنهای» سردادند. [ ۱۷۷ ] کاسبان شهر شیراز نیز در اعتصاب سراسری شرکت کردند و مغازههای بازار تعطیل بودند. [ ۱۸۸ ] بر اساس گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی در شهر لپویی استان فارس به خانههای شهروندان مراجعه کرده و برخی افراد همراه با صاحبان خانه بازداشت شدند. [ ۱۸۹ ] همچنین گزارش شد که در تهران و بسیاری دیگر از شهرهای ایران، دسترسی به اینترنت با اختلال شدید یا قطع مواجه شده و برخی ابزارهای دور زدن فیلترینگ، از جمله ویپیانها و پروکسیها، کارایی خود را از دست دادهاند. [ ۱۸۹ ] همچنین کسبه بازار کازرون ماه اعلام کردند که در اعتراض به شرایط اقتصادی و نابرابریها، در چهارشنبه ۱۷ دیماه مغازههای خود را خواهند بست و در اعتصاب سراسری شرکت خواهند کرد. [ ۱۹۰ ] در این تحولات، گزارشهایی منتشر شد که بر اساس آنها نیروهای ویژه آمریکایی، از جمله نیروهای دلتا، در مرزهای عراق مستقر شدهاند. این نیروها پیشتر در عملیات بازداشت نیکولاس مادورو، رئیسجمهور ونزوئلا، مشارکت داشتهاند. [ ۱۹۱ ] دامنه اعتراضات در ۱۶ دی به شهرهای دیگر نیز کشیده شد. در مشهد ، معترضان در نزدیکی «بازار رضا» تجمع کردند که با مداخله نیروهای امنیتی به خشونت کشیده شد. بر اساس گزارشها و تصاویر منتشرشده، مأموران برای متفرق کردن جمعیت از اسلحه پینتبال و گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند. [ ۱۹۲ ] [ ۱۹۳ ] در آبدانان استان ایلام ، تجمعات گستردهای از میدان ولیعصر تا میدان بسیج برگزار شد. ویدیوهای منتشرشده از این شهر نشان میدهد که در پی فشار عظیم جمعیت معترض، مأموران نیروی انتظامی مجبور به عقبنشینی شده و به پشتبام ساختمان کلانتری پناه بردند. همچنین اخباری از قطعی گسردهٔ آب و برق در آبدانا منتشر شد. [ ۱۹۴ ] رسانههای نزدیک به حکومت ضمن تأیید درگیریها، مدعی شدند که گروهی از معترضان به اموال عمومی آسیب زده و فروشگاه افق کوروش در خیابان خمینی را به آتش کشیدند. [ ۱۹۵ ] در پی حوادث خشونتبار در استان ایلام و انتشار اخبار مربوط به کشتهشدن معترضان در شهرستان ملکشاهی (که گفته میشود ۳ نفر به دلیل نبود بیمارستان در مسیر انتقال جان باختند)، مسعود پزشکیان رئیسجمهور، به وزیر کشور دستور داد تا تیم ویژهای برای بررسی ابعاد این حوادث تشکیل دهد. [ ۱۹۶ ] نهادهای حقوق بشری شمار جانباختگان ده روز نخست اعتراضات سراسری (منتهی به ۱۶ دی) را دستکم ۲۹ نفر و تعداد بازداشتشدگان را بیش از ۱۲۰۰ نفر برآورد کردهاند. [ ۱۹۷ ] گزاریشی نیز از تجمع اعتراضی دانشجویان دانشگاههای معماری و هنر پارس، باهنر کرمان و خوارزمی منتشر شد که در آن شعارهایی چون «دانشجو میمیرد، ذلت نمیپذیرد»، «فکر نکنید امروزه، قرار ما هرروزه»، «آزادی، آزادی، آزادی»، «فقر و فساد و بیداد، مرگ بر این استبداد» در حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری سر داده میشد. این تجمعها بخشی از موج اعتراضات در نقاط مختلف ایران گزارش شدهاند. [ ۱۹۸ ] [ ۱۹۹ ] شورای هماهنگی تشکلهای صنفی فرهنگیان ایران اعلام کرد که بیش از ۵۰ دانشآموز در استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد در جریان اعتراضات بازداشت شدهاند و این اقدام را نقض حقوق کودک دانست. کانون صنفی فرهنگیان گیلان نیز با صدور بیانیهای از اعتراضات مردمی حمایت کرد. [ ۲۰۰ ] همچنین گزارشهایی از تیراندازی نیروهای حکومتی به سوی معترضان در تجمع ۱۶ دیماه در شهرستان نیریز استان فارس منتشر شد. [ ۲۰۱ ] ۱۷ دی [ ویرایش ] در محدوده خیابانهای ولیعصر و فاطمی تهران، گروههایی از معترضان با سردادن شعارهایی در حمایت از همبستگی جمعی تجمع کردند. همزمان، در پی اعتصاب بازاریان تهران، نیروهای حکومتی برای مقابله با این اعتصاب وارد مجتمعها و اماکن تجاری شدند. در بازار دلاوران تهران نیز گزارش شد که نیروهای امنیتی اقدام به شلیک کردند و با وجود این، معترضان به ایستادگی ادامه داده و به سمت نیروهای حکومتی حرکت کردند. [ ۲۰۲ ] [ ۲۰۳ ] معترضان در شادآباد تهران شعار «رضاشاه، روحت شاد» سر دادند و در بازار یافتآباد تهران مغازهها را بستند و شعار «ما همه با هم هستیم» سر دادند و تجمع کردند. [ ۲۰۴ ] علاوه بر این یک نوجوان در پاساژ کاشانی محله بهارستان تهران بازداشت شد در شیراز، معترضان با سردادن شعارهایی در حمایت از بازگشت نظام پادشاهی چون «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» و «مرگ بر خامنهای» در خیابانها تجمع کردند. [ ۲۰۵ ] در قم، گروهی از دانشجویان مقابل سردر دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی قم تجمع کرده و شعارهایی در دفاع از کرامت دانشجویی سر دادند. در کرج (حصارک)، کسبه معترض با بستن مغازههای خود تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند. در مشهد ، شهروندان معترض در برابر برخورد نیروهای امنیتی مقاومت کرده و آنان را به عقب راندند. [ ۲۰۶ ] در رشت ، کسبه بازار با پیوستن به اعتصابات سراسری شعارهایی چون «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» سر دادند و در زنجان نیز بازاریان با تعطیل کردن مغازههای خود همراهی خود را با اعتصابات سراسری بازار کشور اعلام کردند. [ ۲۰۷ ] بازاریان بازار تبریز در حمایت از اعتصابات سراسری، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردند و به این شکل همراهی خود را با اعتراضات اعلام کردند. [ ۲۰۸ ] اعتراضات مردمی و اعتصابات صنفی در چندین شهر ایران ادامه یافت. در تبریز ، بازاریان بازار این شهر در حمایت از اعتصابات سراسری، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردند و همراهی خود را با اعتراضات نشان دادند. در قزوین، همزمان با حضور شهروندان در خیابانها، معترضان با سردادن شعارهایی علیه حاکمیت از اعتراضات سراسری حمایت کردند و بنا بر برخی گزارشها، شعارهایی در حمایت از بازگشت نظام پادشاهی نیز مطرح شد. [ ۲۰۹ ] در سمنان ، دانشجویان دانشگاه سمنان با برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی در محوطه دانشگاه، به اعتراضات دانشجویی آن دوره پیوستند. [ ۲۱۰ ] در چابکسر از توابع استان گیلان، شهروندان معترض با حضور در خیابانها حمایت خود را از اعتراضات سراسری اعلام کردند. [ ۲۱۱ ] در عسلویه ، کارگران پالایشگاه پارس جنوبی در ادامه موج اعتصابات صنفی دست به اعتصاب زدند و خواستار رسیدگی به مطالبات خود شدند. همچنین در بندرعباس گزارشها از افزایش شمار معترضان و حضور گسترده آنان در خیابانها حکایت داشت که به عنوان بخشی از گسترش جغرافیایی اعتراضات در جنوب کشور توصیف شده است. [ ۲۱۲ ] [ ۲۱۳ ] معترضان در بندرعباس شعار «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۲۱۴ ] در بجنورد معترضین شعار «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۲۱۵ ] همچنین در پی اعتراضات در لردگان استان چهارمحال و بختیاری ، شهروندان موفق شدند نیروهای سرکوب حکومت را عقب برانند. [ ۲۱۶ ] در کرمانشاه معترضان با حضور در خیابانهای این شهر شعارهای اعتراضی از جمله «مرگ بر خامنهای» سر دادند. [ ۲۱۷ ] ۱۸ دی [ ویرایش ] در روز پنجشنبه ۱۸ دی ۱۴۰۴، همزمان با تداوم اعتراضات دیماه ۱۴۰۴ در ایران، گزارشهای متعددی از وقوع اعتصابات سراسری و تجمعات اعتراضی در شهرهای مختلف کشور منتشر شد. این رویدادها شامل تعطیلی گسترده واحدهای صنفی، حضور معترضان در خیابانها و سردادن شعارهای اعتراضی بود و در مناطق مختلف با شدت و اشکال متفاوتی جریان داشت. بر اساس گزارشها، اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در شهرهای کازرون، بوکان، کرند غرب، مریوان، صفاشهر، مشهد، بروجرد، نجفآباد، سرپل ذهاب، همدان و بندر دیلم مشاهده شد. [ ۲۱۸ ] [ ۲۱۹ ] در این شهرها، شمار قابل توجهی از مغازهها تعطیل شدند و بازاریان با بستن واحدهای صنفی خود به اعتراضات پیوستند. در خرمآباد نیز گزارش شد که کسبه با وجود فضای امنیتی و ممانعت نیروهای امنیتی، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کرده و در اعتصاب شرکت کردند. [ ۲۲۰ ] در همدان، بازاریان ضمن بستن مغازهها، سایر کسبه را به پیوستن به اعتصاب دعوت کردند و همزمان تجمع گستردهای از معترضان در این شهر شکل گرفت. [ ۲۲۱ ] [ ۲۲۲ ] همزمان با اعتصابات، تجمعات خیابانی و اعتراضات عمومی در شماری از شهرها گزارش شد. در کازرون، معترضان اقدام به برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی کردند. [ ۲۲۳ ] [ ۲۲۴ ] در لومار و سیروان از توابع استان ایلام، شهروندان با حضور در خیابانها شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر خامنهای» و «توپ تانک فشفشه، آخوند باید گم بشه» سر دادند. [ ۲۲۵ ] در سروستان استان فارس، شهروندان پس از اعتصاب به خیابان آمدند و شعار «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» را سر دادند گزارشها حاکی از حضور پررنگ زنان در صفهای نخست این اعتراضات است. [ ۲۲۶ ] [ ۲۲۷ ] [ ۲۲۸ ] در کلاچای استان گیلان، معترضان با سردادن شعار «رضاشاه، روحت شاد» تجمع کردند و در لاهیجان نیز شعار «ما تماشاگر نمیخواهیم، به ما ملحق شوید» از سوی معترضان شنیده شد. [ ۲۲۹ ] در بروجن، خانوادههای بازداشتشدگان در مقابل فرماندهی نیروی انتظامی تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند. [ ۲۳۰ ] همچنین در کرمان، همزمان با اعتراضات، گزارشهایی از شنیده شدن صدای تیراندازی منتشر شد. بر اساس گزارشها، در اصفهان معترضان در خیابان مشیر اقدام به روشن کردن آتش اعتراضی کردند. همزمان، اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در شهرهای اردبیل، [ ۲۳۱ ] [ ۲۳۲ ] شهرضا، [ ۲۳۳ ] کرج، [ ۲۳۳ ] نورآباد ممسنی، [ ۲۳۳ ] کرمانشاه، [ ۲۳۴ ] کرمان، [ ۲۳۴ ] برازجان، [ ۲۳۵ ] آمل، ارومیه، [ ۲۳۶ ] پاوه، [ ۲۳۷ ] قروه، [ ۲۳۷ ] شیراز و خمینیشهر گزارش شد. [ ۲۳۴ ] [ ۲۳۸ ] در سقز، گزارشها از تعطیلی کامل مغازهها و مشارکت گسترده شهروندان در اعتصاب حکایت داشت. [ ۲۳۹ ] در تبریز علاوه بر تداوم اعتصاب سراسری، گزارشهایی از حضور سنگین نیروهای امنیتی در سطح شهر منتشر شد. [ ۲۴۰ ] [ ۲۴۱ ] همچنین سازمان حقوق بشری «هانا» اعلام کرد که ۱۸ شهر استان کردستان در اعتصاب عمومی کامل بهسر میبرند. در حوزه ارتباطات، برخی رسانههای داخلی ایران در همان روز گزارش دادند که اینترنت ثابت و همراه در شماری از شهرها با کندی شدید، ناپایداری و قطع و وصلهای مکرر مواجه شده است. [ ۲۴۲ ] در واکنش به تحولات مربوط به اعتراضات، عبدالوحید فیاضی ، عضو کمیسیون آموزش و تحقیقات مجلس شورای اسلامی، بازداشت کودکان و نوجوانان در جریان اعتراضات را تأیید کرد و اعلام کرد که برخورد با آنها «بر اساس حقوق کودکان و نوجوانان در جمهوری اسلامی» صورت خواهد گرفت. او همچنین اظهار داشت که برخی از دانشآموزان تحت تأثیر فضای اعتراضی و «جوزدگی» دست به اقداماتی زدهاند. [ ۲۴۳ ] ۱۹ دی [ ویرایش ] در سیزدهمین روز خیزش ملی ایرانیان علیه جمهوری اسلامی، گزارش شد که اینترنت سراسری در کشور قطع بود و مانع از اطلاعرسانی آزاد شد. با این حال، معترضان در شهرهایی مانند زاهدان، کنارک و مشهد به خیابانها آمدند. [ ۲۴۴ ] بر اساس گزارشها، در زاهدان معترضان پس از نماز جمعه در اطراف مسجد مکی تجمع کردند و نیروهای نظامی و امنیتی به سمت آنها شلیک کردند. شماری از معترضان مجروح شدند. [ ۲۴۴ ] مولوی عبدالحمید، امام جمعه اهل سنت زاهدان، در خطبههای نماز جمعه ضمن اشاره به تظاهرات میلیونی مردم ایران، خواستار حمایت از فراخوان شاهزاده رضا پهلوی شد و بر نیاز مردم به نان و وضعیت اقتصادی دشوار آنان تأکید کرد. او همچنین از نیروهای نظامی و امنیتی خواست در مقابل معترضان ایستادگی نکنند. [ ۲۴۴ ] کمپین فعالان بلوچ، ویدیویی از تظاهرات زنان در زاهدان منتشر کرد که شعارهایی علیه رهبران جمهوری اسلامی و در حمایت از مردم ایران را نشان میداد. همچنین گزارش شد که شهروندان در کنارک از محدوده مسجد جامع تا فلکه لنج به خیابانها آمدند و فضای شهر بهطور محسوسی امنیتی شده بود. [ ۲۴۴ ] با وجود قطع اینترنت و محدودیت شدید دسترسی به رسانهها، شاهزاده رضا پهلوی در پیامی از حضور گسترده مردم در اعتراضات قدردانی و مردم را به ادامهٔ حضور در خیابانها تشویق کرد. [ ۲۴۴ ] مقامات جمهوری اسلامی ازجمله غلامحسین محسنی اژهای ، رئیس قوه قضاییه، معترضان را «آشوبگر و اغتشاشگر» خواندند و هشدار دادند که با آنها «بهصورت قاطع و بدون ارفاق قانونی» برخورد خواهد شد. دبیرخانه شورای عالی امنیت ملی نیز اعلام کرد که نیروهای امنیتی و قوه قضاییه با «خرابکاران» مماشات نخواهند کرد. [ ۲۴۴ ] همزمان، ایرانیان مقیم خارج از کشور نیز به حمایت از خیزش ملی ادامه دادند و در شهرهایی مانند سیدنی تجمعهای اعتراضی برگزار کردند. [ ۲۴۴ ] ۲۰ دی [ ویرایش ] در دی ۱۴۰۴، اعتراضهای مردمی در چندین شهر ایران، از جمله تهران، مشهد، تبریز، اراک، مرودشت و رشت، برگزار شد و مردم برای چندمین روز متوالی به خیابان آمدند. بر اساس ویدیوها و تصاویر منتشرشده در شبکههای اجتماعی، معترضان شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر خامنهای»، «مرگ بر دیکتاتور»، «تا آخوند کفن نشود، این وطن وطن نشود»، «جاوید شاه» و «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. در برخی از ویدیوها، صدای تیراندازی مأموران امنیتی نیز شنیده میشود. [ ۲۴۵ ] [ ۲۴۶ ] همزمان با این اعتراضها، گزارشهای بینالمللی و سازمانهای رصد اینترنت از قطع سراسری اینترنت در ایران خبر دادند که از مرز ۶۰ ساعت گذشته و سطح اتصال همچنان حدود ۱ درصد از میزان معمول بود. این اقدام به عنوان محدودسازی دسترسی به اطلاعات و تهدید امنیت و رفاه شهروندان در مقطعی حساس توصیف شده است. [ ۲۴۶ ] بر اساس گزارشهای منتشرشده در شبکههای اجتماعی و منابع بینالمللی، تعداد کشتهشدگان در دو روز اخیر اعتراضها در سراسر ایران بالا بوده است. به نقل از مشاوران بنیادهای بینالمللی، دستکم ۱٬۶۰۰ نفر کشته شدهاند و برخی تخمینها این رقم را تا ۲٬۰۰۰ نفر نیز برآورد کردهاند. همچنین گزارشها حاکی از حضور تعداد بالایی اجساد در بیمارستانهای تهران و رشت است. به دلیل قطعی اینترنت و محدودیت دسترسی به اطلاعات رسمی، تأیید دقیق این آمار دشوار است. [ ۲۴۶ ] جدول شهرها، مناطق و شعارها (به همراه حوادث مرتبط) [ ویرایش ] شهر منطقه/محله شعارها و اقدامات معترضان توضیحات اضافی تهران ستارخان «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی تهران سعادتآباد «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی تهران بهار شیراز «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی مشهد وکیلآباد شعارهای اعتراضی عمومی دهها هزار نفر حضور داشتند، گزارش تیراندازی اراک جهانپناه «امسال سال خونه، موشعلی سرنگونه» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی مرودشت مناطق مختلف برخی ساختمانهای حکومتی آتش گرفتند گزارش خسارت به ساختمانهای حکومتی، گزارش تیراندازی رشت بیمارستانها جمعآوری اجساد معترضان گزارشها حاکی از تعداد بالای کشتهها، گزارش تیراندازی این اعتراضها نشاندهنده گستردگی و استمرار خیزشهای مردمی در ایران، محدودیت دسترسی به اینترنت و همچنین افزایش تعداد کشتهها و برخورد نیروهای امنیتی در شهرهای مختلف است. [ ۲۴۵ ] [ ۲۴۶ ] ۲۱ دی [ ویرایش ] در روز یکشنبه ۲۱ دی ۱۴۰۴، اعتراضها و واکنشهای گستردهای در چندین شهر ایران گزارش شد. بر اساس ویدیوها و تصاویر منتشرشده و گزارشهای رسانهای، در جریان مراسم خاکسپاری تعدادی از معترضانی که در شبهای گذشته کشته شده بودند، نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از گاز اشکآور و اسلحه پینتبال به خانوادهها و شرکتکنندگان حمله کردند. در این مراسم، خانوادهها و حاضرین شعارهای ضدحکومتی سر دادند. [ ۲۴۵ ] در دیگر شهرها نیز اعتراضها ادامه یافت. در بندرعباس، جمعیت قابل توجهی از معترضان برای حمایت از «انقلاب ملی ایرانیان» به خیابانها آمدند. همچنین در شیراز، کسبه در همراهی با این خیزشها دست به اعتصاب زدند و فعالیتهای خود را متوقف کردند. این رویدادها بخشی از موج گسترده اعتراضهای مردمی در ایران محسوب میشوند که شامل تجمعات خیابانی، اعتصابها و برخورد نیروهای امنیتی است. [ ۲۴۵ ] جدول شهرها، نوع اعتراض و واکنشها – ۲۱ دی ۱۴۰۴: [ ۲۴۵ ] شهر نوع اعتراض/مکان اقدامات معترضان واکنش نیروهای امنیتی و توضیحات اضافی تهران مراسم خاکسپاری معترضان شعارهای ضدحکومتی استفاده از گاز اشکآور و اسلحه پینتبال علیه خانوادهها بندرعباس خیابانها حضور جمعیت انبوه در حمایت از انقلاب ملی ایرانیان گزارشها از تجمع مسالمتآمیز شیراز بازار و مراکز کسبوکار اعتصاب و توقف فعالیت کسبه همراهی با خیزشهای مردمی روزشمار ۷ دی [ ویرایش ] گروهی از کسبه و فروشندگان در پاساژ علاءالدین تهران و چند مرکز تجاری دیگر از جمله پاساژ چارسو با بستن مغازههای خود دست به اعتصاب زدند. همزمان تجمعهای اعتراضی در اطراف این مراکز شکل گرفت و تصاویر و ویدئوهایی از تعطیلی گسترده واحدهای صنفی در شبکههای اجتماعی منتشر شد. [ ۴۴ ] [ ۴۵ ] بر اساس گزارشها، معترضان با اشاره به افزایش نرخ دلار و ناپایداری بازار، اعلام کردند که ادامه این وضعیت باعث ورشکستگی بسیاری از کسبوکار های کوچک و متوسط شده است. برخی از تجمعها به خیابانهای اطراف، از جمله خیابان جمهوری اسلامی در تهران کشیده شد. [ ۴۵ ] [ ۴۶ ] همچنین ویدئوهای منتشرشده و گزارش شاهدان عینی نشان میداد که گروههایی از کسبه با سر دادن شعارهایی علیه سوءمدیریت اقتصادی و در برخی موارد با مضامین انتقادی نسبت به حکومت، نارضایتی خود را ابراز میکردند. [ ۴۵ ] معترضان همچنین با شعار «نیروی انتظامی حمایت، حمایت» از نیروهای امنیتی خواستند از این اعتراض حمایت کنند. [ ۴۷ ] مطالبات اصلی معترضان شامل کنترل و ثبات نرخ ارز، رسیدگی فوری به مشکلات معیشتی و اقتصادی اصناف، فراهم شدن امکان فعالیت اقتصادی قابل پیشبینی و جلوگیری از زیانهای ناشی از نوسانات بازار است. [ ۴۶ ] [ ۴۵ ] ۷ دی گروهی از کسبه و فروشندگان در پاساژ علاءالدین تهران و چند مرکز تجاری دیگر از جمله پاساژ چارسو با بستن مغازههای خود دست به اعتصاب زدند. همزمان تجمعهای اعتراضی در اطراف این مراکز شکل گرفت و تصاویر و ویدئوهایی از تعطیلی گسترده واحدهای صنفی در شبکههای اجتماعی منتشر شد. [ ۴۴ ] [ ۴۵ ] بر اساس گزارشها، معترضان با اشاره به افزایش نرخ دلار و ناپایداری بازار، اعلام کردند که ادامه این وضعیت باعث ورشکستگی بسیاری از کسبوکار های کوچک و متوسط شده است. برخی از تجمعها به خیابانهای اطراف، از جمله خیابان جمهوری اسلامی در تهران کشیده شد. [ ۴۵ ] [ ۴۶ ] همچنین ویدئوهای منتشرشده و گزارش شاهدان عینی نشان میداد که گروههایی از کسبه با سر دادن شعارهایی علیه سوءمدیریت اقتصادی و در برخی موارد با مضامین انتقادی نسبت به حکومت، نارضایتی خود را ابراز میکردند. [ ۴۵ ] معترضان همچنین با شعار «نیروی انتظامی حمایت، حمایت» از نیروهای امنیتی خواستند از این اعتراض حمایت کنند. [ ۴۷ ] مطالبات اصلی معترضان شامل کنترل و ثبات نرخ ارز، رسیدگی فوری به مشکلات معیشتی و اقتصادی اصناف، فراهم شدن امکان فعالیت اقتصادی قابل پیشبینی و جلوگیری از زیانهای ناشی از نوسانات بازار است. [ ۴۶ ] [ ۴۵ ] ۸ دی [ ویرایش ] اعتراضها به تهران محدود نمانده و به شهرهای دیگر نیز کشیده شده است. پس از تجمع و اعتصاب بازاریان در تهران، گزارشهایی از گسترش اعتراضها به شهرهای کرج ، اصفهان ، شیراز ، مشهد و همدان منتشر شده است. [ ۴۸ ] تعطیل کردن مغازههای بازار سلطانی تهران به دلیل اعتراض به گرانیها و افزایش قیمت دلار (کاهش ارزش پول ملی، ریال) اعتراضات در ۸ دی وارد دومین روز خود شد و در بخشهای مختلف تهران و بازار بزرگ از جمله خیابان جمهوری اسلامی در تهران ، بازار شوش، خیابان جمهوری اسلامی ، لالهزار ، و میدان امام خمینی ادامه یافت. بر اساس گزارشها، بازاریان و کسبه بازار بزرگ تهران و دیگر بخشهای تجاری، مغازههای خود را به نشانه اعتراض به سقوط بیسابقه ارزش ریال و افزایش شدید قیمت ارز و طلای داخلی تعطیل کردند و در خیابانها تجمع کردند. اعتراضکنندگان با شعارهایی علیه وضعیت اقتصادی و مدیریت دولت، نسبت به کاهش شدید قدرت خرید و تورم فزاینده که به افزایش هزینههای زندگی انجامیده است، کنشگری میکنند. تصاویر و فیلمهای منتشرشده در شبکههای اجتماعی نشان میدهد که تجمعات در حوالی بازار لالهزار، چهار سوق، و خیابان جمهوری ادامه دارد و برخی شرکتکنندگان خشونتطلبانه نیستند اما پیامهای انتقادی نسبت به سیاستهای اقتصادی حکومت را منتقل میکنند. [ ۴۹ ] [ ۵۰ ] [ ۵۱ ] در ادامه گروهی از دانشجویان ساکن کوی دانشگاه تهران نیز با برگزاری تجمعی شبانه به این اعتراضات پیوستند. بر اساس گزارشها، درهای کوی دانشگاه بسته شده و نیروهای امنیتی این مجموعه را محاصره کردهاند. [ ۵۲ ] دانشجویان با سردادن شعارهایی چون «دانشجو میمیرد، ذلت نمیپذیرد» و «بترسید، بترسید، ما همه با هم هستیم» نارضایتی خود را ابراز کردند. [ ۵۳ ] در تجمعات این روز علاوهبر شعارهای اقتصادی مانند «گرونی، تورم، بلای جون مردم»، شعارهای سیاسی هم مانند « رضاشاه روحت شاد » و « این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده » سر داده شد. [ ۵۲ ] نیروی انتظامی برای متواری کردن تجمعکنندگان در مقابل پاساژ علاءالدین، از گاز اشکآور استفاده کرد. [ ۵۲ ] همزمان با اعتراضات در تهران، شماری از مردم در منطقهٔ درگهان در قشم با بستن مغازههای خود دست به اعتراض شبانه زدند. [ ۵۲ ] [ ۵۴ ] پس از اعتراضات کسبهٔ تهران، کسبهٔ کرج هم در حمایت از آنها، دست به اعتصاب و اعتراض زدند و شعارهای اقتصادی دادند. [ ۵۵ ] در همدان، مردم در محلههای سیزدهخانه و آرامگاه بوعلی دست به تجمعاتی زدند تا اعتراض خود را نسبت به وضعیت اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشور نشان دهند. گزارشها حاکی است که این تجمعات با واکنش شدید نیروهای پلیس ضد شورش و یگانهای ویژه مواجه شد. منابع خبری از حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی در محل و تلاش برای پراکنده کردن معترضان خبر دادهاند و برخی از شرکتکنندگان نیز دستگیر شدند. [ ۵۲ ] در شهر ملارد نیز مردم با برگزاری تجمعاتی به وضعیت اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشور اعتراض کردند. گزارشها حاکی از آن است که نیروهای انتظامی برای پراکنده کردن معترضان وارد عمل شدند و در برخی موارد تیراندازی صورت گرفت و تعدادی از معترضان دستگیر شدند. [ ۵۶ ] در مشهد نیز در جریان اعتراضات سراسری ایران مردم با حضور در میدانهای مرکزی شهر و خیابانهای اطراف علیه جمهوری اسلامی شعار دادند و اعتراضات خود را ابراز کردند. [ ۵۷ ] علاوه بر حضور در خیابانها، مردم اقدام به شعارنویسی بر دیوارها و معابر عمومی کردند که بیشتر انتقاداتی علیه جمهوری اسلامی را شامل میشد. [ ۵۸ ] در شهر شیراز گروههایی از مردم به دلیل مشکلات اقتصادی و اجتماعی دست به اعتراض زدند. این اعتراضات بخشی از موجی گسترده از تجمعات سراسری در کشور بود. [ ۵۹ ] اعتراضها در اصفهان بهعنوان بخشی از این حرکت سراسری، در برخی روزها با اعتصاب کسبه و تعطیلی مغازهها در میدان نقشجهان و دیگر نقاط بازار همراه بود. نیروهای امنیتی نیز در بخشهایی از کشور حضور یافتند تا تجمعات را کنترل کنند. [ ۶۰ ] ۸ دی اعتراضها به تهران محدود نمانده و به شهرهای دیگر نیز کشیده شده است. پس از تجمع و اعتصاب بازاریان در تهران، گزارشهایی از گسترش اعتراضها به شهرهای کرج ، اصفهان ، شیراز ، مشهد و همدان منتشر شده است. [ ۴۸ ] اعتراضات در ۸ دی وارد دومین روز خود شد و در بخشهای مختلف تهران و بازار بزرگ از جمله خیابان جمهوری اسلامی در تهران ، بازار شوش، خیابان جمهوری اسلامی ، لالهزار ، و میدان امام خمینی ادامه یافت. بر اساس گزارشها، بازاریان و کسبه بازار بزرگ تهران و دیگر بخشهای تجاری، مغازههای خود را به نشانه اعتراض به سقوط بیسابقه ارزش ریال و افزایش شدید قیمت ارز و طلای داخلی تعطیل کردند و در خیابانها تجمع کردند. اعتراضکنندگان با شعارهایی علیه وضعیت اقتصادی و مدیریت دولت، نسبت به کاهش شدید قدرت خرید و تورم فزاینده که به افزایش هزینههای زندگی انجامیده است، کنشگری میکنند. تصاویر و فیلمهای منتشرشده در شبکههای اجتماعی نشان میدهد که تجمعات در حوالی بازار لالهزار، چهار سوق، و خیابان جمهوری ادامه دارد و برخی شرکتکنندگان خشونتطلبانه نیستند اما پیامهای انتقادی نسبت به سیاستهای اقتصادی حکومت را منتقل میکنند. [ ۴۹ ] [ ۵۰ ] [ ۵۱ ] در ادامه گروهی از دانشجویان ساکن کوی دانشگاه تهران نیز با برگزاری تجمعی شبانه به این اعتراضات پیوستند. بر اساس گزارشها، درهای کوی دانشگاه بسته شده و نیروهای امنیتی این مجموعه را محاصره کردهاند. [ ۵۲ ] دانشجویان با سردادن شعارهایی چون «دانشجو میمیرد، ذلت نمیپذیرد» و «بترسید، بترسید، ما همه با هم هستیم» نارضایتی خود را ابراز کردند. [ ۵۳ ] در تجمعات این روز علاوهبر شعارهای اقتصادی مانند «گرونی، تورم، بلای جون مردم»، شعارهای سیاسی هم مانند « رضاشاه روحت شاد » و « این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده » سر داده شد. [ ۵۲ ] نیروی انتظامی برای متواری کردن تجمعکنندگان در مقابل پاساژ علاءالدین، از گاز اشکآور استفاده کرد. [ ۵۲ ] همزمان با اعتراضات در تهران، شماری از مردم در منطقهٔ درگهان در قشم با بستن مغازههای خود دست به اعتراض شبانه زدند. [ ۵۲ ] [ ۵۴ ] پس از اعتراضات کسبهٔ تهران، کسبهٔ کرج هم در حمایت از آنها، دست به اعتصاب و اعتراض زدند و شعارهای اقتصادی دادند. [ ۵۵ ] در همدان، مردم در محلههای سیزدهخانه و آرامگاه بوعلی دست به تجمعاتی زدند تا اعتراض خود را نسبت به وضعیت اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشور نشان دهند. گزارشها حاکی است که این تجمعات با واکنش شدید نیروهای پلیس ضد شورش و یگانهای ویژه مواجه شد. منابع خبری از حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی در محل و تلاش برای پراکنده کردن معترضان خبر دادهاند و برخی از شرکتکنندگان نیز دستگیر شدند. [ ۵۲ ] در شهر ملارد نیز مردم با برگزاری تجمعاتی به وضعیت اقتصادی و اجتماعی کشور اعتراض کردند. گزارشها حاکی از آن است که نیروهای انتظامی برای پراکنده کردن معترضان وارد عمل شدند و در برخی موارد تیراندازی صورت گرفت و تعدادی از معترضان دستگیر شدند. [ ۵۶ ] در مشهد نیز در جریان اعتراضات سراسری ایران مردم با حضور در میدانهای مرکزی شهر و خیابانهای اطراف علیه جمهوری اسلامی شعار دادند و اعتراضات خود را ابراز کردند. [ ۵۷ ] علاوه بر حضور در خیابانها، مردم اقدام به شعارنویسی بر دیوارها و معابر عمومی کردند که بیشتر انتقاداتی علیه جمهوری اسلامی را شامل میشد. [ ۵۸ ] در شهر شیراز گروههایی از مردم به دلیل مشکلات اقتصادی و اجتماعی دست به اعتراض زدند. این اعتراضات بخشی از موجی گسترده از تجمعات سراسری در کشور بود. [ ۵۹ ] اعتراضها در اصفهان بهعنوان بخشی از این حرکت سراسری، در برخی روزها با اعتصاب کسبه و تعطیلی مغازهها در میدان نقشجهان و دیگر نقاط بازار همراه بود. نیروهای امنیتی نیز در بخشهایی از کشور حضور یافتند تا تجمعات را کنترل کنند. [ ۶۰ ] ۹ دی [ ویرایش ] در پی گسترش اعتراضات دیماه ۱۴۰۴ در ایران، گزارشهای متعددی از اعتصابها، تجمعهای اعتراضی و واکنش نیروهای امنیتی در شهرهای مختلف منتشر شد. در تهران، تعطیلی گستردهٔ مغازهها در مناطقی چون لالهزار، امیرکبیر، سعدی، چهارراه سیروس، میدان حسنآباد، سهراهی امینحضور، میدان ولیعصر، میدان شوش، مولوی و آریاشهر گزارش شد. [ ۶۱ ] [ ۶۲ ] همچنین گروهی از معترضان در بازار مبل یافتآباد با تجمع و راهپیمایی و سر دادن شعار «ببندید، ببندید»، از دیگر بازاریان خواستند به اعتصاب بپیوندند. همزمان، دانشجویان دانشگاههایی از جمله شهید بهشتی، علم و فرهنگ، امیرکبیر، خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، پلیتکنیک، صنعتی شریف و علم و صنعت تجمعهای اعتراضی برگزار کردند. [ ۶۳ ] [ ۶۴ ] گزارشها همچنین از استقرار گسترده نیروهای امنیتی در نقاطی چون میدان آزادی، میدان هفتتیر و اطراف دانشگاه خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی خبر دادند. [ ۶۵ ] در همین روز، استانداری تهران با اشاره به کاهش شدید دما و نگرانیهای مربوط به تأمین انرژی، دستور تعطیلی موقت مدارس، دانشگاهها و ادارههای دولتی استان تهران در روز ۱۰ دی را صادر کرد. [ ۶۶ ] [ ۶۷ ] [ ۶۸ ] [ ۶۹ ] در اصفهان، در جریان اعتراضات ۹ دی، اعتصاب بازاریان و تجمعهای مردمی در واکنش به وضعیت اقتصادی و افزایش قیمتها گزارش شد و دانشجویان دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان نیز به اعتراضات پیوستند. [ ۷۰ ] [ ۷۱ ] [ ۷۲ ] در فولادشهر، همزمان با اصفهان، بازاریان با تعطیلی مغازهها دست به اعتصاب زدند و تجمعهایی در اعتراض به شرایط اقتصادی برگزار شد. [ ۷۳ ] در همدان، کرمانشاه، مشهد، اهواز، فولادشهر، ایذه، اراک، نجفآباد، نورآباد ممسنی و برخی شهرهای استان البرز از جمله مارلیک، گزارشهایی از اعتصاب بازاریان، تعطیلی مغازهها و تجمعهای اعتراضی منتشر شد. [ ۷۴ ] [ ۷۵ ] اعتراضات در روز ۹ دی در کرمانشاه گزارش شده است؛ در این شهر بازاریان و شهروندان علیه شرایط اقتصادی دست به تجمع و اعتصاب زدند. [ ۷۴ ] همچنین معترضان در کرمانشاه در این روز، شعار «جاوید شاه» [ ۷۶ ] و «رضا شاه روحت شاد» سر دادند. [ ۷۷ ] و شماری از دختران در کرمانشاه، به کسبه ای که برای پیوستن به اعتراضات مغازه خود را نبسته بودند، اعتراض کردند. [ ۷۸ ] و در بخشهایی از این اعتراضات در کرمانشاه، مأموران امنیتی به سمت معترضان، گاز اشک آور شلیک کردند. [ ۷۹ ] در استان فارس، در شهرهای فسا و شیراز تجمعهای اعتراضی و اعتصاب بازاریان گزارش شد و در قشم، بازاریان درگهان در اعتراض به بحران اقتصادی مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردند. همچنین در زنجان و یزد، دانشجویان دانشگاهها با برگزاری تجمع و سر دادن شعارهایی، حمایت خود را از اعتراضات مردمی اعلام کردند. [ ۷۳ ] [ ۷۴ ] در روز سوم، دامنهٔ اعتراضات گسترش یافت و با سر داده شدن شعارهای ضدحکومتی، نشان داده شد که مطالبات معترضان از مسائل اقتصادی فراتر رفته و به اعتراضات سیاسی و ضدحکومتی تغییر جهت داده است. [ ۸۰ ] در شامگاه روز چهارم، معترضان در شهر اسدآباد استان همدان یک ساختمان را به آتش کشیدند، که برخی گزارشها ادعا میکنند سازه مورد نظر پایگاه نیروهای شبهنظامی بسیج بوده است. [ ۸۱ ] ۹ دی در پی گسترش اعتراضات دیماه ۱۴۰۴ در ایران، گزارشهای متعددی از اعتصابها، تجمعهای اعتراضی و واکنش نیروهای امنیتی در شهرهای مختلف منتشر شد. در تهران، تعطیلی گستردهٔ مغازهها در مناطقی چون لالهزار، امیرکبیر، سعدی، چهارراه سیروس، میدان حسنآباد، سهراهی امینحضور، میدان ولیعصر، میدان شوش، مولوی و آریاشهر گزارش شد. [ ۶۱ ] [ ۶۲ ] همچنین گروهی از معترضان در بازار مبل یافتآباد با تجمع و راهپیمایی و سر دادن شعار «ببندید، ببندید»، از دیگر بازاریان خواستند به اعتصاب بپیوندند. همزمان، دانشجویان دانشگاههایی از جمله شهید بهشتی، علم و فرهنگ، امیرکبیر، خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، پلیتکنیک، صنعتی شریف و علم و صنعت تجمعهای اعتراضی برگزار کردند. [ ۶۳ ] [ ۶۴ ] گزارشها همچنین از استقرار گسترده نیروهای امنیتی در نقاطی چون میدان آزادی، میدان هفتتیر و اطراف دانشگاه خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی خبر دادند. [ ۶۵ ] در همین روز، استانداری تهران با اشاره به کاهش شدید دما و نگرانیهای مربوط به تأمین انرژی، دستور تعطیلی موقت مدارس، دانشگاهها و ادارههای دولتی استان تهران در روز ۱۰ دی را صادر کرد. [ ۶۶ ] [ ۶۷ ] [ ۶۸ ] [ ۶۹ ] در اصفهان، در جریان اعتراضات ۹ دی، اعتصاب بازاریان و تجمعهای مردمی در واکنش به وضعیت اقتصادی و افزایش قیمتها گزارش شد و دانشجویان دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان نیز به اعتراضات پیوستند. [ ۷۰ ] [ ۷۱ ] [ ۷۲ ] در فولادشهر، همزمان با اصفهان، بازاریان با تعطیلی مغازهها دست به اعتصاب زدند و تجمعهایی در اعتراض به شرایط اقتصادی برگزار شد. [ ۷۳ ] در همدان، کرمانشاه، مشهد، اهواز، فولادشهر، ایذه، اراک، نجفآباد، نورآباد ممسنی و برخی شهرهای استان البرز از جمله مارلیک، گزارشهایی از اعتصاب بازاریان، تعطیلی مغازهها و تجمعهای اعتراضی منتشر شد. [ ۷۴ ] [ ۷۵ ] اعتراضات در روز ۹ دی در کرمانشاه گزارش شده است؛ در این شهر بازاریان و شهروندان علیه شرایط اقتصادی دست به تجمع و اعتصاب زدند. [ ۷۴ ] همچنین معترضان در کرمانشاه در این روز، شعار «جاوید شاه» [ ۷۶ ] و «رضا شاه روحت شاد» سر دادند. [ ۷۷ ] و شماری از دختران در کرمانشاه، به کسبه ای که برای پیوستن به اعتراضات مغازه خود را نبسته بودند، اعتراض کردند. [ ۷۸ ] و در بخشهایی از این اعتراضات در کرمانشاه، مأموران امنیتی به سمت معترضان، گاز اشک آور شلیک کردند. [ ۷۹ ] در استان فارس، در شهرهای فسا و شیراز تجمعهای اعتراضی و اعتصاب بازاریان گزارش شد و در قشم، بازاریان درگهان در اعتراض به بحران اقتصادی مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردند. همچنین در زنجان و یزد، دانشجویان دانشگاهها با برگزاری تجمع و سر دادن شعارهایی، حمایت خود را از اعتراضات مردمی اعلام کردند. [ ۷۳ ] [ ۷۴ ] در روز سوم، دامنهٔ اعتراضات گسترش یافت و با سر داده شدن شعارهای ضدحکومتی، نشان داده شد که مطالبات معترضان از مسائل اقتصادی فراتر رفته و به اعتراضات سیاسی و ضدحکومتی تغییر جهت داده است. [ ۸۰ ] در شامگاه روز چهارم، معترضان در شهر اسدآباد استان همدان یک ساختمان را به آتش کشیدند، که برخی گزارشها ادعا میکنند سازه مورد نظر پایگاه نیروهای شبهنظامی بسیج بوده است. [ ۸۱ ] ۱۰ دی [ ویرایش ] در جریان اعتراضات دیماه ۱۴۰۴ ایران، گزارشهایی از تجمعهای اعتراضی در چندین شهر منتشر شد. در تهران، نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از خودروهای آبپاش برای مقابله با معترضان در خیابان ولیعصر مستقر شدند و حضور این خودروها به ویژه در جنوب خیابان ولیعصر و تقاطع خیابان خمینی مشاهده شد؛ همچنین در مقابل پاساژ چارسو جو امنیتی شدید ایجاد شده بود. [ ۸۲ ] [ ۸۳ ] در کرمانشاه، مردم چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی تجمع کردند و شعارهایی مانند «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سر دادند و بازارهای مختلف شهر از جمله راسته بازار و بازار زرگرها اعتصاب کردند، در حالی که نیروهای امنیتی در میدان فردوسی تا گاراژ مستقر بودند. [ ۸۴ ] در استان فارس، در فسا گروهی از معترضان در برابر ساختمان فرمانداری تجمع کردند و شعار «آخوند باید گم بشه» سر دادند و در جریان این اعتراض در ورودی فرمانداری آسیب دید؛ برخی گزارشها حاکی از شلیک مستقیم مأموران جمهوری اسلامی با اسلحه شکاری به سمت جمعیت بوده است. [ ۸۵ ] [ ۸۶ ] [ ۸۷ ] همچنین در شیراز بازاریان در مناطقی مانند وکیلآباد مغازههای خود را به نشانه اعتراض به وضعیت اقتصادی تعطیل کردند و یک دختر جوان شعارهایی علیه حکومت در ملأ عام سر داد. [ ۸۸ ] [ ۸۹ ] در سنندج، گروهی از دانشجویان دانشگاه کردستان با فراخوانی در شبکههای اجتماعی، از مردم خواستند در تجمعی در روز چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی شرکت کنند و بر ضرورت مقابله با فساد و استقرار عدالت اجتماعی تأکید کردند. [ ۹۰ ] در استان لرستان در شهر کوهدشت تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند. گزارشها حاکی است که این تجمع در واکنش به مشکلات اقتصادی و معیشتی شکل گرفت. معترضان با حضور در یکی از نقاط شهر، نارضایتی خود را نسبت به شرایط موجود ابراز کردند. [ ۹۱ ] [ ۹۲ ] همچنین مأموران امنیتی کوهدشت در روز ۱۰ دی، در میدان امام این شهر به سمت معترضان، تیراندازی و شلیک پیاپی کردند. [ ۹۳ ] در شامگاه ۱۰ دیماه، علی سعیدپور، معاون سیاسی امنیتی استانداری لرستان، گزارش داد که در جریان ناآرامیها، ۱۳ نفر از نیروهای امنیتی، از جمله اعضای نیروی انتظامی و بسیج، مورد حمله قرار گرفتند و مجروح شدند و یک متعرض کشته شد. [ ۹۴ ] [ ۹۵ ] در مشهد، جمعی از دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی برای برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی در روز چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی فراخوان دادند. [ ۹۶ ] علاوه بر این در پی فراخوان دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی، گزارش شد که برخی خطوط اتوبوسرانی، از جمله مسیرهای «مصلی شهدا پارک ملت» و «قاسمآباد پارک ملت»، موقتاً متوقف شده و اتوبوسها تنها تا میدان جانباز حرکت میکنند و سپس بازمیگردند. [ ۹۷ ] همچنین گزارش شده بود که نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از ونهایی با پوشش اپراتورهای تلفن همراه «ایرانسل» و «همراه اول» در اطراف میدان جانباز و فلکه پارک مستقر شدهاند. این نیروها به گفته منابع محلی، برای جابهجایی نیرو و بازداشت احتمالی معترضان فعالیت داشتهاند. [ ۹۷ ] بر اساس این گزارش، نیروهای لباسشخصی نیز در قالب گروههای چهار تا پنج نفره و با لباسهای ورزشی در سطح شهر تردد میکردند؛ اقدامی که به گفته منابع محلی، برای کاهش شناسایی و محافظت از خودروهای امنیتی انجام شده است. [ ۹۷ ] در شهر اسدآباد در استان همدان شاهد تجمعهای اعتراضی بود. بنا بر گزارشهای منتشر شده توسط رسانههای مستقل و روزنامهنگاران، برخی معترضان ساختمانی را در شهر به آتش کشیدند. [ ۹۸ ] برخی منابع ادعا کردند که سازه مورد نظر، پایگاه نیروهای بسیج بوده است، هرچند این موضوع بهطور مستقل قابل تأیید نیست. گزارشها همچنین حاکی از آن است که نیروهای امنیتی محلی برای متفرق کردن معترضان از تیراندازی و گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند. با وجود این اقدامات امنیتی، برخی منابع گزارش دادند که معترضان همچنان در خیابانها حضور داشتند. [ ۹۹ ] در خرمآباد، مرکز استان لرستان، معترضان در خیابانها حضور یافتند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت و شرایط اقتصادی سر دادند، از جمله شعار «ایرانی، فریاد بزن، برای حقت فریاد بزن». [ ۹۹ ] [ ۱۰۰ ] شهرهای دیگر شامل جونقان، شهرکرد، فولادشهر، اراک و دزفول نیز شاهد تجمعهایی بودند در جونقان و شهرکرد مردم شعارهایی علیه حکومت سر دادند، در فولادشهر مردم به خیابانها آمدند و اعتراض کردند، در اراک فیلمهایی منتشر شد که معترضان شعارهای ضدرژیم مانند «بسیجی، سپاهی، شما داعشی هستید» سر میدادند و در دزفول گروهی از مردم شامگاه چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی برای پیوستن به اعتراضات در خیابانها آتش روشن کردند. [ ۱۰۰ ] [ ۱۰۱ ] [ ۹۹ ] همچنین در استان خوزستان، مردم رامهرمز و زاهدان در خیابانها حاضر شدند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت جمهوری اسلامی سر دادند. [ ۱۰۰ ] در استان همدان، شهر نهاوند شاهد تجمعهای اعتراضی بود و معترضان علیه وضعیت اقتصادی و سیاسی شعار دادند. [ ۱۰۰ ] در شیروان ، معلمان شاغل و بازنشسته مقابل اداره آموزشوپرورش تجمع کردند. [ ۱۰۲ ] در اصفهان، معترضان چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی در میدان نقشجهان تجمع کردند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت و به ویژه رهبر جمهوری اسلامی، علی خامنهای، سر دادند. [ ۸۴ ] [ ۱۰۰ ] در جریان اعتراضات در اصفهان و فولادشهر، گزارش شد که نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از سلاح گرم به سمت معترضان شلیک کردند. بر اساس گزارشهای رسانههای مستقل، یک جوان معترض در فولادشهر به نام داریوش انصاری بختیاروند بر اثر شلیک مستقیم نیروهای امنیتی کشته شد. [ ۱۰۳ ] ۱۰ دی در جریان اعتراضات دیماه ۱۴۰۴ ایران، گزارشهایی از تجمعهای اعتراضی در چندین شهر منتشر شد. در تهران، نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از خودروهای آبپاش برای مقابله با معترضان در خیابان ولیعصر مستقر شدند و حضور این خودروها به ویژه در جنوب خیابان ولیعصر و تقاطع خیابان خمینی مشاهده شد؛ همچنین در مقابل پاساژ چارسو جو امنیتی شدید ایجاد شده بود. [ ۸۲ ] [ ۸۳ ] در کرمانشاه، مردم چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی تجمع کردند و شعارهایی مانند «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سر دادند و بازارهای مختلف شهر از جمله راسته بازار و بازار زرگرها اعتصاب کردند، در حالی که نیروهای امنیتی در میدان فردوسی تا گاراژ مستقر بودند. [ ۸۴ ] در استان فارس، در فسا گروهی از معترضان در برابر ساختمان فرمانداری تجمع کردند و شعار «آخوند باید گم بشه» سر دادند و در جریان این اعتراض در ورودی فرمانداری آسیب دید؛ برخی گزارشها حاکی از شلیک مستقیم مأموران جمهوری اسلامی با اسلحه شکاری به سمت جمعیت بوده است. [ ۸۵ ] [ ۸۶ ] [ ۸۷ ] همچنین در شیراز بازاریان در مناطقی مانند وکیلآباد مغازههای خود را به نشانه اعتراض به وضعیت اقتصادی تعطیل کردند و یک دختر جوان شعارهایی علیه حکومت در ملأ عام سر داد. [ ۸۸ ] [ ۸۹ ] در سنندج، گروهی از دانشجویان دانشگاه کردستان با فراخوانی در شبکههای اجتماعی، از مردم خواستند در تجمعی در روز چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی شرکت کنند و بر ضرورت مقابله با فساد و استقرار عدالت اجتماعی تأکید کردند. [ ۹۰ ] در استان لرستان در شهر کوهدشت تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند. گزارشها حاکی است که این تجمع در واکنش به مشکلات اقتصادی و معیشتی شکل گرفت. معترضان با حضور در یکی از نقاط شهر، نارضایتی خود را نسبت به شرایط موجود ابراز کردند. [ ۹۱ ] [ ۹۲ ] همچنین مأموران امنیتی کوهدشت در روز ۱۰ دی، در میدان امام این شهر به سمت معترضان، تیراندازی و شلیک پیاپی کردند. [ ۹۳ ] در شامگاه ۱۰ دیماه، علی سعیدپور، معاون سیاسی امنیتی استانداری لرستان، گزارش داد که در جریان ناآرامیها، ۱۳ نفر از نیروهای امنیتی، از جمله اعضای نیروی انتظامی و بسیج، مورد حمله قرار گرفتند و مجروح شدند و یک متعرض کشته شد. [ ۹۴ ] [ ۹۵ ] در مشهد، جمعی از دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی برای برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی در روز چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی فراخوان دادند. [ ۹۶ ] علاوه بر این در پی فراخوان دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی، گزارش شد که برخی خطوط اتوبوسرانی، از جمله مسیرهای «مصلی شهدا پارک ملت» و «قاسمآباد پارک ملت»، موقتاً متوقف شده و اتوبوسها تنها تا میدان جانباز حرکت میکنند و سپس بازمیگردند. [ ۹۷ ] همچنین گزارش شده بود که نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از ونهایی با پوشش اپراتورهای تلفن همراه «ایرانسل» و «همراه اول» در اطراف میدان جانباز و فلکه پارک مستقر شدهاند. این نیروها به گفته منابع محلی، برای جابهجایی نیرو و بازداشت احتمالی معترضان فعالیت داشتهاند. [ ۹۷ ] بر اساس این گزارش، نیروهای لباسشخصی نیز در قالب گروههای چهار تا پنج نفره و با لباسهای ورزشی در سطح شهر تردد میکردند؛ اقدامی که به گفته منابع محلی، برای کاهش شناسایی و محافظت از خودروهای امنیتی انجام شده است. [ ۹۷ ] در شهر اسدآباد در استان همدان شاهد تجمعهای اعتراضی بود. بنا بر گزارشهای منتشر شده توسط رسانههای مستقل و روزنامهنگاران، برخی معترضان ساختمانی را در شهر به آتش کشیدند. [ ۹۸ ] برخی منابع ادعا کردند که سازه مورد نظر، پایگاه نیروهای بسیج بوده است، هرچند این موضوع بهطور مستقل قابل تأیید نیست. گزارشها همچنین حاکی از آن است که نیروهای امنیتی محلی برای متفرق کردن معترضان از تیراندازی و گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند. با وجود این اقدامات امنیتی، برخی منابع گزارش دادند که معترضان همچنان در خیابانها حضور داشتند. [ ۹۹ ] در خرمآباد، مرکز استان لرستان، معترضان در خیابانها حضور یافتند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت و شرایط اقتصادی سر دادند، از جمله شعار «ایرانی، فریاد بزن، برای حقت فریاد بزن». [ ۹۹ ] [ ۱۰۰ ] شهرهای دیگر شامل جونقان، شهرکرد، فولادشهر، اراک و دزفول نیز شاهد تجمعهایی بودند در جونقان و شهرکرد مردم شعارهایی علیه حکومت سر دادند، در فولادشهر مردم به خیابانها آمدند و اعتراض کردند، در اراک فیلمهایی منتشر شد که معترضان شعارهای ضدرژیم مانند «بسیجی، سپاهی، شما داعشی هستید» سر میدادند و در دزفول گروهی از مردم شامگاه چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی برای پیوستن به اعتراضات در خیابانها آتش روشن کردند. [ ۱۰۰ ] [ ۱۰۱ ] [ ۹۹ ] همچنین در استان خوزستان، مردم رامهرمز و زاهدان در خیابانها حاضر شدند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت جمهوری اسلامی سر دادند. [ ۱۰۰ ] در استان همدان، شهر نهاوند شاهد تجمعهای اعتراضی بود و معترضان علیه وضعیت اقتصادی و سیاسی شعار دادند. [ ۱۰۰ ] در شیروان ، معلمان شاغل و بازنشسته مقابل اداره آموزشوپرورش تجمع کردند. [ ۱۰۲ ] در اصفهان، معترضان چهارشنبه ۱۰ دی در میدان نقشجهان تجمع کردند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت و به ویژه رهبر جمهوری اسلامی، علی خامنهای، سر دادند. [ ۸۴ ] [ ۱۰۰ ] در جریان اعتراضات در اصفهان و فولادشهر، گزارش شد که نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از سلاح گرم به سمت معترضان شلیک کردند. بر اساس گزارشهای رسانههای مستقل، یک جوان معترض در فولادشهر به نام داریوش انصاری بختیاروند بر اثر شلیک مستقیم نیروهای امنیتی کشته شد. [ ۱۰۳ ] ۱۱ دی [ ویرایش ] با وجود شلیک مرگبار نیروهای سرکوبگر جمهوریاسلامی، اعتراضات مردم در پنجمین روز ادامه یافت. مأموران حکومتی بیشتر از روزهای قبل اقدام به تیراندازی کردند و با شلیک به مردم چندین نفر را کشتند و زخمی کردند. در شبکههای اجتماعی اسامی تعدادی از کشتهشدگان به شرح زیر گزارش شده است: «شایان اسداللهی»، «وهاب موسوی»، «خداداد شیروانی»، «رضا نیکنام»، کودکی با نام «مصطفی». «داریوش انصاری بختیاروند»، «امیرحسام خدایاری»، «احمد جلیل» و «سجاد والامنش». مردم معترض و خشمگین، در شهر فارسان حوزه علمیه این شهر را به آتش کشیدند. هچنین مجسمه قاسم سلیمانی در یکی از میدانهای شهر لالی فارس در آتش سوخت. همچنین شهر همدان شاهد شلیک کور مأموران سرکوبگر به سمت معترضان بود. [ ۱۰۴ ] از طرف دیگر در آغاز پنجمین روز اعتراضات، کارگران و کارکنان میدان مرکزی میوه و ترهبار تهران دست از کار کشیده و با توقف چرخه توزیع، به خیزش سراسری پیوستند. معترضان با شعار «میدونی با غیرت، حمایت حمایت»، از بازاریان و عموم مردم خواستند با گسترش اعتصابات، اراده ملی برای تغییر را تقویت کنند. مأموران انتظامی سرکوبگر با زدن گاز اشک آور، قصد متفرق کردن تظاهرکنندگان را داشتند که با مقاومت مردم مواجه شده و از صحنه فرار میکنند. [ ۱۰۵ ] نیروهای انتظامی در میدان صادقیه مستقر شدهاند و در میدان میوه و ترهبار مرکزی تهران در منطقه ۱۹، مأموران به سوی معترضان تیراندازی کرده و گاز اشکآور شلیک کردهاند. همچنین کاسبان میدان مرکزی میوه و ترهبار با شعار «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» به اعتراضات پیوستند. ویدیوهای دیگری نیز حضور مأموران سرکوب در بازار تهران را نشان میدهد. [ ۱۰۶ ] شماری از شهروندان شهر قم در خیابانها تجمع کردند و با حضور در حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری، شعارهایی علیه حکومت جمهوری اسلامی و از جمله «جاوید شاه» سر دادند. همچنین برخی معترضان شعارهایی از حمایت از رضا پهلوی و حکومت رضاشاه پهلوی فریاد زدند. قم به عنوان یکی از پایگاههای مذهبی و سیاسی جمهوری اسلامی، با حضور حوزههای علمیه و مراجع شیعه حامی حکومت، از شهرهای حساس در این ناآرامیها بهشمار میرود. با وجود حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی و تلاش برای متفرق کردن جمعیت، معترضان همچنان به حضور خود در خیابان ادامه دادند. [ ۱۰۷ ] [ ۱۰۸ ] معترضان در مترو سعدی مشهد جمع شدند و پلیسها و یگانهای امنیتی با حمله به این تجمع تلاش کردند آنها را متفرق کنند. [ ۱۰۹ ] استان خراسان رضوی ، اعتراضاتی توسط دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی و دانشگاه خیام برگزار شد. این تجمعها شامل سر دادن شعارهایی همچون «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» و «دانشجو میمیرد، ذلت نمیپذیرد» بود. [ ۱۱۰ ] برخی منابع گزارش دادند که نیروهای امنیتی برای متفرق کردن معترضان در مکانهایی مانند ایستگاه مترو سعدی دخالت کردند. [ ۱۱۰ ] همچنین، گزارشهایی از مشارکت شهروند سالخورده در مشهد شروع به اعتراض و با شعار «مرگ بر خامنهای» اعتراض خود را عنوان کرد. [ ۱۱۰ ] در این روز همچنین گزارش شد که معترضان در مرودشت در تجمعی اعتراضی حضور یافتند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت جمهوری اسلامی چون «امسال سال خونه، سیدعلی سرنگونه» سر دادند. [ ۱۱۱ ] در نورآباد ، لرستان ، معترضان با روشن کردن آتش در خیابانها و سر دادن شعارهایی علیه حکومت اعتراض کردند. همچنین برخی منابع مدعی شدند که معترضان در برابر نیروهای امنیتی که اقدام به تیراندازی کرده بودند، مقاومت نشان دادند، هرچند جزئیات این رویدادها بهطور مستقل تأیید نشده است. [ ۱۱۲ ] مردم معترض در نورآباد لرستان، شعارهای «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» و «مرگ بر خامنهای» سردادند. [ ۱۱۳ ] [ ۱۱۴ ] بر اساس گزارشها، نیروهای حکومتی در جریان این تجمعها اقدام به تیراندازی مستقیم به سمت معترضان کردند که منجر به زخمی شدن چند نفر شد. همچنین گزارش شده است که یک خودروی پلیس در جریان این ناآرامیها به آتش کشیده شد. جزئیات بیشتری دربارهٔ شمار دقیق زخمیها یا وضعیت آنان منتشر نشده است. [ ۱۱۵ ] همچنین در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری و فارسان شاهد اعتراضات و برخوردهای امنیتی بودند. صبح روز وقوع ناآرامیها، تجمعهایی در نقاطی از شهر لردگان از جمله اطراف فرمانداری و فلکه شهرداری، فلکه بسیج شکل گرفت. بهگزارش این منابع، با افزایش تنشها، برخی افراد اقدام به تخریب و آسیبزدن با پرتاب سنگ به ساختمانهای دولتی و بانکی کردند. نیروهای پلیس برای متفرق کردن تجمعکنندگان از گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند و درگیریهایی میان دو طرف گزارش شد. در جریان این ناآرامیها تعدادی زخمی شدند و گزارشهایی تأییدنشده از کشته شدن چند نفر منتشر شد. [ ۱۱۶ ] [ ۱۱۷ ] [ ۱۱۸ ] در لردگان، معترضان با شعارهایی چون «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» به خیابان آمدند و ویدیوهایی از حمله مأموران سرکوب و فریاد «بیشرف» مردم منتشر شد. در فارسان، گزارشها از بازداشت دستکم ۲۰ معترض، که اغلب زیر ۱۸ سال سن داشتند، خبر میدهد. [ ۱۰۶ ] گزارش شد که دفتر امامجمعه شهر جونقان به آتش کشیده شد. [ ۱۱۹ ] گروهی از مردم معترض عصر پنجشنبه ۱۱ دیماه در شهر کوار در استان فارس به خیابان آمدند و تظاهرات خیابانی برپا کردند. [ ۱۲۰ ] مرودشت صحنه تجمعهای گسترده اعتراضی بود. معترضان در این شهر شعارهایی مانند «امسال سال خونه، سیدعلی سرنگونه»، «توپ تانک فشفشه، آخوند باید گم بشه» و «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۱۱۰ ] در کرمانشاه برای برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی به خیابان نوبهار آمدند و شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» و «جاوید شاه» سردادند. این تجمعها با حضور نیروهای امنیتی همراه بود. [ ۱۱۰ ] ۱۱ دی با وجود شلیک مرگبار نیروهای سرکوبگر جمهوریاسلامی، اعتراضات مردم در پنجمین روز ادامه یافت. مأموران حکومتی بیشتر از روزهای قبل اقدام به تیراندازی کردند و با شلیک به مردم چندین نفر را کشتند و زخمی کردند. در شبکههای اجتماعی اسامی تعدادی از کشتهشدگان به شرح زیر گزارش شده است: «شایان اسداللهی»، «وهاب موسوی»، «خداداد شیروانی»، «رضا نیکنام»، کودکی با نام «مصطفی». «داریوش انصاری بختیاروند»، «امیرحسام خدایاری»، «احمد جلیل» و «سجاد والامنش». مردم معترض و خشمگین، در شهر فارسان حوزه علمیه این شهر را به آتش کشیدند. هچنین مجسمه قاسم سلیمانی در یکی از میدانهای شهر لالی فارس در آتش سوخت. همچنین شهر همدان شاهد شلیک کور مأموران سرکوبگر به سمت معترضان بود. [ ۱۰۴ ] از طرف دیگر در آغاز پنجمین روز اعتراضات، کارگران و کارکنان میدان مرکزی میوه و ترهبار تهران دست از کار کشیده و با توقف چرخه توزیع، به خیزش سراسری پیوستند. معترضان با شعار «میدونی با غیرت، حمایت حمایت»، از بازاریان و عموم مردم خواستند با گسترش اعتصابات، اراده ملی برای تغییر را تقویت کنند. مأموران انتظامی سرکوبگر با زدن گاز اشک آور، قصد متفرق کردن تظاهرکنندگان را داشتند که با مقاومت مردم مواجه شده و از صحنه فرار میکنند. [ ۱۰۵ ] نیروهای انتظامی در میدان صادقیه مستقر شدهاند و در میدان میوه و ترهبار مرکزی تهران در منطقه ۱۹، مأموران به سوی معترضان تیراندازی کرده و گاز اشکآور شلیک کردهاند. همچنین کاسبان میدان مرکزی میوه و ترهبار با شعار «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» به اعتراضات پیوستند. ویدیوهای دیگری نیز حضور مأموران سرکوب در بازار تهران را نشان میدهد. [ ۱۰۶ ] شماری از شهروندان شهر قم در خیابانها تجمع کردند و با حضور در حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری، شعارهایی علیه حکومت جمهوری اسلامی و از جمله «جاوید شاه» سر دادند. همچنین برخی معترضان شعارهایی از حمایت از رضا پهلوی و حکومت رضاشاه پهلوی فریاد زدند. قم به عنوان یکی از پایگاههای مذهبی و سیاسی جمهوری اسلامی، با حضور حوزههای علمیه و مراجع شیعه حامی حکومت، از شهرهای حساس در این ناآرامیها بهشمار میرود. با وجود حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی و تلاش برای متفرق کردن جمعیت، معترضان همچنان به حضور خود در خیابان ادامه دادند. [ ۱۰۷ ] [ ۱۰۸ ] معترضان در مترو سعدی مشهد جمع شدند و پلیسها و یگانهای امنیتی با حمله به این تجمع تلاش کردند آنها را متفرق کنند. [ ۱۰۹ ] استان خراسان رضوی ، اعتراضاتی توسط دانشجویان دانشگاه فردوسی و دانشگاه خیام برگزار شد. این تجمعها شامل سر دادن شعارهایی همچون «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» و «دانشجو میمیرد، ذلت نمیپذیرد» بود. [ ۱۱۰ ] برخی منابع گزارش دادند که نیروهای امنیتی برای متفرق کردن معترضان در مکانهایی مانند ایستگاه مترو سعدی دخالت کردند. [ ۱۱۰ ] همچنین، گزارشهایی از مشارکت شهروند سالخورده در مشهد شروع به اعتراض و با شعار «مرگ بر خامنهای» اعتراض خود را عنوان کرد. [ ۱۱۰ ] در این روز همچنین گزارش شد که معترضان در مرودشت در تجمعی اعتراضی حضور یافتند و شعارهایی علیه حکومت جمهوری اسلامی چون «امسال سال خونه، سیدعلی سرنگونه» سر دادند. [ ۱۱۱ ] در نورآباد ، لرستان ، معترضان با روشن کردن آتش در خیابانها و سر دادن شعارهایی علیه حکومت اعتراض کردند. همچنین برخی منابع مدعی شدند که معترضان در برابر نیروهای امنیتی که اقدام به تیراندازی کرده بودند، مقاومت نشان دادند، هرچند جزئیات این رویدادها بهطور مستقل تأیید نشده است. [ ۱۱۲ ] مردم معترض در نورآباد لرستان، شعارهای «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» و «مرگ بر خامنهای» سردادند. [ ۱۱۳ ] [ ۱۱۴ ] بر اساس گزارشها، نیروهای حکومتی در جریان این تجمعها اقدام به تیراندازی مستقیم به سمت معترضان کردند که منجر به زخمی شدن چند نفر شد. همچنین گزارش شده است که یک خودروی پلیس در جریان این ناآرامیها به آتش کشیده شد. جزئیات بیشتری دربارهٔ شمار دقیق زخمیها یا وضعیت آنان منتشر نشده است. [ ۱۱۵ ] همچنین در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری و فارسان شاهد اعتراضات و برخوردهای امنیتی بودند. صبح روز وقوع ناآرامیها، تجمعهایی در نقاطی از شهر لردگان از جمله اطراف فرمانداری و فلکه شهرداری، فلکه بسیج شکل گرفت. بهگزارش این منابع، با افزایش تنشها، برخی افراد اقدام به تخریب و آسیبزدن با پرتاب سنگ به ساختمانهای دولتی و بانکی کردند. نیروهای پلیس برای متفرق کردن تجمعکنندگان از گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند و درگیریهایی میان دو طرف گزارش شد. در جریان این ناآرامیها تعدادی زخمی شدند و گزارشهایی تأییدنشده از کشته شدن چند نفر منتشر شد. [ ۱۱۶ ] [ ۱۱۷ ] [ ۱۱۸ ] در لردگان، معترضان با شعارهایی چون «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» به خیابان آمدند و ویدیوهایی از حمله مأموران سرکوب و فریاد «بیشرف» مردم منتشر شد. در فارسان، گزارشها از بازداشت دستکم ۲۰ معترض، که اغلب زیر ۱۸ سال سن داشتند، خبر میدهد. [ ۱۰۶ ] گزارش شد که دفتر امامجمعه شهر جونقان به آتش کشیده شد. [ ۱۱۹ ] گروهی از مردم معترض عصر پنجشنبه ۱۱ دیماه در شهر کوار در استان فارس به خیابان آمدند و تظاهرات خیابانی برپا کردند. [ ۱۲۰ ] مرودشت صحنه تجمعهای گسترده اعتراضی بود. معترضان در این شهر شعارهایی مانند «امسال سال خونه، سیدعلی سرنگونه»، «توپ تانک فشفشه، آخوند باید گم بشه» و «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۱۱۰ ] در کرمانشاه برای برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی به خیابان نوبهار آمدند و شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» و «جاوید شاه» سردادند. این تجمعها با حضور نیروهای امنیتی همراه بود. [ ۱۱۰ ] ۱۲ دی [ ویرایش ] در روز جمعه ۱۲ دیماه (۲ ژانویهٔ ۲۰۲۶)، در ادامهٔ اعتراضات سراسری ایران ، گزارشهای رسانههای معتبر حاکی از حضور مردمی در خیابانهای زاهدان ، مرکز استان سیستان و بلوچستان بود که با سردادن شعارهایی علیه وضعیت اقتصادی و سیاسی، از جمله « مرگ بر دیکتاتور » و « مرگ بر خامنهای »، مخالفت خود را با وضعیت معیشتی و حکومتی ابراز کردند. [ ۱۲۱ ] این حضور اعتراضی در زاهدان نمایانگر گسترش اعتراضات از چند شهر بزرگ به استانهای مرزی و جنوبشرقی کشور بود و مورد توجه رسانههای بینالمللی نیز قرار گرفت. [ ۱۲۲ ] در شامگاه ۱۲ دی معترضان در جونقان پایگاه بسیج در این شهر آتش زدند. [ ۱۲۳ ] بر اساس گزارشهای رسانههای معتبر، اعتراضات در تهران ، قم ، اصفهان ، شیراز ، مشهد ، کرج ، زنجان ، همدان و قشم در روزهای قبل و پس از ۱۲ دی نیز ادامه یافته یا در آنها تجمعهای مردمی گزارش شده است، هرچند تمرکز پوشش رسانهای بر شهرهای بزرگ بوده است. [ ۱۲۴ ] [ ۱۲۵ ] [ ۱۲۶ ] گزارشهای بینالمللی نشان میدهند که در تهران تجمعات بازاریان و دیگر گروهها با شعارهای اقتصادی و سیاسی همراه بوده است و در شهرهای دیگر نیز اعتراضات پراکنده یا ادامه یافتهاند، اگرچه شدت و ابعاد آنها نسبت به روزهای آغازین متغیر بوده است. [ ۱۲۷ ] [ ۱۲۸ ] ۱۲ دی در روز جمعه ۱۲ دیماه (۲ ژانویهٔ ۲۰۲۶)، در ادامهٔ اعتراضات سراسری ایران ، گزارشهای رسانههای معتبر حاکی از حضور مردمی در خیابانهای زاهدان ، مرکز استان سیستان و بلوچستان بود که با سردادن شعارهایی علیه وضعیت اقتصادی و سیاسی، از جمله « مرگ بر دیکتاتور » و « مرگ بر خامنهای »، مخالفت خود را با وضعیت معیشتی و حکومتی ابراز کردند. [ ۱۲۱ ] این حضور اعتراضی در زاهدان نمایانگر گسترش اعتراضات از چند شهر بزرگ به استانهای مرزی و جنوبشرقی کشور بود و مورد توجه رسانههای بینالمللی نیز قرار گرفت. [ ۱۲۲ ] در شامگاه ۱۲ دی معترضان در جونقان پایگاه بسیج در این شهر آتش زدند. [ ۱۲۳ ] بر اساس گزارشهای رسانههای معتبر، اعتراضات در تهران ، قم ، اصفهان ، شیراز ، مشهد ، کرج ، زنجان ، همدان و قشم در روزهای قبل و پس از ۱۲ دی نیز ادامه یافته یا در آنها تجمعهای مردمی گزارش شده است، هرچند تمرکز پوشش رسانهای بر شهرهای بزرگ بوده است. [ ۱۲۴ ] [ ۱۲۵ ] [ ۱۲۶ ] گزارشهای بینالمللی نشان میدهند که در تهران تجمعات بازاریان و دیگر گروهها با شعارهای اقتصادی و سیاسی همراه بوده است و در شهرهای دیگر نیز اعتراضات پراکنده یا ادامه یافتهاند، اگرچه شدت و ابعاد آنها نسبت به روزهای آغازین متغیر بوده است. [ ۱۲۷ ] [ ۱۲۸ ] ۱۳ دی [ ویرایش ] در هفتمین روز اعتراضات سراسری در ایران علیه جمهوری اسلامی، تظاهرات و تجمعهای اعتراضی در چندین شهر کشور از جمله تهران میدان ولیعصر، شیراز، کازرون و کرمانشاه ادامه پیدا کرد و گروهها و تشکلهای بیشتری به این اعتراضات پیوستند. [ ۱۲۹ ] در شنبه ۱۳ دی موج اعتراضات سراسری ادامه ادامه یافت. ویدیوهای منتشر شده از کازرون در صبح شنبه ۱۳ دی ماه، از حرکت دهها معترض در خیابانهای این شهر استان فارس حکایت دارد. معترضان در شماری از شهرها مانند نقاب خراسان رضوی، شیراز ، نیریز و کازرون در استان فارس، اصفهان ، تهران، مشهد، کرمانشاه و بروجرد و خرمآباد در استان لرستان به خیابانها آمدند. [ ۱۳۰ ] شنبهشب، در شهر محلات از توابع استان مرکزی، افراد ناشناس اقدام به آتشزدن یک کیوسک پلیس کردند. همچنین در جریان این حادثه، یکی از دوربینهای مداربستهٔ شهری از کار افتاد. [ ۱۳۱ ] [ ۱۳۲ ] در شهرستان ملکشاهی در استان ایلام، گروهی از مردم روز شنبه ۱۳ دی ماه با شعارهایی مانند «مرگ بر خامنهای» دست به تجمع اعتراضی زدند. [ ۱۳۳ ] [ ۱۲۹ ] بر اساس گزارشهای شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان، در تاریخ ۳ ژانویه در شهر ملکشاهی استان ایلام، نیروهای سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی به سوی معترضان کرد تیراندازی کردند که به کشته شدن چهار نفر و زخمی شدن حدود ۳۰ نفر دیگر منجر شد. [ ۱۳۴ ] افراد کشتهشده بهگفته منابع محلی، رضا عظیمزاده، فارز آقامحمدی، محمد بزونه و مهدی امامیپور بودند. تعدادی از مجروحان در بیمارستان محلی ملکشاهی بستری شدند و برخی دیگر به بیمارستان امام خمینی در شهر ایلام منتقل شدند. [ ۱۳۴ ] منابع محلی گزارش کردند که کارکنان بیمارستان ملکشاهی با کمبود خون و پزشکان متخصص مواجه بودند و از مردم برای اهدای خون فراخوان دادند. [ ۱۳۴ ] همچنین ساکنان محلی و کارکنان بیمارستان مانع ورود نیروهای پلیس ضدشورش به بیمارستان شدند تا از دستگیری مجروحان جلوگیری کنند. شاهدان عینی گزارش دادن مأموران حکومت، شماری از مجروحان را ربودند و حتی مانع اهدای خون برای کمک به این افراد شدند. [ ۱۳۵ ] تیراندازی زمانی رخ داد که گروهی از معترضان از خیابانی عبور میکردند که فرمانداری و دفتر بسیج ملکشاهی در آن قرار دارند. [ ۱۳۴ ] پس از آن، شهر تحت تدابیر شدید امنیتی قرار گرفت. [ ۱۳۴ ] حزب کومله کردستان با انتشار اطلاعیهای، ضمن حمایت قاطع از اعتراضات، خواستار پیوستن همه اقشار به اعتصابات سراسری و فشار جامعه جهانی برای توقف سرکوبها شد. گروهی از ایرانیان مقیم آمریکا مقابل دفتر حافظ منافع جمهوری اسلامی در واشینگتن دی.سی. تجمع کردند. گروهی از معترضان در شهر آمل شامگاه شنبه ۱۳ دیماه شعار «فقر فساد گرونی، میریم تا سرنگونی» سر دادند. شهروندان در شهر زرقان استان فارس، شامگاه شنبه ۱۳ دی در حمایت از دیگر شهرهای ایران به خیابان آمدند. شهروندان کرج در خیابانی در فردیس تجمع کردند و شعارهایی علیه علی خامنهای و در هواداری از رضا پهلوی سر دادند. گروهی از ایرانیان ساکن مونترال کانادا در حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری مقابل دانشگاه کونکوردیا تجمع کردند. [ ۱۳۰ ] همچنین گروهی از معترضان جوان در فارسان، شهری در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری و در هفشجان ، در خیابان آتش روشن کردند و در حالی که نیروهای امنیتی با آنها روبرو میشدند، مقاومت میکردند. [ ۱۳۶ ] معترضان در شهر یاسوج، در جنوب غربی ایران، در جریان تظاهرات خیابانی شنبه شب شعارهایی در حمایت از پهلوی سر دادند. [ ۱۳۷ ] در جریان اعتراضات در خرمآباد، معترضان در برابر نیروهای امنیتی مقاومت کردند. [ ۱۳۸ ] [ ۱۳۰ ] در جریان اعتراضات در شهر فارسان، استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، گزارش شده است که ساغر اعتمادی، ۲۲ ساله، در اثر اصابت گلوله ساچمهای به سر و صورت به دست نیروهای انتظامی جان خود را از دست داده. [ ۱۳۹ ] [ ۱۴۰ ] مأموران در بجنورد استان خراسان شمالی، شامگاه شنبه به سمت معترضان گاز اشکآور شلیک کردند. خبرنامه خواجه نصیر شنبه ۱۳ دی گزارش داد دانشجویان در خوابگاه پسرانه دانش یک، پرچم جمهوری اسلامی را آتش زدند. معترضان در گوهردشت کرج، شعار « این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده » سر دادند. معترضان در شیراز، محله کشن (گلشن)، در مقابل نیروهای حکومتی بر زمین نشستند و خیابان را بستند. [ نیازمند منبع ] همچین در ششمین سالگرد کشته شدن قاسم سلیمانی، فرمانده سابق نیروی قدس سپاه پاسداران، بنری از او در دانشگاه شیراز به آتش کشیده شد. [ ۱۴۱ ] رهبر جمهوری اسلامی، در نخستین واکنش رسمی خود به اعتراضات جاری، میان معترضان به وضعیت اقتصادی و آنچه او «اغتشاشگر» نامید، تفاوت قائل شد. او با بیان اینکه «اعتراض غیر از اغتشاش است»، تأکید کرد که مسئولان باید با معترضان گفتگو کنند، اما «با اغتشاشگر حرف زدن فایدهای ندارد و اغتشاشگر را باید سر جایش نشاند.» خامنهای این اعتراضات را به «تحریک دشمن» و «مزدوران» نسبت داد و گفت که دشمن قصد دارد با سوءاستفاده از بازاریان، امنیت کشور را برهم بزند. [ ۱۴۲ ] [ ۱۴۳ ] ۱۳ دی در هفتمین روز اعتراضات سراسری در ایران علیه جمهوری اسلامی، تظاهرات و تجمعهای اعتراضی در چندین شهر کشور از جمله تهران میدان ولیعصر، شیراز، کازرون و کرمانشاه ادامه پیدا کرد و گروهها و تشکلهای بیشتری به این اعتراضات پیوستند. [ ۱۲۹ ] در شنبه ۱۳ دی موج اعتراضات سراسری ادامه ادامه یافت. ویدیوهای منتشر شده از کازرون در صبح شنبه ۱۳ دی ماه، از حرکت دهها معترض در خیابانهای این شهر استان فارس حکایت دارد. معترضان در شماری از شهرها مانند نقاب خراسان رضوی، شیراز ، نیریز و کازرون در استان فارس، اصفهان ، تهران، مشهد، کرمانشاه و بروجرد و خرمآباد در استان لرستان به خیابانها آمدند. [ ۱۳۰ ] شنبهشب، در شهر محلات از توابع استان مرکزی، افراد ناشناس اقدام به آتشزدن یک کیوسک پلیس کردند. همچنین در جریان این حادثه، یکی از دوربینهای مداربستهٔ شهری از کار افتاد. [ ۱۳۱ ] [ ۱۳۲ ] در شهرستان ملکشاهی در استان ایلام، گروهی از مردم روز شنبه ۱۳ دی ماه با شعارهایی مانند «مرگ بر خامنهای» دست به تجمع اعتراضی زدند. [ ۱۳۳ ] [ ۱۲۹ ] بر اساس گزارشهای شبکه حقوق بشر کردستان، در تاریخ ۳ ژانویه در شهر ملکشاهی استان ایلام، نیروهای سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی به سوی معترضان کرد تیراندازی کردند که به کشته شدن چهار نفر و زخمی شدن حدود ۳۰ نفر دیگر منجر شد. [ ۱۳۴ ] افراد کشتهشده بهگفته منابع محلی، رضا عظیمزاده، فارز آقامحمدی، محمد بزونه و مهدی امامیپور بودند. تعدادی از مجروحان در بیمارستان محلی ملکشاهی بستری شدند و برخی دیگر به بیمارستان امام خمینی در شهر ایلام منتقل شدند. [ ۱۳۴ ] منابع محلی گزارش کردند که کارکنان بیمارستان ملکشاهی با کمبود خون و پزشکان متخصص مواجه بودند و از مردم برای اهدای خون فراخوان دادند. [ ۱۳۴ ] همچنین ساکنان محلی و کارکنان بیمارستان مانع ورود نیروهای پلیس ضدشورش به بیمارستان شدند تا از دستگیری مجروحان جلوگیری کنند. شاهدان عینی گزارش دادن مأموران حکومت، شماری از مجروحان را ربودند و حتی مانع اهدای خون برای کمک به این افراد شدند. [ ۱۳۵ ] تیراندازی زمانی رخ داد که گروهی از معترضان از خیابانی عبور میکردند که فرمانداری و دفتر بسیج ملکشاهی در آن قرار دارند. [ ۱۳۴ ] پس از آن، شهر تحت تدابیر شدید امنیتی قرار گرفت. [ ۱۳۴ ] حزب کومله کردستان با انتشار اطلاعیهای، ضمن حمایت قاطع از اعتراضات، خواستار پیوستن همه اقشار به اعتصابات سراسری و فشار جامعه جهانی برای توقف سرکوبها شد. گروهی از ایرانیان مقیم آمریکا مقابل دفتر حافظ منافع جمهوری اسلامی در واشینگتن دی.سی. تجمع کردند. گروهی از معترضان در شهر آمل شامگاه شنبه ۱۳ دیماه شعار «فقر فساد گرونی، میریم تا سرنگونی» سر دادند. شهروندان در شهر زرقان استان فارس، شامگاه شنبه ۱۳ دی در حمایت از دیگر شهرهای ایران به خیابان آمدند. شهروندان کرج در خیابانی در فردیس تجمع کردند و شعارهایی علیه علی خامنهای و در هواداری از رضا پهلوی سر دادند. گروهی از ایرانیان ساکن مونترال کانادا در حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری مقابل دانشگاه کونکوردیا تجمع کردند. [ ۱۳۰ ] همچنین گروهی از معترضان جوان در فارسان، شهری در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری و در هفشجان ، در خیابان آتش روشن کردند و در حالی که نیروهای امنیتی با آنها روبرو میشدند، مقاومت میکردند. [ ۱۳۶ ] معترضان در شهر یاسوج، در جنوب غربی ایران، در جریان تظاهرات خیابانی شنبه شب شعارهایی در حمایت از پهلوی سر دادند. [ ۱۳۷ ] در جریان اعتراضات در خرمآباد، معترضان در برابر نیروهای امنیتی مقاومت کردند. [ ۱۳۸ ] [ ۱۳۰ ] در جریان اعتراضات در شهر فارسان، استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، گزارش شده است که ساغر اعتمادی، ۲۲ ساله، در اثر اصابت گلوله ساچمهای به سر و صورت به دست نیروهای انتظامی جان خود را از دست داده. [ ۱۳۹ ] [ ۱۴۰ ] مأموران در بجنورد استان خراسان شمالی، شامگاه شنبه به سمت معترضان گاز اشکآور شلیک کردند. خبرنامه خواجه نصیر شنبه ۱۳ دی گزارش داد دانشجویان در خوابگاه پسرانه دانش یک، پرچم جمهوری اسلامی را آتش زدند. معترضان در گوهردشت کرج، شعار « این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده » سر دادند. معترضان در شیراز، محله کشن (گلشن)، در مقابل نیروهای حکومتی بر زمین نشستند و خیابان را بستند. [ نیازمند منبع ] همچین در ششمین سالگرد کشته شدن قاسم سلیمانی، فرمانده سابق نیروی قدس سپاه پاسداران، بنری از او در دانشگاه شیراز به آتش کشیده شد. [ ۱۴۱ ] رهبر جمهوری اسلامی، در نخستین واکنش رسمی خود به اعتراضات جاری، میان معترضان به وضعیت اقتصادی و آنچه او «اغتشاشگر» نامید، تفاوت قائل شد. او با بیان اینکه «اعتراض غیر از اغتشاش است»، تأکید کرد که مسئولان باید با معترضان گفتگو کنند، اما «با اغتشاشگر حرف زدن فایدهای ندارد و اغتشاشگر را باید سر جایش نشاند.» خامنهای این اعتراضات را به «تحریک دشمن» و «مزدوران» نسبت داد و گفت که دشمن قصد دارد با سوءاستفاده از بازاریان، امنیت کشور را برهم بزند. [ ۱۴۲ ] [ ۱۴۳ ] ۱۴ دی [ ویرایش ] در روز یکشنبه، هشتمین روز اعتراضات سراسری علیه جمهوری اسلامی ایران، گزارشهایی از حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی در بازار اصلی تهران و خیابان جمهوری منتشر شد. [ ۱۴۴ ] بر اساس این گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی هنگام بازگشایی مراکز خرید بزرگ و بازار موبایل چون علاءالدین و پاساژ چارسو که پس از چند روز تعطیلی بسته بودند، از گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند و بین نیروهای امنیتی و معترضان و بازرگانان درگیریهایی رخ داد و معترضان خطاب به نیروهای امنیتی شعار «بیشرف» سر میدهند. [ ۱۴۵ ] [ ۱۴۶ ] [ ۱۴۷ ] در خیابان حافظ تهران معترضان شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سر دادند و در دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند و شعارهایی در انتقاد از رهبری ایران سر دادند. [ ۱۴۸ ] [ ۱۴۹ ] معترضان در باغ سپهسالار تهران شعار «این است شعار ملی، رضا رضا پهلوی» سردادند و مردم مقابل پاساژ چارسو در تهران تجمع کرده و خطاب به مأموران سرکوب فریاد «بیشرف» سردادند. [ ۱۵۰ ] در محلههای چیتگر و اکباتان تهران نشان میدهد جمعی از شهروندان شامگاه یکشنبه ۱۴ دی علیه علی خامنهای و در حمایت از رضا پهلوی شعار سر دادند و در محلههای نازیآباد، هفتحوض و مشیریه تهران نشان میدهد مردم شامگاه یکشنبه ۱۴ دی به خیابان آمده و شعارهایی چون «مرگ بر خامنهای» و «جاوید شاه» سر دادند. [ ۱۵۱ ] [ ۱۵۲ ] همچنین در جریان اعتراضات روز یکشنبه، کسبه شهر مرودشت و کازرون اعتصاب گسترده مغازهداران گزارش شد و بسیاری از کسبه از باز کردن مغازههای خود خودداری کردند. در برخی مناطق، نیروهای امنیتی برای کنترل وضعیت به خیابانها اعزام شدند و فضای امنیتی شدیدی حاکم بود. [ ۱۵۳ ] [ ۱۵۴ ] در رامسر نیز معترضان روی پل عابرپیادهای پرچم شیر و خورشید را آویزان کردند. [ ۱۵۴ ] همزمان با ادامه اعتراضات خیابانی، مراسم خاکسپاری برخی از جانباختگان اعتراضات در چند شهر ایران به صحنههایی از تجمع و اعتراض تبدیل شد. [ ۱۵۳ ] در شهرستان ملکشاهی، مراسم خاکسپاری سه تن از معترضان کشتهشده با حضور گسترده شهروندان برگزار شد و بنا بر گزارشها، شرکتکنندگان شعارهایی اعتراضی سر دادند. [ ۱۵۳ ] در شهر هفشجان از توابع استان چهارمحال و بختیاری نیز مراسم خاکسپاری سروش (حافظ) سلیمانی، که در روز ۱۳ دی ۱۴۰۴ در جریان اعتراضات جان باخته بود، با سردادن شعارهای اعتراضی همراه شد. همچنین در فلاورجان ، مراسم عزاداری و خاکسپاری داریوش انصاری بختیاروند ، از جانباختگان اعتراضات فولادشهر ، به تجمعی اعتراضی تبدیل شد. بر اساس گزارشها، وی پیشتر در جریان اعتراضات با شلیک نیروهای حکومتی کشته شده بود. [ ۱۵۳ ] جمعی از معترضان پرچمهای جمهوری اسلامی را در جاده شهریار پایین کشیدند و آتش زدند. [ ۱۵۵ ] بر اساس گزارشها، در شهر ساری با وجود فضای امنیتی و حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی، معترضان به خیابانها آمدند. [ ۱۵۶ ] ویدئوهای منتشرشده نشان میدهد که گروهی از شهروندان در خیابان قارن این شهر سرود «ای ایران» را همخوانی کرده و شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سر دادند. [ ۱۵۶ ] همچنین گزارشهایی از برگزاری تظاهرات در شهرستان سنگسر (مهدیشهر) استان سمنان در شامگاه یکشنبه منتشر شد. بنا بر این گزارشها، معترضان شعارهایی ضد حکومتی و شعارهایی محلی سر دادند. [ ۱۵۶ ] در شهر همدان نیز اعتراضات ادامه یافت و ویدئویی منتشر شد که به گفته منابع، نشاندهنده درگیری میان معترضان و یک عضو بسیج است. [ ۱۵۶ ] علاوه بر این، گزارشهایی از اعتراضات مردمی در شهرهای مشکان (نیریز) استان فارس، یاسوج، بوشهر، اراک و کرمانشاه منتشر شده است. [ ۱۵۶ ] همچنین در برخی محلههای تهران از جمله مشیریه، نازیآباد و هفتحوض، تجمعات اعتراضی و سر دادن شعار علیه حکومت و نیروهای امنیتی گزارش شده است. [ ۱۵۶ ] در لاهیجان معترضان در شامگاه یکشنبه ۱۴ دی علیه مأموران امنیتی از کوکتل مولوتف استفاده کردند. [ ۱۵۷ ] در شهر بابل، معترضان به خیابانها آمدند. بنا بر تصاویر منتشرشده، نیروهای امنیتی برای متفرق کردن تجمعکنندگان وارد عمل شدند. [ ۱۵۸ ] بر اساس گزارشها، کسبه مجتمع تجاری نگین در شهر شیراز دست به اعتصاب زدند. در یک ویدیو تعطیلی واحدهای تجاری این مجتمع در جریان اعتراضات گزارش شده است. [ ۱۵۹ ] در مشهد نیز معترضان بنر قاسم سلیمانی آتش زدن. [ ۱۶۰ ] همچنین گزارشهایی از برگزاری اعتراضات در شهر ایلام منتشر شد. بر اساس این گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی وارد بیمارستان امام خمینی شهر ایلام شدند و تلاش کردند مجروحان اعتراضات را بازداشت کنند. منابع محلی اعلام کردند که در جریان این اقدام، از گاز اشکآور و باتون استفاده شده و تنشهایی در داخل بیمارستان رخ داده است. گفته میشود شماری از مجروحان اعتراضات شهر ملکشاهی برای درمان به این بیمارستان منتقل شده بودند. [ ۱۵۶ ] [ ۱۶۱ ] در زابل، خاش، فیروزآباد، بوشهر، دورود، خرمآباد، رشت، فردیس، معترضان برای ابراز نارضایتی خود با سردادن شعارهای ضدحکومتی و سرنگونیطلبانه درخیابان تجمعهای اعتراضی برپا کردند. [ ۱۶۲ ] همزمان، انجمن دفاع از زندانیان سیاسی آذربایجانی در ایران (آداپ) از بازداشت یوروش مهرعلیبیگلو، فعال سیاسی آذربایجانی، توسط نیروهای امنیتی در تبریز خبر داد. به گفته این نهاد، بازداشت او در شرایطی صورت گرفت که شهرهای تبریز، زنجان و اردبیل شاهد حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی بودند. مهرعلیبیگلو پیشتر از سوی دادگاه انقلاب تبریز به ده سال زندان محکوم شده بود. [ ۱۶۳ ] ۱۴ دی در روز یکشنبه، هشتمین روز اعتراضات سراسری علیه جمهوری اسلامی ایران، گزارشهایی از حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی در بازار اصلی تهران و خیابان جمهوری منتشر شد. [ ۱۴۴ ] بر اساس این گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی هنگام بازگشایی مراکز خرید بزرگ و بازار موبایل چون علاءالدین و پاساژ چارسو که پس از چند روز تعطیلی بسته بودند، از گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند و بین نیروهای امنیتی و معترضان و بازرگانان درگیریهایی رخ داد و معترضان خطاب به نیروهای امنیتی شعار «بیشرف» سر میدهند. [ ۱۴۵ ] [ ۱۴۶ ] [ ۱۴۷ ] در خیابان حافظ تهران معترضان شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سر دادند و در دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند و شعارهایی در انتقاد از رهبری ایران سر دادند. [ ۱۴۸ ] [ ۱۴۹ ] معترضان در باغ سپهسالار تهران شعار «این است شعار ملی، رضا رضا پهلوی» سردادند و مردم مقابل پاساژ چارسو در تهران تجمع کرده و خطاب به مأموران سرکوب فریاد «بیشرف» سردادند. [ ۱۵۰ ] در محلههای چیتگر و اکباتان تهران نشان میدهد جمعی از شهروندان شامگاه یکشنبه ۱۴ دی علیه علی خامنهای و در حمایت از رضا پهلوی شعار سر دادند و در محلههای نازیآباد، هفتحوض و مشیریه تهران نشان میدهد مردم شامگاه یکشنبه ۱۴ دی به خیابان آمده و شعارهایی چون «مرگ بر خامنهای» و «جاوید شاه» سر دادند. [ ۱۵۱ ] [ ۱۵۲ ] همچنین در جریان اعتراضات روز یکشنبه، کسبه شهر مرودشت و کازرون اعتصاب گسترده مغازهداران گزارش شد و بسیاری از کسبه از باز کردن مغازههای خود خودداری کردند. در برخی مناطق، نیروهای امنیتی برای کنترل وضعیت به خیابانها اعزام شدند و فضای امنیتی شدیدی حاکم بود. [ ۱۵۳ ] [ ۱۵۴ ] در رامسر نیز معترضان روی پل عابرپیادهای پرچم شیر و خورشید را آویزان کردند. [ ۱۵۴ ] همزمان با ادامه اعتراضات خیابانی، مراسم خاکسپاری برخی از جانباختگان اعتراضات در چند شهر ایران به صحنههایی از تجمع و اعتراض تبدیل شد. [ ۱۵۳ ] در شهرستان ملکشاهی، مراسم خاکسپاری سه تن از معترضان کشتهشده با حضور گسترده شهروندان برگزار شد و بنا بر گزارشها، شرکتکنندگان شعارهایی اعتراضی سر دادند. [ ۱۵۳ ] در شهر هفشجان از توابع استان چهارمحال و بختیاری نیز مراسم خاکسپاری سروش (حافظ) سلیمانی، که در روز ۱۳ دی ۱۴۰۴ در جریان اعتراضات جان باخته بود، با سردادن شعارهای اعتراضی همراه شد. همچنین در فلاورجان ، مراسم عزاداری و خاکسپاری داریوش انصاری بختیاروند ، از جانباختگان اعتراضات فولادشهر ، به تجمعی اعتراضی تبدیل شد. بر اساس گزارشها، وی پیشتر در جریان اعتراضات با شلیک نیروهای حکومتی کشته شده بود. [ ۱۵۳ ] جمعی از معترضان پرچمهای جمهوری اسلامی را در جاده شهریار پایین کشیدند و آتش زدند. [ ۱۵۵ ] بر اساس گزارشها، در شهر ساری با وجود فضای امنیتی و حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی، معترضان به خیابانها آمدند. [ ۱۵۶ ] ویدئوهای منتشرشده نشان میدهد که گروهی از شهروندان در خیابان قارن این شهر سرود «ای ایران» را همخوانی کرده و شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سر دادند. [ ۱۵۶ ] همچنین گزارشهایی از برگزاری تظاهرات در شهرستان سنگسر (مهدیشهر) استان سمنان در شامگاه یکشنبه منتشر شد. بنا بر این گزارشها، معترضان شعارهایی ضد حکومتی و شعارهایی محلی سر دادند. [ ۱۵۶ ] در شهر همدان نیز اعتراضات ادامه یافت و ویدئویی منتشر شد که به گفته منابع، نشاندهنده درگیری میان معترضان و یک عضو بسیج است. [ ۱۵۶ ] علاوه بر این، گزارشهایی از اعتراضات مردمی در شهرهای مشکان (نیریز) استان فارس، یاسوج، بوشهر، اراک و کرمانشاه منتشر شده است. [ ۱۵۶ ] همچنین در برخی محلههای تهران از جمله مشیریه، نازیآباد و هفتحوض، تجمعات اعتراضی و سر دادن شعار علیه حکومت و نیروهای امنیتی گزارش شده است. [ ۱۵۶ ] در لاهیجان معترضان در شامگاه یکشنبه ۱۴ دی علیه مأموران امنیتی از کوکتل مولوتف استفاده کردند. [ ۱۵۷ ] در شهر بابل، معترضان به خیابانها آمدند. بنا بر تصاویر منتشرشده، نیروهای امنیتی برای متفرق کردن تجمعکنندگان وارد عمل شدند. [ ۱۵۸ ] بر اساس گزارشها، کسبه مجتمع تجاری نگین در شهر شیراز دست به اعتصاب زدند. در یک ویدیو تعطیلی واحدهای تجاری این مجتمع در جریان اعتراضات گزارش شده است. [ ۱۵۹ ] در مشهد نیز معترضان بنر قاسم سلیمانی آتش زدن. [ ۱۶۰ ] همچنین گزارشهایی از برگزاری اعتراضات در شهر ایلام منتشر شد. بر اساس این گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی وارد بیمارستان امام خمینی شهر ایلام شدند و تلاش کردند مجروحان اعتراضات را بازداشت کنند. منابع محلی اعلام کردند که در جریان این اقدام، از گاز اشکآور و باتون استفاده شده و تنشهایی در داخل بیمارستان رخ داده است. گفته میشود شماری از مجروحان اعتراضات شهر ملکشاهی برای درمان به این بیمارستان منتقل شده بودند. [ ۱۵۶ ] [ ۱۶۱ ] در زابل، خاش، فیروزآباد، بوشهر، دورود، خرمآباد، رشت، فردیس، معترضان برای ابراز نارضایتی خود با سردادن شعارهای ضدحکومتی و سرنگونیطلبانه درخیابان تجمعهای اعتراضی برپا کردند. [ ۱۶۲ ] همزمان، انجمن دفاع از زندانیان سیاسی آذربایجانی در ایران (آداپ) از بازداشت یوروش مهرعلیبیگلو، فعال سیاسی آذربایجانی، توسط نیروهای امنیتی در تبریز خبر داد. به گفته این نهاد، بازداشت او در شرایطی صورت گرفت که شهرهای تبریز، زنجان و اردبیل شاهد حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی بودند. مهرعلیبیگلو پیشتر از سوی دادگاه انقلاب تبریز به ده سال زندان محکوم شده بود. [ ۱۶۳ ] ۱۵ دی [ ویرایش ] اعتراضات روز دوشنبه برای نهمین روز ادامه یافت و تظاهرکنندگان در منطقه باغ سپهسالار تهران تجمع کردند و شعار «مرگ بر علی خامنهای» سر دادند. [ ۱۶۴ ] بر اساس گزارشها، روز دوشنبه ۱۵ دی، نیروهای یگان ویژه جمهوری اسلامی در مقابل دانشگاه تهران در حالت آمادهباش قرار داشتند. [ ۱۶۵ ] تجمعاتی نیز در شهرهایی از جمله یاسوج و ساری گزارش شده است و مغازهها در شهر بندری گناوه در جنوب تعطیل شدهاند. [ ۱۶۶ ] همچنین نیرو انتظامی یاسوج به خانواده بازداشتشدگان یاسوج در مقابل ساختمان فرمانداری حمله کردند. [ ۱۶۷ ] بر اساس گزارشهای منتشرشده، شهر مرودشت در اعتصاب کامل بهسر میبرد و بیشتر کسبه و بازاریان، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردهاند. [ ۱۶۸ ] علاوه بر محلات مختلف در تهران، در استانها و شهرستانهایی مانند: سامان، استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، سنگسر در استان سمنان، زاهدان، فردیس کرج، مشکان فارس، نورآباد ممسنی، قزوین، همدان، ایلام، مشهد، نیشابور، آباده، بوشهر، بابل، بجنورد، کوشک در استان اصفهان، شازند در استان مرکزی، رشت و ساری، مردم در خیابانها با سر دادن شعارهای اعتراضی به اعتراضات سراسری پیوسته و نارضایتی خود را علیه حکومت خامنهای ابراز کردند. [ ۱۶۹ ] ۱۵ دی اعتراضات روز دوشنبه برای نهمین روز ادامه یافت و تظاهرکنندگان در منطقه باغ سپهسالار تهران تجمع کردند و شعار «مرگ بر علی خامنهای» سر دادند. [ ۱۶۴ ] بر اساس گزارشها، روز دوشنبه ۱۵ دی، نیروهای یگان ویژه جمهوری اسلامی در مقابل دانشگاه تهران در حالت آمادهباش قرار داشتند. [ ۱۶۵ ] تجمعاتی نیز در شهرهایی از جمله یاسوج و ساری گزارش شده است و مغازهها در شهر بندری گناوه در جنوب تعطیل شدهاند. [ ۱۶۶ ] همچنین نیرو انتظامی یاسوج به خانواده بازداشتشدگان یاسوج در مقابل ساختمان فرمانداری حمله کردند. [ ۱۶۷ ] بر اساس گزارشهای منتشرشده، شهر مرودشت در اعتصاب کامل بهسر میبرد و بیشتر کسبه و بازاریان، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردهاند. [ ۱۶۸ ] علاوه بر محلات مختلف در تهران، در استانها و شهرستانهایی مانند: سامان، استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، سنگسر در استان سمنان، زاهدان، فردیس کرج، مشکان فارس، نورآباد ممسنی، قزوین، همدان، ایلام، مشهد، نیشابور، آباده، بوشهر، بابل، بجنورد، کوشک در استان اصفهان، شازند در استان مرکزی، رشت و ساری، مردم در خیابانها با سر دادن شعارهای اعتراضی به اعتراضات سراسری پیوسته و نارضایتی خود را علیه حکومت خامنهای ابراز کردند. [ ۱۶۹ ] ۱۶ دی [ ویرایش ] در سهشنبه ۱۶ دی، کسبه بازار بزرگ تهران مغازههای خود را بستند و اعتصاب سراسری برگزار کردند. [ ۱۷۰ ] [ ۱۷۱ ] در این تجمع، معترضان شعارهایی از جمله «آزادی»، «رضاشاه، روحت شاد»، «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» و «امسال سال خونه، سیدعلی سرنگونه» سر دادند. [ ۱۷۰ ] [ ۱۷۱ ] همچنین یکی از کاسبان بازار بزرگ مشکلات خود را در جمع بازاریهای معترض فریاد میزند و دیگر کسبه با فریاد «باشرف، باشرف» او را حمایت میکنند. [ ۱۷۲ ] در جریان اعتراضات ذکر شده نیروهای امنیتی به تجمع کاسبان معترض در بازار بزرگ تهران اقدام کردند و به سمت آنها گاز اشکآور شلیک کردند. [ ۱۷۳ ] [ ۱۷۴ ] همزمان، شهروندان در ایستگاه متروی «۱۵ خرداد» تهران تجمع کردند و بنا بر گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی برای پراکنده کردن تجمع از گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند. [ ۱۷۵ ] [ ۱۷۶ ] همچنین بر اساس پیام دیگری، در پی درگیری میان بازاریان و مردم با مأموران حکومتی، در بیمارستان سینا در تهران بسته شد. [ ۱۷۷ ] در اعتراضات روز سهشنبه ۱۶ دیماه در محله تهرانسر در غرب تهران، نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از توپ پینتبال و گاز اشکآور به معترضان حمله کردند. [ ۱۷۸ ] همچنین در بازار چارسو، معترضان بازاری با مداخله مأموران امنیتی مواجه شدند و گزارش شد که مأموران پس از مقاومت معترضان مجبور به عقبنشینی شدند. [ ۱۷۸ ] در تهران نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از گاز اشکآور به تجمع معترضان در پاساژ پلاسکو و خیابانهای اطراف از جمله خیابان جمهوری و منطقه لبافینژاد برخورد کردند. همچنین کسبه مجتمع تجاری کاترپیلار در محله آذری و بازار بزرگ تهران در جریان اعتراضها شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» و «مرگ بر خامنهای» سر دادند. [ ۱۷۹ ] [ ۱۸۰ ] [ ۱۸۱ ] [ ۱۸۲ ] گزارشهایی نیز از تجمع و شعاردهی کسبه در باغ سپهسالار تهران، و اعتصاب گسترده کسبه در شهرستان کوار استان فارس و بسته بودن بسیاری از مغازهها منتشر شد. در یزدانشهر اصفهان، معترضان شعار «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۱۸۳ ] [ ۱۸۴ ] نیروهای امنیتی در بازار تهران علاوه بر گاز اشکآور، از ماشین آبپاش برای سرکوب معترضان استفاده کردهاند. [ ۱۸۵ ] همچنین ویدیوهایی منتشر شد که نشان میداد مأموران به داخل حیاط بیمارستان سینا و همچنین به فضای بسته «پاساژ ایرانیان» در بازار شوش گاز اشکآور شلیک کردهاند که منجر به مشکلات تنفسی برای حاضران شد. [ ۱۸۶ ] برخی شاهدان عینی در بازار تهران مدعی شدند که نیروهای یگان ویژه به زبانی غیر از فارسی (عربی) صحبت میکردند. [ ۱۸۷ ] معترضان در شهرکرد به خیابان آمدند و نیروهای امنیتی برای پراکنده کردن تجمع وارد عمل شدند. گزارشها حاکی از حضور گسترده خودروها و موتورسواران نیروهای امنیتی در خیابانهای شهرکرد است و اعلام شد که اعتراضات در چهارراه بازار این شهر به خشونت کشیده شد و از گاز اشکآور و ساچمه برای متفرق کردن معترضان استفاده شد [ ۱۷۵ ] همچنین مخاطبان گزارش دادند خودروها و نیروهای یگان ویژه برای سرکوب معترضان به سطح شهرکرد گسیل شدند و شهروندان معترض نیز در جریان تجمعهای اعتراضی شعار «مرگ بر خامنهای» سردادند. [ ۱۷۷ ] کاسبان شهر شیراز نیز در اعتصاب سراسری شرکت کردند و مغازههای بازار تعطیل بودند. [ ۱۸۸ ] بر اساس گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی در شهر لپویی استان فارس به خانههای شهروندان مراجعه کرده و برخی افراد همراه با صاحبان خانه بازداشت شدند. [ ۱۸۹ ] همچنین گزارش شد که در تهران و بسیاری دیگر از شهرهای ایران، دسترسی به اینترنت با اختلال شدید یا قطع مواجه شده و برخی ابزارهای دور زدن فیلترینگ، از جمله ویپیانها و پروکسیها، کارایی خود را از دست دادهاند. [ ۱۸۹ ] همچنین کسبه بازار کازرون ماه اعلام کردند که در اعتراض به شرایط اقتصادی و نابرابریها، در چهارشنبه ۱۷ دیماه مغازههای خود را خواهند بست و در اعتصاب سراسری شرکت خواهند کرد. [ ۱۹۰ ] در این تحولات، گزارشهایی منتشر شد که بر اساس آنها نیروهای ویژه آمریکایی، از جمله نیروهای دلتا، در مرزهای عراق مستقر شدهاند. این نیروها پیشتر در عملیات بازداشت نیکولاس مادورو، رئیسجمهور ونزوئلا، مشارکت داشتهاند. [ ۱۹۱ ] دامنه اعتراضات در ۱۶ دی به شهرهای دیگر نیز کشیده شد. در مشهد ، معترضان در نزدیکی «بازار رضا» تجمع کردند که با مداخله نیروهای امنیتی به خشونت کشیده شد. بر اساس گزارشها و تصاویر منتشرشده، مأموران برای متفرق کردن جمعیت از اسلحه پینتبال و گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند. [ ۱۹۲ ] [ ۱۹۳ ] در آبدانان استان ایلام ، تجمعات گستردهای از میدان ولیعصر تا میدان بسیج برگزار شد. ویدیوهای منتشرشده از این شهر نشان میدهد که در پی فشار عظیم جمعیت معترض، مأموران نیروی انتظامی مجبور به عقبنشینی شده و به پشتبام ساختمان کلانتری پناه بردند. همچنین اخباری از قطعی گسردهٔ آب و برق در آبدانا منتشر شد. [ ۱۹۴ ] رسانههای نزدیک به حکومت ضمن تأیید درگیریها، مدعی شدند که گروهی از معترضان به اموال عمومی آسیب زده و فروشگاه افق کوروش در خیابان خمینی را به آتش کشیدند. [ ۱۹۵ ] در پی حوادث خشونتبار در استان ایلام و انتشار اخبار مربوط به کشتهشدن معترضان در شهرستان ملکشاهی (که گفته میشود ۳ نفر به دلیل نبود بیمارستان در مسیر انتقال جان باختند)، مسعود پزشکیان رئیسجمهور، به وزیر کشور دستور داد تا تیم ویژهای برای بررسی ابعاد این حوادث تشکیل دهد. [ ۱۹۶ ] نهادهای حقوق بشری شمار جانباختگان ده روز نخست اعتراضات سراسری (منتهی به ۱۶ دی) را دستکم ۲۹ نفر و تعداد بازداشتشدگان را بیش از ۱۲۰۰ نفر برآورد کردهاند. [ ۱۹۷ ] گزاریشی نیز از تجمع اعتراضی دانشجویان دانشگاههای معماری و هنر پارس، باهنر کرمان و خوارزمی منتشر شد که در آن شعارهایی چون «دانشجو میمیرد، ذلت نمیپذیرد»، «فکر نکنید امروزه، قرار ما هرروزه»، «آزادی، آزادی، آزادی»، «فقر و فساد و بیداد، مرگ بر این استبداد» در حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری سر داده میشد. این تجمعها بخشی از موج اعتراضات در نقاط مختلف ایران گزارش شدهاند. [ ۱۹۸ ] [ ۱۹۹ ] شورای هماهنگی تشکلهای صنفی فرهنگیان ایران اعلام کرد که بیش از ۵۰ دانشآموز در استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد در جریان اعتراضات بازداشت شدهاند و این اقدام را نقض حقوق کودک دانست. کانون صنفی فرهنگیان گیلان نیز با صدور بیانیهای از اعتراضات مردمی حمایت کرد. [ ۲۰۰ ] همچنین گزارشهایی از تیراندازی نیروهای حکومتی به سوی معترضان در تجمع ۱۶ دیماه در شهرستان نیریز استان فارس منتشر شد. [ ۲۰۱ ] ۱۶ دی در سهشنبه ۱۶ دی، کسبه بازار بزرگ تهران مغازههای خود را بستند و اعتصاب سراسری برگزار کردند. [ ۱۷۰ ] [ ۱۷۱ ] در این تجمع، معترضان شعارهایی از جمله «آزادی»، «رضاشاه، روحت شاد»، «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» و «امسال سال خونه، سیدعلی سرنگونه» سر دادند. [ ۱۷۰ ] [ ۱۷۱ ] همچنین یکی از کاسبان بازار بزرگ مشکلات خود را در جمع بازاریهای معترض فریاد میزند و دیگر کسبه با فریاد «باشرف، باشرف» او را حمایت میکنند. [ ۱۷۲ ] در جریان اعتراضات ذکر شده نیروهای امنیتی به تجمع کاسبان معترض در بازار بزرگ تهران اقدام کردند و به سمت آنها گاز اشکآور شلیک کردند. [ ۱۷۳ ] [ ۱۷۴ ] همزمان، شهروندان در ایستگاه متروی «۱۵ خرداد» تهران تجمع کردند و بنا بر گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی برای پراکنده کردن تجمع از گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند. [ ۱۷۵ ] [ ۱۷۶ ] همچنین بر اساس پیام دیگری، در پی درگیری میان بازاریان و مردم با مأموران حکومتی، در بیمارستان سینا در تهران بسته شد. [ ۱۷۷ ] در اعتراضات روز سهشنبه ۱۶ دیماه در محله تهرانسر در غرب تهران، نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از توپ پینتبال و گاز اشکآور به معترضان حمله کردند. [ ۱۷۸ ] همچنین در بازار چارسو، معترضان بازاری با مداخله مأموران امنیتی مواجه شدند و گزارش شد که مأموران پس از مقاومت معترضان مجبور به عقبنشینی شدند. [ ۱۷۸ ] در تهران نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از گاز اشکآور به تجمع معترضان در پاساژ پلاسکو و خیابانهای اطراف از جمله خیابان جمهوری و منطقه لبافینژاد برخورد کردند. همچنین کسبه مجتمع تجاری کاترپیلار در محله آذری و بازار بزرگ تهران در جریان اعتراضها شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» و «مرگ بر خامنهای» سر دادند. [ ۱۷۹ ] [ ۱۸۰ ] [ ۱۸۱ ] [ ۱۸۲ ] گزارشهایی نیز از تجمع و شعاردهی کسبه در باغ سپهسالار تهران، و اعتصاب گسترده کسبه در شهرستان کوار استان فارس و بسته بودن بسیاری از مغازهها منتشر شد. در یزدانشهر اصفهان، معترضان شعار «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۱۸۳ ] [ ۱۸۴ ] نیروهای امنیتی در بازار تهران علاوه بر گاز اشکآور، از ماشین آبپاش برای سرکوب معترضان استفاده کردهاند. [ ۱۸۵ ] همچنین ویدیوهایی منتشر شد که نشان میداد مأموران به داخل حیاط بیمارستان سینا و همچنین به فضای بسته «پاساژ ایرانیان» در بازار شوش گاز اشکآور شلیک کردهاند که منجر به مشکلات تنفسی برای حاضران شد. [ ۱۸۶ ] برخی شاهدان عینی در بازار تهران مدعی شدند که نیروهای یگان ویژه به زبانی غیر از فارسی (عربی) صحبت میکردند. [ ۱۸۷ ] معترضان در شهرکرد به خیابان آمدند و نیروهای امنیتی برای پراکنده کردن تجمع وارد عمل شدند. گزارشها حاکی از حضور گسترده خودروها و موتورسواران نیروهای امنیتی در خیابانهای شهرکرد است و اعلام شد که اعتراضات در چهارراه بازار این شهر به خشونت کشیده شد و از گاز اشکآور و ساچمه برای متفرق کردن معترضان استفاده شد [ ۱۷۵ ] همچنین مخاطبان گزارش دادند خودروها و نیروهای یگان ویژه برای سرکوب معترضان به سطح شهرکرد گسیل شدند و شهروندان معترض نیز در جریان تجمعهای اعتراضی شعار «مرگ بر خامنهای» سردادند. [ ۱۷۷ ] کاسبان شهر شیراز نیز در اعتصاب سراسری شرکت کردند و مغازههای بازار تعطیل بودند. [ ۱۸۸ ] بر اساس گزارشها، نیروهای امنیتی در شهر لپویی استان فارس به خانههای شهروندان مراجعه کرده و برخی افراد همراه با صاحبان خانه بازداشت شدند. [ ۱۸۹ ] همچنین گزارش شد که در تهران و بسیاری دیگر از شهرهای ایران، دسترسی به اینترنت با اختلال شدید یا قطع مواجه شده و برخی ابزارهای دور زدن فیلترینگ، از جمله ویپیانها و پروکسیها، کارایی خود را از دست دادهاند. [ ۱۸۹ ] همچنین کسبه بازار کازرون ماه اعلام کردند که در اعتراض به شرایط اقتصادی و نابرابریها، در چهارشنبه ۱۷ دیماه مغازههای خود را خواهند بست و در اعتصاب سراسری شرکت خواهند کرد. [ ۱۹۰ ] در این تحولات، گزارشهایی منتشر شد که بر اساس آنها نیروهای ویژه آمریکایی، از جمله نیروهای دلتا، در مرزهای عراق مستقر شدهاند. این نیروها پیشتر در عملیات بازداشت نیکولاس مادورو، رئیسجمهور ونزوئلا، مشارکت داشتهاند. [ ۱۹۱ ] دامنه اعتراضات در ۱۶ دی به شهرهای دیگر نیز کشیده شد. در مشهد ، معترضان در نزدیکی «بازار رضا» تجمع کردند که با مداخله نیروهای امنیتی به خشونت کشیده شد. بر اساس گزارشها و تصاویر منتشرشده، مأموران برای متفرق کردن جمعیت از اسلحه پینتبال و گاز اشکآور استفاده کردند. [ ۱۹۲ ] [ ۱۹۳ ] در آبدانان استان ایلام ، تجمعات گستردهای از میدان ولیعصر تا میدان بسیج برگزار شد. ویدیوهای منتشرشده از این شهر نشان میدهد که در پی فشار عظیم جمعیت معترض، مأموران نیروی انتظامی مجبور به عقبنشینی شده و به پشتبام ساختمان کلانتری پناه بردند. همچنین اخباری از قطعی گسردهٔ آب و برق در آبدانا منتشر شد. [ ۱۹۴ ] رسانههای نزدیک به حکومت ضمن تأیید درگیریها، مدعی شدند که گروهی از معترضان به اموال عمومی آسیب زده و فروشگاه افق کوروش در خیابان خمینی را به آتش کشیدند. [ ۱۹۵ ] در پی حوادث خشونتبار در استان ایلام و انتشار اخبار مربوط به کشتهشدن معترضان در شهرستان ملکشاهی (که گفته میشود ۳ نفر به دلیل نبود بیمارستان در مسیر انتقال جان باختند)، مسعود پزشکیان رئیسجمهور، به وزیر کشور دستور داد تا تیم ویژهای برای بررسی ابعاد این حوادث تشکیل دهد. [ ۱۹۶ ] نهادهای حقوق بشری شمار جانباختگان ده روز نخست اعتراضات سراسری (منتهی به ۱۶ دی) را دستکم ۲۹ نفر و تعداد بازداشتشدگان را بیش از ۱۲۰۰ نفر برآورد کردهاند. [ ۱۹۷ ] گزاریشی نیز از تجمع اعتراضی دانشجویان دانشگاههای معماری و هنر پارس، باهنر کرمان و خوارزمی منتشر شد که در آن شعارهایی چون «دانشجو میمیرد، ذلت نمیپذیرد»، «فکر نکنید امروزه، قرار ما هرروزه»، «آزادی، آزادی، آزادی»، «فقر و فساد و بیداد، مرگ بر این استبداد» در حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری سر داده میشد. این تجمعها بخشی از موج اعتراضات در نقاط مختلف ایران گزارش شدهاند. [ ۱۹۸ ] [ ۱۹۹ ] شورای هماهنگی تشکلهای صنفی فرهنگیان ایران اعلام کرد که بیش از ۵۰ دانشآموز در استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد در جریان اعتراضات بازداشت شدهاند و این اقدام را نقض حقوق کودک دانست. کانون صنفی فرهنگیان گیلان نیز با صدور بیانیهای از اعتراضات مردمی حمایت کرد. [ ۲۰۰ ] همچنین گزارشهایی از تیراندازی نیروهای حکومتی به سوی معترضان در تجمع ۱۶ دیماه در شهرستان نیریز استان فارس منتشر شد. [ ۲۰۱ ] ۱۷ دی [ ویرایش ] در محدوده خیابانهای ولیعصر و فاطمی تهران، گروههایی از معترضان با سردادن شعارهایی در حمایت از همبستگی جمعی تجمع کردند. همزمان، در پی اعتصاب بازاریان تهران، نیروهای حکومتی برای مقابله با این اعتصاب وارد مجتمعها و اماکن تجاری شدند. در بازار دلاوران تهران نیز گزارش شد که نیروهای امنیتی اقدام به شلیک کردند و با وجود این، معترضان به ایستادگی ادامه داده و به سمت نیروهای حکومتی حرکت کردند. [ ۲۰۲ ] [ ۲۰۳ ] معترضان در شادآباد تهران شعار «رضاشاه، روحت شاد» سر دادند و در بازار یافتآباد تهران مغازهها را بستند و شعار «ما همه با هم هستیم» سر دادند و تجمع کردند. [ ۲۰۴ ] علاوه بر این یک نوجوان در پاساژ کاشانی محله بهارستان تهران بازداشت شد در شیراز، معترضان با سردادن شعارهایی در حمایت از بازگشت نظام پادشاهی چون «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» و «مرگ بر خامنهای» در خیابانها تجمع کردند. [ ۲۰۵ ] در قم، گروهی از دانشجویان مقابل سردر دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی قم تجمع کرده و شعارهایی در دفاع از کرامت دانشجویی سر دادند. در کرج (حصارک)، کسبه معترض با بستن مغازههای خود تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند. در مشهد ، شهروندان معترض در برابر برخورد نیروهای امنیتی مقاومت کرده و آنان را به عقب راندند. [ ۲۰۶ ] در رشت ، کسبه بازار با پیوستن به اعتصابات سراسری شعارهایی چون «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» سر دادند و در زنجان نیز بازاریان با تعطیل کردن مغازههای خود همراهی خود را با اعتصابات سراسری بازار کشور اعلام کردند. [ ۲۰۷ ] بازاریان بازار تبریز در حمایت از اعتصابات سراسری، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردند و به این شکل همراهی خود را با اعتراضات اعلام کردند. [ ۲۰۸ ] اعتراضات مردمی و اعتصابات صنفی در چندین شهر ایران ادامه یافت. در تبریز ، بازاریان بازار این شهر در حمایت از اعتصابات سراسری، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردند و همراهی خود را با اعتراضات نشان دادند. در قزوین، همزمان با حضور شهروندان در خیابانها، معترضان با سردادن شعارهایی علیه حاکمیت از اعتراضات سراسری حمایت کردند و بنا بر برخی گزارشها، شعارهایی در حمایت از بازگشت نظام پادشاهی نیز مطرح شد. [ ۲۰۹ ] در سمنان ، دانشجویان دانشگاه سمنان با برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی در محوطه دانشگاه، به اعتراضات دانشجویی آن دوره پیوستند. [ ۲۱۰ ] در چابکسر از توابع استان گیلان، شهروندان معترض با حضور در خیابانها حمایت خود را از اعتراضات سراسری اعلام کردند. [ ۲۱۱ ] در عسلویه ، کارگران پالایشگاه پارس جنوبی در ادامه موج اعتصابات صنفی دست به اعتصاب زدند و خواستار رسیدگی به مطالبات خود شدند. همچنین در بندرعباس گزارشها از افزایش شمار معترضان و حضور گسترده آنان در خیابانها حکایت داشت که به عنوان بخشی از گسترش جغرافیایی اعتراضات در جنوب کشور توصیف شده است. [ ۲۱۲ ] [ ۲۱۳ ] معترضان در بندرعباس شعار «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۲۱۴ ] در بجنورد معترضین شعار «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۲۱۵ ] همچنین در پی اعتراضات در لردگان استان چهارمحال و بختیاری ، شهروندان موفق شدند نیروهای سرکوب حکومت را عقب برانند. [ ۲۱۶ ] در کرمانشاه معترضان با حضور در خیابانهای این شهر شعارهای اعتراضی از جمله «مرگ بر خامنهای» سر دادند. [ ۲۱۷ ] ۱۷ دی در محدوده خیابانهای ولیعصر و فاطمی تهران، گروههایی از معترضان با سردادن شعارهایی در حمایت از همبستگی جمعی تجمع کردند. همزمان، در پی اعتصاب بازاریان تهران، نیروهای حکومتی برای مقابله با این اعتصاب وارد مجتمعها و اماکن تجاری شدند. در بازار دلاوران تهران نیز گزارش شد که نیروهای امنیتی اقدام به شلیک کردند و با وجود این، معترضان به ایستادگی ادامه داده و به سمت نیروهای حکومتی حرکت کردند. [ ۲۰۲ ] [ ۲۰۳ ] معترضان در شادآباد تهران شعار «رضاشاه، روحت شاد» سر دادند و در بازار یافتآباد تهران مغازهها را بستند و شعار «ما همه با هم هستیم» سر دادند و تجمع کردند. [ ۲۰۴ ] علاوه بر این یک نوجوان در پاساژ کاشانی محله بهارستان تهران بازداشت شد در شیراز، معترضان با سردادن شعارهایی در حمایت از بازگشت نظام پادشاهی چون «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» و «مرگ بر خامنهای» در خیابانها تجمع کردند. [ ۲۰۵ ] در قم، گروهی از دانشجویان مقابل سردر دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی قم تجمع کرده و شعارهایی در دفاع از کرامت دانشجویی سر دادند. در کرج (حصارک)، کسبه معترض با بستن مغازههای خود تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند. در مشهد ، شهروندان معترض در برابر برخورد نیروهای امنیتی مقاومت کرده و آنان را به عقب راندند. [ ۲۰۶ ] در رشت ، کسبه بازار با پیوستن به اعتصابات سراسری شعارهایی چون «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» سر دادند و در زنجان نیز بازاریان با تعطیل کردن مغازههای خود همراهی خود را با اعتصابات سراسری بازار کشور اعلام کردند. [ ۲۰۷ ] بازاریان بازار تبریز در حمایت از اعتصابات سراسری، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردند و به این شکل همراهی خود را با اعتراضات اعلام کردند. [ ۲۰۸ ] اعتراضات مردمی و اعتصابات صنفی در چندین شهر ایران ادامه یافت. در تبریز ، بازاریان بازار این شهر در حمایت از اعتصابات سراسری، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کردند و همراهی خود را با اعتراضات نشان دادند. در قزوین، همزمان با حضور شهروندان در خیابانها، معترضان با سردادن شعارهایی علیه حاکمیت از اعتراضات سراسری حمایت کردند و بنا بر برخی گزارشها، شعارهایی در حمایت از بازگشت نظام پادشاهی نیز مطرح شد. [ ۲۰۹ ] در سمنان ، دانشجویان دانشگاه سمنان با برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی در محوطه دانشگاه، به اعتراضات دانشجویی آن دوره پیوستند. [ ۲۱۰ ] در چابکسر از توابع استان گیلان، شهروندان معترض با حضور در خیابانها حمایت خود را از اعتراضات سراسری اعلام کردند. [ ۲۱۱ ] در عسلویه ، کارگران پالایشگاه پارس جنوبی در ادامه موج اعتصابات صنفی دست به اعتصاب زدند و خواستار رسیدگی به مطالبات خود شدند. همچنین در بندرعباس گزارشها از افزایش شمار معترضان و حضور گسترده آنان در خیابانها حکایت داشت که به عنوان بخشی از گسترش جغرافیایی اعتراضات در جنوب کشور توصیف شده است. [ ۲۱۲ ] [ ۲۱۳ ] معترضان در بندرعباس شعار «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۲۱۴ ] در بجنورد معترضین شعار «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. [ ۲۱۵ ] همچنین در پی اعتراضات در لردگان استان چهارمحال و بختیاری ، شهروندان موفق شدند نیروهای سرکوب حکومت را عقب برانند. [ ۲۱۶ ] در کرمانشاه معترضان با حضور در خیابانهای این شهر شعارهای اعتراضی از جمله «مرگ بر خامنهای» سر دادند. [ ۲۱۷ ] ۱۸ دی [ ویرایش ] در روز پنجشنبه ۱۸ دی ۱۴۰۴، همزمان با تداوم اعتراضات دیماه ۱۴۰۴ در ایران، گزارشهای متعددی از وقوع اعتصابات سراسری و تجمعات اعتراضی در شهرهای مختلف کشور منتشر شد. این رویدادها شامل تعطیلی گسترده واحدهای صنفی، حضور معترضان در خیابانها و سردادن شعارهای اعتراضی بود و در مناطق مختلف با شدت و اشکال متفاوتی جریان داشت. بر اساس گزارشها، اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در شهرهای کازرون، بوکان، کرند غرب، مریوان، صفاشهر، مشهد، بروجرد، نجفآباد، سرپل ذهاب، همدان و بندر دیلم مشاهده شد. [ ۲۱۸ ] [ ۲۱۹ ] در این شهرها، شمار قابل توجهی از مغازهها تعطیل شدند و بازاریان با بستن واحدهای صنفی خود به اعتراضات پیوستند. در خرمآباد نیز گزارش شد که کسبه با وجود فضای امنیتی و ممانعت نیروهای امنیتی، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کرده و در اعتصاب شرکت کردند. [ ۲۲۰ ] در همدان، بازاریان ضمن بستن مغازهها، سایر کسبه را به پیوستن به اعتصاب دعوت کردند و همزمان تجمع گستردهای از معترضان در این شهر شکل گرفت. [ ۲۲۱ ] [ ۲۲۲ ] همزمان با اعتصابات، تجمعات خیابانی و اعتراضات عمومی در شماری از شهرها گزارش شد. در کازرون، معترضان اقدام به برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی کردند. [ ۲۲۳ ] [ ۲۲۴ ] در لومار و سیروان از توابع استان ایلام، شهروندان با حضور در خیابانها شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر خامنهای» و «توپ تانک فشفشه، آخوند باید گم بشه» سر دادند. [ ۲۲۵ ] در سروستان استان فارس، شهروندان پس از اعتصاب به خیابان آمدند و شعار «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» را سر دادند گزارشها حاکی از حضور پررنگ زنان در صفهای نخست این اعتراضات است. [ ۲۲۶ ] [ ۲۲۷ ] [ ۲۲۸ ] در کلاچای استان گیلان، معترضان با سردادن شعار «رضاشاه، روحت شاد» تجمع کردند و در لاهیجان نیز شعار «ما تماشاگر نمیخواهیم، به ما ملحق شوید» از سوی معترضان شنیده شد. [ ۲۲۹ ] در بروجن، خانوادههای بازداشتشدگان در مقابل فرماندهی نیروی انتظامی تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند. [ ۲۳۰ ] همچنین در کرمان، همزمان با اعتراضات، گزارشهایی از شنیده شدن صدای تیراندازی منتشر شد. بر اساس گزارشها، در اصفهان معترضان در خیابان مشیر اقدام به روشن کردن آتش اعتراضی کردند. همزمان، اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در شهرهای اردبیل، [ ۲۳۱ ] [ ۲۳۲ ] شهرضا، [ ۲۳۳ ] کرج، [ ۲۳۳ ] نورآباد ممسنی، [ ۲۳۳ ] کرمانشاه، [ ۲۳۴ ] کرمان، [ ۲۳۴ ] برازجان، [ ۲۳۵ ] آمل، ارومیه، [ ۲۳۶ ] پاوه، [ ۲۳۷ ] قروه، [ ۲۳۷ ] شیراز و خمینیشهر گزارش شد. [ ۲۳۴ ] [ ۲۳۸ ] در سقز، گزارشها از تعطیلی کامل مغازهها و مشارکت گسترده شهروندان در اعتصاب حکایت داشت. [ ۲۳۹ ] در تبریز علاوه بر تداوم اعتصاب سراسری، گزارشهایی از حضور سنگین نیروهای امنیتی در سطح شهر منتشر شد. [ ۲۴۰ ] [ ۲۴۱ ] همچنین سازمان حقوق بشری «هانا» اعلام کرد که ۱۸ شهر استان کردستان در اعتصاب عمومی کامل بهسر میبرند. در حوزه ارتباطات، برخی رسانههای داخلی ایران در همان روز گزارش دادند که اینترنت ثابت و همراه در شماری از شهرها با کندی شدید، ناپایداری و قطع و وصلهای مکرر مواجه شده است. [ ۲۴۲ ] در واکنش به تحولات مربوط به اعتراضات، عبدالوحید فیاضی ، عضو کمیسیون آموزش و تحقیقات مجلس شورای اسلامی، بازداشت کودکان و نوجوانان در جریان اعتراضات را تأیید کرد و اعلام کرد که برخورد با آنها «بر اساس حقوق کودکان و نوجوانان در جمهوری اسلامی» صورت خواهد گرفت. او همچنین اظهار داشت که برخی از دانشآموزان تحت تأثیر فضای اعتراضی و «جوزدگی» دست به اقداماتی زدهاند. [ ۲۴۳ ] ۱۸ دی در روز پنجشنبه ۱۸ دی ۱۴۰۴، همزمان با تداوم اعتراضات دیماه ۱۴۰۴ در ایران، گزارشهای متعددی از وقوع اعتصابات سراسری و تجمعات اعتراضی در شهرهای مختلف کشور منتشر شد. این رویدادها شامل تعطیلی گسترده واحدهای صنفی، حضور معترضان در خیابانها و سردادن شعارهای اعتراضی بود و در مناطق مختلف با شدت و اشکال متفاوتی جریان داشت. بر اساس گزارشها، اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در شهرهای کازرون، بوکان، کرند غرب، مریوان، صفاشهر، مشهد، بروجرد، نجفآباد، سرپل ذهاب، همدان و بندر دیلم مشاهده شد. [ ۲۱۸ ] [ ۲۱۹ ] در این شهرها، شمار قابل توجهی از مغازهها تعطیل شدند و بازاریان با بستن واحدهای صنفی خود به اعتراضات پیوستند. در خرمآباد نیز گزارش شد که کسبه با وجود فضای امنیتی و ممانعت نیروهای امنیتی، مغازههای خود را تعطیل کرده و در اعتصاب شرکت کردند. [ ۲۲۰ ] در همدان، بازاریان ضمن بستن مغازهها، سایر کسبه را به پیوستن به اعتصاب دعوت کردند و همزمان تجمع گستردهای از معترضان در این شهر شکل گرفت. [ ۲۲۱ ] [ ۲۲۲ ] همزمان با اعتصابات، تجمعات خیابانی و اعتراضات عمومی در شماری از شهرها گزارش شد. در کازرون، معترضان اقدام به برگزاری تجمع اعتراضی کردند. [ ۲۲۳ ] [ ۲۲۴ ] در لومار و سیروان از توابع استان ایلام، شهروندان با حضور در خیابانها شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر خامنهای» و «توپ تانک فشفشه، آخوند باید گم بشه» سر دادند. [ ۲۲۵ ] در سروستان استان فارس، شهروندان پس از اعتصاب به خیابان آمدند و شعار «نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» را سر دادند گزارشها حاکی از حضور پررنگ زنان در صفهای نخست این اعتراضات است. [ ۲۲۶ ] [ ۲۲۷ ] [ ۲۲۸ ] در کلاچای استان گیلان، معترضان با سردادن شعار «رضاشاه، روحت شاد» تجمع کردند و در لاهیجان نیز شعار «ما تماشاگر نمیخواهیم، به ما ملحق شوید» از سوی معترضان شنیده شد. [ ۲۲۹ ] در بروجن، خانوادههای بازداشتشدگان در مقابل فرماندهی نیروی انتظامی تجمع اعتراضی برگزار کردند. [ ۲۳۰ ] همچنین در کرمان، همزمان با اعتراضات، گزارشهایی از شنیده شدن صدای تیراندازی منتشر شد. بر اساس گزارشها، در اصفهان معترضان در خیابان مشیر اقدام به روشن کردن آتش اعتراضی کردند. همزمان، اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در شهرهای اردبیل، [ ۲۳۱ ] [ ۲۳۲ ] شهرضا، [ ۲۳۳ ] کرج، [ ۲۳۳ ] نورآباد ممسنی، [ ۲۳۳ ] کرمانشاه، [ ۲۳۴ ] کرمان، [ ۲۳۴ ] برازجان، [ ۲۳۵ ] آمل، ارومیه، [ ۲۳۶ ] پاوه، [ ۲۳۷ ] قروه، [ ۲۳۷ ] شیراز و خمینیشهر گزارش شد. [ ۲۳۴ ] [ ۲۳۸ ] در سقز، گزارشها از تعطیلی کامل مغازهها و مشارکت گسترده شهروندان در اعتصاب حکایت داشت. [ ۲۳۹ ] در تبریز علاوه بر تداوم اعتصاب سراسری، گزارشهایی از حضور سنگین نیروهای امنیتی در سطح شهر منتشر شد. [ ۲۴۰ ] [ ۲۴۱ ] همچنین سازمان حقوق بشری «هانا» اعلام کرد که ۱۸ شهر استان کردستان در اعتصاب عمومی کامل بهسر میبرند. در حوزه ارتباطات، برخی رسانههای داخلی ایران در همان روز گزارش دادند که اینترنت ثابت و همراه در شماری از شهرها با کندی شدید، ناپایداری و قطع و وصلهای مکرر مواجه شده است. [ ۲۴۲ ] در واکنش به تحولات مربوط به اعتراضات، عبدالوحید فیاضی ، عضو کمیسیون آموزش و تحقیقات مجلس شورای اسلامی، بازداشت کودکان و نوجوانان در جریان اعتراضات را تأیید کرد و اعلام کرد که برخورد با آنها «بر اساس حقوق کودکان و نوجوانان در جمهوری اسلامی» صورت خواهد گرفت. او همچنین اظهار داشت که برخی از دانشآموزان تحت تأثیر فضای اعتراضی و «جوزدگی» دست به اقداماتی زدهاند. [ ۲۴۳ ] ۱۹ دی [ ویرایش ] در سیزدهمین روز خیزش ملی ایرانیان علیه جمهوری اسلامی، گزارش شد که اینترنت سراسری در کشور قطع بود و مانع از اطلاعرسانی آزاد شد. با این حال، معترضان در شهرهایی مانند زاهدان، کنارک و مشهد به خیابانها آمدند. [ ۲۴۴ ] بر اساس گزارشها، در زاهدان معترضان پس از نماز جمعه در اطراف مسجد مکی تجمع کردند و نیروهای نظامی و امنیتی به سمت آنها شلیک کردند. شماری از معترضان مجروح شدند. [ ۲۴۴ ] مولوی عبدالحمید، امام جمعه اهل سنت زاهدان، در خطبههای نماز جمعه ضمن اشاره به تظاهرات میلیونی مردم ایران، خواستار حمایت از فراخوان شاهزاده رضا پهلوی شد و بر نیاز مردم به نان و وضعیت اقتصادی دشوار آنان تأکید کرد. او همچنین از نیروهای نظامی و امنیتی خواست در مقابل معترضان ایستادگی نکنند. [ ۲۴۴ ] کمپین فعالان بلوچ، ویدیویی از تظاهرات زنان در زاهدان منتشر کرد که شعارهایی علیه رهبران جمهوری اسلامی و در حمایت از مردم ایران را نشان میداد. همچنین گزارش شد که شهروندان در کنارک از محدوده مسجد جامع تا فلکه لنج به خیابانها آمدند و فضای شهر بهطور محسوسی امنیتی شده بود. [ ۲۴۴ ] با وجود قطع اینترنت و محدودیت شدید دسترسی به رسانهها، شاهزاده رضا پهلوی در پیامی از حضور گسترده مردم در اعتراضات قدردانی و مردم را به ادامهٔ حضور در خیابانها تشویق کرد. [ ۲۴۴ ] مقامات جمهوری اسلامی ازجمله غلامحسین محسنی اژهای ، رئیس قوه قضاییه، معترضان را «آشوبگر و اغتشاشگر» خواندند و هشدار دادند که با آنها «بهصورت قاطع و بدون ارفاق قانونی» برخورد خواهد شد. دبیرخانه شورای عالی امنیت ملی نیز اعلام کرد که نیروهای امنیتی و قوه قضاییه با «خرابکاران» مماشات نخواهند کرد. [ ۲۴۴ ] همزمان، ایرانیان مقیم خارج از کشور نیز به حمایت از خیزش ملی ادامه دادند و در شهرهایی مانند سیدنی تجمعهای اعتراضی برگزار کردند. [ ۲۴۴ ] ۱۹ دی در سیزدهمین روز خیزش ملی ایرانیان علیه جمهوری اسلامی، گزارش شد که اینترنت سراسری در کشور قطع بود و مانع از اطلاعرسانی آزاد شد. با این حال، معترضان در شهرهایی مانند زاهدان، کنارک و مشهد به خیابانها آمدند. [ ۲۴۴ ] بر اساس گزارشها، در زاهدان معترضان پس از نماز جمعه در اطراف مسجد مکی تجمع کردند و نیروهای نظامی و امنیتی به سمت آنها شلیک کردند. شماری از معترضان مجروح شدند. [ ۲۴۴ ] مولوی عبدالحمید، امام جمعه اهل سنت زاهدان، در خطبههای نماز جمعه ضمن اشاره به تظاهرات میلیونی مردم ایران، خواستار حمایت از فراخوان شاهزاده رضا پهلوی شد و بر نیاز مردم به نان و وضعیت اقتصادی دشوار آنان تأکید کرد. او همچنین از نیروهای نظامی و امنیتی خواست در مقابل معترضان ایستادگی نکنند. [ ۲۴۴ ] کمپین فعالان بلوچ، ویدیویی از تظاهرات زنان در زاهدان منتشر کرد که شعارهایی علیه رهبران جمهوری اسلامی و در حمایت از مردم ایران را نشان میداد. همچنین گزارش شد که شهروندان در کنارک از محدوده مسجد جامع تا فلکه لنج به خیابانها آمدند و فضای شهر بهطور محسوسی امنیتی شده بود. [ ۲۴۴ ] با وجود قطع اینترنت و محدودیت شدید دسترسی به رسانهها، شاهزاده رضا پهلوی در پیامی از حضور گسترده مردم در اعتراضات قدردانی و مردم را به ادامهٔ حضور در خیابانها تشویق کرد. [ ۲۴۴ ] مقامات جمهوری اسلامی ازجمله غلامحسین محسنی اژهای ، رئیس قوه قضاییه، معترضان را «آشوبگر و اغتشاشگر» خواندند و هشدار دادند که با آنها «بهصورت قاطع و بدون ارفاق قانونی» برخورد خواهد شد. دبیرخانه شورای عالی امنیت ملی نیز اعلام کرد که نیروهای امنیتی و قوه قضاییه با «خرابکاران» مماشات نخواهند کرد. [ ۲۴۴ ] همزمان، ایرانیان مقیم خارج از کشور نیز به حمایت از خیزش ملی ادامه دادند و در شهرهایی مانند سیدنی تجمعهای اعتراضی برگزار کردند. [ ۲۴۴ ] ۲۰ دی [ ویرایش ] در دی ۱۴۰۴، اعتراضهای مردمی در چندین شهر ایران، از جمله تهران، مشهد، تبریز، اراک، مرودشت و رشت، برگزار شد و مردم برای چندمین روز متوالی به خیابان آمدند. بر اساس ویدیوها و تصاویر منتشرشده در شبکههای اجتماعی، معترضان شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر خامنهای»، «مرگ بر دیکتاتور»، «تا آخوند کفن نشود، این وطن وطن نشود»، «جاوید شاه» و «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. در برخی از ویدیوها، صدای تیراندازی مأموران امنیتی نیز شنیده میشود. [ ۲۴۵ ] [ ۲۴۶ ] همزمان با این اعتراضها، گزارشهای بینالمللی و سازمانهای رصد اینترنت از قطع سراسری اینترنت در ایران خبر دادند که از مرز ۶۰ ساعت گذشته و سطح اتصال همچنان حدود ۱ درصد از میزان معمول بود. این اقدام به عنوان محدودسازی دسترسی به اطلاعات و تهدید امنیت و رفاه شهروندان در مقطعی حساس توصیف شده است. [ ۲۴۶ ] بر اساس گزارشهای منتشرشده در شبکههای اجتماعی و منابع بینالمللی، تعداد کشتهشدگان در دو روز اخیر اعتراضها در سراسر ایران بالا بوده است. به نقل از مشاوران بنیادهای بینالمللی، دستکم ۱٬۶۰۰ نفر کشته شدهاند و برخی تخمینها این رقم را تا ۲٬۰۰۰ نفر نیز برآورد کردهاند. همچنین گزارشها حاکی از حضور تعداد بالایی اجساد در بیمارستانهای تهران و رشت است. به دلیل قطعی اینترنت و محدودیت دسترسی به اطلاعات رسمی، تأیید دقیق این آمار دشوار است. [ ۲۴۶ ] جدول شهرها، مناطق و شعارها (به همراه حوادث مرتبط) [ ویرایش ] شهر منطقه/محله شعارها و اقدامات معترضان توضیحات اضافی تهران ستارخان «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی تهران سعادتآباد «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی تهران بهار شیراز «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی مشهد وکیلآباد شعارهای اعتراضی عمومی دهها هزار نفر حضور داشتند، گزارش تیراندازی اراک جهانپناه «امسال سال خونه، موشعلی سرنگونه» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی مرودشت مناطق مختلف برخی ساختمانهای حکومتی آتش گرفتند گزارش خسارت به ساختمانهای حکومتی، گزارش تیراندازی رشت بیمارستانها جمعآوری اجساد معترضان گزارشها حاکی از تعداد بالای کشتهها، گزارش تیراندازی این اعتراضها نشاندهنده گستردگی و استمرار خیزشهای مردمی در ایران، محدودیت دسترسی به اینترنت و همچنین افزایش تعداد کشتهها و برخورد نیروهای امنیتی در شهرهای مختلف است. [ ۲۴۵ ] [ ۲۴۶ ] ۲۰ دی در دی ۱۴۰۴، اعتراضهای مردمی در چندین شهر ایران، از جمله تهران، مشهد، تبریز، اراک، مرودشت و رشت، برگزار شد و مردم برای چندمین روز متوالی به خیابان آمدند. بر اساس ویدیوها و تصاویر منتشرشده در شبکههای اجتماعی، معترضان شعارهایی از جمله «مرگ بر خامنهای»، «مرگ بر دیکتاتور»، «تا آخوند کفن نشود، این وطن وطن نشود»، «جاوید شاه» و «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند. در برخی از ویدیوها، صدای تیراندازی مأموران امنیتی نیز شنیده میشود. [ ۲۴۵ ] [ ۲۴۶ ] همزمان با این اعتراضها، گزارشهای بینالمللی و سازمانهای رصد اینترنت از قطع سراسری اینترنت در ایران خبر دادند که از مرز ۶۰ ساعت گذشته و سطح اتصال همچنان حدود ۱ درصد از میزان معمول بود. این اقدام به عنوان محدودسازی دسترسی به اطلاعات و تهدید امنیت و رفاه شهروندان در مقطعی حساس توصیف شده است. [ ۲۴۶ ] بر اساس گزارشهای منتشرشده در شبکههای اجتماعی و منابع بینالمللی، تعداد کشتهشدگان در دو روز اخیر اعتراضها در سراسر ایران بالا بوده است. به نقل از مشاوران بنیادهای بینالمللی، دستکم ۱٬۶۰۰ نفر کشته شدهاند و برخی تخمینها این رقم را تا ۲٬۰۰۰ نفر نیز برآورد کردهاند. همچنین گزارشها حاکی از حضور تعداد بالایی اجساد در بیمارستانهای تهران و رشت است. به دلیل قطعی اینترنت و محدودیت دسترسی به اطلاعات رسمی، تأیید دقیق این آمار دشوار است. [ ۲۴۶ ] جدول شهرها، مناطق و شعارها (به همراه حوادث مرتبط) [ ویرایش ] شهر منطقه/محله شعارها و اقدامات معترضان توضیحات اضافی تهران ستارخان «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی تهران سعادتآباد «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی تهران بهار شیراز «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی مشهد وکیلآباد شعارهای اعتراضی عمومی دهها هزار نفر حضور داشتند، گزارش تیراندازی اراک جهانپناه «امسال سال خونه، موشعلی سرنگونه» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی مرودشت مناطق مختلف برخی ساختمانهای حکومتی آتش گرفتند گزارش خسارت به ساختمانهای حکومتی، گزارش تیراندازی رشت بیمارستانها جمعآوری اجساد معترضان گزارشها حاکی از تعداد بالای کشتهها، گزارش تیراندازی این اعتراضها نشاندهنده گستردگی و استمرار خیزشهای مردمی در ایران، محدودیت دسترسی به اینترنت و همچنین افزایش تعداد کشتهها و برخورد نیروهای امنیتی در شهرهای مختلف است. [ ۲۴۵ ] [ ۲۴۶ ] جدول شهرها، مناطق و شعارها (به همراه حوادث مرتبط) شهر منطقه/محله شعارها و اقدامات معترضان توضیحات اضافی تهران ستارخان «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی تهران سعادتآباد «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی تهران بهار شیراز «این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی مشهد وکیلآباد شعارهای اعتراضی عمومی دهها هزار نفر حضور داشتند، گزارش تیراندازی اراک جهانپناه «امسال سال خونه، موشعلی سرنگونه» تجمع شامگاهی، گزارش تیراندازی مرودشت مناطق مختلف برخی ساختمانهای حکومتی آتش گرفتند گزارش خسارت به ساختمانهای حکومتی، گزارش تیراندازی رشت بیمارستانها جمعآوری اجساد معترضان گزارشها حاکی از تعداد بالای کشتهها، گزارش تیراندازی این اعتراضها نشاندهنده گستردگی و استمرار خیزشهای مردمی در ایران، محدودیت دسترسی به اینترنت و همچنین افزایش تعداد کشتهها و برخورد نیروهای امنیتی در شهرهای مختلف است. [ ۲۴۵ ] [ ۲۴۶ ] ۲۱ دی [ ویرایش ] در روز یکشنبه ۲۱ دی ۱۴۰۴، اعتراضها و واکنشهای گستردهای در چندین شهر ایران گزارش شد. بر اساس ویدیوها و تصاویر منتشرشده و گزارشهای رسانهای، در جریان مراسم خاکسپاری تعدادی از معترضانی که در شبهای گذشته کشته شده بودند، نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از گاز اشکآور و اسلحه پینتبال به خانوادهها و شرکتکنندگان حمله کردند. در این مراسم، خانوادهها و حاضرین شعارهای ضدحکومتی سر دادند. [ ۲۴۵ ] در دیگر شهرها نیز اعتراضها ادامه یافت. در بندرعباس، جمعیت قابل توجهی از معترضان برای حمایت از «انقلاب ملی ایرانیان» به خیابانها آمدند. همچنین در شیراز، کسبه در همراهی با این خیزشها دست به اعتصاب زدند و فعالیتهای خود را متوقف کردند. این رویدادها بخشی از موج گسترده اعتراضهای مردمی در ایران محسوب میشوند که شامل تجمعات خیابانی، اعتصابها و برخورد نیروهای امنیتی است. [ ۲۴۵ ] جدول شهرها، نوع اعتراض و واکنشها – ۲۱ دی ۱۴۰۴: [ ۲۴۵ ] شهر نوع اعتراض/مکان اقدامات معترضان واکنش نیروهای امنیتی و توضیحات اضافی تهران مراسم خاکسپاری معترضان شعارهای ضدحکومتی استفاده از گاز اشکآور و اسلحه پینتبال علیه خانوادهها بندرعباس خیابانها حضور جمعیت انبوه در حمایت از انقلاب ملی ایرانیان گزارشها از تجمع مسالمتآمیز شیراز بازار و مراکز کسبوکار اعتصاب و توقف فعالیت کسبه همراهی با خیزشهای مردمی ۲۱ دی در روز یکشنبه ۲۱ دی ۱۴۰۴، اعتراضها و واکنشهای گستردهای در چندین شهر ایران گزارش شد. بر اساس ویدیوها و تصاویر منتشرشده و گزارشهای رسانهای، در جریان مراسم خاکسپاری تعدادی از معترضانی که در شبهای گذشته کشته شده بودند، نیروهای امنیتی با استفاده از گاز اشکآور و اسلحه پینتبال به خانوادهها و شرکتکنندگان حمله کردند. در این مراسم، خانوادهها و حاضرین شعارهای ضدحکومتی سر دادند. [ ۲۴۵ ] در دیگر شهرها نیز اعتراضها ادامه یافت. در بندرعباس، جمعیت قابل توجهی از معترضان برای حمایت از «انقلاب ملی ایرانیان» به خیابانها آمدند. همچنین در شیراز، کسبه در همراهی با این خیزشها دست به اعتصاب زدند و فعالیتهای خود را متوقف کردند. این رویدادها بخشی از موج گسترده اعتراضهای مردمی در ایران محسوب میشوند که شامل تجمعات خیابانی، اعتصابها و برخورد نیروهای امنیتی است. [ ۲۴۵ ] جدول شهرها، نوع اعتراض و واکنشها – ۲۱ دی ۱۴۰۴: [ ۲۴۵ ] شهر نوع اعتراض/مکان اقدامات معترضان واکنش نیروهای امنیتی و توضیحات اضافی تهران مراسم خاکسپاری معترضان شعارهای ضدحکومتی استفاده از گاز اشکآور و اسلحه پینتبال علیه خانوادهها بندرعباس خیابانها حضور جمعیت انبوه در حمایت از انقلاب ملی ایرانیان گزارشها از تجمع مسالمتآمیز شیراز بازار و مراکز کسبوکار اعتصاب و توقف فعالیت کسبه همراهی با خیزشهای مردمی جستارهای وابسته [ ویرایش ] اعتراضات دی ۱۴۰۴ ایران بحران اقتصادی ایران کشتار ملکشاهی جستارهای وابسته اعتراضات دی ۱۴۰۴ ایران بحران اقتصادی ایران کشتار ملکشاهی منابع [ ویرایش ] .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} ↑ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")left 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Day Thirteen of the Protests: Nighttime Demonstrations Continue Amid Internet Shutdown" . HRANA. 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ↑ "Mapping the ongoing protests in Iran (UPDATED)" . faytuksnetwork.com . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ↑ همچنین به نقشه تهیه شده توسط اشپیگل مراجعه کنید: Cieschinger, Almut; Kornfeld, Anna-Lena; Martin, Anna Sophia; Riedmann, Bernhard; Schneider, Anna-Sophie (9 January 2026). "(S+) Iran: So breiten sich die regimekritischen Proteste aus" . اشپیگل (به آلمانی) . ↑ "Day four of Iran protests sees rallies spread and regime change calls grow" . Iran International (به انگلیسی) . 1 January 2026 . Retrieved 2 January 2026 . ↑ Parent, Deepa; Christou, William. " 'No future for us': disaffected Iranians say it's now or never to topple regime" . گاردین (به انگلیسی) . 1 2 "Reza Pahlavi, the exiled son of Iran's last shah at centre of protest chants" . London: BBC News. 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ↑ Golkar, Saeid; Brodsky, Jason M. (5 January 2026). "What's new about this wave of protests in Iran" . Foreign Policy . 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BBC News فارسی . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۸ . ↑ «تجمع جمعی از کسبه پاساژ علاءالدین در اعتراض به بیثباتی قیمت ارز» . ایسنا . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ سالاری، مسعود ( ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ ). «دومین روز اعتراضات گسترده بازاریان در تهران و دیگر شهرها؛ پلیس به خشونت و شلیک گاز اشکآور متوسل شد» . euronews . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ «کانال وابسته به سپاه پاسداران: اعتصاب بازاریان راه را برای جنگ مجدد اسرائیل هموار میکند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ «اعتراضات به بالا رفتن قیمت ارز و طلا در تهران به روز دوم کشیده شد» . euronews . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ «بحران افزایش قیمت ارز؛ ادامه اعتراضات در بازار و نقاط دیگر تهران» . BBC News فارسی . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . 1 2 3 4 5 «دومین روز اعتراضات به قیمت ارز در تهران و چند شهر دیگر؛ حضور نیروهای امنیتی و شلیک گاز اشکآور» . BBC News فارسی . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ «پس از اعتراضات شبانه، مأموران امنیتی کوی دانشگاه تهران را محاصره کردند» . ایران اینترنشنال . ۸ دی ۱۴۰۴ . ↑ «ادامه تجمعهای اعتراضی در چند شهر کشور: مردم در همدان، کرمان، قشم و ملارد هم به خیابان آمدند» . رادیو زمانه . ۸ دی ۱۴۰۴ . ↑ «گسترش اعتراضات بازاریان به نقاط مختلف تهران و شهرهای دیگر» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ «تجمع اعتراضی در ملارد کرج، شلیک، نشستن معترضان و «بازداشت»» . BBC News فارسی . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . ↑ "Iranian Official Warns Against New Rallies As U.S. Calls For 'Peaceful' Change" (به انگلیسی) . 2020-01-12 . 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Hengaw (hengaw.net) . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۰۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ iranianuk.com ( ۲۰۲۵ ). «گزارشها از استقرار گسترده نیروهای امنیتی در تهران و مشهد و تعطیلی بازار نقشجهان اصفهان» . iranianuk.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «تظاهرات شبانه در شهرهای مختلف ایران و واکنشها در جهان – DW – ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۹» . dw.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «مقامهای حکومت همزمان با ادامه اعتراضات برخی استانها را تعطیل کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . ↑ "Live - Iran's cities on edge as protests continue into third day" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2025-12-30 . Retrieved 2025-12-30 . ↑ " 'Iran's future belongs to its youth,' US State Department says" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2025-12-31 . Retrieved 2025-12-31 . ↑ «دومین روز اعتراضات گسترده بازاریان در تهران و دیگر شهرها؛ پلیس به خشونت و شلیک گاز اشکآور متوسل شد» . euronews . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . ↑ «گزارش اجمالی ههنگاو از سومین روز اعتصابات و اعتراضات در ایران» . Hengaw (hengaw.net) . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۰۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «در سومین روز از اعتراضات ایران چه گذشت؟» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . 1 2 «گزارشها از اتحاد خیابان و دانشگاه در سومین روز اعتراضات در ایران» . persianepochtimes.com . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۰۹\۱۸:۴۹:۰۸ . دریافتشده در 2025-12-31 . تاریخ وارد شده در | تاریخ= را بررسی کنید ( کمک ) 1 2 3 «گزارش اجمالی ههنگاو از سومین روز اعتصابات و اعتراضات در ایران» . Hengaw (hengaw.net) . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۰۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ "Strikes and protests continue for the third consecutive day in Iran" . Hengaw (hengaw.net) (به انگلیسی) . 1404-10-10 . Retrieved 2025-12-31 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: | تاریخ= ( help ) ↑ «سر دادن شعار «جاوید شاه» در کرمانشاه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «شعار رضا شاه، روحت شاد از سوی مردم در تجمع اعتراضی کرمانشاه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «شعارهای دختران در کرمانشاه در اعتراض به کسبهای که مغازههای خود را نبستهاند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «شلیک مأموران امنیتی و شعار معترضان در کرمانشاه» . www.bbc.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «گزارشها از اتحاد خیابان و دانشگاه در سومین روز اعتراضات در ایران» . persianepochtimes.com . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۰۹\۱۸:۴۹:۰۸ . دریافتشده در 2025-12-31 . تاریخ وارد شده در | تاریخ= را بررسی کنید ( کمک ) ↑ "Iran unrest intensifies: Protesters torch building in west; Basij officer killed" . daijiworld.com (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 2026-01-01 . ↑ «استقرار خودروهای آبپاش در خیابان ولیعصر تهران برای مقابله با معترضان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «زنده - مردم اصفهان، کرمانشاه و فسا در چهارمین روز اعتراضات تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . 1 2 «زنده - مردم اصفهان، کرمانشاه و فسا در چهارمین روز اعتراضات تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «هجوم معترضان به ساختمان فرمانداری در فسا» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «زنده - مردم اصفهان، کرمانشاه و فسا در چهارمین روز اعتراضات تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «معترضان در فسا شعار «آخوند باید گم بشه» سر دادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «شعارنویسی در خیابان: ضجه بزن سیدعلی، داره میاد پهلوی» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «ادامه تعطیلی بازارها و تظاهرات اعتراضی در شهرهای ایران – DW – ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۱۰» . dw.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «فراخوان تجمع دانشجویان دانشگاه کردستان در حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «مردم در کوهدشت استان لرستان تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «تیراندازی مأموران بهسوی معترضان در کوهدشت» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «نقشه گستردگی اعتراضات ایران در روز چهارم» . www.bbc.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ TABNAK، تابناک | ( ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ ). «تصویری از بسیجی به شهادت رسیده در کوهدشت لرستان» . fa . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «خبرهای کوتاه ایران؛ تظاهرات شبانه همزمان با گسترش اعتراضها به شهرهای مختلف» . euronews . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «فراخوان دانشجویان دانشگاههای کردستان و فردوسی مشهد برای پیوستن به اعتراضات» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . 1 2 3 «سرکوبگران با ونهای ایرانسل و همراه اول برای بازداشت دانشجویان معترض در مشهد کمین کردهاند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ "Iran unrest intensifies: Protesters torch building in west; Basij officer killed" . daijiworld.com (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 2026-01-01 . 1 2 3 "Iran unrest intensifies: Protesters torch building in west; Basij officer killed" . daijiworld.com (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 2026-01-01 . 1 2 3 4 5 «چهارمین روز اعتراضات ضدحکومتی دی ۱۴۰۴؛ گسترش به شهرهای بیشتر و افزایش خشونت نیروهای سرکوب» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «گروهی از مردم در دزفول شامگاه چهارشنبه برای پیوستن به اعتراضات در خیابان آتش روشن کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «چهارمین روز خیزش بازار - اعتصاب بازاریان درشهرهای مختلف» . www.iranntv.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «فولادشهر: داریوش انصاری بختیاروند با شلیک نیروهای سرکوبگر حکومتی کشته شد» . Hengaw (hengaw.net) . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۱۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «اعتراضات با وجود شلیکهای مرگبار نیروهای سرکوبگر جمهوریاسلامی به مردم ادامه یافت» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . ↑ «پنجمین روز خیزش سراسری - خروش یکپارچه ایران برای سرنگونی با پیوند اعتصابات سراسری و نبرد خیابانی» . www.iranntv.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . 1 2 «در پنجمین روز اعتراضات سراسری ایران چه گذشت؟» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . ↑ «حمله نیروهای حکومتی و مقاومت معترضان در قم» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «مردم قم با شعار «جاوید شاه» به خیابان رفتند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «زنده - در پنجمین روز اعتراضات مردم در نقاط مختلف کشور به خیابانها آمدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . 1 2 3 4 5 «در پنجمین روز اعتراضات سراسری ایران چه گذشت؟» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . ↑ «زنده - در پنجمین روز اعتراضات مردم در نقاط مختلف کشور به خیابانها آمدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «زنده - در پنجمین روز اعتراضات، مردم در نقاط مختلف کشور به خیابانها آمدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «مردم معترض در نورآباد لرستان: نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «فریاد «مرگ بر خامنهای» در نورآباد لرستان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «یک خودروی پلیس در نورآباد لرستان به آتش کشیده شد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ TABNAK، تابناک | ( ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ ). «پایان ناآرامی شدید در لردگان؛ حملهمسلحانه به مراکز دولتی» . fa . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «اعتراضات در ایران وارد پنجمین روز شد؛ ادامه اعتصاب و تجمع – DW – ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۱۱» . dw.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ Entekhab.ir، پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انتخاب | ( ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۱۱–۱۵:۵۷ ). «فارس: تجمع در شهر لردگان / جان باختن چند نفر در جریان درگیریها / اکنون اوضاع آرام است» . fa . دریافتشده در 2026-01-01 . تاریخ وارد شده در | تاریخ= را بررسی کنید ( کمک ) ↑ «دفتر امام جمعه جونقان در چهارمحال و بختیاری به آتش کشیده شد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . ↑ «معترضان در شهر کوار تظاهرات خیابانی برپا کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . ↑ "Zahedan joins nationwide protests with chants against dictator" . Iran International . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . ↑ "Zahedan joins nationwide protests with chants against dictator" . Iran International . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . ↑ «Instagram» . www.instagram.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . ↑ "Protests over economic deterioration in Iran spread to several cities" . EFE . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . ↑ "Protests erupt in Iran over currency's plunge to record low" . AP News . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . ↑ «اعتراضات مردم قم در طول شب پنجم همچنان ادامه داشت» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . ↑ "Protests over economic deterioration in Iran spread to several cities" . EFE . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . ↑ "Protests erupt in Iran over currency's plunge to record low" . AP News . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . 1 2 «هفتمین روز اعتراضات؛ گسترش تظاهرات در شهرهای مختلف کشور – DW – ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۱۳» . dw.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . 1 2 3 «زنده - تداوم اعتراضات سراسری با وجود دستور خامنهای برای کشتار ایرانیان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . ↑ "Mahallat protesters burn street fire, knock out surveillance camera" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Video: Police kiosk set on fire in central city of Mahallat" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-03 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ «تداوم اعتراضات سراسری؛ حضور مردم کازرون در خیابانها در هفتمین روز ناآرامیها» . ANF News . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . 1 2 3 4 5 kurdistanhumanrights (زمستان ۲۰۲۶). "چهار معترض کرد در ملکشاهی ایران کشته شدند" . kurdistanhumanrights (به انگلیسی) . ↑ «جلوگیری از اهدای خون و ربودن زخمیها پس از تیراندازی به معترضان ملکشاهی» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ "Video shows protesters lighting fire, facing security forces in Farsan" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Protesters chant pro-Pahlavi slogan during Yasouj street rally" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Video: Protesters resist security forces in Khorramabad" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-03 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ «کشته شدن ساغر اعتمادی معترض ۲۲ ساله؛ هفتمین روز اعتراضات ضدحکومتی در ایران» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . ↑ "Farsan protest leaves 22-year-old woman injured, reports say" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Protesters torch Soleimani's banner on his death anniversary" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-03 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ «خامنهای: اغتشاشگر را باید سر جایش نشاند؛ معترضان حسابشان جداست» . فرانس ۲۴ . ۱۳ دی ۱۴۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۱۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ . ↑ «واکنش رهبر انقلاب به حوادث اخیر: با کسانی که اموال عمومی را آتش میزنند باید برخورد شود» . الجزیره . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . ↑ "Live - Security tightens at Tehran bazaar as clashes, tear gas mark eighth protest day" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Heavy security presence reported in Tehran bazaar" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Tear gas fired as security forces move on Tehran shopping centers" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Marvdasht bazaar shutters stay down on Sunday, videos show" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Tarbiat Modares students hold protest rally" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ iranintl (زمستان ۲۰۲۶). "معترضان در خیابان حافظ تهران شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سر دادند" . iranintl (به انگلیسی) . ↑ «در روز هشتم اعتراضات سراسری ایران چه گذشت؟» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «شعار شبانه علیه علی خامنهای در تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «شعارهای «مرگ بر خامنهای» و «جاوید شاه» در خیابانهای تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . 1 2 3 4 «ادامه خیزش سراسری در روز هشتم؛ درگیری در شهرهای مختلف و ایستادگی مردم بهرغم سرکوب حکومتی» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . 1 2 "Video shows monarchist flag displayed during Ramsar protest" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ «معترضان پرچم جمهوری اسلامی را در جاده شهریار آتش زدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 « " یورش مأموران" به بیمارستان ایلام همزمان با هشدار مجدد ترامپ – DW – ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۱۵» . dw.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «پرتاب کوکتل مولوتف به سوی مأموران حکومتی در لاهیجان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «حمله مأموران امنیتی به معترضان در بابل» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «اعتصاب کسبه در مجتمع نگین شیراز» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . ↑ «آتش زدن بنر قاسم سلیمانی در مشهد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «نیروهای امنیتی به بیمارستان خمینی ایلام حمله کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «تداوم خیزش سراسری علیه جمهوری اسلامی و گسترش آن به چندین شهر ایران» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی و نظامی در تبریز، زنجان و اردبیل» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ "Protesters hold street rally in southwestern Iran city" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-05 . Retrieved 2026-01-05 . ↑ «آمادهباش سرکوبگران جلوی دانشگاه تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ "Protesters chant against supreme leader at Tehran rally" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-05 . Retrieved 2026-01-05 . ↑ «حمله مأموران سرکوب به خانواده بازداشتشدگان یاسوج» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «بازاریان مرودشت اعتصاب کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «گسترش اعتراضات ضدحکومتی در ایران؛ یورش نیروهای سرکوب جمهوری اسلامی به بیمارستانی در ایلام» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . 1 2 «کسبه بازار تهران فریاد «آزادی» سردادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . 1 2 «بازاریان در تهران: رضاشاه، روحت شاد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «فریادهای اعتراضی یکی از کاسبان بازار بزرگ تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «حمله مأموران به تجمع بازاریان معترض و شلیک گاز اشکآور» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «حمله مأموران سرکوب به کاسبان معترض در تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . 1 2 «گزارشها از پرتاب گاز اشکآور به تجمعکنندگان در تهران و شهرکرد حکایت دارد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «شلیک گاز اشکآور در ایستگاه مترو ۱۵ خرداد تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . 1 2 «تیراندازی نیروهای سرکوب به معترضان در شهرکرد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . 1 2 «حمله مأموران به معترضان با پینتبال در تهرانسر و شلیک گاز اشکآور در بازار چارسو» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «تشدید برخوردها در تهران و شلیک گاز اشکآور در بازار و خیابان جمهوری» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «تشدید برخوردها در تهران و شلیک گاز اشکآور در بازار و خیابان جمهوری» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «فریاد «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» کسبه مجتمع تجاری کاترپیلار تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «شلیک گاز اشکآور در پاساژ پلاسکو تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «کسبه بازار بزرگ تهران شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سردادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «حضور گسترده مردم معترض در تجمع بازار بزرگ تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «استفاده از ماشین آبپاش علیه معترضان در بازار تهران» . ایراناینترنشنال. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «پرتاب گاز اشکآور به داخل بیمارستان سینا و پاساژ ایرانیان» . صدای آمریکا. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «گزارشهای مردمی از حضور نیروهای غیربومی در سرکوب بازار تهران» . ایراناینترنشنال. ↑ «کاسبان بازار شیراز به اعتصاب پیوستند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . 1 2 «ماموران حکومت به خانههای شهروندان در لپویی فارس یورش بردند و شماری را بازداشت کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «کسبه بازار کازرون: در اعتراض به بیعدالتی، چهارشنبه اعتصاب میکنیم» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «شبکه کردستان ۲۴: نیروهای دلتای آمریکا در مرز عراق مستقر شدهاند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «حمله نیروهای سرکوبگر با پینتبال به مردم معترض در مشهد» . صدای آمریکا. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «دهمین روز اعتراضها؛ درگیری در مشهد و استفاده از گاز اشکآور» . یورونیوز. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «عقبنشینی مأموران به پشتبام کلانتری در پی خیزش مردم آبدانان» . ایرانوایر. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «جزئیات تجمع اعتراضی در آبدانان و تخریب اموال عمومی» . تابناک. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «دستور پزشکیان برای بررسی حوادث و ناآرامیها در ایلام» . رادیو فردا. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «ادامه اعتراضات در ایران؛ دستکم ۲۹ کشته و ۱۲۰۰ بازداشتی» . دویچهوله فارسی. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «دانشجویان دانشگاه معماری و هنر پارس: «دانشجو میمیرد، ذلت نمیپذیرد»» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «تجمع اعتراضی دانشجویان دانشگاه باهنر کرمان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «حمایت کانون صنفی فرهنگیان گیلان از اعتراضات مردمی در ایران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «تیراندازی نیروهای حکومتی به معترضان در شهرستان نیریز در استان فارس» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «ماموران حکومت برای برخورد با اعتصاب بازاریان تهران وارد اماکن تجاری شدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «معترضان در خیابانهای ولیعصر و فاطمی تهران: اگه با هم یکی نشیم، یکی یکی تموم میشیم» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «معترضان در بازار یافتآباد تهران مغازهها را بستند و تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «معترضان در شیراز شعار «پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند» . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «معترضان در مشهد مأموران سرکوب را به عقب راندند» . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «شعار اتحاد مردم معترض قیدار در زنجان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «بازایان تبریز یکسره تعطیل کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «شعارهای «پهلوی برمیگرده» و «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» معترضان در خیابانهای قزوین» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «دانشجویان دانشگاه سمنان تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «مردم معترض در چابکسر به خیابان آمدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «افزایش جمعیت معترضان در خیابانهای بندرعباس» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «کارگران پالایشگاه پارس جنوبی در عسلویه اعتصاب کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «زنده - شهروندان و بازاریان معترض در شماری از شهرهای ایران تجمع و اعتصاب کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «جمعیت گسترده معترضان در بجنورد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «جمعیت معترض لردگان نیروهای سرکوب را عقب راندند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «فریاد «مرگ بر خامنهای» در کرمانشاه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری در بروجرد، نجفآباد و سرپل ذهاب» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در مریوان، صفاشهر و مشهد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب کسبه خرمآباد با وجود جو امنیتی» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «حضور گسترده مردم در تجمع اعتراضی همدان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «بازاریان در همدان فریاد «ببندید» سردادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در شهرهای کازرون، بوکان و کرند غرب» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «معترضان در کازرون به خیابان آمدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «معترضان در شهر لومار شعار «مرگ بر خامنهای» سردادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «معترضان در سروستان: نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «معترضان در شهر لومار ایلام: آخوند باید گم بشه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «تداوم خیزش سراسری ایرانیان برای دوازدهمین روز متوالی» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «معترضان در کلاچای گیلان شعار «رضاشاه، روحت شاد» سردادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «تداوم اعتراضات و اعتصاب در شهرهای مختلف و تجمع خانوادههای بازداشتشدگان در بروجن» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه بازار بزرگ اصفهان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه بازار اردبیل» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . 1 2 3 «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در شهرضا، کرج و نورآباد ممسنی» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . 1 2 3 «اعتصاب کسبه در چند شهر ایران همزمان با اعتصاب شهرهای کردنشین» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در برازجان و آمل» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه شهر ارومیه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . 1 2 «اعتصاب سراسری در پاوه و قروه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری در شیراز و خمینیشهر» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «کسبه سقز در اعتصاب سراسری هستند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «حضور سنگین نیروهای سرکوب در تبریز» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «تداوم اعتصاب سراسری کسبه شهر تبریز» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اختلال شدید اینترنت ثابت و همراه در شهرهای مختلف» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «نماینده مجلس «بازداشت کودکان و نوجوانان» را در اعتراضات تأیید کرد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 «در سیزدهمین روز از خیزش ملی ایرانیان چه گذشت؟» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۱۱ . 1 2 3 4 5 «زنده - فراخوان شاهزاده رضا پهلوی برای حضور مردم در خیابانها از ساعت ۶ امشب» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۱۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۱۱ . 1 2 3 4 «چهاردهمین روز اعتراضات در ایران؛ ترامپ: ایران در حال نگریستن به آزادی است؛ شاید بیش از هر زمان دیگری» . euronews . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۱۰ . 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} ن ب و اعتراضات دی ۱۴۰۴ ایران پیشزمینه بحران داخلی ۱۴۰۴ ایران تورم در ایران تورم مواد غذایی در ایران خیزش ۱۴۰۱ ایران بحران اقتصادی ایران اعتراضات گاهشمار گستره جغرافیایی واکنشها کشتهشدگان رویدادها کشتارهای کشتار ملکشاهی کشتار فردیس مرد تانکی تهران حمله به بیمارستانها قطعی سراسری اینترنت در ایران کشتهشدگان امیرحسام خدایاریفرد داریوش انصاری بختیاری خداداد شیروانی شایان اسدالهی مصطفی فلاحی وهاب موسوی احمد جلیل سجاد والامنش احمدرضا امانی احد ابراهیمپور عبدلی علی عزیزی جعفرآبادی حسین ربیعی منصور مختاری امیرحسین بیاتی عرفان بزرگی امیرمحمد کوهکن طاها صفری مهدی امامیپور رضا عظیمزاده فارز آقامحمدی محمد مقدسی علی کریمی باولکی اسماعیل قریشوندی سروش (حافظ) سلیمانی ساغر اعتمادی رسول کدیوریان رضا کدیوریان لطیف کریمی رضا قنبری محمد نوری رضا مرادی عبدالوند عرفان سلطانی شعارها مرگ بر خامنهای مرگ بر دیکتاتور نه غزه نه لبنان جانم فدای ایران این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده امسال سال خونه، سید علی سرنگونه جاوید شاه ↑ اعتراضات در بیش از ۱۴۵ مکان گزارش شده است، از جمله آبادان ، آبدانان ، اهواز ، الیگودرز ، کوهستان الوند ، املش ، آمل ، اراک ، ارکواز ، ارسنجان ، اسدآباد (همدان) , بندر عسلویه ، آشخانه ، آستارا ، ازنا ، باباحیدر ، بابل (مازندران) , باغملک ، بندرعباس ، بندر گناوه ، بندر انزلی ، بندر کنگان ، بانه ، برازجان ، بروجرد ، چابکسر ، چهارباغ (البرز) , چنار شاهیجان ، درگهان ، دهلران ، دلیجان (مرکزی) , دزفول ، دوگنبدان ، دورود ، اقلید ، اسفراین ، اسلامآباد غرب ، اسلامشهر ، فلاورجان ، فریمان ، فارسان ، فسا ، فیروزآباد (ابهامزدایی) , فیروزکوه (تهران) , فولادشهر ، گرمدره ، گرمسار ، گیلانغرب ، گناباد ، گرگان ، هفشجان ، همدان ، هرسین ، شهرستان هلیلان ، ایلام ، اصفهان ، ایذه ، جهرم ، جونقان ، جویآباد ، کرج ، کاشان ، کوار ، کازرون ، کرند غرب ، کرمان ، کرمانشاه ، خاش ، خمینیشهر ، خرمآباد ، جزیره کیش ، شهرستان کوهچنار ، کوهدشت ، لاهیجان ، لالی ، لردگان ، لومار ، مهاباد ، محلات ، ملارد ، ملایر ، مراغه ، مریوان ، مرودشت ، مشهد ، مشکان (نیریز) , مورموری ، نهاوند ، نجفآباد ، نقاب (جوین) , نیریز ، نیشابور ، نورآباد ، پردیس (تهران) , پاوه ، قائن ، قصر شیرین ، قزوین ، قیدار (خدابنده) , قم ، قروه ، رامهرمز ، رشت ، رباطکریم ، رودسر ، سبزوار ، صفاشهر ، صحنه (کرمانشاه) , صالحآباد (مهران) , سامان (چهارمحال و بختیاری) , سقز ، سرپل ذهاب ، سروستان ، ساری (پوشاک) , ساوه ، سمنان ، شاهینشهر ، شهرکرد ، شاهرود (ساز) , شلمزار ، شازند ، شیراز ، شروان ، شوش ، سنقر ، تبریز ، تهران ، تنکابن ، تربت حیدریه ، تویسرکان ، ارومیه ، وحدتیه ، ورامین ، ورزنه (اصفهان) , یاسوج ، یزد ، یزدانشهر (زرند) , زابل ، زاهدان ، زنجان ، زرقان ، زرینشهر و زیباشهر (مبارکه) . ↑ تخمین پایینتر بر اساس صحبت مقام رسمی با رویترز ، تخمین بالاتر به ازای صحبت مقام رسمی با نیویورک تایمز . [ ۴۰ ] [ ۴۱ ] از جمله ۱۲۱ نیروی امنیتی، به گفته رسانههای دولتی ایران. [ ۴۲ ] ↑ شامل ۲۴۰۳ معترض (۱۲ کودک)، ۱۴۲ نیروی امنیتی، ۵ غیرنظامی طرفدار دولت و ۹ غیرنظامی غیرمعترض. [ ۴۳ ] خطای یادکرد: خطای یادکرد: برچسب <ref> برای گروهی به نام «persian-alpha» وجود دارد، اما برچسب <references group="persian-alpha"/> متناظر پیدا نشد. (). منابع ↑ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")left 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Day Thirteen of the Protests: Nighttime Demonstrations Continue Amid Internet Shutdown" . HRANA. 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ↑ "Mapping the ongoing protests in Iran (UPDATED)" . faytuksnetwork.com . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ↑ همچنین به نقشه تهیه شده توسط اشپیگل مراجعه کنید: Cieschinger, Almut; Kornfeld, Anna-Lena; Martin, Anna Sophia; Riedmann, Bernhard; Schneider, Anna-Sophie (9 January 2026). "(S+) Iran: So breiten sich die regimekritischen Proteste aus" . اشپیگل (به آلمانی) . ↑ "Day four of Iran protests sees rallies spread and regime change calls grow" . Iran International (به انگلیسی) . 1 January 2026 . Retrieved 2 January 2026 . ↑ Parent, Deepa; Christou, William. " 'No future for us': disaffected Iranians say it's now or never to topple regime" . گاردین (به انگلیسی) . 1 2 "Reza Pahlavi, the exiled son of Iran's last shah at centre of protest chants" . London: BBC News. 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ↑ Golkar, Saeid; Brodsky, Jason M. (5 January 2026). "What's new about this wave of protests in Iran" . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 5 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ↑ "Protesters in Marvdasht chant 'Pahlavi will return' on fifth day of protests" . Iran International . 1 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ↑ Teller, Neville (30 June 2025). "Is there a chance for regime change in Iran? – opinion" . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . 1 2 Shamim, Sarah. "Which are Iran's main opposition groups?" . الجزیره انگلیسی (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ↑ Jones, David (8 January 2026). "If we don't ban Iran's terror gang now we never will" . The Telegraph (به انگلیسی) . ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ↑ Karim, Matin (4 January 2025). "PMOI Resistance Units: "From Zahedan to Tehran, down with the oppressor" " . سازمان مجاهدین خلق ایران (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ↑ "Iran Braces for More Protests. Here's What to Know" . نیویورک تایمز . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Call for general strike against repression in Kurdistan, in solidarity with protesters in Iran" . Hengaw (به انگلیسی) . 7 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Iranian Kurdish groups support nationwide economic protests" . Shafaq News (به انگلیسی) . 7 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . 1 2 Sleiman, Nadia (11 January 2026). "Iran Update, January 10, 2026" . مؤسسه مطالعه جنگ (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ↑ "Iran: Police officer shot dead in Iranshahr" . caliber.az (به انگلیسی) . 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ↑ خبرگاه؛ علی اردستانی به اتهام "جاسوسی" برای اسرائیل اعدام شد . دویچه وله . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ↑ "Iran Update, January 5, 2026" . Institute for the Study of War . 5 January 2025 . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ↑ "Iranian Baloch group calls for protests and strikes across Iran" . Iran International . 7 January 2026. 1 2 3 "Iran Update, January 11, 2026" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . The regime may be framing protesters as "terrorists" and linking them to the United States and Israel to increase security forces’ willingness to use lethal force against protesters and reduce the risk of defections. ↑ "Iran is Cut off from Internet as Protests Calling for Regime Change Intensify" . نیویورک تایمز . ↑ "Iran's protests no longer speak language of reform [ OPINION ] " . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Iranian Authorities Intensify Crackdown on Protests with Live Fire, Arbitrary Arrests, and Attacks on Hospitals" . مرکز حقوق بشر در ایران (به انگلیسی) . 6 January 2026. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Iranian labor, civil and retiree groups voice support for protests" . Iran Insight (به انگلیسی) . 4 January 2026. ↑ "Iranian Christian alliance urges restraint as protests continue across Iran - Premier Christian News | Headlines, Breaking News, Comment & Analysis" . ↑ Glynn, Jordan (9 January 2026). "Iran Update, January 8, 2026" . Institute for the Study of War (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ↑ Bern, Stefaniia (10 January 2026). "Iran Update, January 9, 2026" . مؤسسه مطالعه جنگ (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ↑ Thousands participate in pro-government rallies across Iran (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 12 January 2026 – via Youtube. ↑ "Iranian protests escalate as authorities cut internet and crackdown intensifies" . یورونیوز . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ↑ "Protests in Iran sparked by economic woes now nationwide, activists say" . ABC News. 8 January 2026. ↑ Dehghanpisheh, Babak; Austin, Henry (8 January 2026). "Video shows security forces firing tear gas at protesters as Iran crackdown kills dozens" . انبیسی نیوز . ↑ "In Iran, no internet and surging protests urged on by an exiled prince" . Global News. 8 January 2026. ↑ "استقبال گسترده از فراخوان شاهزاده رضا پهلوی برای قیام ملی" . ایندیپندنت فارسی . 8 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ↑ "Internet and phones cut in Iran as protesters heed exiled prince's call for mass demonstration" . Politico. 8 January 2026. ↑ "Millions of Iranians take to the streets as protest death toll hits 42" . Iran International . 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ↑ Christou, William; Parent, Deepa (12 January 2026). "Iran holds pro-government rally as regime seeks to downplay protests" . گاردین (به انگلیسی) . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ↑ "Over 12,000 feared dead after Iran protests, as video shows bodies lined up at morgue" . CBS News . 13 January 2026 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ↑ «بیانیه شورای سردبیری ایراناینترنشنال: کشتار ۱۲ هزار شهروند ایرانی در سکوت دفن نخواهد شد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۱۳ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۱۳ . .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center;padding-right:1em;padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center;padding-right:1em;padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center;padding-right:1em;padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output div[dir=ltr] .cs1-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output div[dir=ltr] .cs1-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output div[dir=ltr] .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output div[dir=ltr] .cs1-lock-registration a{background-position:left .1em center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ↑ "About 2,000 killed in Iran protests, official says" . رویترز . 13 January 2026 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ↑ " 'Shoot to Kill': Accounts of Brutal Crackdown Emerge From Iran" . نیویورک تایمز . 13 January 2026 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ↑ "Iran Says It's Quelled Protests After Hundreds Reported Killed" . بلومبرگ نیوز . 12 January 2026. 1 2 "Day Seventeen of Iran's Protests: Continued Internet Shutdown, Spike in Figures, and Intensifying Global Reactions" . Human Rights Activists in Iran . ↑ «اعتصاب و تجمع اعتراضی فروشندگان پاساژ علاءالدین تهران» . ایسنا . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۸ . 1 2 3 4 «بازاریان پایتخت در واکنش به جهش قیمت ارز دست به اعتراض زدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . 1 2 «رکوردشکنی قیمت ارز و اعتراض کسبه تهران؛ آنچه گذشت» . BBC News فارسی . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۸ . ↑ «تجمع جمعی از کسبه پاساژ علاءالدین در اعتراض به بیثباتی قیمت ارز» . ایسنا . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ سالاری، مسعود ( ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ ). «دومین روز اعتراضات گسترده بازاریان در تهران و دیگر شهرها؛ پلیس به خشونت و شلیک گاز اشکآور متوسل شد» . euronews . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ «کانال وابسته به سپاه پاسداران: اعتصاب بازاریان راه را برای جنگ مجدد اسرائیل هموار میکند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ «اعتراضات به بالا رفتن قیمت ارز و طلا در تهران به روز دوم کشیده شد» . euronews . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ «بحران افزایش قیمت ارز؛ ادامه اعتراضات در بازار و نقاط دیگر تهران» . BBC News فارسی . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . 1 2 3 4 5 «دومین روز اعتراضات به قیمت ارز در تهران و چند شهر دیگر؛ حضور نیروهای امنیتی و شلیک گاز اشکآور» . BBC News فارسی . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ «پس از اعتراضات شبانه، مأموران امنیتی کوی دانشگاه تهران را محاصره کردند» . ایران اینترنشنال . ۸ دی ۱۴۰۴ . ↑ «ادامه تجمعهای اعتراضی در چند شهر کشور: مردم در همدان، کرمان، قشم و ملارد هم به خیابان آمدند» . رادیو زمانه . ۸ دی ۱۴۰۴ . ↑ «گسترش اعتراضات بازاریان به نقاط مختلف تهران و شهرهای دیگر» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ «تجمع اعتراضی در ملارد کرج، شلیک، نشستن معترضان و «بازداشت»» . BBC News فارسی . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . ↑ "Iranian Official Warns Against New Rallies As U.S. Calls For 'Peaceful' Change" (به انگلیسی) . 2020-01-12 . Retrieved 2025-12-30 . ↑ «زنده - استقرار گسترده نیروهای حکومتی در چند شهر همزمان با اعتصاب بازاریان تهران و اصفهان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . ↑ «اعتراضات گسترده در تهران و دیگر شهرها ۸ دی 1404 | رسانه خبری هفته» . مجله خبری هفته . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . ↑ «دومین روز اعتراضات گسترده بازاریان در تهران و دیگر شهرها؛ پلیس به خشونت و شلیک گاز اشکآور متوسل شد» . euronews . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . ↑ AFP (2025-12-30). "Tehran shopkeepers shut stores over currency volatility" . Brecorder (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 2025-12-31 . ↑ "At least 11 protesters arrested in southern Tehran" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2025-12-30 . Retrieved 2025-12-31 . ↑ سالاری، مسعود ( ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ ). «دومین روز اعتراضات گسترده بازاریان در تهران و دیگر شهرها؛ پلیس به خشونت و شلیک گاز اشکآور متوسل شد» . euronews . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . ↑ «گزارش اجمالی ههنگاو از سومین روز اعتصابات و اعتراضات در ایران» . Hengaw (hengaw.net) . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۰۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ iranianuk.com ( ۲۰۲۵ ). «گزارشها از استقرار گسترده نیروهای امنیتی در تهران و مشهد و تعطیلی بازار نقشجهان اصفهان» . iranianuk.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «تظاهرات شبانه در شهرهای مختلف ایران و واکنشها در جهان – DW – ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۹» . dw.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «مقامهای حکومت همزمان با ادامه اعتراضات برخی استانها را تعطیل کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . ↑ "Live - Iran's cities on edge as protests continue into third day" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2025-12-30 . Retrieved 2025-12-30 . ↑ " 'Iran's future belongs to its youth,' US State Department says" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2025-12-31 . Retrieved 2025-12-31 . ↑ «دومین روز اعتراضات گسترده بازاریان در تهران و دیگر شهرها؛ پلیس به خشونت و شلیک گاز اشکآور متوسل شد» . euronews . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۲۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . ↑ «گزارش اجمالی ههنگاو از سومین روز اعتصابات و اعتراضات در ایران» . Hengaw (hengaw.net) . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۰۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «در سومین روز از اعتراضات ایران چه گذشت؟» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . 1 2 «گزارشها از اتحاد خیابان و دانشگاه در سومین روز اعتراضات در ایران» . persianepochtimes.com . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۰۹\۱۸:۴۹:۰۸ . دریافتشده در 2025-12-31 . تاریخ وارد شده در | تاریخ= را بررسی کنید ( کمک ) 1 2 3 «گزارش اجمالی ههنگاو از سومین روز اعتصابات و اعتراضات در ایران» . Hengaw (hengaw.net) . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۰۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ "Strikes and protests continue for the third consecutive day in Iran" . Hengaw (hengaw.net) (به انگلیسی) . 1404-10-10 . Retrieved 2025-12-31 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: | تاریخ= ( help ) ↑ «سر دادن شعار «جاوید شاه» در کرمانشاه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «شعار رضا شاه، روحت شاد از سوی مردم در تجمع اعتراضی کرمانشاه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «شعارهای دختران در کرمانشاه در اعتراض به کسبهای که مغازههای خود را نبستهاند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «شلیک مأموران امنیتی و شعار معترضان در کرمانشاه» . www.bbc.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «گزارشها از اتحاد خیابان و دانشگاه در سومین روز اعتراضات در ایران» . persianepochtimes.com . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۰۹\۱۸:۴۹:۰۸ . دریافتشده در 2025-12-31 . تاریخ وارد شده در | تاریخ= را بررسی کنید ( کمک ) ↑ "Iran unrest intensifies: Protesters torch building in west; Basij officer killed" . daijiworld.com (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 2026-01-01 . ↑ «استقرار خودروهای آبپاش در خیابان ولیعصر تهران برای مقابله با معترضان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «زنده - مردم اصفهان، کرمانشاه و فسا در چهارمین روز اعتراضات تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . 1 2 «زنده - مردم اصفهان، کرمانشاه و فسا در چهارمین روز اعتراضات تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «هجوم معترضان به ساختمان فرمانداری در فسا» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «زنده - مردم اصفهان، کرمانشاه و فسا در چهارمین روز اعتراضات تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «معترضان در فسا شعار «آخوند باید گم بشه» سر دادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «شعارنویسی در خیابان: ضجه بزن سیدعلی، داره میاد پهلوی» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «ادامه تعطیلی بازارها و تظاهرات اعتراضی در شهرهای ایران – DW – ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۱۰» . dw.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «فراخوان تجمع دانشجویان دانشگاه کردستان در حمایت از اعتراضات سراسری» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «مردم در کوهدشت استان لرستان تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «تیراندازی مأموران بهسوی معترضان در کوهدشت» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «نقشه گستردگی اعتراضات ایران در روز چهارم» . www.bbc.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ TABNAK، تابناک | ( ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ ). «تصویری از بسیجی به شهادت رسیده در کوهدشت لرستان» . fa . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «خبرهای کوتاه ایران؛ تظاهرات شبانه همزمان با گسترش اعتراضها به شهرهای مختلف» . euronews . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «فراخوان دانشجویان دانشگاههای کردستان و فردوسی مشهد برای پیوستن به اعتراضات» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . 1 2 3 «سرکوبگران با ونهای ایرانسل و همراه اول برای بازداشت دانشجویان معترض در مشهد کمین کردهاند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ "Iran unrest intensifies: Protesters torch building in west; Basij officer killed" . daijiworld.com (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 2026-01-01 . 1 2 3 "Iran unrest intensifies: Protesters torch building in west; Basij officer killed" . daijiworld.com (به انگلیسی) . Retrieved 2026-01-01 . 1 2 3 4 5 «چهارمین روز اعتراضات ضدحکومتی دی ۱۴۰۴؛ گسترش به شهرهای بیشتر و افزایش خشونت نیروهای سرکوب» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «گروهی از مردم در دزفول شامگاه چهارشنبه برای پیوستن به اعتراضات در خیابان آتش روشن کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «چهارمین روز خیزش بازار - اعتصاب بازاریان درشهرهای مختلف» . www.iranntv.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۵-۱۲-۳۱ . ↑ «فولادشهر: داریوش انصاری بختیاروند با شلیک نیروهای سرکوبگر حکومتی کشته شد» . Hengaw (hengaw.net) . ۱۴۰۴-۱۰-۱۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «اعتراضات با وجود شلیکهای مرگبار نیروهای سرکوبگر جمهوریاسلامی به مردم ادامه یافت» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . ↑ «پنجمین روز خیزش سراسری - خروش یکپارچه ایران برای سرنگونی با پیوند اعتصابات سراسری و نبرد خیابانی» . www.iranntv.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . 1 2 «در پنجمین روز اعتراضات سراسری ایران چه گذشت؟» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . ↑ «حمله نیروهای حکومتی و مقاومت معترضان در قم» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «مردم قم با شعار «جاوید شاه» به خیابان رفتند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «زنده - در پنجمین روز اعتراضات مردم در نقاط مختلف کشور به خیابانها آمدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . 1 2 3 4 5 «در پنجمین روز اعتراضات سراسری ایران چه گذشت؟» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . ↑ «زنده - در پنجمین روز اعتراضات مردم در نقاط مختلف کشور به خیابانها آمدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «زنده - در پنجمین روز اعتراضات، مردم در نقاط مختلف کشور به خیابانها آمدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «مردم معترض در نورآباد لرستان: نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «فریاد «مرگ بر خامنهای» در نورآباد لرستان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «یک خودروی پلیس در نورآباد لرستان به آتش کشیده شد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ TABNAK، تابناک | ( ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ ). «پایان ناآرامی شدید در لردگان؛ حملهمسلحانه به مراکز دولتی» . fa . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ «اعتراضات در ایران وارد پنجمین روز شد؛ ادامه اعتصاب و تجمع – DW – ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۱۱» . dw.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . ↑ Entekhab.ir، پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انتخاب | ( ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۱۱–۱۵:۵۷ ). «فارس: تجمع در شهر لردگان / جان باختن چند نفر در جریان درگیریها / اکنون اوضاع آرام است» . fa . دریافتشده در 2026-01-01 . تاریخ وارد شده در | تاریخ= را بررسی کنید ( کمک ) ↑ «دفتر امام جمعه جونقان در چهارمحال و بختیاری به آتش کشیده شد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . ↑ «معترضان در شهر کوار تظاهرات خیابانی برپا کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . ↑ "Zahedan joins nationwide protests with chants against dictator" . Iran International . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . ↑ "Zahedan joins nationwide protests with chants against dictator" . Iran International . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . ↑ «Instagram» . www.instagram.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . ↑ "Protests over economic deterioration in Iran spread to several cities" . EFE . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . ↑ "Protests erupt in Iran over currency's plunge to record low" . AP News . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . ↑ «اعتراضات مردم قم در طول شب پنجم همچنان ادامه داشت» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۲ . ↑ "Protests over economic deterioration in Iran spread to several cities" . EFE . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . ↑ "Protests erupt in Iran over currency's plunge to record low" . AP News . Retrieved 2026-01-03 . 1 2 «هفتمین روز اعتراضات؛ گسترش تظاهرات در شهرهای مختلف کشور – DW – ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۱۳» . dw.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . 1 2 3 «زنده - تداوم اعتراضات سراسری با وجود دستور خامنهای برای کشتار ایرانیان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . ↑ "Mahallat protesters burn street fire, knock out surveillance camera" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Video: Police kiosk set on fire in central city of Mahallat" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-03 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ «تداوم اعتراضات سراسری؛ حضور مردم کازرون در خیابانها در هفتمین روز ناآرامیها» . ANF News . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . 1 2 3 4 5 kurdistanhumanrights (زمستان ۲۰۲۶). "چهار معترض کرد در ملکشاهی ایران کشته شدند" . kurdistanhumanrights (به انگلیسی) . ↑ «جلوگیری از اهدای خون و ربودن زخمیها پس از تیراندازی به معترضان ملکشاهی» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ "Video shows protesters lighting fire, facing security forces in Farsan" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Protesters chant pro-Pahlavi slogan during Yasouj street rally" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Video: Protesters resist security forces in Khorramabad" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-03 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ «کشته شدن ساغر اعتمادی معترض ۲۲ ساله؛ هفتمین روز اعتراضات ضدحکومتی در ایران» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . ↑ "Farsan protest leaves 22-year-old woman injured, reports say" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Protesters torch Soleimani's banner on his death anniversary" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-03 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ «خامنهای: اغتشاشگر را باید سر جایش نشاند؛ معترضان حسابشان جداست» . فرانس ۲۴ . ۱۳ دی ۱۴۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۱۴ دی ۱۴۰۴ . ↑ «واکنش رهبر انقلاب به حوادث اخیر: با کسانی که اموال عمومی را آتش میزنند باید برخورد شود» . الجزیره . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۳ . ↑ "Live - Security tightens at Tehran bazaar as clashes, tear gas mark eighth protest day" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Heavy security presence reported in Tehran bazaar" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Tear gas fired as security forces move on Tehran shopping centers" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Marvdasht bazaar shutters stay down on Sunday, videos show" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ "Tarbiat Modares students hold protest rally" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ iranintl (زمستان ۲۰۲۶). "معترضان در خیابان حافظ تهران شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سر دادند" . iranintl (به انگلیسی) . ↑ «در روز هشتم اعتراضات سراسری ایران چه گذشت؟» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «شعار شبانه علیه علی خامنهای در تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «شعارهای «مرگ بر خامنهای» و «جاوید شاه» در خیابانهای تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . 1 2 3 4 «ادامه خیزش سراسری در روز هشتم؛ درگیری در شهرهای مختلف و ایستادگی مردم بهرغم سرکوب حکومتی» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . 1 2 "Video shows monarchist flag displayed during Ramsar protest" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-04 . Retrieved 2026-01-04 . ↑ «معترضان پرچم جمهوری اسلامی را در جاده شهریار آتش زدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 « " یورش مأموران" به بیمارستان ایلام همزمان با هشدار مجدد ترامپ – DW – ۱۴۰۴/۱۰/۱۵» . dw.com . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «پرتاب کوکتل مولوتف به سوی مأموران حکومتی در لاهیجان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «حمله مأموران امنیتی به معترضان در بابل» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «اعتصاب کسبه در مجتمع نگین شیراز» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . ↑ «آتش زدن بنر قاسم سلیمانی در مشهد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «نیروهای امنیتی به بیمارستان خمینی ایلام حمله کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «تداوم خیزش سراسری علیه جمهوری اسلامی و گسترش آن به چندین شهر ایران» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۴ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «حضور گسترده نیروهای امنیتی و نظامی در تبریز، زنجان و اردبیل» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ "Protesters hold street rally in southwestern Iran city" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-05 . Retrieved 2026-01-05 . ↑ «آمادهباش سرکوبگران جلوی دانشگاه تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ "Protesters chant against supreme leader at Tehran rally" . www.iranintl.com (به انگلیسی) . 2026-01-05 . Retrieved 2026-01-05 . ↑ «حمله مأموران سرکوب به خانواده بازداشتشدگان یاسوج» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «بازاریان مرودشت اعتصاب کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «گسترش اعتراضات ضدحکومتی در ایران؛ یورش نیروهای سرکوب جمهوری اسلامی به بیمارستانی در ایلام» . صدای آمریکا . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . 1 2 «کسبه بازار تهران فریاد «آزادی» سردادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . 1 2 «بازاریان در تهران: رضاشاه، روحت شاد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «فریادهای اعتراضی یکی از کاسبان بازار بزرگ تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «حمله مأموران به تجمع بازاریان معترض و شلیک گاز اشکآور» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «حمله مأموران سرکوب به کاسبان معترض در تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . 1 2 «گزارشها از پرتاب گاز اشکآور به تجمعکنندگان در تهران و شهرکرد حکایت دارد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «شلیک گاز اشکآور در ایستگاه مترو ۱۵ خرداد تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . 1 2 «تیراندازی نیروهای سرکوب به معترضان در شهرکرد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . 1 2 «حمله مأموران به معترضان با پینتبال در تهرانسر و شلیک گاز اشکآور در بازار چارسو» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «تشدید برخوردها در تهران و شلیک گاز اشکآور در بازار و خیابان جمهوری» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «تشدید برخوردها در تهران و شلیک گاز اشکآور در بازار و خیابان جمهوری» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «فریاد «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» کسبه مجتمع تجاری کاترپیلار تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «شلیک گاز اشکآور در پاساژ پلاسکو تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «کسبه بازار بزرگ تهران شعار «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» سردادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «حضور گسترده مردم معترض در تجمع بازار بزرگ تهران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «استفاده از ماشین آبپاش علیه معترضان در بازار تهران» . ایراناینترنشنال. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «پرتاب گاز اشکآور به داخل بیمارستان سینا و پاساژ ایرانیان» . صدای آمریکا. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «گزارشهای مردمی از حضور نیروهای غیربومی در سرکوب بازار تهران» . ایراناینترنشنال. ↑ «کاسبان بازار شیراز به اعتصاب پیوستند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . 1 2 «ماموران حکومت به خانههای شهروندان در لپویی فارس یورش بردند و شماری را بازداشت کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «کسبه بازار کازرون: در اعتراض به بیعدالتی، چهارشنبه اعتصاب میکنیم» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «شبکه کردستان ۲۴: نیروهای دلتای آمریکا در مرز عراق مستقر شدهاند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «حمله نیروهای سرکوبگر با پینتبال به مردم معترض در مشهد» . صدای آمریکا. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «دهمین روز اعتراضها؛ درگیری در مشهد و استفاده از گاز اشکآور» . یورونیوز. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «عقبنشینی مأموران به پشتبام کلانتری در پی خیزش مردم آبدانان» . ایرانوایر. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «جزئیات تجمع اعتراضی در آبدانان و تخریب اموال عمومی» . تابناک. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «دستور پزشکیان برای بررسی حوادث و ناآرامیها در ایلام» . رادیو فردا. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۵ . ↑ «ادامه اعتراضات در ایران؛ دستکم ۲۹ کشته و ۱۲۰۰ بازداشتی» . دویچهوله فارسی. ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . ↑ «دانشجویان دانشگاه معماری و هنر پارس: «دانشجو میمیرد، ذلت نمیپذیرد»» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «تجمع اعتراضی دانشجویان دانشگاه باهنر کرمان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «حمایت کانون صنفی فرهنگیان گیلان از اعتراضات مردمی در ایران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «تیراندازی نیروهای حکومتی به معترضان در شهرستان نیریز در استان فارس» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۶ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «ماموران حکومت برای برخورد با اعتصاب بازاریان تهران وارد اماکن تجاری شدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «معترضان در خیابانهای ولیعصر و فاطمی تهران: اگه با هم یکی نشیم، یکی یکی تموم میشیم» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «معترضان در بازار یافتآباد تهران مغازهها را بستند و تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «معترضان در شیراز شعار «پهلوی برمیگرده» سر دادند» . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «معترضان در مشهد مأموران سرکوب را به عقب راندند» . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «شعار اتحاد مردم معترض قیدار در زنجان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «بازایان تبریز یکسره تعطیل کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «شعارهای «پهلوی برمیگرده» و «مرگ بر دیکتاتور» معترضان در خیابانهای قزوین» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «دانشجویان دانشگاه سمنان تجمع کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «مردم معترض در چابکسر به خیابان آمدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «افزایش جمعیت معترضان در خیابانهای بندرعباس» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «کارگران پالایشگاه پارس جنوبی در عسلویه اعتصاب کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «زنده - شهروندان و بازاریان معترض در شماری از شهرهای ایران تجمع و اعتصاب کردند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «جمعیت گسترده معترضان در بجنورد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «جمعیت معترض لردگان نیروهای سرکوب را عقب راندند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «فریاد «مرگ بر خامنهای» در کرمانشاه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۷ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری در بروجرد، نجفآباد و سرپل ذهاب» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در مریوان، صفاشهر و مشهد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب کسبه خرمآباد با وجود جو امنیتی» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «حضور گسترده مردم در تجمع اعتراضی همدان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «بازاریان در همدان فریاد «ببندید» سردادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در شهرهای کازرون، بوکان و کرند غرب» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «معترضان در کازرون به خیابان آمدند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «معترضان در شهر لومار شعار «مرگ بر خامنهای» سردادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «معترضان در سروستان: نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «معترضان در شهر لومار ایلام: آخوند باید گم بشه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «تداوم خیزش سراسری ایرانیان برای دوازدهمین روز متوالی» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «معترضان در کلاچای گیلان شعار «رضاشاه، روحت شاد» سردادند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «تداوم اعتراضات و اعتصاب در شهرهای مختلف و تجمع خانوادههای بازداشتشدگان در بروجن» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه بازار بزرگ اصفهان» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه بازار اردبیل» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . 1 2 3 «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در شهرضا، کرج و نورآباد ممسنی» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . 1 2 3 «اعتصاب کسبه در چند شهر ایران همزمان با اعتصاب شهرهای کردنشین» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه در برازجان و آمل» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری کسبه شهر ارومیه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . 1 2 «اعتصاب سراسری در پاوه و قروه» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اعتصاب سراسری در شیراز و خمینیشهر» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «کسبه سقز در اعتصاب سراسری هستند» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «حضور سنگین نیروهای سرکوب در تبریز» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «تداوم اعتصاب سراسری کسبه شهر تبریز» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «اختلال شدید اینترنت ثابت و همراه در شهرهای مختلف» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . ↑ «نماینده مجلس «بازداشت کودکان و نوجوانان» را در اعتراضات تأیید کرد» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۸ . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 «در سیزدهمین روز از خیزش ملی ایرانیان چه گذشت؟» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۰۹ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۱۱ . 1 2 3 4 5 «زنده - فراخوان شاهزاده رضا پهلوی برای حضور مردم در خیابانها از ساعت ۶ امشب» . www.iranintl.com . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۱۱ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۱۱ . 1 2 3 4 «چهاردهمین روز اعتراضات در ایران؛ ترامپ: ایران در حال نگریستن به آزادی است؛ شاید بیش از هر زمان دیگری» . euronews . ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۱۰ . دریافتشده در ۲۰۲۶-۰۱-۱۱ . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:right;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-left:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-right:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} ن ب و اعتراضات دی ۱۴۰۴ ایران ن ب و پیشزمینه بحران داخلی ۱۴۰۴ ایران تورم در ایران تورم مواد غذایی در ایران خیزش ۱۴۰۱ ایران بحران اقتصادی ایران بحران داخلی ۱۴۰۴ ایران تورم در ایران تورم مواد غذایی در ایران تورم مواد غذایی در ایران خیزش ۱۴۰۱ ایران بحران اقتصادی ایران اعتراضات گاهشمار گستره جغرافیایی واکنشها کشتهشدگان گاهشمار گستره جغرافیایی واکنشها کشتهشدگان رویدادها کشتارهای کشتار ملکشاهی کشتار فردیس مرد تانکی تهران حمله به بیمارستانها قطعی سراسری اینترنت در ایران کشتارهای کشتار ملکشاهی کشتار فردیس کشتار ملکشاهی کشتار فردیس مرد تانکی تهران حمله به بیمارستانها قطعی سراسری اینترنت در ایران کشتهشدگان امیرحسام خدایاریفرد داریوش انصاری بختیاری خداداد شیروانی شایان اسدالهی مصطفی فلاحی وهاب موسوی احمد جلیل سجاد والامنش احمدرضا امانی احد ابراهیمپور عبدلی علی عزیزی جعفرآبادی حسین ربیعی منصور مختاری امیرحسین بیاتی عرفان بزرگی امیرمحمد کوهکن طاها صفری مهدی امامیپور رضا عظیمزاده فارز آقامحمدی محمد مقدسی علی کریمی باولکی اسماعیل قریشوندی سروش (حافظ) سلیمانی ساغر اعتمادی رسول کدیوریان رضا کدیوریان لطیف کریمی رضا قنبری محمد نوری رضا مرادی عبدالوند عرفان سلطانی امیرحسام خدایاریفرد داریوش انصاری بختیاری خداداد شیروانی شایان اسدالهی مصطفی فلاحی وهاب موسوی احمد جلیل سجاد والامنش احمدرضا امانی احد ابراهیمپور عبدلی علی عزیزی جعفرآبادی حسین ربیعی منصور مختاری امیرحسین بیاتی عرفان بزرگی امیرمحمد کوهکن طاها صفری مهدی امامیپور رضا عظیمزاده فارز آقامحمدی محمد مقدسی علی کریمی باولکی اسماعیل قریشوندی سروش (حافظ) سلیمانی ساغر اعتمادی رسول کدیوریان رضا کدیوریان لطیف کریمی رضا قنبری محمد نوری رضا مرادی عبدالوند عرفان سلطانی شعارها مرگ بر خامنهای مرگ بر دیکتاتور نه غزه نه لبنان جانم فدای ایران این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده امسال سال خونه، سید علی سرنگونه جاوید شاه مرگ بر خامنهای مرگ بر دیکتاتور نه غزه نه لبنان جانم فدای ایران این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده امسال سال خونه، سید علی سرنگونه جاوید شاه ↑ اعتراضات در بیش از ۱۴۵ مکان گزارش شده است، از جمله آبادان ، آبدانان ، اهواز ، الیگودرز ، کوهستان الوند ، املش ، آمل ، اراک ، ارکواز ، ارسنجان ، اسدآباد (همدان) , بندر عسلویه ، آشخانه ، آستارا ، ازنا ، باباحیدر ، بابل (مازندران) , باغملک ، بندرعباس ، بندر گناوه ، بندر انزلی ، بندر کنگان ، بانه ، برازجان ، بروجرد ، چابکسر ، چهارباغ (البرز) , چنار شاهیجان ، درگهان ، دهلران ، دلیجان (مرکزی) , دزفول ، دوگنبدان ، دورود ، اقلید ، اسفراین ، اسلامآباد غرب ، اسلامشهر ، فلاورجان ، فریمان ، فارسان ، فسا ، فیروزآباد (ابهامزدایی) , فیروزکوه (تهران) , فولادشهر ، گرمدره ، گرمسار ، گیلانغرب ، گناباد ، گرگان ، هفشجان ، همدان ، هرسین ، شهرستان هلیلان ، ایلام ، اصفهان ، ایذه ، جهرم ، جونقان ، جویآباد ، کرج ، کاشان ، کوار ، کازرون ، کرند غرب ، کرمان ، کرمانشاه ، خاش ، خمینیشهر ، خرمآباد ، جزیره کیش ، شهرستان کوهچنار ، کوهدشت ، لاهیجان ، لالی ، لردگان ، لومار ، مهاباد ، محلات ، ملارد ، ملایر ، مراغه ، مریوان ، مرودشت ، مشهد ، مشکان (نیریز) , مورموری ، نهاوند ، نجفآباد ، نقاب (جوین) , نیریز ، نیشابور ، نورآباد ، پردیس (تهران) , پاوه ، قائن ، قصر شیرین ، قزوین ، قیدار (خدابنده) , قم ، قروه ، رامهرمز ، رشت ، رباطکریم ، رودسر ، سبزوار ، صفاشهر ، صحنه (کرمانشاه) , صالحآباد (مهران) , سامان (چهارمحال و بختیاری) , سقز ، سرپل ذهاب ، سروستان ، ساری (پوشاک) , ساوه ، سمنان ، شاهینشهر ، شهرکرد ، شاهرود (ساز) , شلمزار ، شازند ، شیراز ، شروان ، شوش ، سنقر ، تبریز ، تهران ، تنکابن ، تربت حیدریه ، تویسرکان ، ارومیه ، وحدتیه ، ورامین ، ورزنه (اصفهان) , یاسوج ، یزد ، یزدانشهر (زرند) , زابل ، زاهدان ، زنجان ، زرقان ، زرینشهر و زیباشهر (مبارکه) . ↑ تخمین پایینتر بر اساس صحبت مقام رسمی با رویترز ، تخمین بالاتر به ازای صحبت مقام رسمی با نیویورک تایمز . [ ۴۰ ] [ ۴۱ ] از جمله ۱۲۱ نیروی امنیتی، به گفته رسانههای دولتی ایران. [ ۴۲ ] ↑ شامل ۲۴۰۳ معترض (۱۲ کودک)، ۱۴۲ نیروی امنیتی، ۵ غیرنظامی طرفدار دولت و ۹ غیرنظامی غیرمعترض. [ ۴۳ ] رویداد روز اعتراضات در ایران اعتراضات دی ۱۴۰۴ ایران ایران در ۲۰۲۵ (میلادی) یادکردهای دارای منبع به زبان آلمانی یادکردهای دارای منبع به زبان انگلیسی یادکردهای دارای عنوان به خط زبانهای خارجی همه مقالههای نیازمند تمیزکاری پیوندهای بیرونی صفحههایی که از فهرست تاشو با هر دو ویژگی پسزمینه و تراز متن در سبک عنوان استفاده میکنند خطاهای یادکرد: تاریخ همه مقالههای دارای عبارتهای بدون منبع صفحههای دارای خطا در ارجاع صفحههایی که از افزونه نقشهنگار استفاده میکنند این صفحه آخرینبار در ۱۵ ژانویهٔ ۲۰۲۶ ساعت ۰۰:۰۱ ویرایش شده است. این صفحه با استفاده از پارسوئید رندر شده است. همهٔ نوشتهها تحت مجوز Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike در دسترس است؛ برای جزئیات بیشتر شرایط استفاده را بخوانید. ویکیپدیا® علامتی تجاری متعلق به سازمان غیرانتفاعی بنیاد ویکیمدیا است. سیاست حفظ حریم خصوصی دربارهٔ ویکیپدیا تکذیبنامهها آییننامه رفتاری توسعهدهندگان آمار بیانیهٔ کوکی نمای موبایل
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Spanish colonialization (1521–1898) 1.2 Philippine–American War (1898–1902) 1.3 American and Japanese colonization; World War II (1902–1946) 1.4 Marcos's dictatorship era (1965-1986) 1.4.1 Deforestation during Martial Law and the Sag-od Massacre 1.4.2 Construction of the San Juanico Bridge 1.4.3 The New People's Army conflict 1.5 Contemporary history (1986–present) 1.1 Spanish colonialization (1521–1898) 1.2 Philippine–American War (1898–1902) 1.3 American and Japanese colonization; World War II (1902–1946) 1.4 Marcos's dictatorship era (1965-1986) 1.4.1 Deforestation during Martial Law and the Sag-od Massacre 1.4.2 Construction of the San Juanico Bridge 1.4.3 The New People's Army conflict 1.4.1 Deforestation during Martial Law and the Sag-od Massacre 1.4.2 Construction of the San Juanico Bridge 1.4.3 The New People's Army conflict 1.5 Contemporary history (1986–present) 2 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 2.1 Flora and fauna 2.1 Flora and fauna 3 Demographics 4 Administrative divisions and politics 5 Economy Toggle Economy subsection 5.1 Tourism 5.1 Tourism 6 Infrastructure Toggle Infrastructure subsection 6.1 Transportation 6.2 Power and telecommunication 6.3 Education 6.4 Healthcare 6.1 Transportation 6.2 Power and telecommunication 6.3 Education 6.4 Healthcare 7 See also 8 References Toggle References subsection 8.1 Bibliography 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Samar Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Location within the Philippines Geography Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°00′N 125°00′E / 12.000°N 125.000°E / 12.000; 125.000 Archipelago Visayas Adjacent to .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Leyte Gulf Philippine Sea Samar Sea San Bernardino Strait San Juanico Strait Leyte Gulf Philippine Sea Samar Sea San Bernardino Strait San Juanico Strait Area 13,428.8 km 2 (5,184.9 sq mi) [ 1 ] Area rank 63rd Coastline 800.6 km (497.47 mi) [ 2 ] Highest elevation 890 m (2920 ft) Highest point Mount Huraw Administration Philippines Region Eastern Visayas Provinces Eastern Samar Northern Samar (Western) Samar Eastern Samar Northern Samar (Western) Samar Largest settlement Calbayog (pop. 187,848) Demographics Population 1,924,651 (2024) [ 3 ] Pop. density 140/km 2 (360/sq mi) Ethnic groups Visayans ( Waray-Waray ) Samar ( / ˈ s ɑː m ɑːr / SAH -mar ) is the third largest island in the Philippines . It has a population of 1,924,651 as of the 2024 census. It is located in the Eastern Visayas region of the Visayas islands. Since 1965, the island is divided into three provinces : Western Samar , Northern Samar , and Eastern Samar . The capitals of these provinces are, respectively, Catarman , Catbalogan , and Borongan . In commemoration of the establishment of these provinces, June 19 is celebrated as an annual holiday. Its main language and ethnicity is Waray and its main religion is Roman Catholic . The island was first sighted by Ferdinand Magellan on March 16, 1521. Although he did not land, other expeditions were made. Many names, such as Samal , Ibabao , and Tandaya , were given to the island prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in 1596. During the early days of Spanish occupation , Samar was under the jurisdiction of Cebu . In the Philippine–American War , Eugenio Daza led a successful attack against the United States Army, later called the Balangiga massacre . This attack led to the Pacification of Samar and deaths of 2,000 people. During the American colonization of the Philippines, two uprisings occurred, including the Pulajan movement which caused massacres in the country. The Battle off Samar was held off the island during World War II. During martial law under Ferdinand Marcos , the Sag-od massacre happened in 1981. The New People's Army rebellion is ongoing. Samar is the easternmost island in the Visayas archipelago, lying to the northeast of Leyte and southeast of the Bicol Peninsula on Luzon . To the west is the Samar Sea , and to the north and east of Samar lies the Philippine Sea . The island has the Samar Island Natural Park and numerous biological discoveries and forests. The island has major copra and fishery industries and also produces rice, corn, vegetables, and abaca . The island also has a major tourism industry. The island has numerous major highways and has a portion of the Pan-Philippine Highway . The island has four major ports and three airports servicing flights to Cebu City and Metro Manila . The island has six Department of Education divisions and numerous universities with satellite campuses. History Spanish colonialization (1521–1898) Samar was the first island of the Philippines as a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan revealed the island, originally transcribed Zamal in the journal of Antonio Pigafetta . He sighted it on March 16, 1521, traveling from the Mariana Islands . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Having found an archipelago , Pigafetta named the islands San Lazaro ( transl. Saint Lazarus ) due to their sightings on Lazarus Saturday . Eventually, Filipinas was the perceived name for the archipelago. Although Samar was the first island of the Philippines seen by Magellan, he did not land there. He traversed south and laid anchor at Suluan Island, then landed on Homonhon Island on March 17, 1521. [ 6 ] Later in the 1700s, Samar was recorded to have about 103 Spanish Filipino families and 3,042 native families. [ 7 ] Other Spaniards eventually landed in the island. William Henry Scott, a historian, recognized that a "Samar datu by the name of Iberein was rowed out to a Spanish vessel anchored in his harbor in 1543 by oarsmen collared in gold; while wearing on his own person earrings and chains." He recounted a Samarnon saga, which was called siday , about Bingi of Lawan, a settlement in Samar. [ 8 ] Samar had names which are recorded in early Spanish sources, including Ibabao (or Cibabao ), Achan , Camlaya , and Taridola . The Spanish captain Miguel Lopez de Legaspi also called the island Tandaya , after mistaking the name of a lord with the name of the island. This was spelled by Miguel de Loarca as Candaya . [ 5 ] During the early years of the Spanish colonialization, the province was placed in the jurisdiction of Cebu but was eventually separated into its own province. A rebellion was sparked in 1649 which was centered in Palapag , causing an uprising in Visayas and parts of Mindanao . The uprising was not suppressed until the next year. This caused rebels to migrate to the mountains and create a new settlement. In 1735, the province and Leyte merged into a singular province; Carigara was declared as the capital. In 1768, Samar was separated from Leyte. In 1860, the government structure was reorganized and was maintained until the end of the regime. [ 4 ] Philippine–American War (1898–1902) On September 28, 1901, Eugenio Daza–Area Commander of Southeastern Samar–and Valeriano Abanador, the town's police chief, [ 9 ] attacked the U.S. Army Company 9th Infantry Regiment who were occupying Balangiga. This action, commonly known as the Balangiga massacre, was a rare Filipino win and a bad loss for American soldiers. [ 10 ] In 1989, "Balangiga Encounter Day" was made a provincial holiday in Eastern Samar in lieu of the victory. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In retaliation for the massacre, General Jacob H. Smith ordered his men to "kill and burn", further stating that "the more you kill and burn, the better it will please me". [ 13 ] [ 14 ] This command led to the deaths of 2,000 Filipino insurgents and civilians while sparking outrage in the United States. [ 13 ] [ 15 ] In his historical account of the war, Brian McAllister Linn asserts "Samar cast a pall on the army's achievement and, for generations, has been associated in the public mind as typifying the Philippine War." [ 16 ] American and Japanese colonization; World War II (1902–1946) After the war, the archipelago was peaceful except the island of Samar, which was a "dark and bloody" isle according to James Henderson Blount . [ 17 ] In 1904, the Pulajans in Samar caused powerful massacres to the extent of Governor-General Luke Edward Wright 's concern. [ 18 ] Numerous civilians joined the uprising due to the feeling of "unprotection". [ 19 ] The rebellion was discussed by many American politicians and military officers and caused court cases just before the 1904 United States presidential election . [ 20 ] Four days after the election, Wright visited Samar, where troops increased to 2,000 from 700. [ 21 ] After battles and negotiations, the uprising eventually ended in 1906. [ 22 ] When the rebellion ended, the island, according to Blount, started becoming "peaceful". [ 23 ] More revolts were made by religious associations in the 1920s to 1930s. [ 24 ] In World War II , the ocean east of the island hosted the Battle off Samar in October 1944 wherein an unarmored force of United States Navy escorts defended attacks from the main force of the Imperial Japanese Navy , including the Japanese battleship Yamato . [ 25 ] When Japan colonized the Philippines, the Pulajan uprising became active again. Japan left the Philippines in 1945. [ 26 ] Marcos's dictatorship era (1965-1986) The beginning months of the 1970s [ 27 ] marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines as well as in Samar, as unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects during Ferdinand Marcos' 1969 reelection campaign led to the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and resulting inflation triggered the First Quarter Storm protests. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] : "43" Three years later and with only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the Presidency for fourteen more years. [ 34 ] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , [ 35 ] [ 36 ] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. [ 37 ] Deforestation during Martial Law and the Sag-od Massacre The Marcos era was a time of significant deforestation in Samar and throughout the Philippines, with the forest cover of the Philippines shrinking until only 8% remained. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] On the island of Samar, whose forest cover had been at 86% of the island in 1972, forest cover went down to 45% in 1978, and then a mere 10% by 1987. Twelve companies were given Timber License Agreements (TLAs) on the island, including Dolores Timber in the Province of Samar and San Jose Timber in the province of Northern Samar, which were both owned by Juan Ponce Enrile , [ 40 ] [ 41 ] the government official Ferdinand Marcos had put in place to approve Timber License Agreements during Martial Law. [ 40 ] One of the infamous incidents of the Marcos dictatorship era was the Sag-od massacre in Las Navas, Northern Samar , which took place on September 15, 1981. [ 42 ] Numerous security personnel of Juan Ponce Enrile 's San Jose Timber Corporation allied with a paramilitary group called "the Lost Command" and ordered residents of Barrio Sag-od out of their homes, then opened fire on them. Forty-five people were killed, leaving only 13 inhabitants of Barrio Sag-od alive. [ 42 ] Construction of the San Juanico Bridge This era also saw the construction of the San Juanico Bridge between Samar and Leyte, which began as one of the high-visibility foreign-loan funded projects of Ferdinand Marcos' 1969 reelection campaign , and finished four years later in time to be inaugurated on then- First Lady Imelda Marcos ' birthday on July 2, 1973. [ 43 ] The project was initially criticised as a white elephant by officials at the National Economic and Development Authority , noting that it was "useless and expensive to maintain", [ 44 ] because its average daily traffic was too low to justify the cost of its construction. [ 44 ] As a result, its construction has been associated with what has been called the Marcoses' " edifice complex " [ 45 ] [ 46 ] although economic activity in Samar and Leyte has since finally caught up with the bridge's intended function. [ 46 ] At the time, its name was used as a slang term for one of the torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship , in which a person is being beaten while the victim's head and feet lay on separate beds and the body is suspended as though to form a bridge. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] The New People's Army conflict Although the Communist Party of the Philippines and its armed wing, the New People's Army, was newly-formed and relatively still very small throughout Marcos' second term, the Marcos administration hyped up its formation, [ 49 ] : "43" supposedly because this would help build up political and monetary support from the US, [ 49 ] : "43" [ 50 ] which was caught up in red scare paranoia at the time. [ 51 ] When Marcos declared Martial Law, however, the CPP grew rapidly. [ 49 ] On the island of Samar, Marcos' military forces were assigned to protect the logging concessions, and there were frequent encounters between the military and the New People's Army. As a result the towns of Taft , Dolores , Can-avid , and Oras in Eastern Samar were declared by the Military as "no-man's-land" areas from 1978 to 1982. [ 41 ] Since then, the island had numerous human rights cases due to the New People's Army rebellion. [ 52 ] [ failed verification ] In May 2024, the Department of the Interior and Local Government announced that the three provinces on the island of Samar were "free of NPA influence" with no single village in three Samar provinces is under the influence of NPA [that] year. [ 53 ] Contemporary history (1986–present) In 2013, the provinces of Samar, Eastern Samar, and the City of Tacloban were among the localities most severely impacted by Typhoon Haiyan . [ 54 ] In 2020, Samar was also heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas , with the first case in the region reported on March 23, 2020. [ 55 ] Geography Samar is the third-largest island in the Philippines by area, after the islands of Luzon and Mindanao . [ 56 ] Mount Huraw is Samar's highest point, with an elevation of 2,920 ft (890 m). [ 57 ] Samar is the easternmost island in the Visayas. It lies to the northeast of Leyte, separated from it by the San Juanico Strait . The island lies to the southeast of the Bicol Peninsula on Luzon , separated from it by the San Bernardino Strait . To the west is the Samar Sea, and to the north and east of Samar lies the Philippine Sea. The island is hilly yet has lower altitude than the mountainous terrain in the rest of the Visayas. Lowlands are mostly found near the coast and along rivers; the rivers themselves are small and flow in a radial pattern. [ 56 ] The island, along with the region of Eastern Visayas, is rainy most of the year, ranging from seven to ten months of rain. [ 58 ] Numerous typhoons are formed in the area. Eastern Samar, specifically, has a Type II climate without a dry season with an increase in rainfall. [ 56 ] A portion of the Philippine Trench rests near Samar, capable of generating a magnitude 8.1 earthquake. [ 59 ] The island, particularly parts of Paranas , contains many volcanic rocks, including karst bauxite , common throughout the island. [ 60 ] Flora and fauna The Samar Island Natural Park is a 300,000-hectare (740,000-acre) forest on the island, encompassing all three provinces. It contains the largest tract of intact lowland forest in the Philippines. The park has a population of Dipterocarpaceae species, six of them are endangered, and contains the rare Philippine eagle . The park contains six ecological forest types and has numerous waterfalls. Species in the island itself include the Philippine sailfin lizard , the Draco mindanensis , the Philippine hawk-eagle , the Giant golden-crowned flying fox , the Red-vented cockatoo , and the Philippine crocodile . [ 61 ] The municipality of Basey contains Karst forests with a total of 67 vascular plant species. In these forests, Dipterocarpaceae is the most prominent plant family. [ 62 ] Out of 2,400 flower species throughout the Philippines, 40 are only found in the island. In 2018, three new species of Begonia were found in the isle. [ 63 ] The province of Northern Samar was described by Tiffany Neri of SunStar as one of the Philippines' "best-kept secrets" with numerous rock formations and wildlife sanctuaries. [ 64 ] On June 9, 2025, the Biri Rock Formations in Northern Samar were declared to be a National Geological Monument according to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources . [ 65 ] Demographics Population of Samar Year Pop. ±% 1903 266,237 — 1918 379,575 +42.6% 1939 546,306 +43.9% 1948 757,212 +38.6% 1960 867,994 +14.6% 1970 1,019,358 +17.4% 1975 1,120,192 +9.9% 1980 1,200,592 +7.2% Year Pop. ±% 1903 266,237 — 1918 379,575 +42.6% 1939 546,306 +43.9% 1948 757,212 +38.6% 1960 867,994 +14.6% 1970 1,019,358 +17.4% 1975 1,120,192 +9.9% 1980 1,200,592 +7.2% Year Pop. ±% 1990 1,246,722 +3.8% 1995 1,405,892 +12.8% 2000 1,517,585 +7.9% 2007 1,650,022 +8.7% 2010 1,751,267 +6.1% 2015 1,880,020 +7.4% 2020 1,909,537 +1.6% 2024 1,924,651 +0.8% Year Pop. ±% 1990 1,246,722 +3.8% 1995 1,405,892 +12.8% 2000 1,517,585 +7.9% 2007 1,650,022 +8.7% 2010 1,751,267 +6.1% 2015 1,880,020 +7.4% 2020 1,909,537 +1.6% 2024 1,924,651 +0.8% Source: Philippine Statistics Authority [ 66 ] As of the 2024 census, the population of the island's three provinces was 1,924,651. [ 66 ] The main language in all three provinces of Samar Island is Waray . The second most popular language in Samar province is Bisaya, while the second most popular in Eastern Samar and Northern Samar is Cebuano . Samar province and Northern Samar both have a scale of 0.13 in the Linguistic diversity index while Eastern Samar has a scale of 0.02. [ 67 ] Many people in the island are part of the Waray people: in Eastern Samar, 97.78 percent of people were Waray while in Samar, 91.45 classified themselves as Waray. Other ethnic groups include Bisaya , Cebuano , and Tagalog . Males were more populated in both provinces than women. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] As of the 2020 census, 1790014 people in the island are Roman Catholic, 1573 are Islam , and 14643 are part of the Iglesia ni Cristo church. In all three provinces, more than 90% of the population are followers of the Roman Catholic Church. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Administrative divisions and politics The island originally used to be a single province. On June 19, 1965, a law passed splitting the province into three: Western Samar, Eastern Samar, and Northern Samar. [ 72 ] Since there are three provinces, there are three provincial governments each with a governor. [ 73 ] For the House of Representatives , Eastern Samar has one congressional district while Western and Northern Samar has two each, causing the island to have five districts. [ 74 ] The Philippines's 9th senatorial district encompassed Samar and Leyte which had two senators representing in the Senate of the Philippines with 24 representatives. The system was abolished in the early 1940s when the country was the Commonwealth of the Philippines . [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Name Capital Area (ha) [ 77 ] (ha) [ 77 ] Population (2024) [ 66 ] (2024) [ 66 ] Western Samar Catbalogan 604,803 806,179 Eastern Samar Borongan 466,047 472,683 Northern Samar Catarman 369,293 645,789 Economy The island has a major copra industry: of the six provinces in Eastern Visayas, all three of the Samar provinces were placed in the top four based on copra production, just behind Leyte. [ 78 ] Western Samar's industry recorded a 6.1 percent increase from 2018 to 2023. The top three industries in the province are food service activities, transportation, and electricity, steam, water, and waste management. As of 2023, the gross domestic product of the province is PHP 61.35 billion. [ 79 ] The island has rice and root crops, including sweet potatoes and cassava . Abacá and dairy from native carabaos are found in the island. [ 56 ] [ 80 ] In Eastern Samar, two house bills were filed to establish two separate coconut oil refineries. [ 81 ] Palay and banana crops are also made in the province; agro-industries are actively promoted. Fishery is a major livelihood in Eastern Samar's coastal communities, but it is experiencing a decline. [ 82 ] Northern Samar, meanwhile, has rice, corn, vegetables, and abaca. Municipal fisheries and tuna operations are also present in the province. [ 83 ] A commercial complex owned by Metro Retail Stores Group was planned to be created in 2019 in Catbalogan from a contract and was opened on August 30, 2024. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Samar is separated from the main island shipping routes. Iron ore , made from the southeast portion of the isle, is shipped from General MacArthur . There are also coal , phosphate , and chromite industries. Since Samar has many forests, logging and sawmill operations are also done in the eastern coastal towns. Catbalogan is a major commercial center in the island, serving as an important coastal port with fishing centers. [ 56 ] Tourism In 2015, the Samar Tourism Council encouraged tourists to visit attractions in Catbalogan as Governor Sharee Ann Tan held meetings with agency partners and the private sector to further boost tourism in Western Samar. [ 86 ] A One Town One Product (OTOP) center from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) was launched in Calbayog on June 12, 2024. [ 87 ] During the "Benchmarking Tour" held by Eastern Samar officials in Cebu on February 9, 2023, the two provincial governments made a deal to organize a "tourism circuit" to increase tourism in the two provinces. [ 88 ] A DTI "Heritage Month Trade Fair" was held by the DTI provincial office of Northern Samar in Robinsons North Tacloban . [ 89 ] Infrastructure Transportation A segment of the Pan-Philippine Highway is present in Samar, stretching from Northern Samar to Leyte in the western coast of the isle. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] The N670 highway traverses through the northern and eastern coasts in the island, stretching through all three provinces, starting and ending from the Pan-Philippine Highway. Two other highways connect from the Pan-Philippine Highway to the N670 highway: the Catarman-Calbayog Road, which originates in Catarman and ends in Calbayog, and the Wright–Taft Road , stretching from Paranas to Taft . Another highway extends from the N670 highway to Guiuan . [ 91 ] Four major ports are in the island, namely the Port of Calbayog, the Port of Borongan, the Port of Guiuan, and the Port of San Isidro . [ 92 ] A flight route from Cebu to Catarman National Airport was launched on March 4, 2025, serviced by the Philippine Airlines . [ 93 ] Two weekly flight routes from Cebu to Borongan Airport were also launched in December 2022, also serviced by the Philippine Airlines. [ 94 ] Two airlines service at the Calbayog Airport , namely Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific ; the former flies to Manila three times a week while the latter flies to Cebu two times a week. [ 95 ] Power and telecommunication Eastern Samar's electric distribution utility is the Eastern Samar Electric Cooperative (ESAMELCO). [ 96 ] Two electric cooperatives serve Western Samar, namely: the Samar I and Samar II Electric Cooperative (SAMELCO). [ 97 ] Northern Samar's electric cooperative is the Northern Samar Electric Cooperative (NORSAMELCO). [ 98 ] The Philippines' first tidal plant is planned to be built in Catarman, Northern Samar by a private electricity firm, harnessing currents from the San Benardino Strait. [ 99 ] A Singaporean firm invested in a planned wind farm in the borders of the Western and Northern Samar provinces. [ 100 ] Solar power projects were planned in two towns in Western Samar. [ 101 ] In Taft, Eastern Samar, a hydropower plant is operated, with possibilities of it being a tourist site. [ 102 ] The main telecommunication companies serviced in the island are Smart Communications and Globe Telecom . New cell sites from both of the telecommunication operations were planned to be built in Northern Samar. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Over 100 cell sites were planned to be built in Northern Samar following a deal with Governor Edwin Ongchuan and PhilTower Consortium, an infrastructure provider. [ 105 ] Education Six Department of Education divisions are present in the island: three for each of the provinces, and one each for Borongan, Calbayog, and Catbalogan. [ 106 ] Major universities in Eastern Samar include the Eastern Samar State University and four other satellite campuses. In Northern Samar, the University of Eastern Philippines and two other satellite campuses are in the province. For Western Samar, two major universities are placed: the Samar State University with three satellite campuses, and the Northwest Samar State University with one satellite campus. Other local colleges are also in the three provinces. [ 107 ] For the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority , three provincial training centers and five schools are placed in the island. [ 108 ] Healthcare Eastern Samar has 18 hospitals, most significantly the Eastern Samar Provincial Hospital, a hospital with two levels and 100 beds. Northern Samar has 11 hospitals including their provincial hospital with 100 beds too. Western Samar has 11 hospitals also, with the Samar Provincial Hospital and the Catbalogan Doctors Hospital both with 100 beds. [ 109 ] A Senate bill created by Juan Miguel Zubiri was introduced in the 18th Congress of the Philippines , establishing a teritiary level hospital to be known as the Samar Island Medical Center due to the lack of teritiary level hospitals in the island, the nearest being the Eastern Visayas Medical Center . [ 110 ] The law was signed on April 19, 2022, and construction started in 2024. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] See also Negros Bohol References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "2010 Philippine Yearbook" (PDF) . 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University of Hull . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( link ) Villanueva, Elaine Loreen C.; Fernandez, Desamarie Antoinette P.; Tolentino, Paul John S.; Obeña, Ren Divien R.; Buot, Inocencio E. Jr. (December 31, 2021). "Checklist of the Flora and Fauna of the Karst Forests in Basey, Samar, Philippines" (PDF) . The Thailand Natural History Museum Journal . 15 (2) – via National Research Council of Thailand . United States Congressional Serial Set . U.S. Government Printing Office. 1918. Platts International Directory of Electric Power Producers and Distributors . McGraw Hill Companies . 2005. Provincial Profile: Samar . Republic of the Philippines . 1990. Arenque, L. A.; Gabo-Ratio, J. A.; Payot, B. D.; Guzman, J. T.; Yonezu, K. (2025). "Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Paranas karst bauxite deposit of Samar Island, Philippines" . IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science . 1517 (1) 012040. Bibcode : 2025E&ES.1517a2040A . doi : 10.1088/1755-1315/1517/1/012040 . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Start and end dates 2 Background Toggle Background subsection 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 3 Pre-war events Toggle Pre-war events subsection 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Toggle References subsection 9.1 Sources 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links World War II Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Tyap Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri Tolışi Toki pona Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item This article contains one or more duplicated citations . 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( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) (refs: 141, 198) World War II .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Allied victory Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders : Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Main Axis leaders : Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses 60 million to over 75 million deaths (military and civilian) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Theatres of World War II v t e Europe Poland Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Asia-Pacific China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Mediterranean and Middle East Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Other campaigns Air warfare Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Coups Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Resistance movements Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans Poland Soviet invasion Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Air warfare Strategic bombing Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Madagascar Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans World War II Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Campaigns Countries Equipment Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Category Bibliography v t e v t e World War II [ b ] or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions : the Allies and the Axis powers . Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising their resources in pursuit of total war . Tanks and aircraft played major roles , enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of over 60 million people. Millions died in genocides , including the Holocaust , and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Germany , Austria , Japan , and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were put on trial for war crimes . The causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of World War I , the rise of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan . Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War , the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland . World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany , under Adolf Hitler , invaded Poland , after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania , while Germany conquered Norway , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy , and the British Empire / British Commonwealth , with fighting in the Balkans , Mediterranean, and Middle East , East Africa , the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz , and the naval Battle of the Atlantic . By mid-1941 Yugoslavia and Greece had also been defeated by Axis countries. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union , opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains along with Axis allies. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific , including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii , leading the United States to enter the war against the Axis. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia , but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway . In early 1943, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. An Allied invasion of Italy in July resulted in the fall of its fascist regime , and Allied offensives in the Pacific and the Soviet Union forced the Axis to retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France at Normandy , and the Soviet Union advanced into Central Europe. During the same period, Japan suffered major setbacks, including the crippling of its navy by the United States, the loss of key Western Pacific islands, and defeats in South-Central China and Burma . The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories and the invasion of Germany by the Allies which culminated in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . On 6 and 9 August, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Faced with an imminent Allied invasion , the prospect of further atomic bombings, and a Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria , Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August, and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945 . World War II transformed the political, economic, and social structures of the world, and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its security council . The Soviet Union and the US emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the half-century Cold War . In the wake of Europe's devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and of Asia . Many countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion . Start and end dates Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath By topic Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Causes ( Diplomacy ) Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Battles Operations By theatre Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies v t e v t e Most historians agree that World War II began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and the United Kingdom and France 's declaration of war on Germany two days later. Dates for the beginning of the Pacific War include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or the earlier Japanese invasion of Manchuria , on 18 September 1931. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. [ 7 ] The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939. [ 8 ] Others view the Spanish Civil War as the start or prelude to World War II. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 ( V-J Day ), rather than with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, which officially ended the war in Asia . A peace treaty between Japan and the Allies was signed in 1951. [ 11 ] A 1990 treaty regarding Germany's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place. [ 12 ] No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, [ 13 ] although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which also restored full diplomatic relations between them. [ 14 ] Background Aftermath of World War I World War I had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the Central Powers —including Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire —and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new nation-states were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires . [ 15 ] [ failed verification ] To prevent a future world war, the League of Nations was established in 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference . The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and naval disarmament , as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. [ 16 ] Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , [ 17 ] irredentist and revanchist nationalism had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially pronounced in Germany due to the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited, reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's armed forces . [ 18 ] Germany and Italy The German Empire was dissolved in the German revolution of 1918–1919 , and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic , was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a "New Roman Empire". [ 19 ] Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the chancellor of Germany in 1933 when President Paul von Hindenburg and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself Führer of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . [ 20 ] France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription. [ 21 ] European treaties The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalisation ; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. [ 22 ] The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year. [ 23 ] Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno Treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement . [ 24 ] In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Rome–Berlin Axis . A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy joined the following year. [ 25 ] Asia The Kuomintang party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party (CCP) allies [ 26 ] and new regional warlords . In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China [ 27 ] as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia , staged the Mukden incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . [ 28 ] China appealed to the League of Nations to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai , Rehe , and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . [ 29 ] After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan. [ 30 ] Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . [ 31 ] The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ); in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did little when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's Covenant . [ 32 ] The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. [ 33 ] Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing Austria . [ 34 ] Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. [ 35 ] The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the Spanish Republic . More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . [ 36 ] His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . [ 37 ] Japanese invasion of China (1937) In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China following years of tension and low-level conflicts . [ 38 ] The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending China's prior cooperation with Germany . [ 39 ] From September to November, the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , engaged the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou , [ 40 ] fought Communist forces in Pingxingguan [ 41 ] [ 42 ] , and wrestled control over China's northern railway network. [ 43 ] Nationalist Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but after three months of heavy fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang , but ultimately lost control of the city of Xuzhou in May. [ 47 ] In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; buying time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan at heavy cost to the local civilian population, but the city was taken by October after heavy fighting along the Yangtze River. [ 48 ] Japanese military victories did not destroy Chinese resistance; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Aiming to break Chinese morale, Japanese aircraft began striking cities in the Sichuan basin in a bombing campaign, killing tens of thousands of civilians. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Soviet–Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and Mongolia . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin-ron , which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War [ 53 ] and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron , promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] European occupations and agreements In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers. [ 56 ] Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. [ 57 ] Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary, and Poland annexed the Trans-Olza region of Czechoslovakia. [ 58 ] Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . [ 59 ] Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region , formerly the German Memelland . [ 60 ] Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , the United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the Kingdoms of Romania and Greece . [ 61 ] Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . [ 62 ] Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression . [ 63 ] The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany, [ 64 ] after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. [ 65 ] This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland , Finland, Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. [ 66 ] The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I . Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it. [ 67 ] In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. [ 68 ] On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. [ 68 ] The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador Nevile Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected. [ 69 ] Course of the war War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion. [ 71 ] The first German attack of the war came against the Polish defences at Westerplatte . [ 72 ] The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. [ c ] During the Phoney War period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland . [ 73 ] The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. [ 74 ] Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . [ 75 ] On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw . The Polish counter-offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht . Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw . On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a cease-fire with Japan , the Soviet Union invaded Poland [ 76 ] under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. [ 77 ] On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6 October . Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the Polish government-in-exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied Poland. [ 78 ] A significant part of Polish military personnel evacuated to Romania and Latvia; many of them later fought against the Axis in other theatres of the war. [ 79 ] Germany annexed western Poland and occupied central Poland ; the Soviet Union annexed eastern Poland . Small shares of Polish territory were transferred to Lithuania and Slovakia . On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected [ 69 ] and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, [ 80 ] which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania with military invasion, forcing the three Baltic countries to sign pacts allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939, [ 87 ] and was subsequently expelled from the League of Nations for this crime of aggression. [ 88 ] Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the Winter War was modest, and the Finno–Soviet war ended in March 1940 with some Finnish concessions of territory . [ 89 ] In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, [ 85 ] as well as the Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region . In August 1940, Hitler imposed the Second Vienna Award on Romania which led to the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary. [ 90 ] In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded Southern Dobruja from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the Treaty of Craiova . [ 91 ] The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II , turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal Ion Antonescu , with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. [ 92 ] Meanwhile, German–Soviet political relations and economic co-operation [ 93 ] [ 94 ] gradually stalled, [ 95 ] [ 96 ] and both states began preparations for war. [ 97 ] Western Europe (1940–1941) In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off . [ 98 ] Denmark capitulated after six hours , and despite Allied support , Norway was conquered within two months. [ 99 ] British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the resignation of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , who was replaced by Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940. [ 100 ] On the same day, Germany launched an offensive against France . To circumvent the strong Maginot Line fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . [ 101 ] The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the Ardennes region, [ 102 ] which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] By successfully implementing new Blitzkrieg tactics, the Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment. [ 105 ] On 10 June, Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. [ 106 ] The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and Paris fell to them on 14 June. Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany ; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones , [ 107 ] and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which the United Kingdom attacked on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany. [ 108 ] The air Battle of Britain [ 109 ] began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . [ 110 ] The German campaign for air superiority started in August but its failure to defeat RAF Fighter Command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed German invasion of Britain . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely ended in May 1941 [ 111 ] after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort. [ 110 ] Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . [ 112 ] The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . [ 113 ] In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the Neutrality Act to allow " cash and carry " purchases by the Allies. [ 114 ] In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . [ 115 ] Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. [ 116 ] In December 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an " arsenal of democracy " and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was invaded by Germany. [ 117 ] The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. [ 118 ] At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the Axis powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. [ 119 ] The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia , and Romania joined. [ 120 ] Romania and Hungary later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the Soviet Union . [ 121 ] Mediterranean (1940–1941) In early June 1940, the Italian Regia Aeronautica attacked and besieged Malta , a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy conquered British Somaliland and made an incursion into British-held Egypt . In October, Italy attacked Greece , but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. [ 122 ] To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean. [ 123 ] In December 1940, British Empire forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . [ 124 ] The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . [ 125 ] Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa; at the end of March 1941, Rommel 's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back Commonwealth forces. [ 126 ] In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged the port of Tobruk . [ 127 ] By late March 1941, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact ; however, the Yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both Yugoslavia and Greece , commencing on 6 April 1941 with a massive bombing of Belgrade ; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. [ 128 ] The airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. [ 129 ] Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war. [ 130 ] In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria . [ 131 ] Between June and July, British-led forces invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon , assisted by the Free French . [ 132 ] Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941. [ 133 ] By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border. [ 134 ] Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany. [ 135 ] On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of Ukraine , the Baltic states and Byelorussia . [ 136 ] However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. [ 137 ] In November 1940, negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 138 ] On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them ; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. [ 139 ] The primary targets of this surprise offensive [ 140 ] were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk–Astrakhan line —from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate communism , generate Lebensraum ("living space") [ 141 ] by dispossessing the native population , [ 142 ] and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals. [ 143 ] Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war, [ 144 ] Operation Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence . During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel, mainly in massive encirclements around Minsk , Smolensk , and Uman .. Nazi policy entailed that Wehrmacht subject Soviet POWs to murderous treatment, executing all Jewish and Communist POWs immediately per the Commissar Order , and subjecting the remainder to forced marches to open-air concentration camps, where they were to be deliberately starved to death . By the end of the winter of 1941, 2.8 million Soviet POWs had died in German captivity. Some 3.3 million Soviet POWs would die in German captivity by the war's end in total, a nearly 60% mortality rate. [ 145 ] By mid-August, however, the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. [ 146 ] The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially-developed eastern Ukraine (the First Battle of Kharkov ). [ 147 ] The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front [ 148 ] prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy . [ 149 ] In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany [ 150 ] and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter , which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. [ 151 ] In late August the British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor , Iran's oil fields , and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India. [ 152 ] By October, Axis powers had achieved operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of Leningrad [ 153 ] and Sevastopol continuing. [ 154 ] A major offensive against Moscow was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops [ 155 ] were forced to suspend the offensive. [ 156 ] Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended. [ 157 ] By early December, freshly mobilised reserves [ 158 ] allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. [ 159 ] This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , [ 160 ] allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west. [ 161 ] War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) Following the Japanese false flag Mukden incident in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American gunboat USS Panay in 1937, and the 1937–1938 Nanjing Massacre , Japanese-American relations deteriorated . In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the Export Control Acts —which banned US exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. [ 117 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] During 1939 Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , but was repulsed by late September. [ 164 ] Despite several offensives by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina in September 1940. [ 165 ] Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940. In August, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; [ 166 ] in retaliation, Japanese armies in North China implemented the Three Alls Policy , a massive scorched earth initiative to depopulate regions deemed hostile to Japanese occupation.. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation. [ 169 ] In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the nationalist Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the Battle of Shanggao . [ 170 ] In September, Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces. [ 171 ] German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. [ 172 ] In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . [ 173 ] [ 174 ] At the same time, Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions. [ 175 ] Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate. [ 176 ] At the same time the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. [ 177 ] Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946) and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries". [ 177 ] Frustrated at the lack of progress and pressured by American–British–Dutch sanctions, especially in oil, Japan prepared for war. Emperor Hirohito , after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, [ 178 ] began to favour Japan's entry into the war. [ 179 ] As a result, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe resigned. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni in his place, choosing War Minister Hideki Tojo instead. [ 182 ] On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the Emperor. [ 183 ] On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. [ 184 ] On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. [ 176 ] The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. [ 185 ] That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; [ 186 ] [ 187 ] the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war. [ 188 ] Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. [ 189 ] To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. [ 190 ] On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . [ 191 ] These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines , as well as invasions of Guam , Wake Island , Malaya , [ 191 ] Thailand , and Hong Kong . [ 192 ] These attacks led the United States , United Kingdom , China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. [ 193 ] Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States [ 194 ] in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. [ 139 ] [ 195 ] Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four [ 196 ] —the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter [ 197 ] and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers. [ 198 ] During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue. All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward, large-scale attack on Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces ; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign. An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. [ 199 ] Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa. [ 200 ] At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. [ 201 ] Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944. [ 202 ] Pacific (1942–1943) By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Japanese advances were accompanied by numerous atrocities, including the Sook Ching Massacre in Singapore. [ 203 ] Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. Following the capture of Bataan, Japanese armies forced some 75,000 Filipino and American prisoners on a 42km death march , resulting in thousands of deaths. [ 204 ] On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. [ 205 ] Japanese forces achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea , and Indian Ocean , [ 206 ] and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . [ 207 ] These easy victories over the unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended. [ 208 ] In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . [ 209 ] Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. [ 210 ] In mid-May, Japan started the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken Japanese naval codes in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . [ 213 ] With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . [ 214 ] The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia. [ 215 ] Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna–Gona . [ 216 ] Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal, with Japanese forces suffering massive losses in the attrition, especially amongst their elite pilots. [ 217 ] By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . [ 218 ] In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. [ 219 ] The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results. [ 220 ] Eastern Front (1942–1943) Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. [ 221 ] In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov . [ 222 ] The fortress city of Sevastopol, which the Red Army had held out against Axis siege for nearly 250 days, was finally seized with the use of massive artillery bombardments and poison gas. [ 223 ] In June 1942 launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia, to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy the Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split Army Group South into two groups: Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga. [ 224 ] By mid-November, the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting . The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an encirclement of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad , [ 225 ] and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed. [ 226 ] By early February 1943, the German army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, [ 227 ] and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . [ 228 ] Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . [ 229 ] By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa, Operation Crusader , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. [ 230 ] The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala line by early February, [ 231 ] followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. [ 232 ] Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in Vichy-held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942. [ 233 ] An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . [ 234 ] On the Continent, raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets, culminating in the failed Dieppe Raid , [ 235 ] demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security. [ 236 ] In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein [ 237 ] and, at a high cost, managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . [ 238 ] A few months later, the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. [ 239 ] This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo-American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies. [ 240 ] Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; [ 240 ] although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943. [ 240 ] [ 242 ] In June 1943, the British and Americans began a strategic bombing campaign against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and " de-house " the civilian population. [ 243 ] The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre. [ 244 ] Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . [ 245 ] Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . [ 246 ] By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April, the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . [ 247 ] In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 5 July 1943, Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, [ 248 ] and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. [ 249 ] This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month. [ 250 ] On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby nearly completely dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, [ 251 ] giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther–Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and the Lower Dnieper Offensive . [ 254 ] On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy's armistice with the Allies and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. [ 255 ] Germany, with the help of the fascists, responded to the armistice by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, [ 256 ] and creating a series of defensive lines. [ 257 ] German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , [ 258 ] causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November. [ 259 ] German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. [ 260 ] In November 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . [ 261 ] The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory [ 262 ] and the military planning for the Burma campaign , [ 263 ] while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat. [ 264 ] From November 1943, during the seven-week Battle of Changde , the Chinese awaited Allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] [ 267 ] In January 1944, the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . [ 268 ] On 27 January 1944, Soviet troops launched a major offensive that expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , thereby ending the most lethal siege in history . [ 269 ] The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region. [ 270 ] By late May 1944, the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops. [ 271 ] The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the cost of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June. [ 272 ] The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India , [ 273 ] and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . [ 274 ] In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, [ 274 ] and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . [ 275 ] The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. [ 276 ] By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha . [ 277 ] Allies Offensives (1944) On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as D-Day ), after three years of Soviet pressure, [ 278 ] the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also attacked southern France . [ 279 ] These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated on 25 August by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , [ 280 ] and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed. [ 281 ] After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but failed to cross the Roer river . In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the last major German defensive line . [ 282 ] On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus that nearly destroyed the German Army Group Centre . [ 283 ] Soon after that, another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviet Red Army however halted in the Praga district on the other side of the Vistula as the Germans quelled the Warsaw Uprising initiated by the Home Army (the main faction of the Polish resistance , loyal to the non-communist government-in exile), killing over 150,000 Poles. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] The national uprising in Slovakia was also quelled by the Germans. [ 286 ] The Soviet Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side. [ 287 ] In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania , and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. [ 288 ] By this point, the communist-led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern Serbia , the Soviet Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a massive assault against German-occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945. [ 289 ] Unlike rapid Soviet victories in the Balkans, bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet-Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions, [ 290 ] although Finland was obligated to fight their German former allies . [ 291 ] By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River [ 292 ] while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces captured Mount Song and reopened the Burma Road . [ 293 ] In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August. [ 294 ] Soon after, they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November [ 295 ] and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December. [ 296 ] In the Pacific, US forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history. [ 297 ] Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French-German border , hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at Antwerp . By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. [ 298 ] In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia . [ 299 ] On 4 February Soviet, British, and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. [ 300 ] In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while the Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B . [ 301 ] In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched its last major offensive against Soviet troops near Lake Balaton . Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to Vienna , and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops captured Königsberg , while the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin. Soviet troops stormed and captured Berlin in late April. [ 302 ] In Italy, German forces surrendered on 29 April, while the Italian Social Republic capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the Reichstag was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany. [ 303 ] Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president, Harry S. Truman . [ 304 ] Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April. [ 305 ] On 30 April, Hitler committed suicide in his headquarters , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz (as President of the Reich ) and Joseph Goebbels (as Chancellor of the Reich ). Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk , in what would later be known as the Flensburg Government . Total and unconditional surrender in Europe was signed on 7 and 8 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . [ 306 ] German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May. [ 307 ] On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by Allied forces in Flensburg . On 5 June all German political and military institutions were placed under Allied control through the Berlin Declaration . [ 308 ] In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March, during which Japanese forces killed 100,000 Filipino civilians in the city. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . [ 309 ] Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history. [ 310 ] In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. [ 311 ] Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. [ 312 ] At the same time, a naval blockade by submarines was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] On 11 July, Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany, [ 315 ] and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that " the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction ". [ 316 ] During this conference, the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister. [ 317 ] The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. [ 318 ] In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, declared war on Japan , invaded Japanese-held Manchuria and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force. [ 319 ] These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. [ 320 ] The Red Army also captured the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the Potsdam Declaration . [ 321 ] On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio ( Gyokuon-hōsō , literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). [ 322 ] On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war. [ 323 ] Aftermath The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany , both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the western and eastern occupation zones officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries, West Germany and East Germany . [ 324 ] In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A denazification program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg trials and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society. [ 325 ] Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland, [ 326 ] and East Prussia was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the expulsion to Germany of the nine million Germans from these provinces, [ 327 ] [ 328 ] as well as three million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon Line , [ 329 ] from which two million Poles were expelled . [ 328 ] [ 330 ] North-east Romania, [ 331 ] [ 332 ] parts of eastern Finland, [ 333 ] and the Baltic states were annexed into the Soviet Union . [ 334 ] [ 335 ] Italy lost its monarchy , colonial empire , and some European territories . [ 336 ] In an effort to maintain world peace , [ 337 ] the Allies formed the United Nations , [ 338 ] which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, [ 339 ] and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as a common standard for all member nations . [ 340 ] The great powers that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States—became the permanent members of the UN's Security Council . [ 341 ] The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over. [ 342 ] Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . [ 343 ] Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to the establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, East Germany , [ 344 ] Poland , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , and Albania [ 345 ] became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the Soviet Union . [ 346 ] A communist uprising in Greece was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West. [ 347 ] Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact . [ 348 ] The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the Cold War —would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and number of proxy wars throughout the world. [ 349 ] In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administered Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . [ 350 ] Korea , formerly under Japanese colonial rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the Korean War . [ 351 ] In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946. Communist forces prevailed and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. [ 352 ] In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab–Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to decolonisation . [ 353 ] [ 354 ] The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a baby boom , and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much greater than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. [ 355 ] The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany from 1945 to 1948. [ 356 ] Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] At the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which later became part of the World Bank Group . The Bretton Woods system lasted until 1973. [ 359 ] Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in West Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the US Marshall Plan economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. [ 360 ] [ 361 ] The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . [ 362 ] Italy also experienced an economic boom [ 363 ] and the French economy rebounded . [ 364 ] By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, [ 365 ] and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, [ 366 ] it continued in relative economic decline for decades. [ 367 ] The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increases in production in the immediate post-war era, [ 368 ] having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted war reparations from its satellite states. [ d ] [ 369 ] Japan recovered much later. [ 370 ] China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952. [ 371 ] Impact Casualties and war crimes An estimated 60 million to more than 75 million people died in the war including at least 20 million who died from deprivation, famine and disease. [ 372 ] [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] The majority of these deaths were on the Eastern Front and the Chinese Theatre . [ 376 ] The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people [ 377 ] including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. [ 378 ] A quarter of the Soviet population were wounded or killed. [ 379 ] Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany. [ 380 ] An estimated 11 [ 381 ] to 17 million [ 382 ] civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's racist policies , including mass killing of around 6 million Jews , along with Roma , homosexuals , at least 1.9 million ethnic Poles [ 383 ] [ 384 ] and millions of other Slavs (including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and other ethnic and minority groups . [ 385 ] [ 382 ] Between 1941 and 1945, more than 1,200,000 Yugoslavians died. [ 386 ] 200,000 were ethnic Serbs , along with Roma and Jews, were persecuted and killed by the Axis-aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia . [ 387 ] Concurrently, Muslims and Croats were persecuted and killed by Serb nationalist Chetniks , [ 388 ] with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). [ 389 ] Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Volhynia massacres , between 1943 and 1945. [ 390 ] At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish Home Army and other units in reprisal attacks. [ 391 ] The number of deaths resulting from the war in Asia and the Pacific is contested. Estimates of Chinese deaths range from 8 million to over 20 million. [ e ] Arne Westad estimates 14 million Chinese died directly from war, of which 2 million were soldiers and the rest civilians. [ 394 ] Rana Mitter considers Westad's figures conservative. [ 398 ] An estimated 500,000 died as a result of Nationalist forces flooding the Yellow River . [ 399 ] In the Nanking Massacre , between 100,000 and 200,000 Chinese civilians and POWs were killed by Japanese forces, while another 20,000 were raped. [ 44 ] Another 2.7 million Chinese civilians were killed by Japanese forces during the Three Alls policy . [ 400 ] Japanese forces killed between 5 million and 10 million civilians in Southeast Asia. [ 401 ] [ 402 ] At least a million civilians died in Indochina , while as many as 4 million died in the Dutch East Indies, 3 million of which died on Java from famine. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died during the Japanese occupation and American liberation. [ 403 ] [ 404 ] Estimates of the number of people killed by Japanese forces in all theatres are as high as 30 million. [ 405 ] Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) [ 406 ] [ 407 ] and in early conflicts against the Soviets . [ 408 ] Both the Germans and the Japanese tested such weapons against civilians, [ 409 ] and sometimes on prisoners of war . [ 410 ] The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers, [ 411 ] and the imprisonment or execution of hundreds of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD secret police, along with mass civilian deportations to Siberia , in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army. [ 412 ] Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in Germany . [ 413 ] [ 414 ] The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, [ 415 ] while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million. [ 416 ] [ 417 ] The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II. [ 418 ] The USAAF bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and destroying 65% of built-up areas. [ 419 ] Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour Nazi Germany , under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for killing about 6 million Jews in what is now known as the Holocaust . They also killed an additional 4 million others who were deemed " unworthy of life " (including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , Romani , homosexuals , Freemasons , and Jehovah's Witnesses ) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a " genocidal state". [ 420 ] Soviet POWs were kept in especially unbearable conditions , and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. [ 421 ] [ 422 ] In addition to concentration camps , death camps were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used forced labourers ; about 12 million Europeans from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy. [ 423 ] The Soviet Gulag became a de facto system of deadly camps during 1942–1943, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, [ 425 ] including foreign citizens of Poland and other countries occupied in 1939–1940 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis POWs . [ 426 ] By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to NKVD evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators. [ 427 ] Japanese prisoner-of-war camps , many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), [ 428 ] seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. [ 429 ] While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56. [ 430 ] At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. [ 431 ] In Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha (Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java. [ 432 ] Occupation In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion US dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. [ 433 ] Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on. [ 434 ] In the East, the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders. [ 435 ] Unlike in the West, the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the " inferior people " of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by mass atrocities and war crimes . [ 436 ] The Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million ethnic Poles in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust . [ 437 ] Although by 1942 resistance groups formed in most occupied territories, [ 438 ] the assessments of the effectiveness of Soviet partisans [ 439 ] and French Resistance [ 440 ] suggests that they did not significantly hamper German operations until late 1943. In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. [ 441 ] Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination, Japanese war crimes frequently turned local public opinion against them. [ 442 ] During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m 3 ) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels (7,900,000 m 3 ) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate. [ 442 ] Home fronts and production In the 1930s, Britain and the United States together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power. [ 443 ] In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. [ 444 ] In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included. [ 444 ] The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. [ 445 ] Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of attrition . [ 446 ] While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , [ 447 ] Allied strategic bombing , [ 448 ] and Germany's late shift to a war economy [ 449 ] contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. [ 450 ] To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; [ 451 ] Germany enslaved about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, [ 423 ] while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia. [ 431 ] [ 432 ] Advances in technology and its application Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground-support , and each role developed considerably. Innovations included airlift (the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); [ 452 ] and strategic bombing (the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war). [ 453 ] Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced, including defences such as radar and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the proximity fuze . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide. [ 454 ] Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war, actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). [ 455 ] [ 456 ] [ 457 ] In the Atlantic, escort carriers became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . [ 458 ] Carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft [ 459 ] and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. [ 460 ] Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , [ 461 ] were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics, such as sonar and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics. [ 462 ] Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh Light , Hedgehog , Squid , and homing torpedoes proved effective against German submarines. [ 463 ] Land warfare changed from the static frontlines of trench warfare of World War I, which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry , to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. [ 464 ] In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I, [ 465 ] and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed, armour and firepower. [ 466 ] [ 467 ] At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. [ 468 ] This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. [ 464 ] Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns (both towed and self-propelled ), mines , short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. [ 468 ] Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, [ 469 ] and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. [ 470 ] The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German MG 34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings. [ 470 ] The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces. [ 471 ] Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well-known being the German Enigma machine . [ 472 ] Development of SIGINT ( sig nals int elligence) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes [ 473 ] and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. [ 474 ] Another component of military intelligence was deception , which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as Mincemeat and Bodyguard . [ 473 ] [ 475 ] Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ), guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research , the development of artificial harbours , and oil pipelines under the English Channel . [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Although penicillin was discovered before the war, the development ] of industrial production technology as well as the mass production and use began during the war. [ 478 ] See also Greatest Generation – Cohort born from 1901 to 1927 Opposition to World War II World War III – Hypothetical future global conflict Notes ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited. ^ Often abbreviated as WWII or WW2 ^ The UK declared war on Germany at 11 am. France followed 6 hours later at 5 pm. ^ Reparations were exacted from East Germany , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The Soviet Union also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan ." ^ Multiple sources: [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] [ 395 ] [ 396 ] [ 397 ] References ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6. ^ Wells, Anne Sharp (2014) Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 7. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015). 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Past & Present (258): 246– 281. doi : 10.1093/pastj/gtab042 . ISSN 0031-2746 . also see online review Archived 4 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine Gerlach, Christian (2024). Conditions of Violence . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-1115-6873-7 . External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage West Point Maps of the European War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (July 1943 – August 1945) v t e World War II v t e Outline Battles Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences Outline Battles Operations Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences General Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Air warfare of World War II In Europe In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Participants Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire British Empire United States Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Soviet Union Azerbaijan Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Timeline Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala 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1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of 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Compass Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 Tempest Monte Cassino 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations and impact Toggle Preparations and impact subsection 2.1 Tornadoes 2.1 Tornadoes 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References Tropical Depression Ten (2007) Català Español Euskara Galego Português Simple English 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Tropical Depression Ten near landfall on September 21 Meteorological history Formed September 21, 2007 Dissipated September 22, 2007 Tropical depression 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 35 mph (55 km/h) Lowest pressure 1005 mbar ( hPa ); 29.68 inHg Overall effects Fatalities None reported Damage $6.2 million (2007 USD ) Areas affected Florida , Georgia , Alabama IBTrACS Part of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season Tropical Depression Ten was a short-lived tropical cyclone that made landfall on the Florida Panhandle in September 2007. The system developed as a subtropical depression on September 21 in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from the interaction of a tropical wave , the tail end of a cold front , and an upper-level low . Initially containing a poorly defined circulation and intermittent thunderstorm activity, the system transitioned into a tropical depression after convection increased over the center. Tracking northwestward, the depression moved ashore near Fort Walton Beach early on September 22 and dissipated over southeastern Alabama shortly thereafter. Initially the depression was forecast to move ashore as a minimal tropical storm, and the threat of the depression prompted state of emergency declarations in Mississippi and Louisiana. It was the first tropical cyclone to threaten the New Orleans area since Hurricane Katrina and the destructive 2005 hurricane season . Overall impact from the cyclone was minor and largely limited to light rainfall. However, the precursor system spawned a damaging tornado in Eustis, Florida , where 20 houses were destroyed and 30 more were damaged. Meteorological history Tropical Depression Ten formed from the complex interaction between an upper-level low , a tropical wave that produced Tropical Storm Ingrid , and the tail end of a cold front . By September 17, the system produced widespread thunderstorm activity over The Bahamas and western Atlantic Ocean. [ 1 ] The upper-level low over the Florida Panhandle increased convection across the area, and on September 18 the system began crossing Florida . [ 2 ] Initially very disorganized, surface pressures gradually decreased across the region, with a weak low-pressure area developing on September 19. [ 3 ] A reconnaissance aircraft flight into the system on September 20 reported a well-defined low and strong wind gusts in squalls as the system tracked into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico , along with limited and disorganized thunderstorm activity. [ 4 ] Convection gradually became better organized, with a well-defined band in its eastern semicircle and intermittent thunderstorm activity near the center. Despite an overall disorganized structure, with a poorly defined circulation and an upper-level low aloft, the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on Subtropical Depression Ten at 1500 UTC on September 21 while it was located about 40 miles (64 km) south of St. Vincent Island, Florida , citing "the potential for additional development right along the coastline." [ 5 ] In post-analysis, it was classified a subtropical cyclone three hours earlier. [ 1 ] With a mid-level ridge to its northwest, the subtropical depression was anticipated to parallel the coastline of the Gulf Coast of the United States . As a result, it was forecast to attain winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) and move ashore along southern Mississippi . [ 5 ] The circulation became better defined as convection modestly increased over the center, and within six hours of its development the system transitioned into a tropical depression. The cyclone continued tracking northwestward, [ 6 ] making landfall around 0000 UTC on September 22 near Fort Walton Beach, Florida , with winds of 35 mph (56 km/h). [ 7 ] The cloud pattern deteriorated as it tracked inland, and 3 hours after it moved ashore the National Hurricane Center issued its last advisory on the depression. [ 8 ] As the depression tracked into Alabama , it became increasingly disorganized, [ 9 ] and the system would dissipate early on September 22. [ 1 ] Its remnant surface low continued west-northwest before dissipating near the Louisiana / Texas border early on September 23. [ 10 ] Preparations and impact The combination of wind shear and low-level helicity produced moderate convection across central Florida in association with the precursor low pressure system. Late on September 20, a supercell developed near Lake Apopka , and tracking quickly northward it spawned an EF1 tornado near Eustis ; the tornado tracked for 1.83 mi (2.95 km) and reached winds of about 100 mph (160 km/h). [ 11 ] The tornado destroyed 20 homes, left 30 others severely damaged, injured one person, and caused power outages for about 300 people. [ 12 ] Damage totaled $6.2 million (2007 USD). [ 13 ] Tornadoes were also reported near Marianna and Chipley . [ 14 ] The precursor low pressure system also generated lightning that struck and killed a man in Hendry County, Florida . [ 15 ] Outer rainbands began affecting coastal sections of the Florida Panhandle by about 12 hours prior to the formation of the depression. [ 16 ] Coinciding with the first advisory on the depression, the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm warning from Apalachicola, Florida , westward to the mouth of the Mississippi River . [ 17 ] Shortly thereafter, an inland tropical storm warning was issued for Pearl River , Walthall , and Pike counties in Mississippi and Washington Parish in Louisiana . Additionally, the New Orleans National Weather Service issued a coastal flood watch for four parishes in southeastern Louisiana. [ 18 ] In Mississippi , Governor Haley Barbour declared a state of emergency. Officials ordered a mandatory evacuation for residents in shallow areas and in mobile homes for Jackson , Harrison , and Hancock counties . [ 19 ] Officials in New Orleans opened three emergency shelters, [ 20 ] citing the potential need of shelter for citizens in about 17,000 FEMA trailers after Hurricane Katrina . Due to the threat of the cyclone, Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco declared a state of emergency and placed the state's National Guard and other disaster services on reserve. [ 21 ] Waves of about 5 ft (1.5 m) and rip currents were reported along the west coast of Florida. [ 22 ] However, no beach erosion was reported. [ 23 ] Rainfall associated with the system peaked at 7.29 in (185 mm) at Hastings . [ 10 ] Elsewhere, rainfall totals reached 1.46 in (37 mm) in Albany, Georgia , and 0.51 in (13 mm) in Dothan, Alabama . [ 9 ] Wind gusts from the storm peaked at 46 mph (74 km/h) in Milton, Florida , which blew down a few trees in Escambia County . [ 24 ] Overall damage from the depression was minimal. [ 1 ] Storm surge ranged from 2.5 to 4.1 feet (0.76 to 1.25 m) along the Panhandle. [ 23 ] Prior to the storm's development, several oil and gas companies removed unneeded workers from offshore oil platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico; Shell Oil Company evacuated about 700 employees, while Noble Energy removed its workforce of about 300 people from two oil rigs. [ 25 ] ExxonMobil cut its output by about 1,000 barrels of oil and 55,000 cubic feet (1,600 m 3 ). [ 26 ] With 27.7% of the daily crude oil production halted due to the depression, oil prices rose further after days of increasing levels, and on September 20 reached a record rate of over $84 per barrel. [ 27 ] Tornadoes EF# Location County / Parish State Start Coord. Date Time ( UTC ) Path length Max width Damage [ nb 2 ] Summary Refs EF1 Eustis area Lake FL .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 28°50′N 81°41′W / 28.84°N 81.68°W / 28.84; -81.68 ( Eustis (Sept. 20, EF1) ) September 20 0257 – 0305 1.83 mi (2.95 km) 100 yd (91 m) $6,200,000 Seven homes were destroyed, 27 homes sustained major damage, and 81 homes reported minor damage. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] EF1 W of Mayo Lafayette FL 30°03′N 83°15′W / 30.05°N 83.25°W / 30.05; -83.25 ( Mayo (Sept. 20, EF1) ) September 20 0420 – 0421 0.25 mi (0.40 km) 35 yd (32 m) $2,000 Large oak trees were uprooted. [ 28 ] [ 30 ] EF0 SE of Clio Barbour AL 31°40′N 85°34′W / 31.66°N 85.57°W / 31.66; -85.57 ( Blue Spgs (Sept. 21, EF0) ) September 21 2234 – 2235 0.36 mi (0.58 km) 20 yd (18 m) — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a Tornado reported by a Sheriff's deputy; no damage. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] EF0 Jerome area Collier FL 26°00′N 81°24′W / 26.00°N 81.40°W / 26.00; -81.40 ( Jerome (Sept. 22, EF1) ) September 22 0100 – 0105 0.5 mi (0.80 km) 20 yd (18 m) — N/a Several motorists reported a tornado touchdown; no reported damage. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present) Timeline of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season Footnotes ^ All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time for consistency. ^ All damage totals are in 2007 USD unless otherwise stated. References ^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Jamie Rhome (2007). "Tropical Depression Ten Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2007-10-16 . ^ Avila (2007). "September 18 Tropical Weather Outlook" . National Hurricane Center ( FTP ) . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . [ dead ftp link ] (To view documents see Help:FTP ) ^ Pasch (2007). "September 19 Tropical Weather Outlook" . National Hurricane Center ( FTP ) . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . [ dead ftp link ] (To view documents see Help:FTP ) ^ Pasch (2007). "September 20 Tropical Weather Outlook" . National Hurricane Center ( FTP ) . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . [ dead ftp link ] (To view documents see Help:FTP ) ^ a b Franklin (2007). "Subtropical Depression Ten Discussion One" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ Franklin (2007). "Tropical Depression Ten Discussion Two" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ Avila (2007). "Tropical Depression Ten Public Advisory Two-A" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ Avila (2007). "Tropical Depression Ten Discussion Three" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ a b "Remnants of 10 Advisory Number 4" . Weather Prediction Center. 22 September 2007 . Retrieved June 7, 2015 . ^ a b David M. Roth (2007). "Tropical Depression #10 - September 18–23, 2007" . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 2008-06-16 . Retrieved 2007-10-18 . ^ Melbourne, Florida National Weather Service (2007). "Eustis Tornado" . Archived from the original on 2008-10-16 . Retrieved 2007-09-23 . ^ CBS.com (2007-09-21). "Florida Tornado Strikes 50 Homes" . CBS News . Archived from the original on 2010-11-16 . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ National Climatic Data Center (2007). "Event Report for Florida" . Archived from the original on 2011-05-20 . Retrieved 2008-02-20 . ^ Godsey & Jamski (2007). "Tropical Depression Ten Post-Tropical Cyclone Report" . Tallahassee, Florida National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22 . Retrieved 2007-09-24 . ^ "Lightning Event Report for Florida" . National Climatic Data Center. 2007 . Retrieved 2016-01-22 . ^ Avila (2007). "September 20 Tropical Weather Outlook (2)" . National Hurricane Center ( FTP ) . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . [ dead ftp link ] (To view documents see Help:FTP ) ^ Franklin (2007). "Subtropical Depression Ten Public Advisory One" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ New Orleans National Weather Service (2007). "Tropical Depression Ten Local Statement" . Archived from the original on January 27, 2008 . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ "After storm preparations, Miss. avoids tropical jolt" . natchezdemocrat.com . Biloxi. 22 September 2007 . Retrieved June 7, 2015 . ^ Times-Piscayne (2007). "Nagin announces storm shelter locations" . Archived from the original on 2014-01-02 . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ Michael Winter (2007). "Gulf Coast braces for first tropical storm since Katrina" . USAToday.com. Archived from the original on 2007-10-10 . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ Tampa Bay National Weather Service (2007). "Coastal Hazard Message" . Archived from the original on 2024-05-22 . Retrieved 2007-09-22 . ^ a b "Tropical Depression Ten Event Report for Florida" . National Climatic Data Center. 2007 . Retrieved 2008-11-11 . [ dead link ] ^ Beeler (2007). "Tropical Depression Ten Post Tropical Cyclone Report" . Mobile, Alabama National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22 . Retrieved 2007-09-24 . ^ Brett Canton (2007-09-19). "As tropical low lurks, offshore companies exercise caution" . Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2011-05-22 . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ Erwin Seba (2007-09-20). "Oil firms pull U.S. Gulf workers" . Reuters . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ "Foul weather slashes U.S. Gulf oil production" . Reuters. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12 . Retrieved 2007-09-21 . ^ a b "20070920's Storm Reports (1200 UTC - 1159 UTC)" . Storm Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2007-09-20 . Retrieved 2014-02-22 . ^ National Weather Service office in Tallahassee, Florida (2007). Florida event report: EF1 tornado . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Report). National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved 2014-02-22 . ^ National Weather Service office in Tallahassee, Florida (2007). Florida event report: EF1 tornado . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Report). National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved 2014-02-22 . ^ "20070921's Storm Reports (1200 UTC - 1159 UTC)" . Storm Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2007-09-21 . Retrieved 2014-02-22 . ^ National Weather Service office in Birmingham, Alabama (2007). Alabama event report: EF0 tornado . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Report). National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved 2014-02-22 . ^ "20070922's Storm Reports (1200 UTC - 1159 UTC)" . Storm Prediction Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007-09-22 . Retrieved 2014-02-22 . ^ National Weather Service office in Miami, Florida (2007). Florida event report: EF0 tornado . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (Report). National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved 2014-02-22 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Tropical cyclones of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season v t e Timeline Timeline SS Andrea TS Barry TS Chantal 5 Dean ( history ) TS Erin 5 Felix TS Gabrielle TS Ingrid 1 Humberto TD Ten TS Jerry 1 Karen 1 Lorenzo TS Melissa TD Fifteen 1 Noel TS Olga Category Category 2007 Atlantic hurricane season Atlantic tropical depressions Hurricanes in Florida Tropical cyclones in 2007 Articles with dead FTP links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2013 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Commons category link from Wikidata Featured articles This page was last edited on 15 December 2025, at 00:42 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Terminology 2 Work Toggle Work subsection 2.1 Locksmith specialisations 2.1 Locksmith specialisations 3 Regulation by country Toggle Regulation by country subsection 3.1 Australia 3.2 Ireland 3.3 United Kingdom 3.4 United States 3.1 Australia 3.2 Ireland 3.3 United Kingdom 3.4 United States 4 Employment 5 Full disclosure 6 Notable locksmiths 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Locksmithing العربية Azərbaycanca Deutsch Euskara Français Қазақша Македонски Polski Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikidata item Locksmithing is the work of creating and bypassing locks. Locksmithing is a traditional trade and in many countries requires completion of an apprenticeship . The level of formal education legally required varies by country, ranging from no formal education to a training certificate awarded by an employer, or a full diploma from an engineering college , along with time spent as an apprentice . Terminology A lock is a mechanism that secures buildings, rooms, cabinets, objects, or other storage facilities. A "smith" is a metalworker who shapes metal pieces, often using a forge or mould , into useful objects or to be part of a more complex structure. Thus locksmithing, as its name implies, is the assembly and designing of locks and their respective keys by hand. Most locksmiths use both automatic and manual cutting tools to mold keys, with many of these tools being powered by batteries or mains electricity. Work Locks have been constructed for over 2,500 years, initially out of wood and later out of metal. [ 1 ] Historically, locksmiths would make the entire lock, working for hours hand cutting screws and doing much file-work. Lock designs became significantly more complicated in the 18th century, and locksmiths often specialized in repairing or designing locks. Although replacing lost keys for automobiles and homes, as well as rekeying locks for security purposes, remains an important part of locksmithing, a 1976 U.S. Government publication noted that modern locksmiths are primarily involved in installing high-quality lock-sets and managing keying and key control systems. Locksmith specialisations Most locksmiths also provide electronic lock services, such as programming smart keys for transponder-equipped vehicles and implementing access control systems to protect individuals and assets for large institutions. [ 2 ] Many also specialise in other areas such as: Auto Locksmithing Safes Regulation by country Australia In Australia, prospective locksmiths are required to take a Technical and Further Education (TAFE) course in locksmithing, completion of which leads to issuance of a Level 3 Australian Qualifications Framework certificate , and complete an apprenticeship. They must also pass a criminal records check certifying that they are not currently wanted by the police. Apprenticeships can last one to four years. Course requirements are variable: there is a minimal requirements version that requires fewer total training units, and a fuller version that teaches more advanced skills, but takes more time to complete. Apprenticeship and course availability vary by state or territory . [ 3 ] Ireland In Ireland, licensing for locksmiths was introduced in 2016, [ 4 ] with locksmiths having to obtain a Private Security Authority license. The Irish Locksmith Organisation has 50 members with ongoing training to ensure all members are up-to-date with knowledge and skills. United Kingdom In the UK, there is no current government regulation for locksmithing, so effectively anyone can trade and operate as a locksmith with no skill or knowledge of the industry. [ 5 ] United States Fifteen states in the United States require licensure for locksmiths. Nassau County and New York City in New York State, and Hillsborough County and Miami-Dade County in Florida have their own licensing laws. [ 6 ] State and local laws are described in the table below. 15 states require locksmith licensing: Alabama, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Nebraska, New Jersey, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. State Regulatory body Requirements Alabama Alabama Electronic Security Board of Licensure Certification course, continuing education, background check every two years California California Department of Consumer Affairs , California Contractors State License Board; California Bureau of Security and Investigative Services California requires a C-28 Lock and Security Equipment Contractor license, with renewal every two years, in addition to a background check. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection Background check, registration (renews biennially) Florida No statewide regulation. Counties of Hillsborough and Miami-Dade require licensure for locksmiths and locksmith firms. Miami-Dade's ordinance covers locksmithing, as well as the installation of security alarm closed-circuit television systems. Miami-Dade: must register with county and receive license. Each business performing locksmith services must have at least one license-holder in its employ. Fingerprinting and criminal background check accompany license application. Initial applicants must have a locksmith permit for one year before full licensure. Any work involving electrical systems must be done by someone who also holds a state electrician's or contractor's license. [ 10 ] Hillsborough: must apply for a biennial locksmith license. The cost is $500 for an individual or firm of up to five employees, $750 for a firm of six to ten employees, and $1,000 for a firm of more than ten employees. A background check and proof of insurance are also required. [ 11 ] : 1 Pinellas County: The City of Clearwater requires fingerprints applied by Clearwater police. Illinois Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation Must not have been convicted of a felony in the last ten years, must take twenty-hour licensure course, must pass examination [ 12 ] Louisiana Louisiana Office of State Fire Marshall Must pass examination, pay initial registration of $250, and maintain registration for $50 annually thereafter. Additional training and certification are required for locksmiths dealing with locks on fire and safety equipment and alarm systems. [ 13 ] Maryland Maryland Locksmith Licensing Program, Maryland Department of Labor Must apply for a license and submit to a criminal records check, and after issue, must carry a state-issued locksmith license card at all times when performing work. Prior felony and misdemeanor convictions will be weighed by the Secretary of Labor according to statutorily-determined factors, including length of time since the offense and applicant's behavior since, when deciding to grant or withhold a license. The licensee must carry liability insurance, and submit proof of insurance to the secretary. [ 14 ] Nebraska County Clerk Registration with the county clerk in the county in which the locksmith's business is located Nevada County Sheriff Must not be in arrears on child support, and must register with the county sheriff of the county in which the business is located New Jersey New Jersey Board of Examiners of Electrical Contractors Must be at least eighteen years of age, must complete three years of supervised locksmith work, working an average of at least twenty hours a week, or complete a formal two-year apprenticeship in a program approved by the United States Department of Labor, must not have been convicted of certain crimes within a ten-year period prior to application, and must pass an examination before being granted license. [ 15 ] New York No statewide licensing requirement. In Nassau County , a county license is required. [ 16 ] Nassau County requirements include submission of passport-style photos for photo identification license card for the principal applicant; business or home address and phone number and proof of number operability in the form of a recent telephone bill; a listing of all employees and officers of the company along with passport photos; recent utility bill for the business location if the business is not operated from home; a statement of all criminal convictions for all employees and officers, along with court records if requested; statement all trade names used by the business, and incorporation documents, if applicable; proof of insurance; proof of workers' compensation registration; a federal employee identification number, and a state sales tax number, if applicable; and fingerprint records for all applicants, in addition to a non-refundable processing fee. [ 17 ] : 2–3 North Carolina North Carolina Locksmith Licensing Board Must submit documentation of criminal history. Must submit documentation of out-of-state licenses, immigration status, and military discharge, if applicable. May optionally submit training certifications and other data. Must pay an initial license fee and subsequent annual renewal fees and keep license on person at all times. Must notify state of any employees operating under the owner's locksmith license. All apprentices must be themselves licensed under an apprentice license, and may not perform certain services, except under the direct supervision of a full locksmith license holder. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Oklahoma Alarm, Locksmith, & Fire Sprinkler Program, Oklahoma Department of Labor Must not have been convicted of a felony and must register with Alarm, Locksmith & Fire Sprinkler Program. [ 20 ] Oregon Oregon Construction Contractors Board Must pass a criminal background check, pass a license examination, and renew registration biennially Tennessee Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance Must provide documentation of citizenship or legal residency, any criminal convictions, all changes of address; business license in county or city where business operates, or a notarized statement that services will be for an employer or association and not offered directly to the public; otherwise, must submit documentation of application for, or employment by, a Tennessee Locksmith Company duly registered with the state. Conviction of a felony, or any level of drug, burglary, or breaking and entering offense may bar the applicant from licensure. [ 21 ] Texas Department of Public Safety Private Security Board The owner or manager of a company providing locksmith services must hold a Locksmith Company License. To qualify for a license, the applicant must have two years service as a locksmith for a licensed company. Alternatively, the applicant may substitute one year's experience plus successful completion of a forty-eight hour licensure course, followed by successful completion of a comprehensive license examination. [ 22 ] Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services Must be over eighteen years of age. Must complete an eighteen-hour training course. Must undergo a criminal records check and submit fingerprints. Anyone convicted of a felony or misdemeanor (excluding traffic violations) in Virginia or any other jurisdiction must complete a supplemental Criminal History form detailing the circumstances of arrest and conviction, completion of sentence, and any record pertaining to parole or probation. Any false statements or omissions can provide grounds for denial of license and possible criminal sanctions. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Employment Locksmiths may be commercial (working out of a storefront), mobile (working out of a vehicle), institutional (employed by an institution) or investigatory (forensic locksmiths) or may specialize in one aspect of the skill, such as an automotive lock specialist, a master key system specialist or a safe technician. [ 2 ] Many locksmiths also work as security consultants, but not all security consultants possess locksmithing skills. Locksmiths are frequently certified in specific skill areas or to a level of skill within the trade. This is separate from certificates of completion of training courses. In determining skill levels, certifications from manufacturers or locksmith associations are usually more valid criteria than certificates of completion. Some locksmiths decide to call themselves "Master Locksmiths" whether they are fully trained or not, and some training certificates appear quite authoritative. The majority of locksmiths also work on any existing door hardware, not just locking mechanisms. This includes door closers, door hinges, electric strikes, frame repairs and other door hardware. Full disclosure The issue of full disclosure was first raised in the context of locksmithing, in a 19th-century controversy regarding whether weaknesses in lock systems should be kept secret in the locksmithing community, or revealed to the public. According to A. C. Hobbs : A commercial, and in some respects a social doubt has been started within the last year or two, whether or not it is right to discuss so openly the security or insecurity of locks. Many well-meaning persons suppose that the discussion respecting the means for baffling the supposed safety of locks offers a premium for dishonesty, by showing others how to be dishonest. This is a fallacy. Rogues are very keen in their profession, and know already much more than we can teach them respecting their several kinds of roguery. Rogues knew a good deal about lock-picking long before locksmiths discussed it among themselves, as they have lately done. If a lock, let it have been made in whatever country, or by whatever maker, is not so inviolable as it has hitherto been deemed to be, surely it is to the interest of honest persons to know this fact, because the dishonest are tolerably certain to apply the knowledge practically; and the spread of the knowledge is necessary to give fair play to those who might suffer by ignorance. It cannot be too earnestly urged that an acquaintance with real facts will, in the end, be better for all parties. Some time ago, when the reading public was alarmed at being told how London milk is adulterated, timid persons deprecated the exposure, on the plea that it would give instructions in the art of adulterating milk; a vain fear, milkmen knew all about it before, whether they practised it or not; and the exposure only taught purchasers the necessity of a little scrutiny and caution, leaving them to obey this necessity or not, as they pleased. A commercial, and in some respects a social doubt has been started within the last year or two, whether or not it is right to discuss so openly the security or insecurity of locks. Many well-meaning persons suppose that the discussion respecting the means for baffling the supposed safety of locks offers a premium for dishonesty, by showing others how to be dishonest. This is a fallacy. Rogues are very keen in their profession, and know already much more than we can teach them respecting their several kinds of roguery. Rogues knew a good deal about lock-picking long before locksmiths discussed it among themselves, as they have lately done. If a lock, let it have been made in whatever country, or by whatever maker, is not so inviolable as it has hitherto been deemed to be, surely it is to the interest of honest persons to know this fact, because the dishonest are tolerably certain to apply the knowledge practically; and the spread of the knowledge is necessary to give fair play to those who might suffer by ignorance. It cannot be too earnestly urged that an acquaintance with real facts will, in the end, be better for all parties. Some time ago, when the reading public was alarmed at being told how London milk is adulterated, timid persons deprecated the exposure, on the plea that it would give instructions in the art of adulterating milk; a vain fear, milkmen knew all about it before, whether they practised it or not; and the exposure only taught purchasers the necessity of a little scrutiny and caution, leaving them to obey this necessity or not, as they pleased. Notable locksmiths William F. Banham, founder of Banham Security , invented the first automatic latch bolt lock in 1926 after a series of burglaries on his wife's dress shop. He opened up his own locksmith shop on Oxford Street, London, and offered £25 to anyone who could pick or break one of his patented locks [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Banham Group still offer the patented locks. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Robert Barron patented a double-acting tumbler lock in 1778, the first reasonable improvement in lock security. Joseph Bramah patented the Bramah lock in 1784. [ 30 ] It was considered unpickable for 67 years, until A.C. Hobbs picked it, taking over 50 hours. [ 31 ] Jeremiah Chubb patented his detector lock in 1818. It won him the reward offered by the Government for a lock that could not be opened by any, but its own key. James Sargent described the first successful key-changeable combination lock in 1857. His lock became popular with safe manufacturers and the United States Treasury Department . In 1873, he patented a time lock mechanism, the prototype for those used in contemporary bank vaults. Samuel Segal of the Segal Lock and Hardware Company invented the first jimmy -proof locks in 1916. Harry Soref founded the Master Lock Company in 1921 and patented an improved padlock in 1924 with a patent lock casing constructed out of laminated steel. Linus Yale Sr. invented a pin tumbler lock in 1848. Linus Yale Jr. improved upon his father's lock in 1861, using a smaller, flat key with serrated edges that is the basis of modern pin-tumbler locks. Yale Jr. developed the modern combination lock in 1862. Alfred Charles Hobbs demonstrated the inadequacy of several respected locks of the time in 1851 at The Great Exhibition , and popularized the practice of full disclosure . See also Associated Locksmiths of America Door security Glossary of locksmithing terms Immobiliser Locksport Master Locksmiths Association The National Locksmith References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Lock Manufacturers and Brands" . 24 7 Locksmiths . Archived from the original on 2019-06-15 . Retrieved 2017-08-13 . ^ a b Statistics, United States Bureau of Labor (1976). Occupational Outlook Handbook . U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Occupational Outlook. pp. 416– 417 . Retrieved 15 October 2018 . ^ "Certificate III in Locksmithing" . TAFE Queensland . Retrieved 2021-01-22 . ^ "Licensing of Locksmiths" . ^ "Are locksmiths licensed in the UK?" . The National Guild of Certified Locksmiths . April 9, 2021 . Retrieved May 23, 2023 . ^ a b "State Licensing Laws" . Associated Locksmiths of America . Retrieved January 19, 2021 . ^ Carpenter, Dick M. III; Knepper, Lisa; Sweetland, Kyle; McDonald, Jennifer. "License to Work: A National Study of Burdens from Occupational Licensing" . Institute for Justice . Retrieved January 19, 2021 . ^ "Locksmith Company and Locksmith Employee Fact Sheet" . California Bureau of Security and Investigative Services. July 2020 . Retrieved January 19, 2021 . ^ "Licensing_Classifications: C-28 Lock And Security Equipment" . s . Retrieved January 25, 2021 . ^ "Locksmith License" . Miami-Dade County . Retrieved August 4, 2021 . ^ "Hillsborough County Locksmith Services Business Licensing Application and Important Information" (PDF) . Hillsborough County . Retrieved August 4, 2021 . ^ "Locksmith" . Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation . Retrieved January 19, 2021 . ^ "Life Safety & Property Protection Training Requirements" . Louisiana Office of State Fire Marshalln . Retrieved January 19, 2021 . ^ "Maryland Locksmith Licensing Program" . Maryland Department of Labor . Retrieved January 19, 2021 . ^ "New Jersey Office of the Attorney General: Application for a Locksmith License" (PDF) . New Jersey Attorney General . Retrieved January 19, 2021 . ^ "Local Law 19-2007: A Local Law to amend the Administrative Code in relation to locksmith licenses" . Nassau County Legislature . Retrieved July 10, 2021 . ^ "General Instructions for the Locksmith License" . Nassau County Department of Consumer Affairs . Retrieved July 10, 2021 . ^ "North Carolina Locksmith Licensing Board: Application for a Locksmith License" (PDF) . North Carolina Locksmith Licensing Board . Retrieved January 24, 2021 . ^ "North Carolina Locksmith Licensing Board: Application for a Locksmith Apprentice License" . North Carolina Locksmith Licensing Board . Retrieved January 24, 2021 . ^ "Alarm, Locksmith, & Fire Sprinkler Program" . Oklahoma Office of the Department of Labor . Retrieved January 19, 2021 . ^ "TN Regulations: Locksmith" . Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance . Retrieved January 28, 2021 . ^ "Private Security Administrative Rules:RULE §35.123 Locksmith Company License" (PDF) . Texas Department of Public Safety . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "Licensure and Regulatory Affairs: Locksmith" . Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ "Licensure and Regulatory Affairs: Criminal History" . Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ Lea, Robert (2010). "Going for Growth: why Banham is not going to bolt now" The Times ^ Evening Standard. 9/25/2014, p73. 1p. ^ "Lock cylinder" . Archived from the original on 2017-12-31. ^ "Door fastening device" . Archived from the original on 2017-12-31. ^ "Banham - Experts in Security Services" . Banham . Archived from the original on 2017-01-25. ^ "Opening an Antique Bramah Box Lock" . Hygra.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27 . Retrieved 2012-08-15 . ^ "Bramah Locks" . Crypto.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-04 . Retrieved 2012-08-15 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Locksmithing at Wikimedia Commons .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Smithing v t e Smiths Blacksmith Bladesmith Coppersmith Goldsmith Gunsmith Locksmith Pewtersmith Sheet metal worker Silversmith Tinker Tinsmith Whitesmith Blacksmith Bladesmith Coppersmith Goldsmith Gunsmith Locksmith Pewtersmith Sheet metal worker Silversmith Tinker Tinsmith Whitesmith Processes Forging Pattern welding Planishing Raising Sinking Swaging Forging Pattern welding Planishing Raising Sinking Swaging Tools Anvil Forge Fuller Hammer Hardy tool Power hammer Pritchel Steam hammer Swage block Trip hammer Anvil Forge Fuller Hammer Hardy tool Power hammer Pritchel Steam hammer Swage block Trip hammer v t e Locks , locksmithing , lock picking , and security alarms v t e Fundamental concepts Access control Authentication Key control Key duplication Key relevance Master keying Password Physical security Rekeying Access control Authentication Key control Key duplication Key relevance Master keying Password Physical security Rekeying Lock hardware Bitting Interchangeable core Key blank Key code Key retainer Lockrod Lockset Bored cylindrical lock Mortise lock Rim lock Single-point locking Three-point locking Bitting Interchangeable core Key blank Key code Key retainer Lockrod Lockset Bored cylindrical lock Mortise lock Rim lock Bored cylindrical lock Mortise lock Rim lock Single-point locking Three-point locking Keys Berlin key Car key Keychain Skeleton key Smart key Berlin key Car key Keychain Skeleton key Smart key Mechanical locks Warded lock Pin tumbler lock Disc tumbler lock Lever tumbler lock Magnetic keyed lock Padlock Combination lock Rotary combination lock Time-delay combination locks Time lock Tubular pin tumbler lock Wafer tumbler lock Warded lock Pin tumbler lock Disc tumbler lock Lever tumbler lock Magnetic keyed lock Padlock Combination lock Rotary combination lock Time-delay combination locks Time lock Tubular pin tumbler lock Wafer tumbler lock Electronic locks Electromagnetic lock Electronic lock Electric strike Keycard lock Electromagnetic lock Electronic lock Electric strike Keycard lock Other lock types Bicycle lock Bramah lock Chubb detector lock Child safety lock Kensington Security Slot Latch Luggage lock Power door locks Protector lock Real-estate lock box Steering-wheel lock The Club Bicycle lock Bramah lock Chubb detector lock Child safety lock Kensington Security Slot Latch Luggage lock Power door locks Protector lock Real-estate lock box Steering-wheel lock The Club Lock picking Lock bumping Locksport Slim Jim Snap gun Lock bumping Locksport Slim Jim Snap gun Door hardware Dead bolt Door chain Door closer Door frame Door furniture Door handle Door security Doorstop Hinge Night latch Dead bolt Door chain Door closer Door frame Door furniture Door handle Door security Doorstop Hinge Night latch Emergency access/exit Crash bar Electromagnetic door holder Emergency exit Emergency light Exit control lock Exit sign Knox Box Crash bar Electromagnetic door holder Emergency exit Emergency light Exit control lock Exit sign Knox Box Security alarms Alarm device Alarm monitoring center Car alarm Card reader Closed-circuit television Door loop Dual loop Fingerprint scanner Glass break detector Heat detector Key switch Keypad Miniature snap-action switch Motion detector Occupancy sensor Passive infrared sensor (PIR) Perimeter intrusion detection Photoelectric sensor Piezo switch Pressure switch Proximity card Reed switch Tripwire Ultrasonic transducer Vandal-resistant switch Water detector Window security Alarm device Alarm monitoring center Car alarm Card reader Closed-circuit television Door loop Dual loop Fingerprint scanner Glass break detector Heat detector Key switch Keypad Miniature snap-action switch Motion detector Occupancy sensor Passive infrared sensor (PIR) Perimeter intrusion detection Photoelectric sensor Piezo switch Pressure switch Proximity card Reed switch Tripwire Ultrasonic transducer Vandal-resistant switch Water detector Window security Miscellaneous Glossary of locksmithing terms John M. Mossman Lock Museum Key to the City Lock Museum Lock Museum of America Musée de la Serrure Puzzle lock Glossary of locksmithing terms John M. Mossman Lock Museum Key to the City Lock Museum Lock Museum of America Musée de la Serrure Puzzle lock Category:Locksmithing Keys Locks Book Category:Locksmithing Keys Locks Book Authority control databases International GND GND National United States Czech Republic Israel United States Czech Republic Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Locksmithing Metalworking occupations Mobile businesses Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 9 December 2025, at 03:18 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Impact 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Hurricane Irene (2005) Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Magyar Português සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Hurricane Irene approaching peak intensity on August 15 Meteorological history Formed August 4, 2005 Dissipated August 18, 2005 Category 2 hurricane 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 105 mph (165 km/h) Lowest pressure 970 mbar ( hPa ); 28.64 inHg Overall effects Fatalities 1 direct Damage None Areas affected East Coast of the United States IBTrACS Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Irene was a long-lived tropical cyclone during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . The storm formed near Cape Verde on August 4 and crossed the Atlantic , turning northward around Bermuda before being absorbed by an extratropical cyclone while situated southeast of Newfoundland . Irene proved to be a difficult storm to forecast due to oscillations in strength. After almost dissipating on August 10, Irene peaked as a Category 2 hurricane on August 16. Irene persisted for 14 days as a tropical system , the longest duration of any storm of the 2005 season. It was the ninth named storm and fourth hurricane of the record-breaking season. Although there were initial fears of a landfall in the United States due to uncertainty in predicting the storm's track, Hurricane Irene never approached land and caused no recorded damage; however, swells up to 8 ft (2.4 m) and strong rip currents resulted in one fatality in Long Beach, New York . Meteorological history Hurricane Irene began as a Cape Verde storm. A vigorous tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on August 1, initially weakening due to cooler sea surface temperatures . It moved westward and passed near Cape Verde , where convection started to increase. The system subsequently developed into a tropical depression on the afternoon of August 4, 690 miles (1100 km) southwest of the Cape Verde Islands. [ 1 ] Early on August 5, the depression abruptly turned to the northwest into an area of higher wind shear , causing some computer models to predict that the depression would dissipate, while others predicted steady strengthening. The sudden threat to the storm's existence prompted National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecaster Lixion Avila to comment, "How little we know about the genesis of tropical cyclones." [ 2 ] Despite the unfavorable conditions in its vicinity and its poor organization, Tropical Depression Nine continued to strengthen, becoming Tropical Storm Irene on August 7, [ 1 ] the earliest formation date for the ninth storm in the Atlantic basin at the time, beating the previous record held by a storm in the 1936 season by 13 days. (This record stood until surpassed by Hurricane Isaias in 2020 .) [ 3 ] Because Irene was in an environment laden with dry air and high shear, it soon weakened to a tropical depression, on August 8. [ 1 ] On the morning of August 10, as it was passing north of the Lesser Antilles , Irene nearly dissipated into a remnant low, but forecasters predicted with "very low confidence" that the storm would survive. [ 4 ] Contrary to these expectations, warmer waters and less wind shear allowed Irene to become gradually more organized while south of Bermuda , and it became a tropical storm once again early on August 11. [ 1 ] Due to uncertainties about how the region's subtropical ridge would interact with Irene, the models continued to give unclear signals of the storm's future. Some of the models predicted that Irene would make landfall in North Carolina , while others continued to anticipate that Irene would dissipate. [ 5 ] The uncertainty ended when a weakness in the subtropical ridge allowed Irene to turn sharply northward, which caused the storm to pass midway between the Outer Banks of North Carolina and Bermuda on August 15. Soon after, upper-level shear weakened greatly, and Irene rapidly intensified, first to a hurricane, then to its peak strength as a 105 mph (170 km/h) Category 2 hurricane on the afternoon of August 16, while located 350 miles (560 km) northeast of Bermuda; at the same time it also attained minimum pressure of 970 mbar . [ 1 ] Though NHC meteorologists thought it was likely that Irene would become a hurricane, they were not expecting an intensification of such a magnitude. [ 6 ] Irene entered a region of increased wind shear and began to weaken, and as a result it was downgraded to a tropical storm early on August 18, when it was 520 miles (830 km) south of Cape Race , Newfoundland . All convection within 230 mi (370 km) of the cyclone dissipated on August 18. Irene was subsequently absorbed by an extratropical cyclone later that day. [ 1 ] Irene lasted for 14 days as a tropical system, the longest duration of any storm of the 2005 season. [ 3 ] Impact As Hurricane Irene stayed well away from land, no coastal warnings or watches were issued for it. Despite Irene's long life, there were no reports of tropical-storm-force winds affecting ships. There was no damage as a result of Irene. [ 1 ] However, the hurricane generated strong waves and increased the risk of rip currents along the East Coast of the United States . Many beaches in New Jersey restricted swimming activities, and lifeguards at one beach performed more than a hundred rescues over a three-day period. [ 7 ] Waves along the coastline of New York reached 4 to 8 ft (1.2 to 2.4 m). A 16-year-old boy drowned after being caught in a rip current near Long Beach, New York on August 14. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] His body was recovered on August 16 after washing ashore. [ 8 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season List of Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes List of New Jersey hurricanes References ^ a b c d e f g .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Irene" (PDF) . National Hurricane Center ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved April 24, 2006 . ^ "Discussion for Tropical Depression Nine, 11:00 a.m. EDT, August 05 2005" . National Hurricane Center ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on September 11, 2005 . Retrieved April 24, 2006 . ^ a b "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center . April 4, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF) . Hurricane Research Division – NOAA /AOML . Miami : Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF) . Hurricane Research Division – NOAA /AOML . Miami : Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . ^ "Discussion for Tropical Storm Irene, 5:00 a.m. EDT, August 10, 2005" . National Hurricane Center ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on September 9, 2005 . Retrieved April 24, 2006 . ^ "Discussion for Tropical Storm Irene, 11:00 a.m. EDT, August 11, 2005" . National Hurricane Center ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on September 11, 2005 . Retrieved April 28, 2006 . ^ "Discussion for Tropical Storm Irene, 5:00 p.m. EDT, August 14, 2005" . National Hurricane Center ; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on September 11, 2005 . Retrieved April 24, 2006 . ^ "Hurricane Irene Affecting Jersey Shore" . WPVI-TV . Associated Press . August 16, 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-09-02 . Retrieved May 10, 2006 . ^ a b Richard Weir and Michael White (August 16, 2005). "Lost Boy's Body Found On Shore" . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 9, 2014 . Retrieved December 29, 2009 . ^ "NCDC Event Report: New York Rip Current" . National Climatic Data Center . 2005. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012 . Retrieved April 13, 2009 . External links National Hurricane Center's archive on Hurricane Irene National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Irene Photo gallery of surf from Hurricane Irene in North Carolina NASA article on Irene's rainfall .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes v t e 1852–1949 1850s Five (1852) Eight (1853) "Matagorda" (1854) One (1855) Two (1855) "S.S. Central America Disaster" (1857) Four (1857) Three (1858) Six (1858) One (1859) Two (1859) 1860s Two (1860) Four (1860) Six (1860) Seven (1860) One (1861) Three (1861) Two (1862) Three (1862) One (1863) Two (1863) Three (1863) Four (1863) "Sabine River-Lake Calcasieu" (1865) Seven (1865) One (1866) Two (1866) Four (1866) Two (1867) Three (1867) Six (1867) "Galveston" (1867) One 1868) Three (1868) Four (1868) One (1869) "Lower Texas Coast" (1869) Seven (1869) "Saxby" (1869) 1870s Two (1870) "Second Key West" (1870) Ten (1870) Five (1871) Two (1872) Seven (1874) Five (1875) Four (1876) Four (1878) Five (1878) Six (1878) Eleven (1878) Three (1879) Eight (1879) 1880s Four (1880) "Georgia" (1881) Six (1881) Four (1884) Two (1885) One (1886) Two (1886) Three (1886) Eight (1886) Nine (1886) Four (1887) Eight (1887) Nine (1887) Fifteen (1887) Seven (1888) Nine (1888) "San Martín" (1889) Six (1889) 1890s Four (1891) Five (1891) Six (1891) Three (1892) Five (1892) Seven (1892) Two (1893) Five (1893) Seven (1893) Eight (1893) Seven (1894) Two (1895) Five (1895) One (1896) Three (1896) "East Coast" (1896) Six (1896) One (1897) "Windward Islands" (1898) "Carrabelle" (1899) Four (1899) Nine (1899) 1900s Three (1900) Seven (1901) Three (1902) Four (1902) "New Jersey" (1903) Six (1903) Seven (1903) Two (1906) One (1908) Eight (1908) Nine (1908) Two (1909) "Greater Antilles" (1909) 1910s "San Zacarias" (1910) Four (1910) Three (1911) Four (1911) Six (1912) Four (1915) Three (1916) "San Hipólito" (1916) "Pensacola" (1916) Two (1918) Five (1918) Three (1919) 1920s One (1920) "Louisiana" (1920) Four (1922) Two (1923) Four (1924) Five (1926) Eight (1926) Four (1927) "Fort Pierce" (1928) 1930s Seven (1931) Fifteen (1932) "Trinidad" (1933) Thirteen (1933) "Central America" (1934) Seven (1934) Ten (1934) "Yankee" (1935) Five (1936) Ten (1936) Fifteen (1936) Four (1937) Eight (1937) 1940s "Louisiana" (1940) "South Carolina" (1940) "New England" (1940) "Nova Scotia" (1940) Seven (1940) Four (1942) "Belize" (1942) "Surprise" (1943) Six (1943) "San Calixto" (1943) Nine (1944) "Florida–Outer Banks" (1945) Eleven (1945) Four (1946) "Florida" (1946) Charlie (1947) King (1947) One (1949) "Texas" (1949) Other Four (1859) 1852–1949 1850s Five (1852) Eight (1853) "Matagorda" (1854) One (1855) Two (1855) "S.S. Central America Disaster" (1857) Four (1857) Three (1858) Six (1858) One (1859) Two (1859) 1860s Two (1860) Four (1860) Six (1860) Seven (1860) One (1861) Three (1861) Two (1862) Three (1862) One (1863) Two (1863) Three (1863) Four (1863) "Sabine River-Lake Calcasieu" (1865) Seven (1865) One (1866) Two (1866) Four (1866) Two (1867) Three (1867) Six (1867) "Galveston" (1867) One 1868) Three (1868) Four (1868) One (1869) "Lower Texas Coast" (1869) Seven (1869) "Saxby" (1869) 1870s Two (1870) "Second Key West" (1870) Ten (1870) Five (1871) Two (1872) Seven (1874) Five (1875) Four (1876) Four (1878) Five (1878) Six (1878) Eleven (1878) Three (1879) Eight (1879) 1880s Four (1880) "Georgia" (1881) Six (1881) Four (1884) Two (1885) One (1886) Two (1886) Three (1886) Eight (1886) Nine (1886) Four (1887) Eight (1887) Nine (1887) Fifteen (1887) Seven (1888) Nine (1888) "San Martín" (1889) Six (1889) 1890s Four (1891) Five (1891) Six (1891) Three (1892) Five (1892) Seven (1892) Two (1893) Five (1893) Seven (1893) Eight (1893) Seven (1894) Two (1895) Five (1895) One (1896) Three (1896) "East Coast" (1896) Six (1896) One (1897) "Windward Islands" (1898) "Carrabelle" (1899) Four (1899) Nine (1899) 1900s Three (1900) Seven (1901) Three (1902) Four (1902) "New Jersey" (1903) Six (1903) Seven (1903) Two (1906) One (1908) Eight (1908) Nine (1908) Two (1909) "Greater Antilles" (1909) 1910s "San Zacarias" (1910) Four (1910) Three (1911) Four (1911) Six (1912) Four (1915) Three (1916) "San Hipólito" (1916) "Pensacola" (1916) Two (1918) Five (1918) Three (1919) 1920s One (1920) "Louisiana" (1920) Four (1922) Two (1923) Four (1924) Five (1926) Eight (1926) Four (1927) "Fort Pierce" (1928) 1930s Seven (1931) Fifteen (1932) "Trinidad" (1933) Thirteen (1933) "Central America" (1934) Seven (1934) Ten (1934) "Yankee" (1935) Five (1936) Ten (1936) Fifteen (1936) Four (1937) Eight (1937) 1940s "Louisiana" (1940) "South Carolina" (1940) "New England" (1940) "Nova Scotia" (1940) Seven (1940) Four (1942) "Belize" (1942) "Surprise" (1943) Six (1943) "San Calixto" (1943) Nine (1944) "Florida–Outer Banks" (1945) Eleven (1945) Four (1946) "Florida" (1946) Charlie (1947) King (1947) One (1949) "Texas" (1949) Other Four (1859) 1850s Five (1852) Eight (1853) "Matagorda" (1854) One (1855) Two (1855) "S.S. Central America Disaster" (1857) Four (1857) Three (1858) Six (1858) One (1859) Two (1859) Five (1852) Eight (1853) "Matagorda" (1854) One (1855) Two (1855) "S.S. 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1 Introduction 1.1 The Problem of Business Heterogeneity 1.2 The Fallacy of Linearization 1.3 Contribution: the Topo-RAG Framework 1.1 The Problem of Business Heterogeneity 1.2 The Fallacy of Linearization 1.3 Contribution: the Topo-RAG Framework 2 Current Related Work 2.1 Table Retrieval and Representation: The Search for Structure 2.2 Multivector and Late Interaction: Preserving the “Pixels” of the Data 2.3 Efficiency in Retrieval 2.4 Join-Aware & Multi-Hop: beyond simple search 2.5 The gap 2.1 Table Retrieval and Representation: The Search for Structure 2.2 Multivector and Late Interaction: Preserving the “Pixels” of the Data 2.3 Efficiency in Retrieval 2.4 Join-Aware & Multi-Hop: beyond simple search 2.5 The gap 3 Methodology: the Topo-RAG framework 3.1 Topology-aware routing 3.2 Route A: dense narrative retrieval (the semantic stream) 3.3 Route B: conscious late cell interaction (the structural stream) 3.3.1 The “cell as a token” paradigm 3.3.2 MaxSim optimized for tables 3.3.3 Reduction to improve efficiency (the WARP & CRISP influence) 3.4 Unified Reranking: The Best of Both Worlds 3.1 Topology-aware routing 3.2 Route A: dense narrative retrieval (the semantic stream) 3.3 Route B: conscious late cell interaction (the structural stream) 3.3.1 The “cell as a token” paradigm 3.3.2 MaxSim optimized for tables 3.3.3 Reduction to improve efficiency (the WARP & CRISP influence) 3.3.1 The “cell as a token” paradigm 3.3.2 MaxSim optimized for tables 3.3.3 Reduction to improve efficiency (the WARP & CRISP influence) 3.4 Unified Reranking: The Best of Both Worlds 4 Experimental Setup: Simulating Business Chaos 4.1 Datasets: The Synthetic Corporate Corpus (SEC-25) 4.2 Baselines: the titans to beat 4.3 Implementation details 4.4 Evaluation Metrics and Success 4.1 Datasets: The Synthetic Corporate Corpus (SEC-25) 4.2 Baselines: the titans to beat 4.3 Implementation details 4.4 Evaluation Metrics and Success 5 Results and Analysis 5.1 Retrieval Performance Analysis of Table 1 5.2 Why Linearization Fails 5.3 Latency vs Accuracy 5.4 Conclusion 5.1 Retrieval Performance Analysis of Table 1 Analysis of Table 1 5.2 Why Linearization Fails 5.3 Latency vs Accuracy 5.4 Conclusion 6 Discussion: the heterogeneity gap 6.1 The physics of information 6.2 Implications for industry 6.1 The physics of information 6.2 Implications for industry 7 Conclusion and Future Work 7.1 From Tables to Graphs 7.1 From Tables to Graphs Topo-RAG: Topology-aware retrieval for hybrid text–table documents Alex Dantart CIO, Humanizing Internet arxiv@humanizinginternet.com Other papers by the author arXiv Marco Kóvacs-Navarro CTO, Humanizing Internet marco@humanizinginternet.com Resumen In enterprise datasets, documents are rarely pure. They are not just text, nor just numbers; they are a complex amalgam of narrative and structure. Current Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have attempted to address this complexity with a blunt tool: linearization. We convert rich, multidimensional tables into simple Markdown-style text strings, hoping that an embedding model will capture the geometry of a spreadsheet in a single vector. But it has already been shown that this is mathematically insufficient. This work presents Topo-RAG , a framework that challenges the assumption that “everything is text.” We propose a dual architecture that respects the topology of the data: we route fluid narrative through traditional dense retrievers, while tabular structures are processed by a Cell-Aware Late Interaction mechanism, preserving their spatial relationships. Evaluated on SEC-25 , a synthetic enterprise corpus that mimics real-world complexity, Topo-RAG demonstrates an 18.4 % improvement in nDCG@10 on hybrid queries compared to standard linearization approaches. It’s not just about searching better; it’s about understanding the shape of information. Keywords Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) ⋅ \cdot table retrieval ⋅ \cdot late interaction ⋅ \cdot multivector retrieval ⋅ \cdot enterprise search ⋅ \cdot heterogeneous data ⋅ \cdot semantic routing ⋅ \cdot structure-aware embeddings ⋅ \cdot Topo-RAG ⋅ \cdot ColBERT ⋅ \cdot cell-aware interaction ⋅ \cdot linearization bottleneck 1 Introduction 1.1 The Problem of Business Heterogeneity Let us take as a basis the document repository of a large corporation. Unlike classical libraries filled with narrative scrolls, corporate “knowledge” is inherently heterogeneous. A single PDF file, such as an agricultural settlement report or a financial audit, is an ecosystem in itself. It contains paragraphs of legal text (narrative), immediately followed by a grid of prices by size and variety (tabular structure), and perhaps footnotes that link both worlds. However, most modern RAG systems treat these documents with blind uniformity. As recent benchmarks such as HERB [ 6 ] and AIR-Bench point out, the industry faces a problem of “topological blindness.” When ingesting these documents, current systems ignore the fact that reading, for example, a legal contract requires sequential semantic understanding, while interpreting a settlement table requires positional and relational understanding. Treating both types of data as a sequence of words is like trying to understand a road map by reading it as if it were a novel: the sense of direction is lost. (a) Standard (Linearization) Prod Price A 10 B 20 Source Table | Prod | Price | | --- | --- | | A | 10 | | B | 20 | Text / Markdown Single Vector Query: ”Price of B?” Noise/ Loss (b) Topo-RAG (Topology-Aware) Prod Price A 10 B 20 Source Table Cell-Tok Headers Values Spatial Vector Grid Query: ”Price of B?” Late Interaction Figura 1: The linearization bottleneck versus Topo-RAG. (a) Standard approaches flatten tables into text, compressing two-dimensional relationships into a single noisy vector. (b) Topo-RAG preserves the topological grid: each cell becomes an independent embedding, allowing the query to interact precisely with the relevant values (e.g., matching “B” and “20”) via Late Interaction. 1.2 The Fallacy of Linearization The industry-standard solution to date, popularized by approaches such as TabRAG [ 1 ] , has been “linearization”: converting the two-dimensional structure of a table into a one-dimensional representation, typically in Markdown or JSON format, and then compressing that long text string into a single dense vector (embedding). We call this the fallacy of linearization . While it is a convenient engineering feat, it rests on a fragile scientific premise. As Weller et al. theoretically demonstrate in On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval [ 2 ] , there is a fundamental limit to the ability of a single vector to represent all possible combinations of relationships in a dataset. When we “flatten” a table of 50 rows and 10 columns into a single vector, we are asking the embedding model to compress 500 potential relationships (cell-row, cell-column, cell-header) into a fixed point in latent space. The result is “semantic noise”: the model understands that the document is about “prices” and “lemons” (for example), but loses the ability to precisely distinguish whether the price of €0.85 corresponds to the 2023 campaign or the 2024 one, or whether it applies to the “Verna” or “Eureka” lemon variety. The geometry of the table is lost in translation. 1.3 Contribution: the Topo-RAG Framework To overcome this barrier, we propose to stop fighting against the nature of the data and start designing architectures that respect it. We present Topo-RAG , an approach inspired by cognitive biology: just as the human brain processes language and spatial images in distinct regions, our system separates processing according to the topology of the information. Our main contributions are: 1. Topology-Aware Routing: We implement a lightweight classifier, inspired by the efficiency of Pneuma [ 4 ] , which acts as a “switchman”, separating narrative text blocks from structured blocks (tables/lists) before vectorization. 2. Dual-Path Retrieval: For text, we use the proven path: optimized Dense Retrieval . For tables, we introduce a Cell-Aware Late Interaction mechanism. Instead of compressing the table, we maintain the vector identity of its individual cells (tokens), using an adapted ColBERT -type architecture. This allows the user’s query to “interact” directly with the specific cell values (the price, the date), without the loss from compression. 3. Empirical Validation: We validate our hypothesis on a synthetic dataset ( SEC-25 ) designed to mimic the complexity of real corporate documents, demonstrating that respecting the topology of the data is not only theoretically sound, but also industrially profitable. 2 Current Related Work The search for information retrieval systems that truly understand data, rather than merely matching keywords, has been a major challenge over the past decade. To understand the proposal of Topo-RAG , we must explore three research streams that converge at this historical moment: how we represent tables, how models interact with data (single vs. multi-vector), and how we make all of this computationally feasible. 2.1 Table Retrieval and Representation: The Search for Structure The first challenge is fundamental: How do we teach a neural network, which thinks in vectors and numbers, what a table is? Until very recently, the dominant strategy was linearization . If we have a well-structured two-dimensional table, the conventional strategy refined in works such as TabRAG [ 1 ] , consists of “reading” that table from left to right and top to bottom, turning it into a long narrative sentence (using Markdown or JSON). The premise is seductive: if LLMs are excellent at reading text, let’s turn everything into text. TabRAG optimizes this process by generating structured representations that LLMs can digest. However, this is equivalent to describing a building brick by brick instead of showing the architectural plans; the immediate spatial relationship between elements is lost. In a parallel and more experimental line, we find approaches such as Birdie , which uses a Differentiable Search Index (DSI). Birdie is fascinating because it tries to eliminate the intermediary (the traditional vector index). Instead of searching for vectors, it trains a model to directly generate the identifier (TabID) of the correct table given a query. It’s as if the librarian had memorized the exact location of every book and could give you the shelf number from memory. Although promising, this approach suffers from rigidity: if the data changes (something constant in enterprise settings), the model must be retrained or adapted at significant cost. Finally, works such as SQuARE attempt a hybrid approach, adapting retrieval specifically for tabular formats through structured queries. But all these methods share a common weakness: they either ignore the native topology of the table by flattening it, or they require monolithic architectures that are difficult to scale. 2.2 Multivector and Late Interaction: Preserving the “Pixels” of the Data This is where the most exciting paradigm shift comes into play. Most embedding models (such as those from OpenAI or BGE) are Single-Vector : they take an entire document (or a flattened table) and compress it into a single point in space (a vector). The problem, brilliantly explained by theory, is that this compression is lossy . For example, with a fruit price table, if we compress the entire table into a vector, the model may remember the concept of “fruit prices,” but it may forget whether the price “0.50€” belongs to “Oranges” or “Lemons.” Fine-grained information becomes blurred. The alternative is late interaction , popularized by the ColBERT architecture and recently refined in libraries such as PyLate . Instead of compressing the entire document into a single vector, these models maintain one vector per token (or in our case, per cell). Think of this as the difference between a blurry, low-resolution image (Single-Vector) and a high-definition image where each pixel retains its color (Multi-Vector). Similarity is not computed just once, but rather through an operation called MaxSim , which seeks the best match for each part of the query within the document. This is crucial for tables: it allows the question “Price of oranges?” to find exactly the cell “Oranges” and its neighboring cell “Price,” without interference from the “noise” of other rows. Papers such as On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval [ 2 ] provide the mathematical foundation to state that, for complex tasks, the Single-Vector approach has a glass ceiling that only the Multi-Vector approach can break through. 2.3 Efficiency in Retrieval If we store one vector per cell instead of one per document, RAM usage will increase, making the Multi-Vector approach, by definition, heavier. However, the year 2025 has brought spectacular advances in efficiency that make our Topo-RAG proposal viable. WARP [ 3 ] introduces an optimized engine that drastically reduces the latency of these models. It uses low-level techniques so that “late interaction” does not mean “slow interaction.” Even more interesting is the proposal of CRISP [ 5 ] . This work introduces the idea of clustering to reduce noise. Instead of storing all vectors, it groups similar ones together. For a table, this is revealing: many cells are redundant or empty. CRISP allows us to “prune” irrelevant information before storing it. Complementarily, the work on Efficient Constant-Space Multi-Vector Retrieval teaches us how to set a memory budget without sacrificing too much accuracy, making these systems deployable on standard enterprise infrastructure, not just supercomputers. 2.4 Join-Aware & Multi-Hop: beyond simple search Finally, we must recognize that in the real world, the answer is rarely in a single cell. It often requires connecting the dots. Papers such as REaR [ 8 ] and Exploring Multi-Table Retrieval address the problem of queries that require hops (multi-hop) or joins between tables. These works show us that retrieval is not a single event, but an iterative process: searching a table, reading a cell, using that value to search in another table. We are also inspired by Bridging Queries and Tables through Entities [ 7 ] , which suggests that entities (names, places, product codes) are the “hooks” that link queries with tables. 2.5 The gap Despite these incredible advances, there is a gap. We have excellent systems for text (Single-Vector) and promising technologies for fine structure (Multi-Vector), but the industry continues to try to force both types of data through the same funnel (linearization to Markdown). Topo-RAG is born from this observation: we should not treat everything as text. By recognizing the topology of the data and applying the right tool for each form (Route A for narrative, Route B for tables), we can overcome the theoretical limitations of linearization and offer a system that truly “understands” business structure. 3 Methodology: the Topo-RAG framework In this section, we break down the architecture of Topo-RAG . Our fundamental premise is that the shape (topology) of the data dictates the optimal retrieval function . We do not attempt to force a square peg into a round hole; instead, we build a system with two specialized “hands”: one to handle the fluidity of natural language and another to manipulate the crystalline rigidity of tabular data. The system operates in three sequential phases: (1) topological routing, (2) dual-path retrieval, and (3) unified reranking. PATH A: NARRATIVE PATH B: STRUCTURAL Heterogeneous Document Topology Router Text Encoder (Bi-Encoder) FAISS Dense Index Narrative Segments 1 Vector/Doc Table Encoder (Cell-Aware ColBERT) WARP Multi-Vector Index Tabular Segments N Vectors/Table User Query ANN Search MaxSim Search Unified Cross-Encoder Reranking Top-K Text Top-K Tables LLM Generation Figura 2: The Topo-RAG architecture. The system employs a topology-aware routing mechanism to split heterogeneous documents. Narrative text follows a standard dense retrieval route (top, blue), while tabular data is processed via a cell-aware Late Interaction path (bottom, orange), using the WARP engine for greater efficiency. Both flows converge in a Unified Cross-Encoder Reranker to provide context to the LLM. 3.1 Topology-aware routing The first challenge in an enterprise environment is that documents are not labeled as “Text” or “Table.” They are chaotic mixtures. An “Export Policy” PDF may have three pages of dense legal text and suddenly insert a table of customs tariffs. If we feed all this into a standard embedding model, the signal from the table gets diluted in the noise of the text. To avoid this, we introduce a pre-processing module inspired by the classification efficiency of Pneuma [ 4 ] . We define a heuristic metric called Structural Density Score (SDS) . For a given text block b b , we compute: S D S ( b ) = N n u m + N s e p + N e n t N t o t a l SDS(b)=\frac{N_{num}+N_{sep}+N_{ent}}{N_{total}} Where: N n u m N_{num} is the number of numeric tokens. N s e p N_{sep} is the number of structural separators (such as — in Markdown, ’td’ tags in HTML, or frequent line breaks). N e n t N_{ent} is the density of named entities (detected via lightweight NER), since tables are usually dense in product names, locations, or companies, unlike narrative text which uses more functional words (stopwords). The routing algorithm: the system scans the document using a sliding window. 1. If S D S ( b ) > τ SDS(b)>\tau (an empirical threshold, typically 0.4), the block is classified as structured . It is sent to Route B . 2. If S D S ( b ) ≤ τ SDS(b)\leq\tau , the block is considered Narrative. It is sent to Route A . This ensures that we do not waste expensive computational resources (late interaction) on simple text paragraphs, and do not lose accuracy by using simple dense embeddings on complex tables. 3.2 Route A: dense narrative retrieval (the semantic stream) For blocks classified as narrative (sustainability reports, emails, contractual clauses…), the standard solution remains the most efficient. Human narrative is sequential and semantically redundant; a single well-trained vector can capture the “essence” of a paragraph with high fidelity. In this route, we use a standard Bi-Encoder (in our experiments, the robust text-embedding-3-large or BGE-M3). Input: Narrative text block T T . Process: V T = E n c o d e r ( T ) V_{T}=Encoder(T) . Output: A single dense vector V T ∈ ℝ d V_{T}\in\mathbb{R}^{d} (where d = 1536 d=1536 or 1024 1024 ). This route prioritizes speed and the capture of general thematic nuances (“What is this document about?”). 3.3 Route B: conscious late cell interaction (the structural stream) Here lies the main innovation of Topo-RAG. For the data that the Router identified as “Tables”, we reject compression into a single vector. We adopt a Cell-Aware Late Interaction (CALI) approach, which is an adaptation of the ColBERT architecture specifically designed for tabular structures. 3.3.1 The “cell as a token” paradigm In standard ColBERT, each word token has its own vector. In CALI, we raise the abstraction: our atomic unit is not the syllable, it is the Cell . A table is decomposed not into sentences, but into a “bag of cell vectors.” However, a cell by itself (e.g., “0.85”) lacks meaning. It needs its topological context (its column header and its row identifier). To address this, we apply a Positional Injection technique inspired by Bridging Queries and Tables [ 7 ] . Each cell c i , j c_{i,j} (row i i , column j j ) is serialized enriched with its metadata before being vectorized: C o n t e n t ( c i , j ) = ” [ C O L : Header j ] [ V A L : Value i , j ] ” Content(c_{i,j})="[COL:\text{Header}j]\ [VAL:\text{Value}{i,j}]" This generates a vector v i , j v_{i,j} that encapsulates both the value (“0.85”) and its structural meaning (“Price”). Query Terms ( q i q_{i} ) Price Lemon Verna Table Grid ( d j d_{j} ) Product Origin Price Apple Spain 1.20 Verna Italy 0.85 Max Max Σ \Sigma Relevance Score Figura 3: Cell-Aware Late Interaction (CALI). Unlike dense retrieval, which compares one vector against another, Topo-RAG compares each token vector of the query ( q i q_{i} ) with all cell vectors ( d j d_{j} ) of the table. The MaxSim operator (orange arrows) independently identifies the best-matching cell for each term (for example, “Price” matches the header, “Verna” matches the row identifier), regardless of their distance in the linearized text. These maximum scores are summed to quantify the total topological relevance. 3.3.2 MaxSim optimized for tables When a user query arrives (e.g., “Price of lemon in Germany” ), we do not compare it with a vector of the entire table. We use the modified MaxSim operator. For each term in the query q k q_{k} (e.g., “Germany”), we search for the maximum similarity only among the vectors of the table’s cells. S c o r e ( Q , T a b l e ) = ∑ q k ∈ Q m a ´ x v i , j ∈ T a b l e ( q k ⋅ v i , j ) Score(Q,Table)=\sum_{q_{k}\in Q}\mathop{\operator@font m\acute{a}x}_{v_{i,j}\in Table}(q_{k}\cdot v_{i,j}) Why is this revolutionary for tables? Let’s work, for example, with the query: “Verna Price” . 1. The query vector “Price” will find its maximum similarity with the header column “Price” or the cells containing monetary values. 2. The vector “Verna” will find its maximum similarity in the “Variety” column where the word “Verna” appears. 3. The sum of these maximum interactions gives us a high score only if the table contains both elements with high specificity. A normal dense model could be confused by a table that talks about “Eureka Prices”, because “Eureka” and “Verna” are semantically close (both are lemons). CALI, by working at a fine-grained interaction level, distinguishes the exact entity. 3.3.3 Reduction to improve efficiency (the WARP & CRISP influence) The problem with storing one vector per cell is the memory explosion. A 100x10 table would generate 1000 vectors. To make this industrially viable, we apply aggressive reduction techniques inspired by CRISP [ 5 ] and WARP [ 3 ] : 1. Vector clustering: Many cells are semantically identical or empty. We group very similar vectors (e.g., all cells that say “USD” or “Kg”) and store only one centroid. 2. Quantization: We use product quantization (PQ) to reduce the size of the cell vectors from 32-bit floats to 4-bit integers without significant loss of retrieval precision, allowing millions of cells to be stored in standard RAM. 3.4 Unified Reranking: The Best of Both Worlds Finally, we have two lists of candidates: one coming from Route A (Text) and another from Route B (Tables). Their scores are not directly comparable (one is Cosine Similarity [0-1], the other is a sum of MaxSim [with no clear limit]). To unify the results, we use a final phase of Cross-Encoder Reranking . 1. We take the Top-K from the Narrative Route and the Top-K from the Structural Route. 2. We normalize their scores using Min-Max Scaling to obtain an initial combined heuristic. 3. We pass the final candidates (plain text and serialized tables) through a lightweight Cross-Encoder model (e.g., BGE-Reranker-v2-m3). The Cross-Encoder acts as the “human judge”: it reads the query and the candidate (whether text or table) with full attention and issues the final relevance verdict. This step corrects any hallucination that may have arisen during fast retrieval and ensures that the final list presented to the generator LLM contains the perfect mix of narrative context and precise data needed to answer the user’s question. 4 Experimental Setup: Simulating Business Chaos To validate our hypothesis—that data topology matters—we could not rely on traditional academic datasets such as NQ-Tables or Spider . These datasets are often “too clean” or focused exclusively on either tables or text. The challenge of the modern enterprise is hybridization . We needed a testing environment where a legal contract (text) could contradict or complement a settlement spreadsheet (table). Since no public dataset with these specific characteristics existed, we built one. 4.1 Datasets: The Synthetic Corporate Corpus (SEC-25) Following the synthetic data generation methodology proposed in HERB [ 6 ] and AIR-Bench , we created the SEC-25 (Synthetic Enterprise Corpus 2025) . The goal of SEC-25 is not to be massive in size, but rather dense in complexity . We used GPT-4o to generate documents that mimic the structure of real corporate files from the agri-food sector. Corpus composition (10,000 Documents): The corpus is intentionally divided into two topological hemispheres to test our Router’s capability: 1. Narrative Hemisphere (50 %): Sustainability reports: Dense, rhetorical text with few figures. Legal contracts: Complex clauses, conditional language (“if X, then Y”). Emails: Informal conversation threads, scattered context. 2. Structured Hemisphere (50 %): Settlement sheets: Dense tables with columns such as “Variety”, “Size”, “Price/Kg”, “Discount”. Here lies the trap: the same number (e.g., “0.50”) can appear in hundreds of different cells with different meanings. Logistics inventories: Long lists with product codes (IDs) that are hostile to standard tokenizers. The Query Challenge (The Query Set): We generated an evaluation set of 500 queries designed to break traditional RAG systems. We divided them into three categories of cognitive difficulty: Type A: Factual Retrieval (200 queries): “What is the return policy?” These can be answered with a single block of text. This is the comfort zone of classic Dense Retrieval. Type B: Cell-Precise Lookup (200 queries): “What was the price of Verna lemon in week 42 at Mercadona?” Requires navigating exact coordinates (Row: Verna/Week 42, Column: Price). This is where dense embeddings often “hallucinate” due to the noise from nearby neighbors. Type C: Hybrid Multi-Hop (100 queries): The ultimate test. “Based on the 2024 quality contract [Text], list the producers from Table B [Table] who did not meet the Brix standard.” Requires retrieving a text document (to know the standard) and a table (to filter the data), and then reasoning over both. 4.2 Baselines: the titans to beat To demonstrate that Topo-RAG provides real value, we compare it against the current standards in industry and academia. We did not choose straw men; we chose the systems that a company would implement today if they hired a standard consulting firm. Baseline 1: Naive RAG (the industry standard): Strategy: Blind linearization. Everything (text and tables) is converted to Markdown. Model: OpenAI text-embedding-3-large (the de facto standard). Logic: It is fast, cheap, and easy to implement. This is what most companies use today. Baseline 2: Advanced Recursive RAG: Strategy: Intelligent “Parent-Child” chunking. Small fragments (children) are indexed for retrieval, but the large block (parent) is returned to the LLM to provide context. Model: BGE-M3 (SOTA among open source dense models). Logic: Attempts to solve the context loss of Naive RAG, but still uses a single vector per chunk. Baseline 3: TabRAG (Structure-Aware Linearization) [ 1 ] : Strategy: Specialized for tables. Uses an auxiliary LLM to “narrate” or describe the table before vectorizing it, adding synthetic metadata to enrich the vector. Logic: This is the most sophisticated attempt to make tables work in the single-vector paradigm. It is our direct competitor. 4.3 Implementation details The implementation of Topo-RAG is not trivial. To ensure reproducibility and industrial viability, we used the following technologies: Infrastructure: Everything was run on an instance with NVIDIA A100 (40GB) . This is important: we want to demonstrate that this works on accessible hardware, not just on Google clusters. Software Stack: • For Route A (Text) , we used FAISS for approximate vector search, optimized for speed. • For Route B (Tables) , we implemented our Cell-Aware Late Interaction engine using the PyLate library. PyLate allows us to manage the complexity of multi-vectors without rewriting all the training code from scratch. • For efficiency, we applied the pruning techniques described in WARP [ 3 ] , reducing the table index by 40 % by removing vectors of empty cells or irrelevant stopwords (“el”, “la”, “de”) within the tables. 4.4 Evaluation Metrics and Success In RAG, “finding the document” is not enough. The user needs the correct answer . That is why we use metrics at two levels: Retrieval Quality (Did we find the needle?): nDCG@10 (Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain): Measures not only whether we found the relevant document, but also if we ranked it among the top positions. This is crucial so that the LLM does not get distracted. Recall@20: Is the answer somewhere within the top 20 results? If it is not here, the LLM has no chance to answer. Generation Faithfulness (Did the LLM tell the truth?): Hallucination Rate (Inverse Accuracy): Here we use the LLM-as-a-Judge paradigm. We give the LLM (GPT-4o) the answer generated by our system and the “Ground Truth” (the correct gold answer). The judge evaluates whether the generated answer contains fabricated or numerically incorrect data. Why is this vital? In financial tables, saying “0.85” when it is “0.86” is a critical hallucination. Standard text metrics (such as BLEU or ROUGE) often fail to detect these numerical precision errors. We have set the stage: a treacherous corpus full of structural traps (SEC-25), worthy opponents (TabRAG and Naive RAG), and a high-precision “microscope” to measure the results (LLM-as-a-Judge). 5 Results and Analysis To understand the results, we must recall our objective: we are not simply aiming to “win” on a metric. We seek to demonstrate that topology matters . If our hypothesis is correct, Topo-RAG should not be just “a little better”; it should behave in a qualitatively different manner depending on the type of data. It should be a chameleon, adapting to both fluid text and rigid tables with equal skill. 5.1 Retrieval Performance We evaluate our models on the SEC-25 corpus using the three defined query categories: Narrative (Text), Tabular (Structure), and Hybrid (Multi-hop Reasoning). Below we present the main results (Table 1). The key metric is nDCG@10 , which rewards the system not only for finding the answer, but for placing it in the first position—something vital so that the LLM is not distracted by noise. Architecture Model Type A: Narrative (Text) Type B: Tabular (Cell-Precise) Type C: Hybrid (Multi-Hop) Overall Average Naive RAG (OpenAI Ada-002) 0.882 0.451 0.410 0.581 Advanced RAG (Parent-Child) 0.895 0.523 0.485 0.634 TabRAG (Linearization SOTA) 0.880 0.685 0.612 0.725 Topo-RAG (ours) 0.891 0.842 0.796 0.843 Improvement vs. SOTA (TabRAG) +1.2 % +22.9 % +30.0 % +16.2 % Cuadro 1: Retrieval Effectiveness Comparison (nDCG@10) Analysis of Table 1 The Narrative Tie (Type A): Observe the first column. For narrative queries ( “What is the ethics policy?” ), all models are excellent . The difference between a complex system like Topo-RAG (0.891) and a simple one like Naive RAG (0.882) is marginal. This confirms our theory: for sequential text, current dense embeddings have already “solved” the problem. Linearization works for what is linear. Narrative Tabular Hybrid 0 0,2 0{,}2 0,4 0{,}4 0,6 0{,}6 0,8 0{,}8 1 1 +30 % Gain 0,88 0{,}88 0,45 0{,}45 0,41 0{,}41 0,88 0{,}88 0,68 0{,}68 0,61 0{,}61 0,89 0{,}89 0,84 0{,}84 0,8 0{,}8 nDCG@10 Score Naive RAG TabRAG (SOTA) Topo-RAG (ours) Figura 4: Retrieval performance by query type. While all models show similar performance on narrative text (left), a massive performance gap opens up for tabular and hybrid queries. Topo-RAG (orange) maintains high accuracy in complex scenarios where linear approaches (gray/blue) collapse due to loss of structure. Structural collapse (Type B): The second column reveals the catastrophe. The Naive RAG model plummets to 0.451 . Why? Because when asked “Price of Verna lemon in week 42” , the dense model retrieves any document containing the words “price”, “lemon”, or “week”, without understanding the exact intersection. TabRAG improves (0.685) because it adds descriptions (“This table contains prices…”), but it still hits a glass ceiling. Topo-RAG dominates with a 0.842 . By using Late Interaction , the system does not look for a “similar” document; it searches for the exact match of the vectors for the “Verna” cell and the “Week 42” cell within the same spatial structure. The hybrid (Type C): This is where Topo-RAG shines the most ( 0.796 vs 0.612 for TabRAG). Hybrid queries require finding both a text and a table simultaneously. Systems that treat everything as text tend to “flood” the context with many irrelevant text fragments, pushing the necessary table out of the Top-K. Topo-RAG, by having separate pathways, ensures that the final reranker always receives the best candidates from both worlds. 5.2 Why Linearization Fails To deeply understand why the baselines fail, we conducted a forensic analysis of the errors. We focus on the phenomenon we call “Structure Loss” . We use the metric of numerical hallucination rate (evaluated with LLM-as-a-Judge). We gave the LLM the context retrieved by each system and asked it to extract a specific numerical fact. If the retrieved context was incorrect or imprecise, the LLM would make up the number. In small tables (3 columns), Naive RAG works well. As the table grows (10, 20 columns), the Naive RAG line drops sharply. This is due to vector dilution . As the authors of CRISP theoretically explain, a single vector has a finite information capacity. If you try to fit 20 columns of data into 1536 dimensions, the “noise” from irrelevant columns drowns out the signal from the column you are looking for. The Topo-RAG line remains almost flat (horizontal). Thanks to Late Interaction , it does not matter whether the table has 5 or 50 columns; the system only activates the vectors of the cells relevant to the query, ignoring the rest. It’s like having a flashlight in a dark room: no matter how big the room is, you only see what you illuminate. Key fact: in an “agricultural settlement” table (with ¿15 columns of grades and prices), Topo-RAG reduced the LLM hallucination rate from 45 % (Naive) to 8 % . This is the difference between a useful tool and a generator of legal liabilities. 5 5 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 0 0,2 0{,}2 0,4 0{,}4 0,6 0{,}6 0,8 0{,}8 1 1 The Topology Gap Single vectors dilute information as complexity grows Table Density (Number of Columns) Recall@10 Naive RAG TabRAG (SOTA) Topo-RAG (Ours) Figura 5: Robustness to information density. As tables become wider (more columns), standard linearization-based models (Naive, TabRAG) suffer a sharp drop in retrieval recall due to the “vector dilution” phenomenon. Topo-RAG maintains an almost constant performance, demonstrating that Cell-Aware Late Interaction effectively decouples the information capacity from the fixed dimensions of the vector. 5.3 Latency vs Accuracy In engineering, nothing comes for free. The extreme accuracy of Topo-RAG has a cost: computation. Implementing a ColBERT-style architecture (as we do in Route B) involves handling gigabytes of vectors (one per cell) instead of megabytes (one per document). Is this viable for a company? Metric Naive RAG (Vector) Topo-RAG (Standard) Topo-RAG (optimized with WARP/PyLate) Index size (GB) 0.5 GB 12.4 GB 4.1 GB Indexing time 10 min 45 min 28 min Latency (ms) 45 ms 210 ms 85 ms Cuadro 2: Efficiency metrics (index size & latency) Trade-off analysis: 1. The initial shock: Without optimization, Topo-RAG is heavy (12.4 GB index vs 0.5 GB). This would scare any cloud architect. 2. The salvation (Pruning & Quantization): This is where we apply the lessons from WARP and CRISP . By applying quantization (going from float32 to int4) and pruning (removing vectors from empty cells or stopwords like “el”, “de” within the tables), we reduce the index to 4.1 GB . It is still 8 times larger than the Naive index, but for a company, 4 GB of RAM is a trivial cost (just a few cents per hour on AWS). 3. Latency: The optimized version responds in 85 ms . While this is double that of Naive RAG (45 ms), for a human the difference between 0.04 seconds and 0.08 seconds is imperceptible. The user is willing to wait an extra 40 milliseconds in exchange for not receiving a hallucinated price. 5.4 Conclusion The results validate our central thesis: heterogeneity demands specialization . Topo-RAG does not win because it uses a larger model or more data. It wins because it understands the physics of information . Treating a table as text would be like trying to listen to a painting; that is, you can describe the colors, but you lose the spatial experience. By separating the routes and applying Cell-Aware Late Interaction , Topo-RAG restores the topological dignity of tables, allowing enterprise RAG systems to operate with the precision of a database and the flexibility of an LLM. 6 Discussion: the heterogeneity gap The results of our experiments are not simply an incremental victory on a leaderboard; they are evidence of a fundamental fracture in how we have been building AI for enterprises. We call this phenomenon “The Heterogeneity Gap” . 6.1 The physics of information The deep reason why Topo-RAG outperforms linearization models (such as TabRAG) lies in the physical nature of information. Text is time (sequential): A sentence is a timeline. The meaning of a word depends on what came before and what comes after. Dense embeddings (such as those from OpenAI) are masters of time; they compress that sequence into a coherent thought. A table is space (positional): A table is not read, it is navigated . The meaning of the cell “0.85” does not depend on the previous word, but on its spatial coordinate (Row: “Verna”, Column: “Price”). When we “linearize” a table to Markdown, we are forcing a spatial structure to become a temporal sequence. We are forcing the model to “memorize” the position of each cell through syntax tokens (—, —). As we demonstrate empirically, attention models struggle to maintain these long-distance relationships in a single vector. Topo-RAG solves this by not fighting against physics. By using Late Interaction for tables, we treat the table as a spatial map of vectors (cells) that are preserved individually. The user query acts as a cursor that moves over this map, seeking precise matches in specific locations, without the need to compress the entire map into a single point. 6.2 Implications for industry For industry, the implications are profound. The era of the monolithic “Single Vector Store” is over. Until now, the standard architecture was: ingest everything → \rightarrow vectorize everything → \rightarrow a single index in Pinecone/Milvus . Our study suggests that mature RAG architectures must be composite systems : 1. A lightweight dense index for corporate narrative. 2. A heavy (but optimized) multi-vector index for critical structured data. 3. An intelligent router that decides which path to take. This is not unnecessary complication; it is the price of accuracy. In domains where a numerical hallucination costs money (finance, logistics, legal), the architectural redundancy of Topo-RAG pays for itself. 7 Conclusion and Future Work In this work, we have challenged the convention of “linearization” in enterprise information retrieval. We present Topo-RAG , a framework that respects the inherent topology of the data, applying differentiated retrieval strategies for narrative text and tabular structures. Our results on the synthetic SEC-25 corpus demonstrate that this dual approach is not only theoretically superior, but also empirically dominant, achieving an 18.4 % improvement in nDCG@10 on complex hybrid queries. We have shown that, through modern optimization techniques such as quantization and pruning (inspired by WARP and CRISP ), it is possible to deploy Late Interaction architectures with acceptable latency for production. 7.1 From Tables to Graphs Although Topo-RAG solves the problem of finding the correct table, it opens the door to a greater ambition: total connectivity. Business tables do not exist in isolation. The entities within a table (e.g., “Supplier: agrícola del sur”) are the same entities that appear in narrative contracts. The immediate future of this research, inspired by works such as Mixture-of-RAG , is the integration of GraphRAG . We envision an evolution of Topo-RAG where: 1. The cells of the retrieved table act as “anchor nodes”. 2. The system automatically “jumps” from the table cell to the text documents that mention that entity. 3. This would allow answering second-order reasoning questions, such as: “Tell me which suppliers have above-average prices [Table] and check if their contracts include penalty clauses for delays [Text]” . Topo-RAG is the first step: we have taught the AI to read the map. The next step is to teach it to navigate the entire territory. Referencias [1] Jacob Si, Mike Qu, Michelle Lee, and Yingzhen Li. TabRAG: Tabular Document Retrieval via Structured Language Representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.06582 , 2025. [2] Orion Weller, Michael Boratko, Iftekhar Naim, and Jinhyuk Lee. On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.21038 , 2025. [3] Jan Luca Scheerer, Matei Zaharia, Christopher Potts, Gustavo Alonso, and Omar Khattab. WARP: An Efficient Engine for Multi-Vector Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.17788 , 2025. [4] Muhammad Imam Luthfi Balaka, David Alexander, Qiming Wang, Yue Gong, Adila Krisnadhi, and Raul Castro Fernandez. Pneuma: Leveraging LLMs for Tabular Data Representation and Retrieval in an End-to-End System. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.09207 , 2025. [5] João Veneroso, Rajesh Jayaram, Jinmeng Rao, Gustavo Hernández Ábrego, Majid Hadian, and Daniel Cer. CRISP: Clustering Multi-Vector Representations for Denoising and Pruning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.11471 , 2025. [6] Prafulla Kumar Choubey, Xiangyu Peng, Shilpa Bhagavath, Kung-Hsiang Huang, Caiming Xiong, and Chien-Sheng Wu. Benchmarking Deep Search over Heterogeneous Enterprise Data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.23139 , 2025. [7] Da Li, Keping Bi, Jiafeng Guo, and Xueqi Cheng. Bridging Queries and Tables through Entities in Table Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.06551 , 2025. [8] Rishita Agarwal, Himanshu Singhal, Peter Baile Chen, Manan Roy Choudhury, Dan Roth, and Vivek Gupta. REaR: Retrieve, Expand and Refine for Effective Multitable Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.00805 , 2025. Topo-RAG: Topology-aware retrieval for hybrid text–table documents Resumen In enterprise datasets, documents are rarely pure. They are not just text, nor just numbers; they are a complex amalgam of narrative and structure. Current Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems have attempted to address this complexity with a blunt tool: linearization. We convert rich, multidimensional tables into simple Markdown-style text strings, hoping that an embedding model will capture the geometry of a spreadsheet in a single vector. But it has already been shown that this is mathematically insufficient. This work presents Topo-RAG , a framework that challenges the assumption that “everything is text.” We propose a dual architecture that respects the topology of the data: we route fluid narrative through traditional dense retrievers, while tabular structures are processed by a Cell-Aware Late Interaction mechanism, preserving their spatial relationships. Evaluated on SEC-25 , a synthetic enterprise corpus that mimics real-world complexity, Topo-RAG demonstrates an 18.4 % improvement in nDCG@10 on hybrid queries compared to standard linearization approaches. It’s not just about searching better; it’s about understanding the shape of information. Keywords Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) ⋅ \cdot table retrieval ⋅ \cdot late interaction ⋅ \cdot multivector retrieval ⋅ \cdot enterprise search ⋅ \cdot heterogeneous data ⋅ \cdot semantic routing ⋅ \cdot structure-aware embeddings ⋅ \cdot Topo-RAG ⋅ \cdot ColBERT ⋅ \cdot cell-aware interaction ⋅ \cdot linearization bottleneck 1 Introduction 1.1 The Problem of Business Heterogeneity Let us take as a basis the document repository of a large corporation. Unlike classical libraries filled with narrative scrolls, corporate “knowledge” is inherently heterogeneous. A single PDF file, such as an agricultural settlement report or a financial audit, is an ecosystem in itself. It contains paragraphs of legal text (narrative), immediately followed by a grid of prices by size and variety (tabular structure), and perhaps footnotes that link both worlds. However, most modern RAG systems treat these documents with blind uniformity. As recent benchmarks such as HERB [ 6 ] and AIR-Bench point out, the industry faces a problem of “topological blindness.” When ingesting these documents, current systems ignore the fact that reading, for example, a legal contract requires sequential semantic understanding, while interpreting a settlement table requires positional and relational understanding. Treating both types of data as a sequence of words is like trying to understand a road map by reading it as if it were a novel: the sense of direction is lost. (a) Standard (Linearization) Prod Price A 10 B 20 Source Table | Prod | Price | | --- | --- | | A | 10 | | B | 20 | Text / Markdown Single Vector Query: ”Price of B?” Noise/ Loss (b) Topo-RAG (Topology-Aware) Prod Price A 10 B 20 Source Table Cell-Tok Headers Values Spatial Vector Grid Query: ”Price of B?” Late Interaction Figura 1: The linearization bottleneck versus Topo-RAG. (a) Standard approaches flatten tables into text, compressing two-dimensional relationships into a single noisy vector. (b) Topo-RAG preserves the topological grid: each cell becomes an independent embedding, allowing the query to interact precisely with the relevant values (e.g., matching “B” and “20”) via Late Interaction. 1.2 The Fallacy of Linearization The industry-standard solution to date, popularized by approaches such as TabRAG [ 1 ] , has been “linearization”: converting the two-dimensional structure of a table into a one-dimensional representation, typically in Markdown or JSON format, and then compressing that long text string into a single dense vector (embedding). We call this the fallacy of linearization . While it is a convenient engineering feat, it rests on a fragile scientific premise. As Weller et al. theoretically demonstrate in On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval [ 2 ] , there is a fundamental limit to the ability of a single vector to represent all possible combinations of relationships in a dataset. When we “flatten” a table of 50 rows and 10 columns into a single vector, we are asking the embedding model to compress 500 potential relationships (cell-row, cell-column, cell-header) into a fixed point in latent space. The result is “semantic noise”: the model understands that the document is about “prices” and “lemons” (for example), but loses the ability to precisely distinguish whether the price of €0.85 corresponds to the 2023 campaign or the 2024 one, or whether it applies to the “Verna” or “Eureka” lemon variety. The geometry of the table is lost in translation. 1.3 Contribution: the Topo-RAG Framework To overcome this barrier, we propose to stop fighting against the nature of the data and start designing architectures that respect it. We present Topo-RAG , an approach inspired by cognitive biology: just as the human brain processes language and spatial images in distinct regions, our system separates processing according to the topology of the information. Our main contributions are: 1. Topology-Aware Routing: We implement a lightweight classifier, inspired by the efficiency of Pneuma [ 4 ] , which acts as a “switchman”, separating narrative text blocks from structured blocks (tables/lists) before vectorization. 2. Dual-Path Retrieval: For text, we use the proven path: optimized Dense Retrieval . For tables, we introduce a Cell-Aware Late Interaction mechanism. Instead of compressing the table, we maintain the vector identity of its individual cells (tokens), using an adapted ColBERT -type architecture. This allows the user’s query to “interact” directly with the specific cell values (the price, the date), without the loss from compression. 3. Empirical Validation: We validate our hypothesis on a synthetic dataset ( SEC-25 ) designed to mimic the complexity of real corporate documents, demonstrating that respecting the topology of the data is not only theoretically sound, but also industrially profitable. 1 Introduction 1.1 The Problem of Business Heterogeneity Let us take as a basis the document repository of a large corporation. Unlike classical libraries filled with narrative scrolls, corporate “knowledge” is inherently heterogeneous. A single PDF file, such as an agricultural settlement report or a financial audit, is an ecosystem in itself. It contains paragraphs of legal text (narrative), immediately followed by a grid of prices by size and variety (tabular structure), and perhaps footnotes that link both worlds. However, most modern RAG systems treat these documents with blind uniformity. As recent benchmarks such as HERB [ 6 ] and AIR-Bench point out, the industry faces a problem of “topological blindness.” When ingesting these documents, current systems ignore the fact that reading, for example, a legal contract requires sequential semantic understanding, while interpreting a settlement table requires positional and relational understanding. Treating both types of data as a sequence of words is like trying to understand a road map by reading it as if it were a novel: the sense of direction is lost. (a) Standard (Linearization) Prod Price A 10 B 20 Source Table | Prod | Price | | --- | --- | | A | 10 | | B | 20 | Text / Markdown Single Vector Query: ”Price of B?” Noise/ Loss (b) Topo-RAG (Topology-Aware) Prod Price A 10 B 20 Source Table Cell-Tok Headers Values Spatial Vector Grid Query: ”Price of B?” Late Interaction Figura 1: The linearization bottleneck versus Topo-RAG. (a) Standard approaches flatten tables into text, compressing two-dimensional relationships into a single noisy vector. (b) Topo-RAG preserves the topological grid: each cell becomes an independent embedding, allowing the query to interact precisely with the relevant values (e.g., matching “B” and “20”) via Late Interaction. 1.1 The Problem of Business Heterogeneity Let us take as a basis the document repository of a large corporation. Unlike classical libraries filled with narrative scrolls, corporate “knowledge” is inherently heterogeneous. A single PDF file, such as an agricultural settlement report or a financial audit, is an ecosystem in itself. It contains paragraphs of legal text (narrative), immediately followed by a grid of prices by size and variety (tabular structure), and perhaps footnotes that link both worlds. However, most modern RAG systems treat these documents with blind uniformity. As recent benchmarks such as HERB [ 6 ] and AIR-Bench point out, the industry faces a problem of “topological blindness.” When ingesting these documents, current systems ignore the fact that reading, for example, a legal contract requires sequential semantic understanding, while interpreting a settlement table requires positional and relational understanding. Treating both types of data as a sequence of words is like trying to understand a road map by reading it as if it were a novel: the sense of direction is lost. Prod Price A 10 B 20 Prod Price A 10 B 20 1.2 The Fallacy of Linearization The industry-standard solution to date, popularized by approaches such as TabRAG [ 1 ] , has been “linearization”: converting the two-dimensional structure of a table into a one-dimensional representation, typically in Markdown or JSON format, and then compressing that long text string into a single dense vector (embedding). We call this the fallacy of linearization . While it is a convenient engineering feat, it rests on a fragile scientific premise. As Weller et al. theoretically demonstrate in On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval [ 2 ] , there is a fundamental limit to the ability of a single vector to represent all possible combinations of relationships in a dataset. When we “flatten” a table of 50 rows and 10 columns into a single vector, we are asking the embedding model to compress 500 potential relationships (cell-row, cell-column, cell-header) into a fixed point in latent space. The result is “semantic noise”: the model understands that the document is about “prices” and “lemons” (for example), but loses the ability to precisely distinguish whether the price of €0.85 corresponds to the 2023 campaign or the 2024 one, or whether it applies to the “Verna” or “Eureka” lemon variety. The geometry of the table is lost in translation. 1.2 The Fallacy of Linearization The industry-standard solution to date, popularized by approaches such as TabRAG [ 1 ] , has been “linearization”: converting the two-dimensional structure of a table into a one-dimensional representation, typically in Markdown or JSON format, and then compressing that long text string into a single dense vector (embedding). We call this the fallacy of linearization . While it is a convenient engineering feat, it rests on a fragile scientific premise. As Weller et al. theoretically demonstrate in On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval [ 2 ] , there is a fundamental limit to the ability of a single vector to represent all possible combinations of relationships in a dataset. When we “flatten” a table of 50 rows and 10 columns into a single vector, we are asking the embedding model to compress 500 potential relationships (cell-row, cell-column, cell-header) into a fixed point in latent space. The result is “semantic noise”: the model understands that the document is about “prices” and “lemons” (for example), but loses the ability to precisely distinguish whether the price of €0.85 corresponds to the 2023 campaign or the 2024 one, or whether it applies to the “Verna” or “Eureka” lemon variety. The geometry of the table is lost in translation. 1.3 Contribution: the Topo-RAG Framework To overcome this barrier, we propose to stop fighting against the nature of the data and start designing architectures that respect it. We present Topo-RAG , an approach inspired by cognitive biology: just as the human brain processes language and spatial images in distinct regions, our system separates processing according to the topology of the information. Our main contributions are: 1. Topology-Aware Routing: We implement a lightweight classifier, inspired by the efficiency of Pneuma [ 4 ] , which acts as a “switchman”, separating narrative text blocks from structured blocks (tables/lists) before vectorization. 2. Dual-Path Retrieval: For text, we use the proven path: optimized Dense Retrieval . For tables, we introduce a Cell-Aware Late Interaction mechanism. Instead of compressing the table, we maintain the vector identity of its individual cells (tokens), using an adapted ColBERT -type architecture. This allows the user’s query to “interact” directly with the specific cell values (the price, the date), without the loss from compression. 3. Empirical Validation: We validate our hypothesis on a synthetic dataset ( SEC-25 ) designed to mimic the complexity of real corporate documents, demonstrating that respecting the topology of the data is not only theoretically sound, but also industrially profitable. 1.3 Contribution: the Topo-RAG Framework To overcome this barrier, we propose to stop fighting against the nature of the data and start designing architectures that respect it. We present Topo-RAG , an approach inspired by cognitive biology: just as the human brain processes language and spatial images in distinct regions, our system separates processing according to the topology of the information. Our main contributions are: 1. Topology-Aware Routing: We implement a lightweight classifier, inspired by the efficiency of Pneuma [ 4 ] , which acts as a “switchman”, separating narrative text blocks from structured blocks (tables/lists) before vectorization. Topology-Aware Routing: We implement a lightweight classifier, inspired by the efficiency of Pneuma [ 4 ] , which acts as a “switchman”, separating narrative text blocks from structured blocks (tables/lists) before vectorization. 2. Dual-Path Retrieval: For text, we use the proven path: optimized Dense Retrieval . For tables, we introduce a Cell-Aware Late Interaction mechanism. Instead of compressing the table, we maintain the vector identity of its individual cells (tokens), using an adapted ColBERT -type architecture. This allows the user’s query to “interact” directly with the specific cell values (the price, the date), without the loss from compression. Dual-Path Retrieval: For text, we use the proven path: optimized Dense Retrieval . For text, we use the proven path: optimized Dense Retrieval . For tables, we introduce a Cell-Aware Late Interaction mechanism. Instead of compressing the table, we maintain the vector identity of its individual cells (tokens), using an adapted ColBERT -type architecture. This allows the user’s query to “interact” directly with the specific cell values (the price, the date), without the loss from compression. For tables, we introduce a Cell-Aware Late Interaction mechanism. Instead of compressing the table, we maintain the vector identity of its individual cells (tokens), using an adapted ColBERT -type architecture. This allows the user’s query to “interact” directly with the specific cell values (the price, the date), without the loss from compression. 3. Empirical Validation: We validate our hypothesis on a synthetic dataset ( SEC-25 ) designed to mimic the complexity of real corporate documents, demonstrating that respecting the topology of the data is not only theoretically sound, but also industrially profitable. Empirical Validation: We validate our hypothesis on a synthetic dataset ( SEC-25 ) designed to mimic the complexity of real corporate documents, demonstrating that respecting the topology of the data is not only theoretically sound, but also industrially profitable. 2 Current Related Work The search for information retrieval systems that truly understand data, rather than merely matching keywords, has been a major challenge over the past decade. To understand the proposal of Topo-RAG , we must explore three research streams that converge at this historical moment: how we represent tables, how models interact with data (single vs. multi-vector), and how we make all of this computationally feasible. 2.1 Table Retrieval and Representation: The Search for Structure The first challenge is fundamental: How do we teach a neural network, which thinks in vectors and numbers, what a table is? Until very recently, the dominant strategy was linearization . If we have a well-structured two-dimensional table, the conventional strategy refined in works such as TabRAG [ 1 ] , consists of “reading” that table from left to right and top to bottom, turning it into a long narrative sentence (using Markdown or JSON). The premise is seductive: if LLMs are excellent at reading text, let’s turn everything into text. TabRAG optimizes this process by generating structured representations that LLMs can digest. However, this is equivalent to describing a building brick by brick instead of showing the architectural plans; the immediate spatial relationship between elements is lost. In a parallel and more experimental line, we find approaches such as Birdie , which uses a Differentiable Search Index (DSI). Birdie is fascinating because it tries to eliminate the intermediary (the traditional vector index). Instead of searching for vectors, it trains a model to directly generate the identifier (TabID) of the correct table given a query. It’s as if the librarian had memorized the exact location of every book and could give you the shelf number from memory. Although promising, this approach suffers from rigidity: if the data changes (something constant in enterprise settings), the model must be retrained or adapted at significant cost. Finally, works such as SQuARE attempt a hybrid approach, adapting retrieval specifically for tabular formats through structured queries. But all these methods share a common weakness: they either ignore the native topology of the table by flattening it, or they require monolithic architectures that are difficult to scale. 2.2 Multivector and Late Interaction: Preserving the “Pixels” of the Data This is where the most exciting paradigm shift comes into play. Most embedding models (such as those from OpenAI or BGE) are Single-Vector : they take an entire document (or a flattened table) and compress it into a single point in space (a vector). The problem, brilliantly explained by theory, is that this compression is lossy . For example, with a fruit price table, if we compress the entire table into a vector, the model may remember the concept of “fruit prices,” but it may forget whether the price “0.50€” belongs to “Oranges” or “Lemons.” Fine-grained information becomes blurred. The alternative is late interaction , popularized by the ColBERT architecture and recently refined in libraries such as PyLate . Instead of compressing the entire document into a single vector, these models maintain one vector per token (or in our case, per cell). Think of this as the difference between a blurry, low-resolution image (Single-Vector) and a high-definition image where each pixel retains its color (Multi-Vector). Similarity is not computed just once, but rather through an operation called MaxSim , which seeks the best match for each part of the query within the document. This is crucial for tables: it allows the question “Price of oranges?” to find exactly the cell “Oranges” and its neighboring cell “Price,” without interference from the “noise” of other rows. Papers such as On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval [ 2 ] provide the mathematical foundation to state that, for complex tasks, the Single-Vector approach has a glass ceiling that only the Multi-Vector approach can break through. 2.3 Efficiency in Retrieval If we store one vector per cell instead of one per document, RAM usage will increase, making the Multi-Vector approach, by definition, heavier. However, the year 2025 has brought spectacular advances in efficiency that make our Topo-RAG proposal viable. WARP [ 3 ] introduces an optimized engine that drastically reduces the latency of these models. It uses low-level techniques so that “late interaction” does not mean “slow interaction.” Even more interesting is the proposal of CRISP [ 5 ] . This work introduces the idea of clustering to reduce noise. Instead of storing all vectors, it groups similar ones together. For a table, this is revealing: many cells are redundant or empty. CRISP allows us to “prune” irrelevant information before storing it. Complementarily, the work on Efficient Constant-Space Multi-Vector Retrieval teaches us how to set a memory budget without sacrificing too much accuracy, making these systems deployable on standard enterprise infrastructure, not just supercomputers. 2.4 Join-Aware & Multi-Hop: beyond simple search Finally, we must recognize that in the real world, the answer is rarely in a single cell. It often requires connecting the dots. Papers such as REaR [ 8 ] and Exploring Multi-Table Retrieval address the problem of queries that require hops (multi-hop) or joins between tables. These works show us that retrieval is not a single event, but an iterative process: searching a table, reading a cell, using that value to search in another table. We are also inspired by Bridging Queries and Tables through Entities [ 7 ] , which suggests that entities (names, places, product codes) are the “hooks” that link queries with tables. 2.5 The gap Despite these incredible advances, there is a gap. We have excellent systems for text (Single-Vector) and promising technologies for fine structure (Multi-Vector), but the industry continues to try to force both types of data through the same funnel (linearization to Markdown). Topo-RAG is born from this observation: we should not treat everything as text. By recognizing the topology of the data and applying the right tool for each form (Route A for narrative, Route B for tables), we can overcome the theoretical limitations of linearization and offer a system that truly “understands” business structure. 2 Current Related Work The search for information retrieval systems that truly understand data, rather than merely matching keywords, has been a major challenge over the past decade. To understand the proposal of Topo-RAG , we must explore three research streams that converge at this historical moment: how we represent tables, how models interact with data (single vs. multi-vector), and how we make all of this computationally feasible. 2.1 Table Retrieval and Representation: The Search for Structure The first challenge is fundamental: How do we teach a neural network, which thinks in vectors and numbers, what a table is? Until very recently, the dominant strategy was linearization . If we have a well-structured two-dimensional table, the conventional strategy refined in works such as TabRAG [ 1 ] , consists of “reading” that table from left to right and top to bottom, turning it into a long narrative sentence (using Markdown or JSON). The premise is seductive: if LLMs are excellent at reading text, let’s turn everything into text. TabRAG optimizes this process by generating structured representations that LLMs can digest. However, this is equivalent to describing a building brick by brick instead of showing the architectural plans; the immediate spatial relationship between elements is lost. In a parallel and more experimental line, we find approaches such as Birdie , which uses a Differentiable Search Index (DSI). Birdie is fascinating because it tries to eliminate the intermediary (the traditional vector index). Instead of searching for vectors, it trains a model to directly generate the identifier (TabID) of the correct table given a query. It’s as if the librarian had memorized the exact location of every book and could give you the shelf number from memory. Although promising, this approach suffers from rigidity: if the data changes (something constant in enterprise settings), the model must be retrained or adapted at significant cost. Finally, works such as SQuARE attempt a hybrid approach, adapting retrieval specifically for tabular formats through structured queries. But all these methods share a common weakness: they either ignore the native topology of the table by flattening it, or they require monolithic architectures that are difficult to scale. 2.1 Table Retrieval and Representation: The Search for Structure The first challenge is fundamental: How do we teach a neural network, which thinks in vectors and numbers, what a table is? Until very recently, the dominant strategy was linearization . If we have a well-structured two-dimensional table, the conventional strategy refined in works such as TabRAG [ 1 ] , consists of “reading” that table from left to right and top to bottom, turning it into a long narrative sentence (using Markdown or JSON). The premise is seductive: if LLMs are excellent at reading text, let’s turn everything into text. TabRAG optimizes this process by generating structured representations that LLMs can digest. However, this is equivalent to describing a building brick by brick instead of showing the architectural plans; the immediate spatial relationship between elements is lost. In a parallel and more experimental line, we find approaches such as Birdie , which uses a Differentiable Search Index (DSI). Birdie is fascinating because it tries to eliminate the intermediary (the traditional vector index). Instead of searching for vectors, it trains a model to directly generate the identifier (TabID) of the correct table given a query. It’s as if the librarian had memorized the exact location of every book and could give you the shelf number from memory. Although promising, this approach suffers from rigidity: if the data changes (something constant in enterprise settings), the model must be retrained or adapted at significant cost. Finally, works such as SQuARE attempt a hybrid approach, adapting retrieval specifically for tabular formats through structured queries. But all these methods share a common weakness: they either ignore the native topology of the table by flattening it, or they require monolithic architectures that are difficult to scale. 2.2 Multivector and Late Interaction: Preserving the “Pixels” of the Data This is where the most exciting paradigm shift comes into play. Most embedding models (such as those from OpenAI or BGE) are Single-Vector : they take an entire document (or a flattened table) and compress it into a single point in space (a vector). The problem, brilliantly explained by theory, is that this compression is lossy . For example, with a fruit price table, if we compress the entire table into a vector, the model may remember the concept of “fruit prices,” but it may forget whether the price “0.50€” belongs to “Oranges” or “Lemons.” Fine-grained information becomes blurred. The alternative is late interaction , popularized by the ColBERT architecture and recently refined in libraries such as PyLate . Instead of compressing the entire document into a single vector, these models maintain one vector per token (or in our case, per cell). Think of this as the difference between a blurry, low-resolution image (Single-Vector) and a high-definition image where each pixel retains its color (Multi-Vector). Similarity is not computed just once, but rather through an operation called MaxSim , which seeks the best match for each part of the query within the document. This is crucial for tables: it allows the question “Price of oranges?” to find exactly the cell “Oranges” and its neighboring cell “Price,” without interference from the “noise” of other rows. Papers such as On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval [ 2 ] provide the mathematical foundation to state that, for complex tasks, the Single-Vector approach has a glass ceiling that only the Multi-Vector approach can break through. 2.2 Multivector and Late Interaction: Preserving the “Pixels” of the Data This is where the most exciting paradigm shift comes into play. Most embedding models (such as those from OpenAI or BGE) are Single-Vector : they take an entire document (or a flattened table) and compress it into a single point in space (a vector). The problem, brilliantly explained by theory, is that this compression is lossy . For example, with a fruit price table, if we compress the entire table into a vector, the model may remember the concept of “fruit prices,” but it may forget whether the price “0.50€” belongs to “Oranges” or “Lemons.” Fine-grained information becomes blurred. The alternative is late interaction , popularized by the ColBERT architecture and recently refined in libraries such as PyLate . Instead of compressing the entire document into a single vector, these models maintain one vector per token (or in our case, per cell). Think of this as the difference between a blurry, low-resolution image (Single-Vector) and a high-definition image where each pixel retains its color (Multi-Vector). Similarity is not computed just once, but rather through an operation called MaxSim , which seeks the best match for each part of the query within the document. This is crucial for tables: it allows the question “Price of oranges?” to find exactly the cell “Oranges” and its neighboring cell “Price,” without interference from the “noise” of other rows. Papers such as On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval [ 2 ] provide the mathematical foundation to state that, for complex tasks, the Single-Vector approach has a glass ceiling that only the Multi-Vector approach can break through. 2.3 Efficiency in Retrieval If we store one vector per cell instead of one per document, RAM usage will increase, making the Multi-Vector approach, by definition, heavier. However, the year 2025 has brought spectacular advances in efficiency that make our Topo-RAG proposal viable. WARP [ 3 ] introduces an optimized engine that drastically reduces the latency of these models. It uses low-level techniques so that “late interaction” does not mean “slow interaction.” Even more interesting is the proposal of CRISP [ 5 ] . This work introduces the idea of clustering to reduce noise. Instead of storing all vectors, it groups similar ones together. For a table, this is revealing: many cells are redundant or empty. CRISP allows us to “prune” irrelevant information before storing it. Complementarily, the work on Efficient Constant-Space Multi-Vector Retrieval teaches us how to set a memory budget without sacrificing too much accuracy, making these systems deployable on standard enterprise infrastructure, not just supercomputers. 2.3 Efficiency in Retrieval If we store one vector per cell instead of one per document, RAM usage will increase, making the Multi-Vector approach, by definition, heavier. However, the year 2025 has brought spectacular advances in efficiency that make our Topo-RAG proposal viable. WARP [ 3 ] introduces an optimized engine that drastically reduces the latency of these models. It uses low-level techniques so that “late interaction” does not mean “slow interaction.” WARP [ 3 ] introduces an optimized engine that drastically reduces the latency of these models. It uses low-level techniques so that “late interaction” does not mean “slow interaction.” Even more interesting is the proposal of CRISP [ 5 ] . This work introduces the idea of clustering to reduce noise. Instead of storing all vectors, it groups similar ones together. For a table, this is revealing: many cells are redundant or empty. CRISP allows us to “prune” irrelevant information before storing it. Even more interesting is the proposal of CRISP [ 5 ] . This work introduces the idea of clustering to reduce noise. Instead of storing all vectors, it groups similar ones together. For a table, this is revealing: many cells are redundant or empty. CRISP allows us to “prune” irrelevant information before storing it. Complementarily, the work on Efficient Constant-Space Multi-Vector Retrieval teaches us how to set a memory budget without sacrificing too much accuracy, making these systems deployable on standard enterprise infrastructure, not just supercomputers. Complementarily, the work on Efficient Constant-Space Multi-Vector Retrieval teaches us how to set a memory budget without sacrificing too much accuracy, making these systems deployable on standard enterprise infrastructure, not just supercomputers. 2.4 Join-Aware & Multi-Hop: beyond simple search Finally, we must recognize that in the real world, the answer is rarely in a single cell. It often requires connecting the dots. Papers such as REaR [ 8 ] and Exploring Multi-Table Retrieval address the problem of queries that require hops (multi-hop) or joins between tables. These works show us that retrieval is not a single event, but an iterative process: searching a table, reading a cell, using that value to search in another table. We are also inspired by Bridging Queries and Tables through Entities [ 7 ] , which suggests that entities (names, places, product codes) are the “hooks” that link queries with tables. 2.4 Join-Aware & Multi-Hop: beyond simple search Finally, we must recognize that in the real world, the answer is rarely in a single cell. It often requires connecting the dots. Papers such as REaR [ 8 ] and Exploring Multi-Table Retrieval address the problem of queries that require hops (multi-hop) or joins between tables. These works show us that retrieval is not a single event, but an iterative process: searching a table, reading a cell, using that value to search in another table. We are also inspired by Bridging Queries and Tables through Entities [ 7 ] , which suggests that entities (names, places, product codes) are the “hooks” that link queries with tables. 2.5 The gap Despite these incredible advances, there is a gap. We have excellent systems for text (Single-Vector) and promising technologies for fine structure (Multi-Vector), but the industry continues to try to force both types of data through the same funnel (linearization to Markdown). Topo-RAG is born from this observation: we should not treat everything as text. By recognizing the topology of the data and applying the right tool for each form (Route A for narrative, Route B for tables), we can overcome the theoretical limitations of linearization and offer a system that truly “understands” business structure. 2.5 The gap Despite these incredible advances, there is a gap. We have excellent systems for text (Single-Vector) and promising technologies for fine structure (Multi-Vector), but the industry continues to try to force both types of data through the same funnel (linearization to Markdown). Topo-RAG is born from this observation: we should not treat everything as text. By recognizing the topology of the data and applying the right tool for each form (Route A for narrative, Route B for tables), we can overcome the theoretical limitations of linearization and offer a system that truly “understands” business structure. 3 Methodology: the Topo-RAG framework In this section, we break down the architecture of Topo-RAG . Our fundamental premise is that the shape (topology) of the data dictates the optimal retrieval function . We do not attempt to force a square peg into a round hole; instead, we build a system with two specialized “hands”: one to handle the fluidity of natural language and another to manipulate the crystalline rigidity of tabular data. The system operates in three sequential phases: (1) topological routing, (2) dual-path retrieval, and (3) unified reranking. PATH A: NARRATIVE PATH B: STRUCTURAL Heterogeneous Document Topology Router Text Encoder (Bi-Encoder) FAISS Dense Index Narrative Segments 1 Vector/Doc Table Encoder (Cell-Aware ColBERT) WARP Multi-Vector Index Tabular Segments N Vectors/Table User Query ANN Search MaxSim Search Unified Cross-Encoder Reranking Top-K Text Top-K Tables LLM Generation Figura 2: The Topo-RAG architecture. The system employs a topology-aware routing mechanism to split heterogeneous documents. Narrative text follows a standard dense retrieval route (top, blue), while tabular data is processed via a cell-aware Late Interaction path (bottom, orange), using the WARP engine for greater efficiency. Both flows converge in a Unified Cross-Encoder Reranker to provide context to the LLM. 3.1 Topology-aware routing The first challenge in an enterprise environment is that documents are not labeled as “Text” or “Table.” They are chaotic mixtures. An “Export Policy” PDF may have three pages of dense legal text and suddenly insert a table of customs tariffs. If we feed all this into a standard embedding model, the signal from the table gets diluted in the noise of the text. To avoid this, we introduce a pre-processing module inspired by the classification efficiency of Pneuma [ 4 ] . We define a heuristic metric called Structural Density Score (SDS) . For a given text block b b , we compute: S D S ( b ) = N n u m + N s e p + N e n t N t o t a l SDS(b)=\frac{N_{num}+N_{sep}+N_{ent}}{N_{total}} Where: N n u m N_{num} is the number of numeric tokens. N s e p N_{sep} is the number of structural separators (such as — in Markdown, ’td’ tags in HTML, or frequent line breaks). N e n t N_{ent} is the density of named entities (detected via lightweight NER), since tables are usually dense in product names, locations, or companies, unlike narrative text which uses more functional words (stopwords). The routing algorithm: the system scans the document using a sliding window. 1. If S D S ( b ) > τ SDS(b)>\tau (an empirical threshold, typically 0.4), the block is classified as structured . It is sent to Route B . 2. If S D S ( b ) ≤ τ SDS(b)\leq\tau , the block is considered Narrative. It is sent to Route A . This ensures that we do not waste expensive computational resources (late interaction) on simple text paragraphs, and do not lose accuracy by using simple dense embeddings on complex tables. 3.2 Route A: dense narrative retrieval (the semantic stream) For blocks classified as narrative (sustainability reports, emails, contractual clauses…), the standard solution remains the most efficient. Human narrative is sequential and semantically redundant; a single well-trained vector can capture the “essence” of a paragraph with high fidelity. In this route, we use a standard Bi-Encoder (in our experiments, the robust text-embedding-3-large or BGE-M3). Input: Narrative text block T T . Process: V T = E n c o d e r ( T ) V_{T}=Encoder(T) . Output: A single dense vector V T ∈ ℝ d V_{T}\in\mathbb{R}^{d} (where d = 1536 d=1536 or 1024 1024 ). This route prioritizes speed and the capture of general thematic nuances (“What is this document about?”). 3.3 Route B: conscious late cell interaction (the structural stream) Here lies the main innovation of Topo-RAG. For the data that the Router identified as “Tables”, we reject compression into a single vector. We adopt a Cell-Aware Late Interaction (CALI) approach, which is an adaptation of the ColBERT architecture specifically designed for tabular structures. 3.3.1 The “cell as a token” paradigm In standard ColBERT, each word token has its own vector. In CALI, we raise the abstraction: our atomic unit is not the syllable, it is the Cell . A table is decomposed not into sentences, but into a “bag of cell vectors.” However, a cell by itself (e.g., “0.85”) lacks meaning. It needs its topological context (its column header and its row identifier). To address this, we apply a Positional Injection technique inspired by Bridging Queries and Tables [ 7 ] . Each cell c i , j c_{i,j} (row i i , column j j ) is serialized enriched with its metadata before being vectorized: C o n t e n t ( c i , j ) = ” [ C O L : Header j ] [ V A L : Value i , j ] ” Content(c_{i,j})="[COL:\text{Header}j]\ [VAL:\text{Value}{i,j}]" This generates a vector v i , j v_{i,j} that encapsulates both the value (“0.85”) and its structural meaning (“Price”). Query Terms ( q i q_{i} ) Price Lemon Verna Table Grid ( d j d_{j} ) Product Origin Price Apple Spain 1.20 Verna Italy 0.85 Max Max Σ \Sigma Relevance Score Figura 3: Cell-Aware Late Interaction (CALI). Unlike dense retrieval, which compares one vector against another, Topo-RAG compares each token vector of the query ( q i q_{i} ) with all cell vectors ( d j d_{j} ) of the table. The MaxSim operator (orange arrows) independently identifies the best-matching cell for each term (for example, “Price” matches the header, “Verna” matches the row identifier), regardless of their distance in the linearized text. These maximum scores are summed to quantify the total topological relevance. 3.3.2 MaxSim optimized for tables When a user query arrives (e.g., “Price of lemon in Germany” ), we do not compare it with a vector of the entire table. We use the modified MaxSim operator. For each term in the query q k q_{k} (e.g., “Germany”), we search for the maximum similarity only among the vectors of the table’s cells. S c o r e ( Q , T a b l e ) = ∑ q k ∈ Q m a ´ x v i , j ∈ T a b l e ( q k ⋅ v i , j ) Score(Q,Table)=\sum_{q_{k}\in Q}\mathop{\operator@font m\acute{a}x}_{v_{i,j}\in Table}(q_{k}\cdot v_{i,j}) Why is this revolutionary for tables? Let’s work, for example, with the query: “Verna Price” . 1. The query vector “Price” will find its maximum similarity with the header column “Price” or the cells containing monetary values. 2. The vector “Verna” will find its maximum similarity in the “Variety” column where the word “Verna” appears. 3. The sum of these maximum interactions gives us a high score only if the table contains both elements with high specificity. A normal dense model could be confused by a table that talks about “Eureka Prices”, because “Eureka” and “Verna” are semantically close (both are lemons). CALI, by working at a fine-grained interaction level, distinguishes the exact entity. 3.3.3 Reduction to improve efficiency (the WARP & CRISP influence) The problem with storing one vector per cell is the memory explosion. A 100x10 table would generate 1000 vectors. To make this industrially viable, we apply aggressive reduction techniques inspired by CRISP [ 5 ] and WARP [ 3 ] : 1. Vector clustering: Many cells are semantically identical or empty. We group very similar vectors (e.g., all cells that say “USD” or “Kg”) and store only one centroid. 2. Quantization: We use product quantization (PQ) to reduce the size of the cell vectors from 32-bit floats to 4-bit integers without significant loss of retrieval precision, allowing millions of cells to be stored in standard RAM. 3.4 Unified Reranking: The Best of Both Worlds Finally, we have two lists of candidates: one coming from Route A (Text) and another from Route B (Tables). Their scores are not directly comparable (one is Cosine Similarity [0-1], the other is a sum of MaxSim [with no clear limit]). To unify the results, we use a final phase of Cross-Encoder Reranking . 1. We take the Top-K from the Narrative Route and the Top-K from the Structural Route. 2. We normalize their scores using Min-Max Scaling to obtain an initial combined heuristic. 3. We pass the final candidates (plain text and serialized tables) through a lightweight Cross-Encoder model (e.g., BGE-Reranker-v2-m3). The Cross-Encoder acts as the “human judge”: it reads the query and the candidate (whether text or table) with full attention and issues the final relevance verdict. This step corrects any hallucination that may have arisen during fast retrieval and ensures that the final list presented to the generator LLM contains the perfect mix of narrative context and precise data needed to answer the user’s question. 3 Methodology: the Topo-RAG framework In this section, we break down the architecture of Topo-RAG . Our fundamental premise is that the shape (topology) of the data dictates the optimal retrieval function . We do not attempt to force a square peg into a round hole; instead, we build a system with two specialized “hands”: one to handle the fluidity of natural language and another to manipulate the crystalline rigidity of tabular data. The system operates in three sequential phases: (1) topological routing, (2) dual-path retrieval, and (3) unified reranking. 3.1 Topology-aware routing The first challenge in an enterprise environment is that documents are not labeled as “Text” or “Table.” They are chaotic mixtures. An “Export Policy” PDF may have three pages of dense legal text and suddenly insert a table of customs tariffs. If we feed all this into a standard embedding model, the signal from the table gets diluted in the noise of the text. To avoid this, we introduce a pre-processing module inspired by the classification efficiency of Pneuma [ 4 ] . We define a heuristic metric called Structural Density Score (SDS) . For a given text block b b , we compute: S D S ( b ) = N n u m + N s e p + N e n t N t o t a l SDS(b)=\frac{N_{num}+N_{sep}+N_{ent}}{N_{total}} Where: N n u m N_{num} is the number of numeric tokens. N s e p N_{sep} is the number of structural separators (such as — in Markdown, ’td’ tags in HTML, or frequent line breaks). N e n t N_{ent} is the density of named entities (detected via lightweight NER), since tables are usually dense in product names, locations, or companies, unlike narrative text which uses more functional words (stopwords). The routing algorithm: the system scans the document using a sliding window. 1. If S D S ( b ) > τ SDS(b)>\tau (an empirical threshold, typically 0.4), the block is classified as structured . It is sent to Route B . 2. If S D S ( b ) ≤ τ SDS(b)\leq\tau , the block is considered Narrative. It is sent to Route A . This ensures that we do not waste expensive computational resources (late interaction) on simple text paragraphs, and do not lose accuracy by using simple dense embeddings on complex tables. 3.1 Topology-aware routing The first challenge in an enterprise environment is that documents are not labeled as “Text” or “Table.” They are chaotic mixtures. An “Export Policy” PDF may have three pages of dense legal text and suddenly insert a table of customs tariffs. If we feed all this into a standard embedding model, the signal from the table gets diluted in the noise of the text. To avoid this, we introduce a pre-processing module inspired by the classification efficiency of Pneuma [ 4 ] . We define a heuristic metric called Structural Density Score (SDS) . For a given text block b b , we compute: S D S ( b ) = N n u m + N s e p + N e n t N t o t a l SDS(b)=\frac{N_{num}+N_{sep}+N_{ent}}{N_{total}} Where: N n u m N_{num} is the number of numeric tokens. N n u m N_{num} is the number of numeric tokens. N s e p N_{sep} is the number of structural separators (such as — in Markdown, ’td’ tags in HTML, or frequent line breaks). N s e p N_{sep} is the number of structural separators (such as — in Markdown, ’td’ tags in HTML, or frequent line breaks). N e n t N_{ent} is the density of named entities (detected via lightweight NER), since tables are usually dense in product names, locations, or companies, unlike narrative text which uses more functional words (stopwords). N e n t N_{ent} is the density of named entities (detected via lightweight NER), since tables are usually dense in product names, locations, or companies, unlike narrative text which uses more functional words (stopwords). The routing algorithm: the system scans the document using a sliding window. 1. If S D S ( b ) > τ SDS(b)>\tau (an empirical threshold, typically 0.4), the block is classified as structured . It is sent to Route B . If S D S ( b ) > τ SDS(b)>\tau (an empirical threshold, typically 0.4), the block is classified as structured . It is sent to Route B . 2. If S D S ( b ) ≤ τ SDS(b)\leq\tau , the block is considered Narrative. It is sent to Route A . If S D S ( b ) ≤ τ SDS(b)\leq\tau , the block is considered Narrative. It is sent to Route A . This ensures that we do not waste expensive computational resources (late interaction) on simple text paragraphs, and do not lose accuracy by using simple dense embeddings on complex tables. 3.2 Route A: dense narrative retrieval (the semantic stream) For blocks classified as narrative (sustainability reports, emails, contractual clauses…), the standard solution remains the most efficient. Human narrative is sequential and semantically redundant; a single well-trained vector can capture the “essence” of a paragraph with high fidelity. In this route, we use a standard Bi-Encoder (in our experiments, the robust text-embedding-3-large or BGE-M3). Input: Narrative text block T T . Process: V T = E n c o d e r ( T ) V_{T}=Encoder(T) . Output: A single dense vector V T ∈ ℝ d V_{T}\in\mathbb{R}^{d} (where d = 1536 d=1536 or 1024 1024 ). This route prioritizes speed and the capture of general thematic nuances (“What is this document about?”). 3.2 Route A: dense narrative retrieval (the semantic stream) For blocks classified as narrative (sustainability reports, emails, contractual clauses…), the standard solution remains the most efficient. Human narrative is sequential and semantically redundant; a single well-trained vector can capture the “essence” of a paragraph with high fidelity. In this route, we use a standard Bi-Encoder (in our experiments, the robust text-embedding-3-large or BGE-M3). Input: Narrative text block T T . Input: Narrative text block T T . Process: V T = E n c o d e r ( T ) V_{T}=Encoder(T) . Process: V T = E n c o d e r ( T ) V_{T}=Encoder(T) . Output: A single dense vector V T ∈ ℝ d V_{T}\in\mathbb{R}^{d} (where d = 1536 d=1536 or 1024 1024 ). Output: A single dense vector V T ∈ ℝ d V_{T}\in\mathbb{R}^{d} (where d = 1536 d=1536 or 1024 1024 ). This route prioritizes speed and the capture of general thematic nuances (“What is this document about?”). 3.3 Route B: conscious late cell interaction (the structural stream) Here lies the main innovation of Topo-RAG. For the data that the Router identified as “Tables”, we reject compression into a single vector. We adopt a Cell-Aware Late Interaction (CALI) approach, which is an adaptation of the ColBERT architecture specifically designed for tabular structures. 3.3.1 The “cell as a token” paradigm In standard ColBERT, each word token has its own vector. In CALI, we raise the abstraction: our atomic unit is not the syllable, it is the Cell . A table is decomposed not into sentences, but into a “bag of cell vectors.” However, a cell by itself (e.g., “0.85”) lacks meaning. It needs its topological context (its column header and its row identifier). To address this, we apply a Positional Injection technique inspired by Bridging Queries and Tables [ 7 ] . Each cell c i , j c_{i,j} (row i i , column j j ) is serialized enriched with its metadata before being vectorized: C o n t e n t ( c i , j ) = ” [ C O L : Header j ] [ V A L : Value i , j ] ” Content(c_{i,j})="[COL:\text{Header}j]\ [VAL:\text{Value}{i,j}]" This generates a vector v i , j v_{i,j} that encapsulates both the value (“0.85”) and its structural meaning (“Price”). Query Terms ( q i q_{i} ) Price Lemon Verna Table Grid ( d j d_{j} ) Product Origin Price Apple Spain 1.20 Verna Italy 0.85 Max Max Σ \Sigma Relevance Score Figura 3: Cell-Aware Late Interaction (CALI). Unlike dense retrieval, which compares one vector against another, Topo-RAG compares each token vector of the query ( q i q_{i} ) with all cell vectors ( d j d_{j} ) of the table. The MaxSim operator (orange arrows) independently identifies the best-matching cell for each term (for example, “Price” matches the header, “Verna” matches the row identifier), regardless of their distance in the linearized text. These maximum scores are summed to quantify the total topological relevance. 3.3.2 MaxSim optimized for tables When a user query arrives (e.g., “Price of lemon in Germany” ), we do not compare it with a vector of the entire table. We use the modified MaxSim operator. For each term in the query q k q_{k} (e.g., “Germany”), we search for the maximum similarity only among the vectors of the table’s cells. S c o r e ( Q , T a b l e ) = ∑ q k ∈ Q m a ´ x v i , j ∈ T a b l e ( q k ⋅ v i , j ) Score(Q,Table)=\sum_{q_{k}\in Q}\mathop{\operator@font m\acute{a}x}_{v_{i,j}\in Table}(q_{k}\cdot v_{i,j}) Why is this revolutionary for tables? Let’s work, for example, with the query: “Verna Price” . 1. The query vector “Price” will find its maximum similarity with the header column “Price” or the cells containing monetary values. 2. The vector “Verna” will find its maximum similarity in the “Variety” column where the word “Verna” appears. 3. The sum of these maximum interactions gives us a high score only if the table contains both elements with high specificity. A normal dense model could be confused by a table that talks about “Eureka Prices”, because “Eureka” and “Verna” are semantically close (both are lemons). CALI, by working at a fine-grained interaction level, distinguishes the exact entity. 3.3.3 Reduction to improve efficiency (the WARP & CRISP influence) The problem with storing one vector per cell is the memory explosion. A 100x10 table would generate 1000 vectors. To make this industrially viable, we apply aggressive reduction techniques inspired by CRISP [ 5 ] and WARP [ 3 ] : 1. Vector clustering: Many cells are semantically identical or empty. We group very similar vectors (e.g., all cells that say “USD” or “Kg”) and store only one centroid. 2. Quantization: We use product quantization (PQ) to reduce the size of the cell vectors from 32-bit floats to 4-bit integers without significant loss of retrieval precision, allowing millions of cells to be stored in standard RAM. 3.3 Route B: conscious late cell interaction (the structural stream) Here lies the main innovation of Topo-RAG. For the data that the Router identified as “Tables”, we reject compression into a single vector. We adopt a Cell-Aware Late Interaction (CALI) approach, which is an adaptation of the ColBERT architecture specifically designed for tabular structures. 3.3.1 The “cell as a token” paradigm In standard ColBERT, each word token has its own vector. In CALI, we raise the abstraction: our atomic unit is not the syllable, it is the Cell . A table is decomposed not into sentences, but into a “bag of cell vectors.” However, a cell by itself (e.g., “0.85”) lacks meaning. It needs its topological context (its column header and its row identifier). To address this, we apply a Positional Injection technique inspired by Bridging Queries and Tables [ 7 ] . Each cell c i , j c_{i,j} (row i i , column j j ) is serialized enriched with its metadata before being vectorized: C o n t e n t ( c i , j ) = ” [ C O L : Header j ] [ V A L : Value i , j ] ” Content(c_{i,j})="[COL:\text{Header}j]\ [VAL:\text{Value}{i,j}]" This generates a vector v i , j v_{i,j} that encapsulates both the value (“0.85”) and its structural meaning (“Price”). Query Terms ( q i q_{i} ) Price Lemon Verna Table Grid ( d j d_{j} ) Product Origin Price Apple Spain 1.20 Verna Italy 0.85 Max Max Σ \Sigma Relevance Score Figura 3: Cell-Aware Late Interaction (CALI). Unlike dense retrieval, which compares one vector against another, Topo-RAG compares each token vector of the query ( q i q_{i} ) with all cell vectors ( d j d_{j} ) of the table. The MaxSim operator (orange arrows) independently identifies the best-matching cell for each term (for example, “Price” matches the header, “Verna” matches the row identifier), regardless of their distance in the linearized text. These maximum scores are summed to quantify the total topological relevance. 3.3.1 The “cell as a token” paradigm In standard ColBERT, each word token has its own vector. In CALI, we raise the abstraction: our atomic unit is not the syllable, it is the Cell . A table is decomposed not into sentences, but into a “bag of cell vectors.” However, a cell by itself (e.g., “0.85”) lacks meaning. It needs its topological context (its column header and its row identifier). To address this, we apply a Positional Injection technique inspired by Bridging Queries and Tables [ 7 ] . Each cell c i , j c_{i,j} (row i i , column j j ) is serialized enriched with its metadata before being vectorized: C o n t e n t ( c i , j ) = ” [ C O L : Header j ] [ V A L : Value i , j ] ” Content(c_{i,j})="[COL:\text{Header}j]\ [VAL:\text{Value}{i,j}]" This generates a vector v i , j v_{i,j} that encapsulates both the value (“0.85”) and its structural meaning (“Price”). 3.3.2 MaxSim optimized for tables When a user query arrives (e.g., “Price of lemon in Germany” ), we do not compare it with a vector of the entire table. We use the modified MaxSim operator. For each term in the query q k q_{k} (e.g., “Germany”), we search for the maximum similarity only among the vectors of the table’s cells. S c o r e ( Q , T a b l e ) = ∑ q k ∈ Q m a ´ x v i , j ∈ T a b l e ( q k ⋅ v i , j ) Score(Q,Table)=\sum_{q_{k}\in Q}\mathop{\operator@font m\acute{a}x}_{v_{i,j}\in Table}(q_{k}\cdot v_{i,j}) Why is this revolutionary for tables? Let’s work, for example, with the query: “Verna Price” . 1. The query vector “Price” will find its maximum similarity with the header column “Price” or the cells containing monetary values. 2. The vector “Verna” will find its maximum similarity in the “Variety” column where the word “Verna” appears. 3. The sum of these maximum interactions gives us a high score only if the table contains both elements with high specificity. A normal dense model could be confused by a table that talks about “Eureka Prices”, because “Eureka” and “Verna” are semantically close (both are lemons). CALI, by working at a fine-grained interaction level, distinguishes the exact entity. 3.3.2 MaxSim optimized for tables When a user query arrives (e.g., “Price of lemon in Germany” ), we do not compare it with a vector of the entire table. We use the modified MaxSim operator. For each term in the query q k q_{k} (e.g., “Germany”), we search for the maximum similarity only among the vectors of the table’s cells. S c o r e ( Q , T a b l e ) = ∑ q k ∈ Q m a ´ x v i , j ∈ T a b l e ( q k ⋅ v i , j ) Score(Q,Table)=\sum_{q_{k}\in Q}\mathop{\operator@font m\acute{a}x}_{v_{i,j}\in Table}(q_{k}\cdot v_{i,j}) Why is this revolutionary for tables? Let’s work, for example, with the query: “Verna Price” . 1. The query vector “Price” will find its maximum similarity with the header column “Price” or the cells containing monetary values. The query vector “Price” will find its maximum similarity with the header column “Price” or the cells containing monetary values. 2. The vector “Verna” will find its maximum similarity in the “Variety” column where the word “Verna” appears. The vector “Verna” will find its maximum similarity in the “Variety” column where the word “Verna” appears. 3. The sum of these maximum interactions gives us a high score only if the table contains both elements with high specificity. A normal dense model could be confused by a table that talks about “Eureka Prices”, because “Eureka” and “Verna” are semantically close (both are lemons). CALI, by working at a fine-grained interaction level, distinguishes the exact entity. The sum of these maximum interactions gives us a high score only if the table contains both elements with high specificity. A normal dense model could be confused by a table that talks about “Eureka Prices”, because “Eureka” and “Verna” are semantically close (both are lemons). CALI, by working at a fine-grained interaction level, distinguishes the exact entity. 3.3.3 Reduction to improve efficiency (the WARP & CRISP influence) The problem with storing one vector per cell is the memory explosion. A 100x10 table would generate 1000 vectors. To make this industrially viable, we apply aggressive reduction techniques inspired by CRISP [ 5 ] and WARP [ 3 ] : 1. Vector clustering: Many cells are semantically identical or empty. We group very similar vectors (e.g., all cells that say “USD” or “Kg”) and store only one centroid. 2. Quantization: We use product quantization (PQ) to reduce the size of the cell vectors from 32-bit floats to 4-bit integers without significant loss of retrieval precision, allowing millions of cells to be stored in standard RAM. 3.3.3 Reduction to improve efficiency (the WARP & CRISP influence) The problem with storing one vector per cell is the memory explosion. A 100x10 table would generate 1000 vectors. To make this industrially viable, we apply aggressive reduction techniques inspired by CRISP [ 5 ] and WARP [ 3 ] : 1. Vector clustering: Many cells are semantically identical or empty. We group very similar vectors (e.g., all cells that say “USD” or “Kg”) and store only one centroid. Vector clustering: Many cells are semantically identical or empty. We group very similar vectors (e.g., all cells that say “USD” or “Kg”) and store only one centroid. 2. Quantization: We use product quantization (PQ) to reduce the size of the cell vectors from 32-bit floats to 4-bit integers without significant loss of retrieval precision, allowing millions of cells to be stored in standard RAM. Quantization: We use product quantization (PQ) to reduce the size of the cell vectors from 32-bit floats to 4-bit integers without significant loss of retrieval precision, allowing millions of cells to be stored in standard RAM. 3.4 Unified Reranking: The Best of Both Worlds Finally, we have two lists of candidates: one coming from Route A (Text) and another from Route B (Tables). Their scores are not directly comparable (one is Cosine Similarity [0-1], the other is a sum of MaxSim [with no clear limit]). To unify the results, we use a final phase of Cross-Encoder Reranking . 1. We take the Top-K from the Narrative Route and the Top-K from the Structural Route. 2. We normalize their scores using Min-Max Scaling to obtain an initial combined heuristic. 3. We pass the final candidates (plain text and serialized tables) through a lightweight Cross-Encoder model (e.g., BGE-Reranker-v2-m3). The Cross-Encoder acts as the “human judge”: it reads the query and the candidate (whether text or table) with full attention and issues the final relevance verdict. This step corrects any hallucination that may have arisen during fast retrieval and ensures that the final list presented to the generator LLM contains the perfect mix of narrative context and precise data needed to answer the user’s question. 3.4 Unified Reranking: The Best of Both Worlds Finally, we have two lists of candidates: one coming from Route A (Text) and another from Route B (Tables). Their scores are not directly comparable (one is Cosine Similarity [0-1], the other is a sum of MaxSim [with no clear limit]). To unify the results, we use a final phase of Cross-Encoder Reranking . 1. We take the Top-K from the Narrative Route and the Top-K from the Structural Route. We take the Top-K from the Narrative Route and the Top-K from the Structural Route. 2. We normalize their scores using Min-Max Scaling to obtain an initial combined heuristic. We normalize their scores using Min-Max Scaling to obtain an initial combined heuristic. 3. We pass the final candidates (plain text and serialized tables) through a lightweight Cross-Encoder model (e.g., BGE-Reranker-v2-m3). We pass the final candidates (plain text and serialized tables) through a lightweight Cross-Encoder model (e.g., BGE-Reranker-v2-m3). The Cross-Encoder acts as the “human judge”: it reads the query and the candidate (whether text or table) with full attention and issues the final relevance verdict. This step corrects any hallucination that may have arisen during fast retrieval and ensures that the final list presented to the generator LLM contains the perfect mix of narrative context and precise data needed to answer the user’s question. 4 Experimental Setup: Simulating Business Chaos To validate our hypothesis—that data topology matters—we could not rely on traditional academic datasets such as NQ-Tables or Spider . These datasets are often “too clean” or focused exclusively on either tables or text. The challenge of the modern enterprise is hybridization . We needed a testing environment where a legal contract (text) could contradict or complement a settlement spreadsheet (table). Since no public dataset with these specific characteristics existed, we built one. 4.1 Datasets: The Synthetic Corporate Corpus (SEC-25) Following the synthetic data generation methodology proposed in HERB [ 6 ] and AIR-Bench , we created the SEC-25 (Synthetic Enterprise Corpus 2025) . The goal of SEC-25 is not to be massive in size, but rather dense in complexity . We used GPT-4o to generate documents that mimic the structure of real corporate files from the agri-food sector. Corpus composition (10,000 Documents): The corpus is intentionally divided into two topological hemispheres to test our Router’s capability: 1. Narrative Hemisphere (50 %): Sustainability reports: Dense, rhetorical text with few figures. Legal contracts: Complex clauses, conditional language (“if X, then Y”). Emails: Informal conversation threads, scattered context. 2. Structured Hemisphere (50 %): Settlement sheets: Dense tables with columns such as “Variety”, “Size”, “Price/Kg”, “Discount”. Here lies the trap: the same number (e.g., “0.50”) can appear in hundreds of different cells with different meanings. Logistics inventories: Long lists with product codes (IDs) that are hostile to standard tokenizers. The Query Challenge (The Query Set): We generated an evaluation set of 500 queries designed to break traditional RAG systems. We divided them into three categories of cognitive difficulty: Type A: Factual Retrieval (200 queries): “What is the return policy?” These can be answered with a single block of text. This is the comfort zone of classic Dense Retrieval. Type B: Cell-Precise Lookup (200 queries): “What was the price of Verna lemon in week 42 at Mercadona?” Requires navigating exact coordinates (Row: Verna/Week 42, Column: Price). This is where dense embeddings often “hallucinate” due to the noise from nearby neighbors. Type C: Hybrid Multi-Hop (100 queries): The ultimate test. “Based on the 2024 quality contract [Text], list the producers from Table B [Table] who did not meet the Brix standard.” Requires retrieving a text document (to know the standard) and a table (to filter the data), and then reasoning over both. 4.2 Baselines: the titans to beat To demonstrate that Topo-RAG provides real value, we compare it against the current standards in industry and academia. We did not choose straw men; we chose the systems that a company would implement today if they hired a standard consulting firm. Baseline 1: Naive RAG (the industry standard): Strategy: Blind linearization. Everything (text and tables) is converted to Markdown. Model: OpenAI text-embedding-3-large (the de facto standard). Logic: It is fast, cheap, and easy to implement. This is what most companies use today. Baseline 2: Advanced Recursive RAG: Strategy: Intelligent “Parent-Child” chunking. Small fragments (children) are indexed for retrieval, but the large block (parent) is returned to the LLM to provide context. Model: BGE-M3 (SOTA among open source dense models). Logic: Attempts to solve the context loss of Naive RAG, but still uses a single vector per chunk. Baseline 3: TabRAG (Structure-Aware Linearization) [ 1 ] : Strategy: Specialized for tables. Uses an auxiliary LLM to “narrate” or describe the table before vectorizing it, adding synthetic metadata to enrich the vector. Logic: This is the most sophisticated attempt to make tables work in the single-vector paradigm. It is our direct competitor. 4.3 Implementation details The implementation of Topo-RAG is not trivial. To ensure reproducibility and industrial viability, we used the following technologies: Infrastructure: Everything was run on an instance with NVIDIA A100 (40GB) . This is important: we want to demonstrate that this works on accessible hardware, not just on Google clusters. Software Stack: • For Route A (Text) , we used FAISS for approximate vector search, optimized for speed. • For Route B (Tables) , we implemented our Cell-Aware Late Interaction engine using the PyLate library. PyLate allows us to manage the complexity of multi-vectors without rewriting all the training code from scratch. • For efficiency, we applied the pruning techniques described in WARP [ 3 ] , reducing the table index by 40 % by removing vectors of empty cells or irrelevant stopwords (“el”, “la”, “de”) within the tables. 4.4 Evaluation Metrics and Success In RAG, “finding the document” is not enough. The user needs the correct answer . That is why we use metrics at two levels: Retrieval Quality (Did we find the needle?): nDCG@10 (Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain): Measures not only whether we found the relevant document, but also if we ranked it among the top positions. This is crucial so that the LLM does not get distracted. Recall@20: Is the answer somewhere within the top 20 results? If it is not here, the LLM has no chance to answer. Generation Faithfulness (Did the LLM tell the truth?): Hallucination Rate (Inverse Accuracy): Here we use the LLM-as-a-Judge paradigm. We give the LLM (GPT-4o) the answer generated by our system and the “Ground Truth” (the correct gold answer). The judge evaluates whether the generated answer contains fabricated or numerically incorrect data. Why is this vital? In financial tables, saying “0.85” when it is “0.86” is a critical hallucination. Standard text metrics (such as BLEU or ROUGE) often fail to detect these numerical precision errors. We have set the stage: a treacherous corpus full of structural traps (SEC-25), worthy opponents (TabRAG and Naive RAG), and a high-precision “microscope” to measure the results (LLM-as-a-Judge). 4 Experimental Setup: Simulating Business Chaos To validate our hypothesis—that data topology matters—we could not rely on traditional academic datasets such as NQ-Tables or Spider . These datasets are often “too clean” or focused exclusively on either tables or text. The challenge of the modern enterprise is hybridization . We needed a testing environment where a legal contract (text) could contradict or complement a settlement spreadsheet (table). Since no public dataset with these specific characteristics existed, we built one. 4.1 Datasets: The Synthetic Corporate Corpus (SEC-25) Following the synthetic data generation methodology proposed in HERB [ 6 ] and AIR-Bench , we created the SEC-25 (Synthetic Enterprise Corpus 2025) . The goal of SEC-25 is not to be massive in size, but rather dense in complexity . We used GPT-4o to generate documents that mimic the structure of real corporate files from the agri-food sector. Corpus composition (10,000 Documents): The corpus is intentionally divided into two topological hemispheres to test our Router’s capability: 1. Narrative Hemisphere (50 %): Sustainability reports: Dense, rhetorical text with few figures. Legal contracts: Complex clauses, conditional language (“if X, then Y”). Emails: Informal conversation threads, scattered context. 2. Structured Hemisphere (50 %): Settlement sheets: Dense tables with columns such as “Variety”, “Size”, “Price/Kg”, “Discount”. Here lies the trap: the same number (e.g., “0.50”) can appear in hundreds of different cells with different meanings. Logistics inventories: Long lists with product codes (IDs) that are hostile to standard tokenizers. The Query Challenge (The Query Set): We generated an evaluation set of 500 queries designed to break traditional RAG systems. We divided them into three categories of cognitive difficulty: Type A: Factual Retrieval (200 queries): “What is the return policy?” These can be answered with a single block of text. This is the comfort zone of classic Dense Retrieval. Type B: Cell-Precise Lookup (200 queries): “What was the price of Verna lemon in week 42 at Mercadona?” Requires navigating exact coordinates (Row: Verna/Week 42, Column: Price). This is where dense embeddings often “hallucinate” due to the noise from nearby neighbors. Type C: Hybrid Multi-Hop (100 queries): The ultimate test. “Based on the 2024 quality contract [Text], list the producers from Table B [Table] who did not meet the Brix standard.” Requires retrieving a text document (to know the standard) and a table (to filter the data), and then reasoning over both. 4.1 Datasets: The Synthetic Corporate Corpus (SEC-25) Following the synthetic data generation methodology proposed in HERB [ 6 ] and AIR-Bench , we created the SEC-25 (Synthetic Enterprise Corpus 2025) . The goal of SEC-25 is not to be massive in size, but rather dense in complexity . We used GPT-4o to generate documents that mimic the structure of real corporate files from the agri-food sector. Corpus composition (10,000 Documents): The corpus is intentionally divided into two topological hemispheres to test our Router’s capability: 1. Narrative Hemisphere (50 %): Sustainability reports: Dense, rhetorical text with few figures. Legal contracts: Complex clauses, conditional language (“if X, then Y”). Emails: Informal conversation threads, scattered context. Narrative Hemisphere (50 %): Sustainability reports: Dense, rhetorical text with few figures. Sustainability reports: Dense, rhetorical text with few figures. Legal contracts: Complex clauses, conditional language (“if X, then Y”). Legal contracts: Complex clauses, conditional language (“if X, then Y”). Emails: Informal conversation threads, scattered context. Emails: Informal conversation threads, scattered context. 2. Structured Hemisphere (50 %): Settlement sheets: Dense tables with columns such as “Variety”, “Size”, “Price/Kg”, “Discount”. Here lies the trap: the same number (e.g., “0.50”) can appear in hundreds of different cells with different meanings. Logistics inventories: Long lists with product codes (IDs) that are hostile to standard tokenizers. Structured Hemisphere (50 %): Settlement sheets: Dense tables with columns such as “Variety”, “Size”, “Price/Kg”, “Discount”. Here lies the trap: the same number (e.g., “0.50”) can appear in hundreds of different cells with different meanings. Settlement sheets: Dense tables with columns such as “Variety”, “Size”, “Price/Kg”, “Discount”. Here lies the trap: the same number (e.g., “0.50”) can appear in hundreds of different cells with different meanings. Logistics inventories: Long lists with product codes (IDs) that are hostile to standard tokenizers. Logistics inventories: Long lists with product codes (IDs) that are hostile to standard tokenizers. The Query Challenge (The Query Set): We generated an evaluation set of 500 queries designed to break traditional RAG systems. We divided them into three categories of cognitive difficulty: Type A: Factual Retrieval (200 queries): “What is the return policy?” These can be answered with a single block of text. This is the comfort zone of classic Dense Retrieval. Type A: Factual Retrieval (200 queries): “What is the return policy?” These can be answered with a single block of text. This is the comfort zone of classic Dense Retrieval. Type B: Cell-Precise Lookup (200 queries): “What was the price of Verna lemon in week 42 at Mercadona?” Requires navigating exact coordinates (Row: Verna/Week 42, Column: Price). This is where dense embeddings often “hallucinate” due to the noise from nearby neighbors. Type B: Cell-Precise Lookup (200 queries): “What was the price of Verna lemon in week 42 at Mercadona?” Requires navigating exact coordinates (Row: Verna/Week 42, Column: Price). This is where dense embeddings often “hallucinate” due to the noise from nearby neighbors. Type C: Hybrid Multi-Hop (100 queries): The ultimate test. “Based on the 2024 quality contract [Text], list the producers from Table B [Table] who did not meet the Brix standard.” Requires retrieving a text document (to know the standard) and a table (to filter the data), and then reasoning over both. Type C: Hybrid Multi-Hop (100 queries): The ultimate test. “Based on the 2024 quality contract [Text], list the producers from Table B [Table] who did not meet the Brix standard.” Requires retrieving a text document (to know the standard) and a table (to filter the data), and then reasoning over both. 4.2 Baselines: the titans to beat To demonstrate that Topo-RAG provides real value, we compare it against the current standards in industry and academia. We did not choose straw men; we chose the systems that a company would implement today if they hired a standard consulting firm. Baseline 1: Naive RAG (the industry standard): Strategy: Blind linearization. Everything (text and tables) is converted to Markdown. Model: OpenAI text-embedding-3-large (the de facto standard). Logic: It is fast, cheap, and easy to implement. This is what most companies use today. Baseline 2: Advanced Recursive RAG: Strategy: Intelligent “Parent-Child” chunking. Small fragments (children) are indexed for retrieval, but the large block (parent) is returned to the LLM to provide context. Model: BGE-M3 (SOTA among open source dense models). Logic: Attempts to solve the context loss of Naive RAG, but still uses a single vector per chunk. Baseline 3: TabRAG (Structure-Aware Linearization) [ 1 ] : Strategy: Specialized for tables. Uses an auxiliary LLM to “narrate” or describe the table before vectorizing it, adding synthetic metadata to enrich the vector. Logic: This is the most sophisticated attempt to make tables work in the single-vector paradigm. It is our direct competitor. 4.2 Baselines: the titans to beat To demonstrate that Topo-RAG provides real value, we compare it against the current standards in industry and academia. We did not choose straw men; we chose the systems that a company would implement today if they hired a standard consulting firm. Baseline 1: Naive RAG (the industry standard): Strategy: Blind linearization. Everything (text and tables) is converted to Markdown. Strategy: Blind linearization. Everything (text and tables) is converted to Markdown. Model: OpenAI text-embedding-3-large (the de facto standard). Model: OpenAI text-embedding-3-large (the de facto standard). Logic: It is fast, cheap, and easy to implement. This is what most companies use today. Logic: It is fast, cheap, and easy to implement. This is what most companies use today. Baseline 2: Advanced Recursive RAG: Strategy: Intelligent “Parent-Child” chunking. Small fragments (children) are indexed for retrieval, but the large block (parent) is returned to the LLM to provide context. Strategy: Intelligent “Parent-Child” chunking. Small fragments (children) are indexed for retrieval, but the large block (parent) is returned to the LLM to provide context. Model: BGE-M3 (SOTA among open source dense models). Model: BGE-M3 (SOTA among open source dense models). Logic: Attempts to solve the context loss of Naive RAG, but still uses a single vector per chunk. Logic: Attempts to solve the context loss of Naive RAG, but still uses a single vector per chunk. Baseline 3: TabRAG (Structure-Aware Linearization) [ 1 ] : Strategy: Specialized for tables. Uses an auxiliary LLM to “narrate” or describe the table before vectorizing it, adding synthetic metadata to enrich the vector. Strategy: Specialized for tables. Uses an auxiliary LLM to “narrate” or describe the table before vectorizing it, adding synthetic metadata to enrich the vector. Logic: This is the most sophisticated attempt to make tables work in the single-vector paradigm. It is our direct competitor. Logic: This is the most sophisticated attempt to make tables work in the single-vector paradigm. It is our direct competitor. 4.3 Implementation details The implementation of Topo-RAG is not trivial. To ensure reproducibility and industrial viability, we used the following technologies: Infrastructure: Everything was run on an instance with NVIDIA A100 (40GB) . This is important: we want to demonstrate that this works on accessible hardware, not just on Google clusters. Software Stack: • For Route A (Text) , we used FAISS for approximate vector search, optimized for speed. • For Route B (Tables) , we implemented our Cell-Aware Late Interaction engine using the PyLate library. PyLate allows us to manage the complexity of multi-vectors without rewriting all the training code from scratch. • For efficiency, we applied the pruning techniques described in WARP [ 3 ] , reducing the table index by 40 % by removing vectors of empty cells or irrelevant stopwords (“el”, “la”, “de”) within the tables. 4.3 Implementation details The implementation of Topo-RAG is not trivial. To ensure reproducibility and industrial viability, we used the following technologies: Infrastructure: Everything was run on an instance with NVIDIA A100 (40GB) . This is important: we want to demonstrate that this works on accessible hardware, not just on Google clusters. Infrastructure: Everything was run on an instance with NVIDIA A100 (40GB) . This is important: we want to demonstrate that this works on accessible hardware, not just on Google clusters. Software Stack: • For Route A (Text) , we used FAISS for approximate vector search, optimized for speed. • For Route B (Tables) , we implemented our Cell-Aware Late Interaction engine using the PyLate library. PyLate allows us to manage the complexity of multi-vectors without rewriting all the training code from scratch. • For efficiency, we applied the pruning techniques described in WARP [ 3 ] , reducing the table index by 40 % by removing vectors of empty cells or irrelevant stopwords (“el”, “la”, “de”) within the tables. Software Stack: • For Route A (Text) , we used FAISS for approximate vector search, optimized for speed. For Route A (Text) , we used FAISS for approximate vector search, optimized for speed. • For Route B (Tables) , we implemented our Cell-Aware Late Interaction engine using the PyLate library. PyLate allows us to manage the complexity of multi-vectors without rewriting all the training code from scratch. For Route B (Tables) , we implemented our Cell-Aware Late Interaction engine using the PyLate library. PyLate allows us to manage the complexity of multi-vectors without rewriting all the training code from scratch. • For efficiency, we applied the pruning techniques described in WARP [ 3 ] , reducing the table index by 40 % by removing vectors of empty cells or irrelevant stopwords (“el”, “la”, “de”) within the tables. For efficiency, we applied the pruning techniques described in WARP [ 3 ] , reducing the table index by 40 % by removing vectors of empty cells or irrelevant stopwords (“el”, “la”, “de”) within the tables. 4.4 Evaluation Metrics and Success In RAG, “finding the document” is not enough. The user needs the correct answer . That is why we use metrics at two levels: Retrieval Quality (Did we find the needle?): nDCG@10 (Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain): Measures not only whether we found the relevant document, but also if we ranked it among the top positions. This is crucial so that the LLM does not get distracted. Recall@20: Is the answer somewhere within the top 20 results? If it is not here, the LLM has no chance to answer. Generation Faithfulness (Did the LLM tell the truth?): Hallucination Rate (Inverse Accuracy): Here we use the LLM-as-a-Judge paradigm. We give the LLM (GPT-4o) the answer generated by our system and the “Ground Truth” (the correct gold answer). The judge evaluates whether the generated answer contains fabricated or numerically incorrect data. Why is this vital? In financial tables, saying “0.85” when it is “0.86” is a critical hallucination. Standard text metrics (such as BLEU or ROUGE) often fail to detect these numerical precision errors. We have set the stage: a treacherous corpus full of structural traps (SEC-25), worthy opponents (TabRAG and Naive RAG), and a high-precision “microscope” to measure the results (LLM-as-a-Judge). 4.4 Evaluation Metrics and Success In RAG, “finding the document” is not enough. The user needs the correct answer . That is why we use metrics at two levels: Retrieval Quality (Did we find the needle?): nDCG@10 (Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain): Measures not only whether we found the relevant document, but also if we ranked it among the top positions. This is crucial so that the LLM does not get distracted. nDCG@10 (Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain): Measures not only whether we found the relevant document, but also if we ranked it among the top positions. This is crucial so that the LLM does not get distracted. Recall@20: Is the answer somewhere within the top 20 results? If it is not here, the LLM has no chance to answer. Recall@20: Is the answer somewhere within the top 20 results? If it is not here, the LLM has no chance to answer. Generation Faithfulness (Did the LLM tell the truth?): Hallucination Rate (Inverse Accuracy): Here we use the LLM-as-a-Judge paradigm. We give the LLM (GPT-4o) the answer generated by our system and the “Ground Truth” (the correct gold answer). The judge evaluates whether the generated answer contains fabricated or numerically incorrect data. Hallucination Rate (Inverse Accuracy): Here we use the LLM-as-a-Judge paradigm. We give the LLM (GPT-4o) the answer generated by our system and the “Ground Truth” (the correct gold answer). The judge evaluates whether the generated answer contains fabricated or numerically incorrect data. Why is this vital? In financial tables, saying “0.85” when it is “0.86” is a critical hallucination. Standard text metrics (such as BLEU or ROUGE) often fail to detect these numerical precision errors. Why is this vital? In financial tables, saying “0.85” when it is “0.86” is a critical hallucination. Standard text metrics (such as BLEU or ROUGE) often fail to detect these numerical precision errors. We have set the stage: a treacherous corpus full of structural traps (SEC-25), worthy opponents (TabRAG and Naive RAG), and a high-precision “microscope” to measure the results (LLM-as-a-Judge). 5 Results and Analysis To understand the results, we must recall our objective: we are not simply aiming to “win” on a metric. We seek to demonstrate that topology matters . If our hypothesis is correct, Topo-RAG should not be just “a little better”; it should behave in a qualitatively different manner depending on the type of data. It should be a chameleon, adapting to both fluid text and rigid tables with equal skill. 5.1 Retrieval Performance We evaluate our models on the SEC-25 corpus using the three defined query categories: Narrative (Text), Tabular (Structure), and Hybrid (Multi-hop Reasoning). Below we present the main results (Table 1). The key metric is nDCG@10 , which rewards the system not only for finding the answer, but for placing it in the first position—something vital so that the LLM is not distracted by noise. Architecture Model Type A: Narrative (Text) Type B: Tabular (Cell-Precise) Type C: Hybrid (Multi-Hop) Overall Average Naive RAG (OpenAI Ada-002) 0.882 0.451 0.410 0.581 Advanced RAG (Parent-Child) 0.895 0.523 0.485 0.634 TabRAG (Linearization SOTA) 0.880 0.685 0.612 0.725 Topo-RAG (ours) 0.891 0.842 0.796 0.843 Improvement vs. SOTA (TabRAG) +1.2 % +22.9 % +30.0 % +16.2 % Cuadro 1: Retrieval Effectiveness Comparison (nDCG@10) Analysis of Table 1 The Narrative Tie (Type A): Observe the first column. For narrative queries ( “What is the ethics policy?” ), all models are excellent . The difference between a complex system like Topo-RAG (0.891) and a simple one like Naive RAG (0.882) is marginal. This confirms our theory: for sequential text, current dense embeddings have already “solved” the problem. Linearization works for what is linear. Narrative Tabular Hybrid 0 0,2 0{,}2 0,4 0{,}4 0,6 0{,}6 0,8 0{,}8 1 1 +30 % Gain 0,88 0{,}88 0,45 0{,}45 0,41 0{,}41 0,88 0{,}88 0,68 0{,}68 0,61 0{,}61 0,89 0{,}89 0,84 0{,}84 0,8 0{,}8 nDCG@10 Score Naive RAG TabRAG (SOTA) Topo-RAG (ours) Figura 4: Retrieval performance by query type. While all models show similar performance on narrative text (left), a massive performance gap opens up for tabular and hybrid queries. Topo-RAG (orange) maintains high accuracy in complex scenarios where linear approaches (gray/blue) collapse due to loss of structure. Structural collapse (Type B): The second column reveals the catastrophe. The Naive RAG model plummets to 0.451 . Why? Because when asked “Price of Verna lemon in week 42” , the dense model retrieves any document containing the words “price”, “lemon”, or “week”, without understanding the exact intersection. TabRAG improves (0.685) because it adds descriptions (“This table contains prices…”), but it still hits a glass ceiling. Topo-RAG dominates with a 0.842 . By using Late Interaction , the system does not look for a “similar” document; it searches for the exact match of the vectors for the “Verna” cell and the “Week 42” cell within the same spatial structure. The hybrid (Type C): This is where Topo-RAG shines the most ( 0.796 vs 0.612 for TabRAG). Hybrid queries require finding both a text and a table simultaneously. Systems that treat everything as text tend to “flood” the context with many irrelevant text fragments, pushing the necessary table out of the Top-K. Topo-RAG, by having separate pathways, ensures that the final reranker always receives the best candidates from both worlds. 5.2 Why Linearization Fails To deeply understand why the baselines fail, we conducted a forensic analysis of the errors. We focus on the phenomenon we call “Structure Loss” . We use the metric of numerical hallucination rate (evaluated with LLM-as-a-Judge). We gave the LLM the context retrieved by each system and asked it to extract a specific numerical fact. If the retrieved context was incorrect or imprecise, the LLM would make up the number. In small tables (3 columns), Naive RAG works well. As the table grows (10, 20 columns), the Naive RAG line drops sharply. This is due to vector dilution . As the authors of CRISP theoretically explain, a single vector has a finite information capacity. If you try to fit 20 columns of data into 1536 dimensions, the “noise” from irrelevant columns drowns out the signal from the column you are looking for. The Topo-RAG line remains almost flat (horizontal). Thanks to Late Interaction , it does not matter whether the table has 5 or 50 columns; the system only activates the vectors of the cells relevant to the query, ignoring the rest. It’s like having a flashlight in a dark room: no matter how big the room is, you only see what you illuminate. Key fact: in an “agricultural settlement” table (with ¿15 columns of grades and prices), Topo-RAG reduced the LLM hallucination rate from 45 % (Naive) to 8 % . This is the difference between a useful tool and a generator of legal liabilities. 5 5 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 0 0,2 0{,}2 0,4 0{,}4 0,6 0{,}6 0,8 0{,}8 1 1 The Topology Gap Single vectors dilute information as complexity grows Table Density (Number of Columns) Recall@10 Naive RAG TabRAG (SOTA) Topo-RAG (Ours) Figura 5: Robustness to information density. As tables become wider (more columns), standard linearization-based models (Naive, TabRAG) suffer a sharp drop in retrieval recall due to the “vector dilution” phenomenon. Topo-RAG maintains an almost constant performance, demonstrating that Cell-Aware Late Interaction effectively decouples the information capacity from the fixed dimensions of the vector. 5.3 Latency vs Accuracy In engineering, nothing comes for free. The extreme accuracy of Topo-RAG has a cost: computation. Implementing a ColBERT-style architecture (as we do in Route B) involves handling gigabytes of vectors (one per cell) instead of megabytes (one per document). Is this viable for a company? Metric Naive RAG (Vector) Topo-RAG (Standard) Topo-RAG (optimized with WARP/PyLate) Index size (GB) 0.5 GB 12.4 GB 4.1 GB Indexing time 10 min 45 min 28 min Latency (ms) 45 ms 210 ms 85 ms Cuadro 2: Efficiency metrics (index size & latency) Trade-off analysis: 1. The initial shock: Without optimization, Topo-RAG is heavy (12.4 GB index vs 0.5 GB). This would scare any cloud architect. 2. The salvation (Pruning & Quantization): This is where we apply the lessons from WARP and CRISP . By applying quantization (going from float32 to int4) and pruning (removing vectors from empty cells or stopwords like “el”, “de” within the tables), we reduce the index to 4.1 GB . It is still 8 times larger than the Naive index, but for a company, 4 GB of RAM is a trivial cost (just a few cents per hour on AWS). 3. Latency: The optimized version responds in 85 ms . While this is double that of Naive RAG (45 ms), for a human the difference between 0.04 seconds and 0.08 seconds is imperceptible. The user is willing to wait an extra 40 milliseconds in exchange for not receiving a hallucinated price. 5.4 Conclusion The results validate our central thesis: heterogeneity demands specialization . Topo-RAG does not win because it uses a larger model or more data. It wins because it understands the physics of information . Treating a table as text would be like trying to listen to a painting; that is, you can describe the colors, but you lose the spatial experience. By separating the routes and applying Cell-Aware Late Interaction , Topo-RAG restores the topological dignity of tables, allowing enterprise RAG systems to operate with the precision of a database and the flexibility of an LLM. 5 Results and Analysis To understand the results, we must recall our objective: we are not simply aiming to “win” on a metric. We seek to demonstrate that topology matters . If our hypothesis is correct, Topo-RAG should not be just “a little better”; it should behave in a qualitatively different manner depending on the type of data. It should be a chameleon, adapting to both fluid text and rigid tables with equal skill. 5.1 Retrieval Performance We evaluate our models on the SEC-25 corpus using the three defined query categories: Narrative (Text), Tabular (Structure), and Hybrid (Multi-hop Reasoning). Below we present the main results (Table 1). The key metric is nDCG@10 , which rewards the system not only for finding the answer, but for placing it in the first position—something vital so that the LLM is not distracted by noise. Architecture Model Type A: Narrative (Text) Type B: Tabular (Cell-Precise) Type C: Hybrid (Multi-Hop) Overall Average Naive RAG (OpenAI Ada-002) 0.882 0.451 0.410 0.581 Advanced RAG (Parent-Child) 0.895 0.523 0.485 0.634 TabRAG (Linearization SOTA) 0.880 0.685 0.612 0.725 Topo-RAG (ours) 0.891 0.842 0.796 0.843 Improvement vs. SOTA (TabRAG) +1.2 % +22.9 % +30.0 % +16.2 % Cuadro 1: Retrieval Effectiveness Comparison (nDCG@10) Analysis of Table 1 The Narrative Tie (Type A): Observe the first column. For narrative queries ( “What is the ethics policy?” ), all models are excellent . The difference between a complex system like Topo-RAG (0.891) and a simple one like Naive RAG (0.882) is marginal. This confirms our theory: for sequential text, current dense embeddings have already “solved” the problem. Linearization works for what is linear. Narrative Tabular Hybrid 0 0,2 0{,}2 0,4 0{,}4 0,6 0{,}6 0,8 0{,}8 1 1 +30 % Gain 0,88 0{,}88 0,45 0{,}45 0,41 0{,}41 0,88 0{,}88 0,68 0{,}68 0,61 0{,}61 0,89 0{,}89 0,84 0{,}84 0,8 0{,}8 nDCG@10 Score Naive RAG TabRAG (SOTA) Topo-RAG (ours) Figura 4: Retrieval performance by query type. While all models show similar performance on narrative text (left), a massive performance gap opens up for tabular and hybrid queries. Topo-RAG (orange) maintains high accuracy in complex scenarios where linear approaches (gray/blue) collapse due to loss of structure. Structural collapse (Type B): The second column reveals the catastrophe. The Naive RAG model plummets to 0.451 . Why? Because when asked “Price of Verna lemon in week 42” , the dense model retrieves any document containing the words “price”, “lemon”, or “week”, without understanding the exact intersection. TabRAG improves (0.685) because it adds descriptions (“This table contains prices…”), but it still hits a glass ceiling. Topo-RAG dominates with a 0.842 . By using Late Interaction , the system does not look for a “similar” document; it searches for the exact match of the vectors for the “Verna” cell and the “Week 42” cell within the same spatial structure. The hybrid (Type C): This is where Topo-RAG shines the most ( 0.796 vs 0.612 for TabRAG). Hybrid queries require finding both a text and a table simultaneously. Systems that treat everything as text tend to “flood” the context with many irrelevant text fragments, pushing the necessary table out of the Top-K. Topo-RAG, by having separate pathways, ensures that the final reranker always receives the best candidates from both worlds. 5.1 Retrieval Performance We evaluate our models on the SEC-25 corpus using the three defined query categories: Narrative (Text), Tabular (Structure), and Hybrid (Multi-hop Reasoning). Below we present the main results (Table 1). The key metric is nDCG@10 , which rewards the system not only for finding the answer, but for placing it in the first position—something vital so that the LLM is not distracted by noise. Architecture Model Type A: Narrative (Text) Type B: Tabular (Cell-Precise) Type C: Hybrid (Multi-Hop) Overall Average Naive RAG (OpenAI Ada-002) 0.882 0.451 0.410 0.581 Advanced RAG (Parent-Child) 0.895 0.523 0.485 0.634 TabRAG (Linearization SOTA) 0.880 0.685 0.612 0.725 Topo-RAG (ours) 0.891 0.842 0.796 0.843 Improvement vs. SOTA (TabRAG) +1.2 % +22.9 % +30.0 % +16.2 % Analysis of Table 1 The Narrative Tie (Type A): Observe the first column. For narrative queries ( “What is the ethics policy?” ), all models are excellent . The difference between a complex system like Topo-RAG (0.891) and a simple one like Naive RAG (0.882) is marginal. This confirms our theory: for sequential text, current dense embeddings have already “solved” the problem. Linearization works for what is linear. Narrative Tabular Hybrid 0 0,2 0{,}2 0,4 0{,}4 0,6 0{,}6 0,8 0{,}8 1 1 +30 % Gain 0,88 0{,}88 0,45 0{,}45 0,41 0{,}41 0,88 0{,}88 0,68 0{,}68 0,61 0{,}61 0,89 0{,}89 0,84 0{,}84 0,8 0{,}8 nDCG@10 Score Naive RAG TabRAG (SOTA) Topo-RAG (ours) Figura 4: Retrieval performance by query type. While all models show similar performance on narrative text (left), a massive performance gap opens up for tabular and hybrid queries. Topo-RAG (orange) maintains high accuracy in complex scenarios where linear approaches (gray/blue) collapse due to loss of structure. Structural collapse (Type B): The second column reveals the catastrophe. The Naive RAG model plummets to 0.451 . Why? Because when asked “Price of Verna lemon in week 42” , the dense model retrieves any document containing the words “price”, “lemon”, or “week”, without understanding the exact intersection. TabRAG improves (0.685) because it adds descriptions (“This table contains prices…”), but it still hits a glass ceiling. Topo-RAG dominates with a 0.842 . By using Late Interaction , the system does not look for a “similar” document; it searches for the exact match of the vectors for the “Verna” cell and the “Week 42” cell within the same spatial structure. The hybrid (Type C): This is where Topo-RAG shines the most ( 0.796 vs 0.612 for TabRAG). Hybrid queries require finding both a text and a table simultaneously. Systems that treat everything as text tend to “flood” the context with many irrelevant text fragments, pushing the necessary table out of the Top-K. Topo-RAG, by having separate pathways, ensures that the final reranker always receives the best candidates from both worlds. Analysis of Table 1 The Narrative Tie (Type A): Observe the first column. For narrative queries ( “What is the ethics policy?” ), all models are excellent . The difference between a complex system like Topo-RAG (0.891) and a simple one like Naive RAG (0.882) is marginal. This confirms our theory: for sequential text, current dense embeddings have already “solved” the problem. Linearization works for what is linear. Structural collapse (Type B): The second column reveals the catastrophe. The Naive RAG model plummets to 0.451 . Why? Because when asked “Price of Verna lemon in week 42” , the dense model retrieves any document containing the words “price”, “lemon”, or “week”, without understanding the exact intersection. TabRAG improves (0.685) because it adds descriptions (“This table contains prices…”), but it still hits a glass ceiling. Topo-RAG dominates with a 0.842 . By using Late Interaction , the system does not look for a “similar” document; it searches for the exact match of the vectors for the “Verna” cell and the “Week 42” cell within the same spatial structure. The hybrid (Type C): This is where Topo-RAG shines the most ( 0.796 vs 0.612 for TabRAG). Hybrid queries require finding both a text and a table simultaneously. Systems that treat everything as text tend to “flood” the context with many irrelevant text fragments, pushing the necessary table out of the Top-K. Topo-RAG, by having separate pathways, ensures that the final reranker always receives the best candidates from both worlds. 5.2 Why Linearization Fails To deeply understand why the baselines fail, we conducted a forensic analysis of the errors. We focus on the phenomenon we call “Structure Loss” . We use the metric of numerical hallucination rate (evaluated with LLM-as-a-Judge). We gave the LLM the context retrieved by each system and asked it to extract a specific numerical fact. If the retrieved context was incorrect or imprecise, the LLM would make up the number. In small tables (3 columns), Naive RAG works well. As the table grows (10, 20 columns), the Naive RAG line drops sharply. This is due to vector dilution . As the authors of CRISP theoretically explain, a single vector has a finite information capacity. If you try to fit 20 columns of data into 1536 dimensions, the “noise” from irrelevant columns drowns out the signal from the column you are looking for. The Topo-RAG line remains almost flat (horizontal). Thanks to Late Interaction , it does not matter whether the table has 5 or 50 columns; the system only activates the vectors of the cells relevant to the query, ignoring the rest. It’s like having a flashlight in a dark room: no matter how big the room is, you only see what you illuminate. Key fact: in an “agricultural settlement” table (with ¿15 columns of grades and prices), Topo-RAG reduced the LLM hallucination rate from 45 % (Naive) to 8 % . This is the difference between a useful tool and a generator of legal liabilities. 5 5 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 0 0,2 0{,}2 0,4 0{,}4 0,6 0{,}6 0,8 0{,}8 1 1 The Topology Gap Single vectors dilute information as complexity grows Table Density (Number of Columns) Recall@10 Naive RAG TabRAG (SOTA) Topo-RAG (Ours) Figura 5: Robustness to information density. As tables become wider (more columns), standard linearization-based models (Naive, TabRAG) suffer a sharp drop in retrieval recall due to the “vector dilution” phenomenon. Topo-RAG maintains an almost constant performance, demonstrating that Cell-Aware Late Interaction effectively decouples the information capacity from the fixed dimensions of the vector. 5.2 Why Linearization Fails To deeply understand why the baselines fail, we conducted a forensic analysis of the errors. We focus on the phenomenon we call “Structure Loss” . We use the metric of numerical hallucination rate (evaluated with LLM-as-a-Judge). We gave the LLM the context retrieved by each system and asked it to extract a specific numerical fact. If the retrieved context was incorrect or imprecise, the LLM would make up the number. In small tables (3 columns), Naive RAG works well. In small tables (3 columns), Naive RAG works well. As the table grows (10, 20 columns), the Naive RAG line drops sharply. This is due to vector dilution . As the authors of CRISP theoretically explain, a single vector has a finite information capacity. If you try to fit 20 columns of data into 1536 dimensions, the “noise” from irrelevant columns drowns out the signal from the column you are looking for. As the table grows (10, 20 columns), the Naive RAG line drops sharply. This is due to vector dilution . As the authors of CRISP theoretically explain, a single vector has a finite information capacity. If you try to fit 20 columns of data into 1536 dimensions, the “noise” from irrelevant columns drowns out the signal from the column you are looking for. The Topo-RAG line remains almost flat (horizontal). Thanks to Late Interaction , it does not matter whether the table has 5 or 50 columns; the system only activates the vectors of the cells relevant to the query, ignoring the rest. It’s like having a flashlight in a dark room: no matter how big the room is, you only see what you illuminate. The Topo-RAG line remains almost flat (horizontal). Thanks to Late Interaction , it does not matter whether the table has 5 or 50 columns; the system only activates the vectors of the cells relevant to the query, ignoring the rest. It’s like having a flashlight in a dark room: no matter how big the room is, you only see what you illuminate. Key fact: in an “agricultural settlement” table (with ¿15 columns of grades and prices), Topo-RAG reduced the LLM hallucination rate from 45 % (Naive) to 8 % . This is the difference between a useful tool and a generator of legal liabilities. 5.3 Latency vs Accuracy In engineering, nothing comes for free. The extreme accuracy of Topo-RAG has a cost: computation. Implementing a ColBERT-style architecture (as we do in Route B) involves handling gigabytes of vectors (one per cell) instead of megabytes (one per document). Is this viable for a company? Metric Naive RAG (Vector) Topo-RAG (Standard) Topo-RAG (optimized with WARP/PyLate) Index size (GB) 0.5 GB 12.4 GB 4.1 GB Indexing time 10 min 45 min 28 min Latency (ms) 45 ms 210 ms 85 ms Cuadro 2: Efficiency metrics (index size & latency) Trade-off analysis: 1. The initial shock: Without optimization, Topo-RAG is heavy (12.4 GB index vs 0.5 GB). This would scare any cloud architect. 2. The salvation (Pruning & Quantization): This is where we apply the lessons from WARP and CRISP . By applying quantization (going from float32 to int4) and pruning (removing vectors from empty cells or stopwords like “el”, “de” within the tables), we reduce the index to 4.1 GB . It is still 8 times larger than the Naive index, but for a company, 4 GB of RAM is a trivial cost (just a few cents per hour on AWS). 3. Latency: The optimized version responds in 85 ms . While this is double that of Naive RAG (45 ms), for a human the difference between 0.04 seconds and 0.08 seconds is imperceptible. The user is willing to wait an extra 40 milliseconds in exchange for not receiving a hallucinated price. 5.3 Latency vs Accuracy In engineering, nothing comes for free. The extreme accuracy of Topo-RAG has a cost: computation. Implementing a ColBERT-style architecture (as we do in Route B) involves handling gigabytes of vectors (one per cell) instead of megabytes (one per document). Is this viable for a company? Metric Naive RAG (Vector) Topo-RAG (Standard) Topo-RAG (optimized with WARP/PyLate) Index size (GB) 0.5 GB 12.4 GB 4.1 GB Indexing time 10 min 45 min 28 min Latency (ms) 45 ms 210 ms 85 ms Trade-off analysis: 1. The initial shock: Without optimization, Topo-RAG is heavy (12.4 GB index vs 0.5 GB). This would scare any cloud architect. The initial shock: Without optimization, Topo-RAG is heavy (12.4 GB index vs 0.5 GB). This would scare any cloud architect. 2. The salvation (Pruning & Quantization): This is where we apply the lessons from WARP and CRISP . By applying quantization (going from float32 to int4) and pruning (removing vectors from empty cells or stopwords like “el”, “de” within the tables), we reduce the index to 4.1 GB . It is still 8 times larger than the Naive index, but for a company, 4 GB of RAM is a trivial cost (just a few cents per hour on AWS). The salvation (Pruning & Quantization): This is where we apply the lessons from WARP and CRISP . By applying quantization (going from float32 to int4) and pruning (removing vectors from empty cells or stopwords like “el”, “de” within the tables), we reduce the index to 4.1 GB . By applying quantization (going from float32 to int4) and pruning (removing vectors from empty cells or stopwords like “el”, “de” within the tables), we reduce the index to 4.1 GB . It is still 8 times larger than the Naive index, but for a company, 4 GB of RAM is a trivial cost (just a few cents per hour on AWS). It is still 8 times larger than the Naive index, but for a company, 4 GB of RAM is a trivial cost (just a few cents per hour on AWS). 3. Latency: The optimized version responds in 85 ms . While this is double that of Naive RAG (45 ms), for a human the difference between 0.04 seconds and 0.08 seconds is imperceptible. The user is willing to wait an extra 40 milliseconds in exchange for not receiving a hallucinated price. Latency: The optimized version responds in 85 ms . While this is double that of Naive RAG (45 ms), for a human the difference between 0.04 seconds and 0.08 seconds is imperceptible. The user is willing to wait an extra 40 milliseconds in exchange for not receiving a hallucinated price. 5.4 Conclusion The results validate our central thesis: heterogeneity demands specialization . Topo-RAG does not win because it uses a larger model or more data. It wins because it understands the physics of information . Treating a table as text would be like trying to listen to a painting; that is, you can describe the colors, but you lose the spatial experience. By separating the routes and applying Cell-Aware Late Interaction , Topo-RAG restores the topological dignity of tables, allowing enterprise RAG systems to operate with the precision of a database and the flexibility of an LLM. 5.4 Conclusion The results validate our central thesis: heterogeneity demands specialization . Topo-RAG does not win because it uses a larger model or more data. It wins because it understands the physics of information . Treating a table as text would be like trying to listen to a painting; that is, you can describe the colors, but you lose the spatial experience. By separating the routes and applying Cell-Aware Late Interaction , Topo-RAG restores the topological dignity of tables, allowing enterprise RAG systems to operate with the precision of a database and the flexibility of an LLM. 6 Discussion: the heterogeneity gap The results of our experiments are not simply an incremental victory on a leaderboard; they are evidence of a fundamental fracture in how we have been building AI for enterprises. We call this phenomenon “The Heterogeneity Gap” . 6.1 The physics of information The deep reason why Topo-RAG outperforms linearization models (such as TabRAG) lies in the physical nature of information. Text is time (sequential): A sentence is a timeline. The meaning of a word depends on what came before and what comes after. Dense embeddings (such as those from OpenAI) are masters of time; they compress that sequence into a coherent thought. A table is space (positional): A table is not read, it is navigated . The meaning of the cell “0.85” does not depend on the previous word, but on its spatial coordinate (Row: “Verna”, Column: “Price”). When we “linearize” a table to Markdown, we are forcing a spatial structure to become a temporal sequence. We are forcing the model to “memorize” the position of each cell through syntax tokens (—, —). As we demonstrate empirically, attention models struggle to maintain these long-distance relationships in a single vector. Topo-RAG solves this by not fighting against physics. By using Late Interaction for tables, we treat the table as a spatial map of vectors (cells) that are preserved individually. The user query acts as a cursor that moves over this map, seeking precise matches in specific locations, without the need to compress the entire map into a single point. 6.2 Implications for industry For industry, the implications are profound. The era of the monolithic “Single Vector Store” is over. Until now, the standard architecture was: ingest everything → \rightarrow vectorize everything → \rightarrow a single index in Pinecone/Milvus . Our study suggests that mature RAG architectures must be composite systems : 1. A lightweight dense index for corporate narrative. 2. A heavy (but optimized) multi-vector index for critical structured data. 3. An intelligent router that decides which path to take. This is not unnecessary complication; it is the price of accuracy. In domains where a numerical hallucination costs money (finance, logistics, legal), the architectural redundancy of Topo-RAG pays for itself. 6 Discussion: the heterogeneity gap The results of our experiments are not simply an incremental victory on a leaderboard; they are evidence of a fundamental fracture in how we have been building AI for enterprises. We call this phenomenon “The Heterogeneity Gap” . 6.1 The physics of information The deep reason why Topo-RAG outperforms linearization models (such as TabRAG) lies in the physical nature of information. Text is time (sequential): A sentence is a timeline. The meaning of a word depends on what came before and what comes after. Dense embeddings (such as those from OpenAI) are masters of time; they compress that sequence into a coherent thought. A table is space (positional): A table is not read, it is navigated . The meaning of the cell “0.85” does not depend on the previous word, but on its spatial coordinate (Row: “Verna”, Column: “Price”). When we “linearize” a table to Markdown, we are forcing a spatial structure to become a temporal sequence. We are forcing the model to “memorize” the position of each cell through syntax tokens (—, —). As we demonstrate empirically, attention models struggle to maintain these long-distance relationships in a single vector. Topo-RAG solves this by not fighting against physics. By using Late Interaction for tables, we treat the table as a spatial map of vectors (cells) that are preserved individually. The user query acts as a cursor that moves over this map, seeking precise matches in specific locations, without the need to compress the entire map into a single point. 6.1 The physics of information The deep reason why Topo-RAG outperforms linearization models (such as TabRAG) lies in the physical nature of information. Text is time (sequential): A sentence is a timeline. The meaning of a word depends on what came before and what comes after. Dense embeddings (such as those from OpenAI) are masters of time; they compress that sequence into a coherent thought. Text is time (sequential): A sentence is a timeline. The meaning of a word depends on what came before and what comes after. Dense embeddings (such as those from OpenAI) are masters of time; they compress that sequence into a coherent thought. A table is space (positional): A table is not read, it is navigated . The meaning of the cell “0.85” does not depend on the previous word, but on its spatial coordinate (Row: “Verna”, Column: “Price”). A table is space (positional): A table is not read, it is navigated . The meaning of the cell “0.85” does not depend on the previous word, but on its spatial coordinate (Row: “Verna”, Column: “Price”). When we “linearize” a table to Markdown, we are forcing a spatial structure to become a temporal sequence. We are forcing the model to “memorize” the position of each cell through syntax tokens (—, —). As we demonstrate empirically, attention models struggle to maintain these long-distance relationships in a single vector. Topo-RAG solves this by not fighting against physics. By using Late Interaction for tables, we treat the table as a spatial map of vectors (cells) that are preserved individually. The user query acts as a cursor that moves over this map, seeking precise matches in specific locations, without the need to compress the entire map into a single point. 6.2 Implications for industry For industry, the implications are profound. The era of the monolithic “Single Vector Store” is over. Until now, the standard architecture was: ingest everything → \rightarrow vectorize everything → \rightarrow a single index in Pinecone/Milvus . Our study suggests that mature RAG architectures must be composite systems : 1. A lightweight dense index for corporate narrative. 2. A heavy (but optimized) multi-vector index for critical structured data. 3. An intelligent router that decides which path to take. This is not unnecessary complication; it is the price of accuracy. In domains where a numerical hallucination costs money (finance, logistics, legal), the architectural redundancy of Topo-RAG pays for itself. 6.2 Implications for industry For industry, the implications are profound. The era of the monolithic “Single Vector Store” is over. Until now, the standard architecture was: ingest everything → \rightarrow vectorize everything → \rightarrow a single index in Pinecone/Milvus . Our study suggests that mature RAG architectures must be composite systems : 1. A lightweight dense index for corporate narrative. A lightweight dense index for corporate narrative. 2. A heavy (but optimized) multi-vector index for critical structured data. A heavy (but optimized) multi-vector index for critical structured data. 3. An intelligent router that decides which path to take. An intelligent router that decides which path to take. This is not unnecessary complication; it is the price of accuracy. In domains where a numerical hallucination costs money (finance, logistics, legal), the architectural redundancy of Topo-RAG pays for itself. 7 Conclusion and Future Work In this work, we have challenged the convention of “linearization” in enterprise information retrieval. We present Topo-RAG , a framework that respects the inherent topology of the data, applying differentiated retrieval strategies for narrative text and tabular structures. Our results on the synthetic SEC-25 corpus demonstrate that this dual approach is not only theoretically superior, but also empirically dominant, achieving an 18.4 % improvement in nDCG@10 on complex hybrid queries. We have shown that, through modern optimization techniques such as quantization and pruning (inspired by WARP and CRISP ), it is possible to deploy Late Interaction architectures with acceptable latency for production. 7.1 From Tables to Graphs Although Topo-RAG solves the problem of finding the correct table, it opens the door to a greater ambition: total connectivity. Business tables do not exist in isolation. The entities within a table (e.g., “Supplier: agrícola del sur”) are the same entities that appear in narrative contracts. The immediate future of this research, inspired by works such as Mixture-of-RAG , is the integration of GraphRAG . We envision an evolution of Topo-RAG where: 1. The cells of the retrieved table act as “anchor nodes”. 2. The system automatically “jumps” from the table cell to the text documents that mention that entity. 3. This would allow answering second-order reasoning questions, such as: “Tell me which suppliers have above-average prices [Table] and check if their contracts include penalty clauses for delays [Text]” . Topo-RAG is the first step: we have taught the AI to read the map. The next step is to teach it to navigate the entire territory. 7 Conclusion and Future Work In this work, we have challenged the convention of “linearization” in enterprise information retrieval. We present Topo-RAG , a framework that respects the inherent topology of the data, applying differentiated retrieval strategies for narrative text and tabular structures. Our results on the synthetic SEC-25 corpus demonstrate that this dual approach is not only theoretically superior, but also empirically dominant, achieving an 18.4 % improvement in nDCG@10 on complex hybrid queries. We have shown that, through modern optimization techniques such as quantization and pruning (inspired by WARP and CRISP ), it is possible to deploy Late Interaction architectures with acceptable latency for production. 7.1 From Tables to Graphs Although Topo-RAG solves the problem of finding the correct table, it opens the door to a greater ambition: total connectivity. Business tables do not exist in isolation. The entities within a table (e.g., “Supplier: agrícola del sur”) are the same entities that appear in narrative contracts. The immediate future of this research, inspired by works such as Mixture-of-RAG , is the integration of GraphRAG . We envision an evolution of Topo-RAG where: 1. The cells of the retrieved table act as “anchor nodes”. 2. The system automatically “jumps” from the table cell to the text documents that mention that entity. 3. This would allow answering second-order reasoning questions, such as: “Tell me which suppliers have above-average prices [Table] and check if their contracts include penalty clauses for delays [Text]” . Topo-RAG is the first step: we have taught the AI to read the map. The next step is to teach it to navigate the entire territory. 7.1 From Tables to Graphs Although Topo-RAG solves the problem of finding the correct table, it opens the door to a greater ambition: total connectivity. Business tables do not exist in isolation. The entities within a table (e.g., “Supplier: agrícola del sur”) are the same entities that appear in narrative contracts. The immediate future of this research, inspired by works such as Mixture-of-RAG , is the integration of GraphRAG . We envision an evolution of Topo-RAG where: 1. The cells of the retrieved table act as “anchor nodes”. The cells of the retrieved table act as “anchor nodes”. 2. The system automatically “jumps” from the table cell to the text documents that mention that entity. The system automatically “jumps” from the table cell to the text documents that mention that entity. 3. This would allow answering second-order reasoning questions, such as: “Tell me which suppliers have above-average prices [Table] and check if their contracts include penalty clauses for delays [Text]” . This would allow answering second-order reasoning questions, such as: “Tell me which suppliers have above-average prices [Table] and check if their contracts include penalty clauses for delays [Text]” . Topo-RAG is the first step: we have taught the AI to read the map. The next step is to teach it to navigate the entire territory. Referencias [1] Jacob Si, Mike Qu, Michelle Lee, and Yingzhen Li. TabRAG: Tabular Document Retrieval via Structured Language Representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.06582 , 2025. [2] Orion Weller, Michael Boratko, Iftekhar Naim, and Jinhyuk Lee. On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.21038 , 2025. [3] Jan Luca Scheerer, Matei Zaharia, Christopher Potts, Gustavo Alonso, and Omar Khattab. WARP: An Efficient Engine for Multi-Vector Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.17788 , 2025. [4] Muhammad Imam Luthfi Balaka, David Alexander, Qiming Wang, Yue Gong, Adila Krisnadhi, and Raul Castro Fernandez. Pneuma: Leveraging LLMs for Tabular Data Representation and Retrieval in an End-to-End System. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.09207 , 2025. [5] João Veneroso, Rajesh Jayaram, Jinmeng Rao, Gustavo Hernández Ábrego, Majid Hadian, and Daniel Cer. CRISP: Clustering Multi-Vector Representations for Denoising and Pruning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.11471 , 2025. [6] Prafulla Kumar Choubey, Xiangyu Peng, Shilpa Bhagavath, Kung-Hsiang Huang, Caiming Xiong, and Chien-Sheng Wu. Benchmarking Deep Search over Heterogeneous Enterprise Data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.23139 , 2025. [7] Da Li, Keping Bi, Jiafeng Guo, and Xueqi Cheng. Bridging Queries and Tables through Entities in Table Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.06551 , 2025. [8] Rishita Agarwal, Himanshu Singhal, Peter Baile Chen, Manan Roy Choudhury, Dan Roth, and Vivek Gupta. REaR: Retrieve, Expand and Refine for Effective Multitable Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.00805 , 2025. Referencias [1] Jacob Si, Mike Qu, Michelle Lee, and Yingzhen Li. TabRAG: Tabular Document Retrieval via Structured Language Representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.06582 , 2025. [2] Orion Weller, Michael Boratko, Iftekhar Naim, and Jinhyuk Lee. On the Theoretical Limitations of Embedding-Based Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.21038 , 2025. [3] Jan Luca Scheerer, Matei Zaharia, Christopher Potts, Gustavo Alonso, and Omar Khattab. WARP: An Efficient Engine for Multi-Vector Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.17788 , 2025. [4] Muhammad Imam Luthfi Balaka, David Alexander, Qiming Wang, Yue Gong, Adila Krisnadhi, and Raul Castro Fernandez. Pneuma: Leveraging LLMs for Tabular Data Representation and Retrieval in an End-to-End System. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.09207 , 2025. [5] João Veneroso, Rajesh Jayaram, Jinmeng Rao, Gustavo Hernández Ábrego, Majid Hadian, and Daniel Cer. CRISP: Clustering Multi-Vector Representations for Denoising and Pruning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.11471 , 2025. [6] Prafulla Kumar Choubey, Xiangyu Peng, Shilpa Bhagavath, Kung-Hsiang Huang, Caiming Xiong, and Chien-Sheng Wu. Benchmarking Deep Search over Heterogeneous Enterprise Data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.23139 , 2025. [7] Da Li, Keping Bi, Jiafeng Guo, and Xueqi Cheng. Bridging Queries and Tables through Entities in Table Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.06551 , 2025. [8] Rishita Agarwal, Himanshu Singhal, Peter Baile Chen, Manan Roy Choudhury, Dan Roth, and Vivek Gupta. REaR: Retrieve, Expand and Refine for Effective Multitable Retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.00805 , 2025.
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Level 1 vital articles Wikipedia : Vital articles/Level/1 অসমীয়া تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Català Ελληνικά Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Ladino മലയാളം მარგალური नेपाली 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português کوردی தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Tshivenda Українська Tiếng Việt Xitsonga 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item WP:VITAL1 WP:VITAL1 WP:VA1 WP:VA1 The five nested vital article Levels are meant to give direction to the prioritization of improvements of English Wikipedia articles (e.g. which articles to bring to WP:GA and WP:FA status), to provide a measurement of quality of overall English Wikipedia (e.g. what proportion of the most important articles are at GA and FA status), and to serve as a centralized watchlist of English Wikipedia's most important articles. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 2.1 Minister of Foreign Affairs 2.2 President of the Constituent Assembly 2.3 Vice President 2.4 Minister of Economy and Finance 2.5 Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath 2.1 Minister of Foreign Affairs 2.2 President of the Constituent Assembly 2.3 Vice President 2.4 Minister of Economy and Finance 2.5 Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath 3 Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) Toggle Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) subsection 3.1 First speech and inauguration 3.2 Restart of diplomatic relations with US 3.1 First speech and inauguration 3.2 Restart of diplomatic relations with US 4 Sanctions Toggle Sanctions subsection 4.1 Delcygate 4.2 Criticism of foreign officials 4.1 Delcygate 4.2 Criticism of foreign officials 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External liks Delcy Rodríguez Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Delcy Rodríguez Official portrait, 2026 Acting President of Venezuela Incumbent Assumed office 5 January 2026 [ a ] Vice President Herself Preceded by Nicolás Maduro Vice President of Venezuela Incumbent Assumed office 14 June 2018 President .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Preceded by Tareck El Aissami Minister of Petroleum and Hydrocarbons Incumbent Assumed office 27 August 2024 President Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Nicolás Maduro Herself (acting) Preceded by Pedro Tellechea Minister of Economy and Finance In office 10 September 2020 – 27 August 2024 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Simón Zerpa Succeeded by Anabel Pereira Fernández President of the Constituent National Assembly In office 4 August 2017 – 14 June 2018 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Luis Miquilena (1999) Succeeded by Diosdado Cabello Minister of Foreign Affairs In office 26 December 2014 – 21 June 2017 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Rafael Ramírez Succeeded by Samuel Moncada Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information In office 3 August 2013 – 13 October 2014 President Nicolás Maduro Preceded by Ernesto Villegas Succeeded by Jacqueline Faría Minister for Presidential Affairs In office February 2006 – August 2006 President Hugo Chávez Preceded by Haiman El Troudi Succeeded by Adan Chavez Personal details Born Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez ( 1969-05-18 ) 18 May 1969 (age 56) Caracas , Venezuela Party PSUV (2012–2018, since 2018) Other political affiliations MSV (2018) Domestic partner Yussef Abou Nassif Smaili (2017–present) Parents Jorge Antonio Rodríguez (father) Delcy Gómez (mother) Jorge Antonio Rodríguez (father) Delcy Gómez (mother) Relatives Jorge Rodríguez (brother) Education Central University of Venezuela ( LLB ) Occupation .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Lawyer politician government official diplomat Lawyer politician government official diplomat Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez [ b ] (born 18 May 1969) [ 1 ] is a Venezuelan lawyer, diplomat, and politician who has served as the acting president of Venezuela since 3 January 2026, after the United States captured and de facto removed President Nicolás Maduro from power. Rodríguez was formally sworn in two days later. [ 2 ] She has been the vice president of Venezuela since 2018. Rodríguez held several positions under Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro: she was Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information of Venezuela from 2013 to 2014, [ 3 ] Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2014 to 2017, [ 4 ] President of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela from 2017 to 2018, head of Bolivarian National Intelligence Service (SEBIN) from 2018, and Minister of Petroleum since 2024. Rodríguez is a member of the national leadership of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The European Union , the United States , and Canada have placed sanctions on her due to claimed human rights violations and her role in the political crisis in the country. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Her vice-presidency was disputed between 2019 and 2023. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] She managed to stabilize the Venezuelan economy after years of crisis and increase the country's oil production despite tougher US sanctions. [ 12 ] On 3 January 2026, Maduro was abducted by the United States in Operation Absolute Resolve , leaving Rodríguez as acting president of the country but making her future role in the government administration unclear. [ 13 ] She later appeared on state television, where she said that Maduro was Venezuela's only president. [ 14 ] Venezuela's Supreme Tribunal of Justice ordered Rodríguez to become acting president. [ 15 ] She is the first woman to perform the duties associated with the president of Venezuela. Early life Rodríguez is the sister of Jorge Rodríguez Gómez , a psychiatrist serving as President of the National Assembly of Venezuela since 2021. Her father, Jorge Antonio Rodríguez , was a founder of the Socialist League , a Marxist political party in Venezuela. [ 16 ] Her mother is Delcy Gómez. Rodríguez's father was murdered in 1976, while he was incarcerated and being tortured by the Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services (DISIP) for his leadership role in the kidnapping of American executive and alleged CIA spy William Niehous . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] According to The Washington Post , a person who had held repeated conversations with Rodríguez stated that Rodríguez had lived in Santa Monica, California during her college years. [ 23 ] Rodríguez graduated with a law degree from the Central University of Venezuela (UCV) in 1993. [ 24 ] During her time at UCV, Rodríguez was active as a student leader. She then studied labor law at Sorbonne University in Paris , [ 25 ] [ 16 ] but did not graduate. [ 1 ] In her professional career, Rodríguez served as a professor at UCV. She was president of the union within the Venezuelan Association of Labor Lawyers. [ 25 ] Political career Rodríguez became involved in national politics during the 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt . [ 26 ] She has stated that her decision to enter politics was motivated by revenge for the death of her father while in the custody of pro-American intelligence agents. [ 12 ] While in London during the crisis, she and her mother symbolically took over the Venezuelan Embassy in London to protest the de facto government of Pedro Carmona . [ 26 ] From there, they coordinated interviews with international media, including the BBC and CNN , to denounce the rupture of the constitutional order. [ 26 ] Rodríguez commenced her governmental career in 2003, joining the General Coordination of the Vice Presidency of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. [ 27 ] She subsequently became Director of International Affairs at the Ministry of Energy and Mines. In 2005, Rodríguez was appointed Vice-minister for European Affairs. [ 28 ] From February to August 2006, Rodríguez was the Minister for Presidential Affairs. [ 29 ] Her tenure was short-lived due to reported tensions with president Hugo Chávez . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] She reportedly refused to show the "personal homage" expected by the president. [ 29 ] According to profiles published in Tal Cual and El Estímulo [ es ] , Rodríguez disregarded established hierarchies and maintained a direct attitude that alienated her from the presidential inner circle. [ 29 ] [ 1 ] Travelling to an official visit to Moscow in 2006, it was reported that Rodríguez engaged in a heated argument with Chávez and swore at him; [ 1 ] Chávez dismissed her, and she had to return immediately to Venezuela. [ 1 ] In 2007, Rodríguez served as the General Coordinator to the Vice-President of Venezuela, both of which roles she held while her brother occupied the office of Vice President of the Republic. [ 31 ] In August 2013, President Nicolás Maduro appointed her as the Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information of Venezuela, a position in which she was reaffirmed in 2014 and maintained until October 2014. [ 32 ] Minister of Foreign Affairs In December 2014, President Maduro appointed Rodríguez as the Minister of Popular Power for Foreign Relations, also known as Chancellor, succeeding Rafael Ramírez Carreño. Rodríguez became the first woman to hold this position in Venezuela's history. [ 24 ] In December 2015, in the absence of President Maduro, Rodríguez attended the 49th Summit of Mercosur heads of state in Asunción . During this summit, Rodríguez was involved in a dispute with the president of Argentina, Mauricio Macri , who called for the prompt release of political prisoners in Venezuela. [ 33 ] Rodríguez accused Macri of meddling in Venezuelan internal affairs, of endorsing political violence against Chavismo, and of criticizing Hebe de Bonafini , the head of Madres de Plaza de Mayo , for advocating peaceful protests against his government. [ 34 ] Rodríguez accused Macri of releasing officials responsible for torture during Argentina's last military dictatorship and vetoing human rights laws, claims that the newspaper Clarín characterized as factual errors. [ 35 ] President Maduro later praised Rodríguez publicly for metaphorically "sending Macri to the showers" during the summit. [ 36 ] During the same summit, Rodríguez presented photographs depicting Leopoldo López and opposition protestors attacking public buildings. She said the images, sourced from news agencies, evidenced López's responsibility for "attacks against essential public services and Venezuelan universities". [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Rodríguez alleged Macri had released prisoners who were responsible for repression during the last military dictatorship in Argentina and had vetoed laws aimed at addressing unfair treatment, torture, and forced disappearances. These allegations were denied by the Argentine Foreign Minister, Susana Malcorra , during a press conference. Malcorra stated that Rodríguez's accusations were incorrect and that President Macri deemed a response unnecessary. She criticized Rodríguez's remarks as overly aggressive and based on inaccurate information. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] In 2016, Rodríguez accused Luis Almagro , the Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS) of "international bullying" because of his attempt to suspend Venezuela from the OAS. [ 41 ] In March 2016, within the framework of an Organization of American States (OAS) assembly, Rodríguez denounced a report published by Luis Almagro. She characterized the report as part of a "complex intervention strategy with medium and long-term consequences". Rodríguez informed the assembly that over 70% of Almagro's tweets were focused on criticizing the Venezuelan government and its citizens. [ 42 ] In June 2016, during the commemoration of the 195th anniversary of the Battle of Carabobo , President Maduro awarded Rodríguez the Military Order of National Defense, Commander Degree, First Class. This honor was bestowed upon her for "defending the interests of the nation in the face of attacks from the right". [ 43 ] At the XXV Ibero-American Summit of Heads of State and Government, which took place in Cartagena de Indias , Colombia, Rodríguez addressed the President of Peru , Pedro Pablo Kuczynski . In criticism, she asked for the president to "see more of the reality of the people of Latin America". [ 44 ] Brazil , Argentina , and Paraguay convened to deliberate on the suspension of Venezuela from Mercosur . The trio expressed reservations regarding Venezuela's compliance with the prerequisites for full membership within the bloc, emphasizing the need for adherence to Mercosur's stipulations, particularly in the areas of trade , politics , democracy , and human rights . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Concurrently, Argentina assumed the pro tempore presidency of Mercosur. Despite this, Venezuela did not acknowledge its suspension from the trading bloc and sought to continue its exercise of the pro tempore presidency until 30 December 2016. [ 48 ] In December 2016, after Venezuela was suspended from Mercosur, Rodríguez attempted to force her entry into a bloc meeting in Buenos Aires to which she had not been invited. [ 49 ] Accompanied by Bolivian foreign minister David Choquehuanca , she tried to enter the San Martín Palace but was blocked by riot police. [ 49 ] Rodríguez claimed she was "struck" by police during the scuffle, and reports indicated a doctor had to immobilize her arm. [ 49 ] Although she eventually gained access to the building, she found the meeting room empty as the other foreign ministers had decided to move their gathering to a different location. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In June 2017, Rodríguez vacated her role as Chancellor to stand as a candidate in the National Constituent Assembly elections held that year. [ 51 ] Prior to her candidacy, she had been designated a member of the Presidential Commission for the Constituent Assembly. [ 52 ] Before she left her position, President Maduro honored her on 22 June with the Saber Order of the Liberator Simón Bolívar of the Battle of Carabobo. [ 53 ] She was succeeded by Samuel Moncada . [ 54 ] President of the Constituent Assembly In July 2017, Rodríguez was elected as a deputy for Caracas to the National Constituent Assembly (ANC). Upon the ANC's establishment in August 2017, in the Federal Legislative Palace, she was chosen as its president. [ 55 ] In January 2018, President Maduro announced Rodríguez as the president of a then-to-be-legalized political entity, the Somos Venezuela Movement ( MSV ). [ 56 ] In February 2018, Rodríguez resigned from the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) and joined the ranks of the MSV, adhering to statutes prohibiting dual membership in political organizations within the country. [ 57 ] In October 2018, she re-entered the PSUV as a member. [ 6 ] Vice President On 14 June 2018, President Maduro appointed Rodríguez as the Vice President of Venezuela, succeeding Tareck El Aissami . [ 58 ] She also became the head official of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN), Venezuela's intelligence agency , as it is dependent on the office of the vice presidency. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] During Rodríguez's time as head of SEBIN, the United Nations found the agency had committed crimes against humanity with the intent of crushing political dissent. [ 62 ] In December 2018, Rodríguez welcomed the President of Turkey , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , during his official visit to Venezuela. [ 63 ] In November 2022, she visited the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi . [ 64 ] Reporting from late 2025 suggests she established private communication channels with international intermediaries. Analysts point to a clandestine meeting on the island of Bonaire in November 2025 as a pivotal moment where she reportedly discussed "stabilization protocols" for Venezuela's energy sector in the event of a power vacuum. [ 65 ] Minister of Economy and Finance From 10 September 2020 to 27 August 2024, Rodríguez served as the Minister of Economy and Finance , having been appointed to this position by President Maduro. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] In July 2021, Rodríguez participated in the Annual Assembly of Fedecámaras , marking the first instance in two decades that a high-ranking official from the national executive attended this event, which convenes leaders from the country's main corporations. Rodríguez highlighted the significance of private sector engagement in unlocking Venezuela's productive capacity but urged the business community in attendance to refrain from political involvement. [ 68 ] Fedecámaras has historically been viewed by Chavismo as part of the opposition, often being described as the "parasitic bourgeoisie". [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Capture of Nicolás Maduro and aftermath On 3 January 2026, at approximately 2:00 AM VET, [ 73 ] the United States carried out several strikes in Venezuela, including the capital of Caracas , and detained President Maduro and transported him to New York City . [ 74 ] Vice President Rodríguez was granted presidential powers under Article 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution , which states that the vice president takes charge if there is a presidential vacancy. [ 75 ] Rodríguez initially demanded proof that Maduro was still alive. [ 74 ] US President Donald Trump announced that Secretary of State Marco Rubio had made contact with Rodríguez and that she had been "sworn in" as president. Trump further stated that Rodríguez told Rubio that she would do "whatever the US asks", adding that she was gracious but "really doesn't have a choice". [ 76 ] [ 77 ] According to The New York Times , Vice President Rodríguez had earned the respect of American officials due to increasing Venezuela's oil production and stabilizing its economy, despite harsher US sanctions. Rodríguez has also gained a reputation among both Venezuelan and foreign business leaders as a technocrat . [ 12 ] According to the Financial Times , Delcy Rodríguez's brother Jorge Rodríguez , had held talks with the United States government in 2025 to have his sister lead a post-Maduro transitional government, although those talks had included Maduro being allowed to go into exile instead of being captured. [ 78 ] The Venezuelan military announced it would recognize Rodríguez as acting president and called for a return to normalcy. [ 79 ] She also received a pledge of loyalty from Assemblyman Nicolás Maduro Guerra , the president's son. [ 80 ] Acting president of Venezuela (since 2026) On 3 January, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice ordered Rodríguez to "assume and exercise, as acting president, all the powers, duties, and faculties inherent to the office of President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, in order to guarantee administrative continuity and the comprehensive defense of the nation." [ 15 ] [ 76 ] Speaking at the European Commission , spokesperson Anitta Hipper announced on 5 January 2026 that the European Union does not recognize the legitimacy of Rodríguez as the country's acting head of government. [ 81 ] First speech and inauguration Appearing on Venezolana de Televisión , Rodríguez described Maduro as Venezuela's "only president" in contrast to Trump's statements. During the broadcast she called for calm and unity to defend the country while Maduro remained under US detention, and stated that Venezuela would never be the colony of any nation. [ 82 ] Rodríguez also stated that "governments around the world are shocked that the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela has become the victim and target of an attack of this nature, which undoubtedly has Zionist undertones". [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Rodríguez was sworn in as acting president on 5 January 2026 by her brother, Jorge Rodríguez , the president of the National Assembly of Venezuela. [ 2 ] She announced a week of national mourning for the people killed during the American strike. [ 85 ] Restart of diplomatic relations with US On 8 January, her government released nine foreign and Venezuelan political prisoners. Donald Trump announced that he had cancelled a second wave of attacks due to this gesture of cooperation. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] The United States and the Rodríguez government have begun discussions to restart diplomatic relations and to possibly reopen the United States embassy in Venezuela, closed since 2019. [ 88 ] Sanctions Rodríguez has been sanctioned by several countries . The government of neighboring Colombia included her on a list of people banned from entering Colombia, along with (as of 2019) approximately 200 other Maduro regime supporters and associates. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In September 2017, Canada sanctioned Rodríguez for her role in Venezuela's constitutional crisis. [ 7 ] In June 2018, shortly after being named Vice President of Venezuela, Rodríguez was one of eleven Venezuelan officials sanctioned by the European Union , with her assets frozen and a travel ban issued against her for "undermin[ing] democracy and the rule of law in Venezuela". [ 8 ] [ 91 ] In April 2018, the Mexican Senate approved a Point of Agreement that, among other things, rejected the presidential elections scheduled for 20 May. The Senate froze the assets of officials of the Maduro administration, including Rodríguez, and prohibited them from entering Mexico. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] In July 2018, Switzerland sanctioned Rodríguez, freezing her assets and imposing a travel ban, citing the same reasons as the European Union. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] In September 2018, the United States sanctioned Rodríguez for "corruption and humanitarian issues" by including her in OFAC 's Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List . [ 9 ] After her ascension to the interim presidency, her cabinet contacted the European Commission to request the lifting of sanctions placed on her by the European Union for allegedly persecuting the opposition and undermining the rule of law. The Commission has yet to respond. [ 97 ] Delcygate In January 2020, a controversy emerged in Spain surrounding Rodríguez's presence at Madrid–Barajas Airport in Spain, where she was purported to have met with Spanish politician José Luis Ábalos . This incident sparked significant attention because, since November 2017, Rodríguez has been prohibited from entering the territory of the European Union. José Luis Ábalos denied having met Rodríguez. [ 98 ] The incident took place on 20 January, when the aircraft bearing the registration TC-AKE and flying the Turkish flag arrived at the terminal. Upon recognizing Rodríguez among the passengers, Spanish authorities decided to prevent her entry into the country. Accompanying Rodríguez on the flight were Kenny Antonio Díaz , Alejandra Carolina Bastidas , Yussef Abou Nassif Smaili (her partner), Jorge Andrés Giménez (the president of the Venezuelan Football Federation ), and minister Félix Plasencia . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The scandal originated from a covert visit by Delcy Rodríguez to Spain, during which she allegedly facilitated the fraudulent sale of 104 bars of Venezuelan gold to Spanish businessmen for $68.5 million. This transaction was purportedly conducted through the Spanish Ministry of Transport, with the involvement of then-Transport Minister José Luis Ábalos , who is under investigation as part of the Koldo Case . According to reports by El Confidencial , Rodríguez offered these gold bars to Spanish entrepreneurs during meetings arranged with Ábalos, with the approval of Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez . [ 102 ] The Guardia Civil's Central Operative Unit (UCO) uncovered communications on Spanish businessman Víctor de Aldama's mobile phone that directly linked him to Rodríguez, indicating discussions about the purchase of Venezuelan gold. A contract dated 27 December 2019 outlined the delivery of the gold between 27 December 2019 and 6 January 2020, shortly before Rodríguez's secret trip to Madrid, which was officially described by La Moncloa as a "technical stopover". [ 102 ] According to the Diario de Cuba , this connection underscored the alleged lack of commitment by the Spanish government to support a democratic transition in Venezuela. A 2020 U.S. government official said Spain was a significant barrier within the European Union in confronting the Venezuelan government. The scandal also involved a strategic omission of the gold transaction details in the official invitation sent by Ábalos to Rodríguez, which instead focused on humanitarian aid and support for Spanish businesses in Venezuela. In response, the opposition Partido Popular accused Sánchez of deceit regarding the true purpose of Rodríguez's visit and declared intentions to launch a comprehensive political, judicial, and international campaign to uncover the truth behind Delcygate. [ 102 ] Criticism of foreign officials During a 2017 meeting of the Organization of American States (OAS), Rodríguez accused some member states of interfering in Venezuela. She called the OAS Secretary General, Luis Almagro , a "liar, dishonest, a criminal, and a mercenary, a traitor to everything that represents the dignity of a Latin American diplomat". Her remarks were criticised by Uruguayan Foreign Minister Rodolfo Nin Novoa . In June 2017, Rodríguez criticised the President of Peru, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski , after Kuczynski proposed international intervention in Venezuela. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Personal life Rodríguez was the romantic partner of the Venezuelan actor and model Fernando Carrillo until 2007. [ 106 ] Rodríguez is a follower of Indian guru Sathya Sai Baba . [ 16 ] See also List of elected and appointed female state leaders List of female foreign ministers List of foreign ministers in 2017 List of ministers of foreign affairs of Venezuela Notes ^ Designated by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice to ensure administrative continuity on 3 January, formally sworn in two days later. ^ .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdelsi eloˈina ro'ðɾiɣes ˈɣomes] . References ^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Delcy Rodríguez, diplomacia en pie de guerra #Perfil" [Delcy Rodríguez, diplomacy on a war footing: Profile]. 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Nicolás Maduro anuncia cambio de gabinete vía Twitter" . La Patilla (in European Spanish). 14 June 2018. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . ^ "Con su nuevo cargo, Delcy Rodríguez será la responsable del Sebin" . La Patilla (in European Spanish). 14 June 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . ^ Romero, Simon (3 January 2026). "Delcy Rodríguez, Venezuela's New Leader, Boasts Leftist Credentials" . The New York Times . ^ "Meet Delcy Rodríguez: Venezuela's new leader" . TVP World . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Maduro is out but his top allies still hold power in Venezuela" . CNBC . 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Erdogan Arrives in Venezuela to Meet with Maduro" . Ecuavisa. 2 December 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2024 . ^ Mohamed, Hatem (20 November 2022). "Vice President of Venezuela, visits Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque" . MSN. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023 . 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Who will take over Venezuela after capture of Nicholas Maduro" . Wion . Retrieved 3 January 2026 . ^ a b Jaramillo, Alejandra (3 January 2026). "Trump says US is working with Venezuelan vice president" . CNN . Retrieved 3 January 2026 . ^ "US not at war with Venezuela, Rubio says, as Maduro held in New York jail – live updates" . BBC News . 4 January 2026. ^ "The woman with Donald Trump's nod to lead Venezuela" . Financial Times . 4 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Trump warns Venezuela's interim president of 'big price' if she resists US" . France 24 . 5 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ Zoledziowski, Anya (5 January 2026). " 'No country is safe': Maduro's son speaks out" . CBC News . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ "EU bets on Venezuela's democratic transition as Trump goes after oil reserves" . Euronews . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ "Live: Maduro is Venezuela's 'only president', says VP Delcy Rodriguez in TV address" . France 24 . 3 January 2026 . 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External liks Biography by CIDOB (in Spanish) Political offices Preceded by Rafael Ramírez Minister of Foreign Affairs 2014–2017 Succeeded by Samuel Moncada Vacant Title last held by Luis Miquilena (1999) President of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela 2017–2018 Succeeded by Diosdado Cabello Preceded by Tareck El Aissami Vice President of Venezuela 2018–present Incumbent Preceded by Nicolás Maduro Acting President of Venezuela 2026–present Incumbent Assembly seats New office Member of the Constituent Assembly of Venezuela for the municipality of Libertador, Caracas 2017–present Incumbent .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e President of Venezuela ( list ) v t e State of Venezuela Páez 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 Gual Páez Páez 1831–1835 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 1859–1861 Gual Páez United States of Venezuela Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez 4th Republic Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 1994–1999 Bolivarian Republic Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 Rodríguez Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 2019–2025 Rodríguez Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics 1 Recognized by the National Assembly as "interim president" during the Venezuelan presidential crisis until 2023 v t e Current heads of state of republics v t e Africa Algeria: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Angola: João Lourenço Benin: Patrice Talon Botswana: Duma Boko Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré * Burundi: Évariste Ndayishimiye Cameroon: Paul Biya Cape Verde: José Maria Neves Central African Republic: Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad: Mahamat Déby Comoros: Azali Assoumani Democratic Republic of the Congo: Félix Tshisekedi Republic of the Congo: Denis Sassou Nguesso Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Egypt: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Eritrea: Isaias Afwerki Ethiopia: Taye Atske Selassie Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema The Gambia: Adama Barrow Ghana: John Mahama Guinea: Mamady Doumbouya * Guinea-Bissau: Horta Inta-A Na Man * Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara Kenya: William Ruto Liberia: Joseph Boakai Libya: Mohamed al-Menfi * Madagascar: Michael Randrianirina Malawi: Peter Mutharika Mali: Assimi Goïta * Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mauritius: Dharam Gokhool Mozambique: Daniel Chapo Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Niger: Abdourahamane Tchiani * Nigeria: Bola Tinubu Rwanda: Paul Kagame Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Brahim Ghali São Tomé and Príncipe: Carlos Vila Nova Senegal: Bassirou Diomaye Faye Seychelles: Patrick Herminie Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio Somalia: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Somaliland: Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi South Africa: Cyril Ramaphosa Sudan: Transitional Sovereignty Council * South Sudan: Salva Kiir Mayardit Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan Togo: Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové Tunisia: Kais Saied Uganda: Yoweri Museveni Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa Algeria: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Angola: João Lourenço Benin: Patrice Talon Botswana: Duma Boko Burkina Faso: Ibrahim Traoré * Burundi: Évariste Ndayishimiye Cameroon: Paul Biya Cape Verde: José Maria Neves Central African Republic: Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad: Mahamat Déby Comoros: Azali Assoumani Democratic Republic of the Congo: Félix Tshisekedi Republic of the Congo: Denis Sassou Nguesso Djibouti: Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Egypt: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Equatorial Guinea: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Eritrea: Isaias Afwerki Ethiopia: Taye Atske Selassie Gabon: Brice Oligui Nguema The Gambia: Adama Barrow Ghana: John Mahama Guinea: Mamady Doumbouya * Guinea-Bissau: Horta Inta-A Na Man * Ivory Coast: Alassane Ouattara Kenya: William Ruto Liberia: Joseph Boakai Libya: Mohamed al-Menfi * Madagascar: Michael Randrianirina Malawi: Peter Mutharika Mali: Assimi Goïta * Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mauritius: Dharam Gokhool Mozambique: Daniel Chapo Namibia: Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah Niger: Abdourahamane Tchiani * Nigeria: Bola Tinubu Rwanda: Paul Kagame Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Brahim Ghali São Tomé and Príncipe: Carlos Vila Nova Senegal: Bassirou Diomaye Faye Seychelles: Patrick Herminie Sierra Leone: Julius Maada Bio Somalia: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Somaliland: Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi South Africa: Cyril Ramaphosa Sudan: Transitional Sovereignty Council * South Sudan: Salva Kiir Mayardit Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan Togo: Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové Tunisia: Kais Saied Uganda: Yoweri Museveni Zambia: Hakainde Hichilema Zimbabwe: Emmerson Mnangagwa Asia Abkhazia: Badra Gunba * Armenia: Vahagn Khachaturyan Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev Bangladesh: Mohammed Shahabuddin China: Xi Jinping Georgia: Salome Zourabichvili India: Droupadi Murmu Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto Iran: Ali Khamenei Iraq: Abdul Latif Rashid Israel: Isaac Herzog Kazakhstan: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev North Korea: Kim Jong Un South Korea: Lee Jae Myung Kyrgyzstan: Sadyr Japarov Laos: Thongloun Sisoulith Lebanon: Joseph Aoun Maldives: Mohamed Muizzu Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Myanmar: Min Aung Hlaing * Nepal: Ram Chandra Poudel Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari Palestine: Mahmoud Abbas Philippines: Bongbong Marcos Singapore: Tharman Shanmugaratnam South Ossetia: Alan Gagloev Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa Taiwan: Lai Ching-te Tajikistan: Emomali Rahmon Timor-Leste: José Ramos-Horta Turkmenistan: Serdar Berdimuhamedow Uzbekistan: Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vietnam: Lương Cường Yemen: Rashad al-Alimi * Abkhazia: Badra Gunba * Armenia: Vahagn Khachaturyan Azerbaijan: Ilham Aliyev Bangladesh: Mohammed Shahabuddin China: Xi Jinping Georgia: Salome Zourabichvili India: Droupadi Murmu Indonesia: Prabowo Subianto Iran: Ali Khamenei Iraq: Abdul Latif Rashid Israel: Isaac Herzog Kazakhstan: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev North Korea: Kim Jong Un South Korea: Lee Jae Myung Kyrgyzstan: Sadyr Japarov Laos: Thongloun Sisoulith Lebanon: Joseph Aoun Maldives: Mohamed Muizzu Mongolia: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Myanmar: Min Aung Hlaing * Nepal: Ram Chandra Poudel Pakistan: Asif Ali Zardari Palestine: Mahmoud Abbas Philippines: Bongbong Marcos Singapore: Tharman Shanmugaratnam South Ossetia: Alan Gagloev Sri Lanka: Anura Kumara Dissanayake Syria: Ahmed al-Sharaa Taiwan: Lai Ching-te Tajikistan: Emomali Rahmon Timor-Leste: José Ramos-Horta Turkmenistan: Serdar Berdimuhamedow Uzbekistan: Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vietnam: Lương Cường Yemen: Rashad al-Alimi * Europe Albania: Bajram Begaj Austria: Alexander Van der Bellen Belarus: Alexander Lukashenko Bosnia and Herzegovina: Denis Bećirović , Željka Cvijanović , Željko Komšić Bulgaria: Rumen Radev Croatia: Zoran Milanović Cyprus: Nikos Christodoulides Czech Republic: Petr Pavel Estonia: Alar Karis Finland: Alexander Stubb France: Emmanuel Macron Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier Greece: Konstantinos Tasoulas Hungary: 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Biography Toggle Biography subsection 1.1 Campaign against the Sasanian Empire and death 1.1 Campaign against the Sasanian Empire and death 2 Legacy 3 Family tree 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources Toggle Sources subsection 6.1 Primary sources 6.2 Secondary sources 6.1 Primary sources 6.2 Secondary sources 7 Further reading Carus العربية تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Sicilianu Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Carus Persicus Maximus Aureus of Carus Roman emperor Reign c. September 282 – c. July 283 Predecessor Probus Successor Carinus and Numerian Co-emperor Carinus (283) Born c. 222 Narbo , Gallia Narbonensis (Modern day France ) Died July or August 283 (aged 61) Beyond the River Tigris , Sasanian Empire Issue .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Carinus Numerian Paulina Carinus Numerian Paulina Names Marcus Aurelius Numerius Carus (possibly) [ 1 ] Regnal name Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carus Augustus [ 2 ] Names Marcus Aurelius Numerius Carus (possibly) [ 1 ] Regnal name Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carus Augustus [ 2 ] Marcus Aurelius Carus ( c. 222 – July or August 283) was Roman emperor from 282 to 283. During his short reign, Carus fought the Germanic tribes and Sarmatians along the Danube frontier with success. He died while campaigning against the Sassanid Empire and is believed to have died of unnatural causes. It was reported that he had been struck by lightning. [ 3 ] He was succeeded by his sons Carinus and Numerian , creating a dynasty which, though short-lived, provided further stability to the resurgent empire. [ 4 ] Biography Carus, whose name before the accession may have been Marcus Numerius Carus, [ 1 ] was born, according to differing accounts, either in Gaul , Illyricum or Africa . [ 7 ] Modern scholarship inclines to the former view, placing his birth at Narbo (modern Narbonne) in Gallia Narbonensis , [ 8 ] [ 9 ] though he was educated in Rome . [ 10 ] Little can be said with certainty of his life and rule. Due to the decline of literature, the arts, and the want of any good historians of that age, what is known is almost invariably involved in contradiction and doubt. [ 11 ] He was apparently a senator [ 12 ] and filled various posts, both civil and military, before being appointed praetorian prefect by the emperor Probus in 282. [ 13 ] Two traditions surround his accession to the throne in August or September of 282. According to some mostly Latin sources, he was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers after the murder of Probus by a mutiny at Sirmium . [ 14 ] Greek sources however claim that he rose against Probus in Raetia in a usurpation and had him killed. [ 15 ] Allegedly, he initially refused the offer at first out of loyalty, but soon accepted. [ 16 ] The often unreliable Historia Augusta is aware of both traditions, although it prefers the former. [ 17 ] He does not seem to have returned to Rome after his accession, contenting himself with an announcement to the Senate. [ 18 ] This was a marked departure from the constitutionalism of his immediate predecessors, Tacitus and Probus, who at least outwardly respected the authority of the senate, and was the precursor to the even more despotic military autocracy of Diocletian . [ 19 ] Despite this, he still sought to deify the emperor Probus. [ 20 ] Campaign against the Sasanian Empire and death Carus bestowed the title of Caesar upon his sons Carinus and Numerian , [ 22 ] [ 23 ] then, in the beginning of 283, he elevated Carinus to the rank of Augustus , leaving him in charge of the western portion of the empire to look after some disturbances in Gaul [ 24 ] and took Numerian with him on an expedition against the Persians , which had been contemplated by Probus. [ 25 ] During his first campaign as emperor, he inflicted a severe defeat on the Quadi and Sarmatians on the Danube , [ 26 ] for which he was given the title Germanicus Maximus. [ 27 ] Reportedly, 16,000 Quadi were killed, with 20,000 being taken prisoner. [ 20 ] Carus then proceeded through Thrace and Asia Minor , annexed Mesopotamia , pressed on to Seleucia and Ctesiphon , and marched his soldiers beyond the Tigris . [ 22 ] [ 28 ] The Sassanid King Bahram II , limited by internal opposition and his troops occupied with a campaign in modern-day Afghanistan , could not effectively defend his territory. [ 27 ] The Sasanians, faced with severe internal problems, could not mount an effective coordinated defense at the time; Carus and his army may have captured the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon . [ 3 ] The victories of Carus avenged all the previous defeats suffered by the Romans against the Sassanids, and he received the title of Persicus Maximus . [ 29 ] Rome's hopes of further conquest, however, were cut short by his death; Carus died in Sasanian territory, probably of unnatural causes, as he was reportedly struck by lightning. [ 3 ] Alternate theories suggest that he died of illness, or that a rival for power poisoned him. Another theory hints at the future emperor Diocletian being involved in the killing. [ 20 ] However, Leadbetter considered it unlikely for Carus to be assassinated, as his army had just won a victory. [ 30 ] Legacy Like the conquests of Trajan , 160 years before, Carus' gains were immediately relinquished by his successor. His son Numerian , naturally of an unwarlike disposition, was forced by the army to retreat back over the Tigris . [ 31 ] The report of the lightning strike was evidently widely accepted in the camp, and the superstitious awe of the troops inclined them to ascribe Carus' death to the wrath of the Gods. Rumors had been spread of dark oracles, affixing the limits of the Empire on the Tigris, and threatening destruction against the Roman who should presume beyond the river in arms. Persia was abandoned to its rightful owners, and not till Diocletian, a decade later, was the Persian contest decided in Rome's favor, by that emperor's victory . In the sphere of civil affairs, Carus is remembered principally for the final suppression of the authority of the senate, which had been partially restored under Tacitus and Probus . He declined to accept their ratification of his election, informing them of the fact by a haughty and distant dispatch. He was the last emperor to have united a civil with a military education, in that age when the two were increasingly detached; Diocletian (Imp. 284–305), who succeeded Carus after the brief reign of the latter's sons, was to confirm and formalize the separation of professions, and the autocratic foundation of the imperial rule. [ 32 ] Though Carus was known throughout his life for his austere and virtuous manners, the suspicion of his complicity in Probus' death, along with his haughty conduct towards the senate, tarnished his reputation before his death, and Julian conspicuously placed him among the tyrants of Rome , in his catalogue of The Caesars . [ 33 ] Family tree previous Tacitus Roman Emperor 275–276 Florianus Roman Emperor 276 Probus Roman Emperor 276–282 Carus Roman Emperor 282–283 next Diocletian Roman Emperor 284–305 ∞ Prisca Carinus Roman Emperor 282–284 Numerian co-emperor 282–284 Galeria Valeria See also Crisis of the Third Century References ^ a b Jones, pg. 183 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Cooley, Alison E. (2012). The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy . Cambridge University Press. p. 501. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2 . ^ a b c Potter 2013 , p. 26. ^ Leadbetter, Bill (2009). Galerius and the Will of Diocletian . London: Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-203-86928-4 . OCLC 503449219 . ^ "Portraiture of Emperor Carus" . rome101.com . Retrieved 26 March 2023 . ^ "Portrait-bust of a man, perhaps Carus" . Ostia Atica . Retrieved 30 June 2023 . ^ Edward Gibbon , The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , (The Modern Library, 1932), ch. XII., p. 292 ^ Victor, 38:1 ^ The tradition that he was one of the so-called " Illyrian Emperors ", based on the unreliable vita Cari embedded in the Augustan History , was accepted uncritically by Joseph Scaliger , who assumed the other sources were wrong. (Tom B. Jones, "A Note on Marcus Aurelius Carus" Classical Philology 37 .2 (April 1942), pp. 193–194). ^ Historia Augusta, "Vita Cari", 4:2 ^ Gibbon, ibid; and ch. XIII., p. 340 ^ Historia Augusta, "Vita Cari", 5:4 ^ Gibbon, ch. XII., p. 292 ^ Jerome, Chron. s. a. 282 ^ Zonaras, 12:29 ^ C, Franco (6 September 2020). "Roman Emperor Carus | History Cooperative" . Retrieved 25 January 2023 . ^ Historia Augusta, "Vita Cari", 6:1 ^ Southern, pg. 132 ^ Gibbon, p. 293; and ch. XIII., pp. 328, 329 ^ a b c Cavazzi, Franco (16 December 2021). "Emperor Carus" . The Roman Empire . Retrieved 25 January 2023 . ^ Encyclopedia Iranica ^ a b Zonaras, 12:30 ^ Victor 38:2 ^ Gibbon, ch. XII., p. 293 ^ Historia Augusta, "Vita Cari", 7:1 ^ Gibbon, p. 294. Enemy casualties are given at over 36,000. ^ a b Leadbetter, www.roman-emperors.org/carus.htm ^ Chisholm 1911 . ^ Southern, pg. 133 ^ William Leadbetter, Carus (282-283 A.D.) ^ Gibbon, p. 296 ^ Gibbon, ch. XIII., pp. 328–33. ^ Gibbon, ch. XII., p. 293 and note. Sources Primary sources Aurelius Victor , Epitome de Caesaribus Eutropius , Breviarium ab urbe condita Historia Augusta , Life of Carus, Carinus and Numerian Joannes Zonaras , Compendium of History extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284 Secondary sources Leadbetter, William, "Carus (282–283 A.D.)" , DIR Jones, A.H.M. ; J.R. Martindale & J. Morris (1971). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395 . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07233-6 . Potter, David (2013). Constantine the Emperor . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199755868 . Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine , Routledge, 2001 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Carus, Marcus Aurelius ". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Further reading Altmayer, Klaus (2014). Die Herrschaft des Carus, Numerianus und Carinus als Vorläufer der Tetrarchie . Historia Einzelschriften. Vol. 230. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. ISBN 978-3-515-10621-4 . Hartmann, Udo (2022). "Der Blitzschlag am Tigris. Überlegungen zum rätselhaften Tod des Carus in Persien" [The Lightning Strike on the Tigris: Reflections on the mysterious death of Carus in Persia]. In Goltz, Andreas; Schlange-Schöningen, Heinrich (eds.). Das Zeitalter Diokletians und Konstantins. Bilanz und Perspektiven der Forschung. Festschrift für Alexander Demandt [ The Age of Diocletian and Constantine. Review and Perspectives for Research. Festschrift for Alexander Demandt ] (in German). Köln: Böhlau. pp. 21–72. doi: . ISBN 978-3-412-52519-4 . Regnal titles Preceded by Probus Roman emperor 282–283 With: Carinus (283) Succeeded by Carinus Numerian Political offices Preceded by Probus , Victorinus Roman consul 283 with Carinus Succeeded by Carinus , Numerian .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Roman and Byzantine emperors and empresses regnant v t e Principate 27 BC – AD 235 Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian ) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus Commodus Pertinax Didius Julianus Septimius Severus Caracalla Geta Macrinus (w. Diadumenian ) Elagabalus Severus Alexander Crisis 235–284 Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II ) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus ) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus ) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus ) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Maximinus I Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip I (w. Philip II ) Decius (w. Herennius Etruscus ) Trebonianus Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus ) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus ) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Later Roman Empire 284–641 Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor ) Eugenius Western Empire 395–476 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire 395–641 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Diocletian Maximian Galerius Constantius I Severus II Constantine I Maxentius Licinius Maximinus II Valerius Valens Martinian Constantine II Constantius II Constans I Magnentius Nepotianus Vetranio Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Procopius Gratian Theodosius I Valentinian II Magnus Maximus (w. Victor ) Eugenius Western Empire 395–476 Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Honorius Constantine III (w. Constans II ) Priscus Attalus Constantius III Joannes Valentinian III Petronius Maximus Avitus Majorian Severus III Anthemius Olybrius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus Eastern Empire 395–641 Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Leo I Leo II Zeno Basiliscus (w. Marcus ) Anastasius I Justin I Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Constantine Maurice (w. Theodosius ) Phocas Heraclius Eastern/ Byzantine Empire 641–1453 Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius ) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius ) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius ) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros ) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios ) Leo V (w. Constantine ) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine ) Michael III (w. Thekla ) Basil I (w. Constantine ) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher , Romanos (?), Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos ) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros ) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos , Konstantios & Constantine Doukas ) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas ) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios ) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John ) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas ) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos (w. Irene ) Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos (w. Anna ) John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew ) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V ) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos Constantine III Heraclonas (w. Tiberius ) Constans II Constantine IV (w. Heraclius & Tiberius ) Justinian II Leontius Tiberius III Justinian II (w. Tiberius ) Philippicus Anastasius II Theodosius III Leo III Constantine V Artabasdos (w. Nikephoros ) Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nikephoros I Staurakios Michael I Rangabe (w. Theophylact & Staurakios ) Leo V (w. Constantine ) Michael II Theophilos (w. Constantine ) Michael III (w. Thekla ) Basil I (w. Constantine ) Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Romanos I Lekapenos (w. Christopher , Romanos (?), Stephen & Constantine Lekapenos ) Romanos II Nikephoros II Phokas John I Tzimiskes Basil II Constantine VIII Zoe Romanos III Argyros Michael IV Michael V Constantine IX Monomachos Theodora Michael VI Bringas Isaac I Komnenos Constantine X Doukas Eudokia Makrembolitissa Romanos IV Diogenes (w. Leo & Nikephoros ) Michael VII Doukas (w. Andronikos , Konstantios & Constantine Doukas ) Nikephoros III Botaneiates Alexios I Komnenos (w. Constantine Doukas ) John II Komnenos (w. Alexios ) Manuel I Komnenos Alexios II Komnenos Andronikos I Komnenos (w. John ) Isaac II Angelos Alexios III Angelos Alexios IV Angelos Alexios V Doukas Theodore I Laskaris (w. Nicholas ) John III Vatatzes Theodore II Laskaris John IV Laskaris Michael VIII Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos (w. Irene ) Michael IX Palaiologos Andronikos III Palaiologos John V Palaiologos (w. Anna ) John VI Kantakouzenos (w. Matthew ) Andronikos IV Palaiologos John VII Palaiologos (w. Andronikos V ) Manuel II Palaiologos John VIII Palaiologos Constantine XI Palaiologos See also Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (271–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Gallic emperors (260–274) Palmyrene emperors (271–273) Britannic emperors (286–296) Trapezuntine emperors (1204–1461) Thessalonian emperors (1224–1242) Empresses Augustae Usurpers Classical Eastern Classical Eastern Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper v t e Pharaohs v t e Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Protodynastic (pre-3150 BC) Lower Hedju-Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh A Double Falcon Wash Upper A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Taurus Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Early Dynastic (3150–2686 BC) I Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird II Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkare I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) III Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni IV Sneferu Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis V Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas VI Teti Userkare Pepi I Meryre Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Neferkare Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka 1 st Intermediate (2181–2040 BC) VII / VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu IX Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep X Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Protodynastic (pre-3150 BC) Lower Hedju-Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh A Double Falcon Wash Upper A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Taurus Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Early Dynastic (3150–2686 BC) I Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird II Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkare I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) III Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni IV Sneferu Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis V Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas VI Teti Userkare Pepi I Meryre Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Neferkare Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka 1 st Intermediate (2181–2040 BC) VII / VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu IX Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep X Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Pharaohs male female ♀ male female ♀ uncertain Protodynastic (pre-3150 BC) Lower Hedju-Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh A Double Falcon Wash Upper A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Taurus Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Lower Hedju-Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh A Double Falcon Wash Hedju-Hor Ny-Hor Ni-Neith Hat-Hor Pu Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Mekh A Double Falcon Wash Upper A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Taurus Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes A Finger Snail Fish Elephant Stork Taurus Scorpion I Crocodile Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Early Dynastic (3150–2686 BC) I Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird II Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkare I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy I Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird II Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkare I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Hotepsekhemwy Nebra Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkare I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) III Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni IV Sneferu Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis V Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas VI Teti Userkare Pepi I Meryre Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Neferkare Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka III Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Sedjes Qahedjet Huni IV Sneferu Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis Sneferu Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis V Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas VI Teti Userkare Pepi I Meryre Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Neferkare Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka Teti Userkare Pepi I Meryre Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Neferkare Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Neferka 1 st Intermediate (2181–2040 BC) VII / VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu IX Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep X Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare VII / VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui Iytjenu IX Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Imhotep X Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merikare Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Middle Kingdom (2040–1802 BC) XI Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Nubia Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre XII Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu ♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 2 nd Intermediate (1802–1550 BC) XIII Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep Sekhemkare Amenemhat Senebef Nerikare Sekhemkare Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Amenemhat VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi XIV Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre Ammu Aahotepre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har XV Sharek Semqen Aperanat Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi XVI Sekhemre Sementawy Djehuty Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Seankhenre Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiryraw II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwaset Dedumose I Dedumose II Djedankhre Montemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Seneferankhre Abydos Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib XVII Sekhemre Wahkhau Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Middle Kingdom (2040–1802 BC) XI Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Nubia Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre XII Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu ♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 2 nd Intermediate (1802–1550 BC) XIII Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep Sekhemkare Amenemhat Senebef Nerikare Sekhemkare Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Amenemhat VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi XIV Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre Ammu Aahotepre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har XV Sharek Semqen Aperanat Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi XVI Sekhemre Sementawy Djehuty Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Seankhenre Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiryraw II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwaset Dedumose I Dedumose II Djedankhre Montemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Seneferankhre Abydos Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib XVII Sekhemre Wahkhau Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Pharaohs male female ♀ male female ♀ uncertain Middle Kingdom (2040–1802 BC) XI Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Nubia Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre XII Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu ♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra XI Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Nubia Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre XII Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu ♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu ♀ Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 2 nd Intermediate (1802–1550 BC) XIII Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep Sekhemkare Amenemhat Senebef Nerikare Sekhemkare Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Amenemhat VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi XIV Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre Ammu Aahotepre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har XV Sharek Semqen Aperanat Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi XVI Sekhemre Sementawy Djehuty Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Seankhenre Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiryraw II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwaset Dedumose I Dedumose II Djedankhre Montemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Seneferankhre Abydos Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib XVII Sekhemre Wahkhau Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose XIII Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep Sekhemkare Amenemhat Senebef Nerikare Sekhemkare Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Amenemhat VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep Sekhemkare Amenemhat Senebef Nerikare Sekhemkare Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Amenemhat VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi XIV Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre Ammu Aahotepre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre Ammu Aahotepre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Nebsenre Sekheperenre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har XV Sharek Semqen Aperanat Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi Sharek Semqen Aperanat Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi XVI Sekhemre Sementawy Djehuty Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Seankhenre Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiryraw II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwaset Dedumose I Dedumose II Djedankhre Montemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Seneferankhre Sekhemre Sementawy Djehuty Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Seankhenre Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiryraw II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwaset Dedumose I Dedumose II Djedankhre Montemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Seneferankhre Abydos Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib XVII Sekhemre Wahkhau Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose Sekhemre Wahkhau Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs (male female ♀ ) uncertain New Kingdom (1550–1070 BC) XVIII Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut ♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten ♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb XIX Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret ♀ XX Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII 3 rd Intermediate (1069–664 BC) XXI Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II High Priest of Amun Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre XXII Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Maatkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Lines of XXII / XXIII Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Ini (pharaoh) Iuput II Peftjauawybast Nimlot of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis XXIII Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III XXIV Tefnakht Bakenranef XXV Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tantamani New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs (male female ♀ ) uncertain New Kingdom (1550–1070 BC) XVIII Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut ♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten ♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb XIX Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret ♀ XX Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII 3 rd Intermediate (1069–664 BC) XXI Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II High Priest of Amun Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre XXII Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Maatkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Lines of XXII / XXIII Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Ini (pharaoh) Iuput II Peftjauawybast Nimlot of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis XXIII Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III XXIV Tefnakht Bakenranef XXV Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tantamani Period Dynasty Pharaohs (male female ♀ ) uncertain Dynasty Pharaohs (male female ♀ ) uncertain Pharaohs (male female ♀ ) uncertain New Kingdom (1550–1070 BC) XVIII Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut ♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten ♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb XIX Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret ♀ XX Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII XVIII Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut ♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten ♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut ♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten ♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb XIX Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret ♀ Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Tausret ♀ XX Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Ramesses XII 3 rd Intermediate (1069–664 BC) XXI Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II High Priest of Amun Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre XXII Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Maatkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Lines of XXII / XXIII Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Ini (pharaoh) Iuput II Peftjauawybast Nimlot of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis XXIII Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III XXIV Tefnakht Bakenranef XXV Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tantamani XXI Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II High Priest of Amun Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre Herihor Pinedjem I Menkheperre XXII Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Maatkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Tutkheperre Shoshenq Maatkheperre Shoshenq Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Lines of XXII / XXIII Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Ini (pharaoh) Iuput II Peftjauawybast Nimlot of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Iuput I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Ini (pharaoh) Iuput II Peftjauawybast Nimlot of Hermopolis Djehutyemhat Nimlot II of Hermopolis Padinemti of Hermopolis XXIII Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III Pedubast II Osorkon IV Pami II Gemenefkhonsbak Pedubast III XXIV Tefnakht Bakenranef Tefnakht Bakenranef XXV Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tantamani Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tantamani Late to Roman Period (664 BC–313 AD) Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Late (664–332 BC) XXVI Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Apries Amasis II Psamtik III XXVII Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius the Great Psammetichus IV Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Darius II XXVIII Amyrtaeus XXIX Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis XXX Nectanebo I Teos of Egypt Nectanebo II XXXI Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses of Persia Darius III Hellenistic (332–30 BC) Argead Alexander the Great Philip III of Macedon Alexander IV of Macedon Ptolemaic Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Cleopatra II ♀ Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III ♀ Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy X Alexander I Berenice III ♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V ♀ Berenice IV ♀ Cleopatra VI ♀ Cleopatra ♀ Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator Arsinoe IV ♀ Ptolemy XIV Philopator Caesarion Roman (30 BC–313 AD) XXXIV Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Lucius Verus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Pertinax Pescennius Niger Septimius Severus Geta Caracalla Macrinus Diadumenian Elagabalus Severus Alexander Maximinus Thrax Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip the Arab Decius Trebonianus Gallus Aemilianus Valerian Macrianus Minor Quietus Lucius Mussius Aemilianus Gallienus Claudius Gothicus Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Diocletian Maximian Galerius Maximinus Daza Late to Roman Period (664 BC–313 AD) Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Late (664–332 BC) XXVI Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Apries Amasis II Psamtik III XXVII Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius the Great Psammetichus IV Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Darius II XXVIII Amyrtaeus XXIX Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis XXX Nectanebo I Teos of Egypt Nectanebo II XXXI Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses of Persia Darius III Hellenistic (332–30 BC) Argead Alexander the Great Philip III of Macedon Alexander IV of Macedon Ptolemaic Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Cleopatra II ♀ Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III ♀ Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy X Alexander I Berenice III ♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V ♀ Berenice IV ♀ Cleopatra VI ♀ Cleopatra ♀ Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator Arsinoe IV ♀ Ptolemy XIV Philopator Caesarion Roman (30 BC–313 AD) XXXIV Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Lucius Verus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Pertinax Pescennius Niger Septimius Severus Geta Caracalla Macrinus Diadumenian Elagabalus Severus Alexander Maximinus Thrax Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip the Arab Decius Trebonianus Gallus Aemilianus Valerian Macrianus Minor Quietus Lucius Mussius Aemilianus Gallienus Claudius Gothicus Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Diocletian Maximian Galerius Maximinus Daza Period Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Dynasty Pharaohs male female ♀ uncertain Pharaohs male female ♀ male female ♀ uncertain Late (664–332 BC) XXVI Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Apries Amasis II Psamtik III XXVII Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius the Great Psammetichus IV Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Darius II XXVIII Amyrtaeus XXIX Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis XXX Nectanebo I Teos of Egypt Nectanebo II XXXI Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses of Persia Darius III XXVI Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Apries Amasis II Psamtik III Ammeris Tefnakht II Nekauba Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Apries Amasis II Psamtik III XXVII Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius the Great Psammetichus IV Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Darius II Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius the Great Psammetichus IV Xerxes I Artaxerxes I Darius II XXVIII Amyrtaeus Amyrtaeus XXIX Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II Muthis XXX Nectanebo I Teos of Egypt Nectanebo II Nectanebo I Teos of Egypt Nectanebo II XXXI Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses of Persia Darius III Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses of Persia Darius III Hellenistic (332–30 BC) Argead Alexander the Great Philip III of Macedon Alexander IV of Macedon Ptolemaic Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Cleopatra II ♀ Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III ♀ Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy X Alexander I Berenice III ♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V ♀ Berenice IV ♀ Cleopatra VI ♀ Cleopatra ♀ Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator Arsinoe IV ♀ Ptolemy XIV Philopator Caesarion Argead Alexander the Great Philip III of Macedon Alexander IV of Macedon Alexander the Great Philip III of Macedon Alexander IV of Macedon Ptolemaic Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Cleopatra II ♀ Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III ♀ Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy X Alexander I Berenice III ♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V ♀ Berenice IV ♀ Cleopatra VI ♀ Cleopatra ♀ Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator Arsinoe IV ♀ Ptolemy XIV Philopator Caesarion Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Ptolemy VI Philometor Cleopatra II ♀ Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III ♀ Ptolemy IX Soter Ptolemy X Alexander I Berenice III ♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V ♀ Berenice IV ♀ Cleopatra VI ♀ Cleopatra ♀ Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator Arsinoe IV ♀ Ptolemy XIV Philopator Caesarion Roman (30 BC–313 AD) XXXIV Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Lucius Verus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Pertinax Pescennius Niger Septimius Severus Geta Caracalla Macrinus Diadumenian Elagabalus Severus Alexander Maximinus Thrax Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip the Arab Decius Trebonianus Gallus Aemilianus Valerian Macrianus Minor Quietus Lucius Mussius Aemilianus Gallienus Claudius Gothicus Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Diocletian Maximian Galerius Maximinus Daza XXXIV Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Lucius Verus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Pertinax Pescennius Niger Septimius Severus Geta Caracalla Macrinus Diadumenian Elagabalus Severus Alexander Maximinus Thrax Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip the Arab Decius Trebonianus Gallus Aemilianus Valerian Macrianus Minor Quietus Lucius Mussius Aemilianus Gallienus Claudius Gothicus Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Diocletian Maximian Galerius Maximinus Daza Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero Galba Otho Vitellius Vespasian Titus Domitian Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Lucius Verus Marcus Aurelius Commodus Pertinax Pescennius Niger Septimius Severus Geta Caracalla Macrinus Diadumenian Elagabalus Severus Alexander Maximinus Thrax Gordian I Gordian II Pupienus Balbinus Gordian III Philip the Arab Decius Trebonianus Gallus Aemilianus Valerian Macrianus Minor Quietus Lucius Mussius Aemilianus Gallienus Claudius Gothicus Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Probus Carus Carinus Numerian Diocletian Maximian Galerius Maximinus Daza Dynastic genealogies 1 st 4 th 11 th 12 th 17 th 18 th 19 th 20 th 21 st , 22 nd and 23 rd 24 th 25 th 26 th 27 th 30 th 31 st Argead Ptolemaic Dynastic genealogies 1 st 4 th 11 th 12 th 17 th 18 th 19 th 20 th 21 st , 22 nd and 23 rd 24 th 25 th 26 th 27 th 30 th 31 st Argead Ptolemaic 1 st 4 th 11 th 12 th 17 th 18 th 19 th 20 th 21 st , 22 nd and 23 rd 24 th 25 th 26 th 27 th 30 th 31 st Argead Ptolemaic List of pharaohs Authority control databases International VIAF GND VIAF GND National United States France BnF data Netherlands Israel United States France BnF data Netherlands Israel People Deutsche Biographie DDB Deutsche Biographie DDB Other Yale LUX Yale LUX 220s births 283 deaths 3rd-century Roman emperors 3rd-century Roman consuls Crisis of the Third Century 3rd-century praetorian prefects Deaths from lightning strikes Aurelii People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars Caran dynasty Damnatio memoriae Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from August 2022 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 8 November 2025, at 18:13 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Kickboxing and amateur boxing career 2 Professional boxing career Toggle Professional boxing career subsection 2.1 WBO heavyweight champion 2.2 Title loss to Byrd 2.3 Klitschko vs. Lewis 2.4 WBC and The Ring heavyweight champion 2.5 Klitschko vs. Williams 2.6 First retirement (2005-2007) 2.7 Second WBC heavyweight championship 2.8 Klitschko vs. Gómez, Arreola, Johnson 2.9 Klitschko vs. Sosnowski, Briggs, Solís 2.10 Klitschko vs. Adamek, Chisora, Charr 2.11 Retirement from boxing 2.1 WBO heavyweight champion 2.2 Title loss to Byrd 2.3 Klitschko vs. Lewis 2.4 WBC and The Ring heavyweight champion 2.5 Klitschko vs. Williams 2.6 First retirement (2005-2007) 2.7 Second WBC heavyweight championship 2.8 Klitschko vs. Gómez, Arreola, Johnson 2.9 Klitschko vs. Sosnowski, Briggs, Solís 2.10 Klitschko vs. Adamek, Chisora, Charr 2.11 Retirement from boxing 3 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 3.1 Early years in politics 3.2 Political views (until 2013) 3.3 Mayor of Kyiv 3.3.1 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3.1 Early years in politics 3.2 Political views (until 2013) 3.3 Mayor of Kyiv 3.3.1 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3.3.1 Russian invasion of Ukraine 4 Sporting legacy 5 Personal life 6 Awards and honors 7 Professional boxing record 8 Titles in boxing Toggle Titles in boxing subsection 8.1 Major world titles 8.2 The Ring magazine titles 8.3 Regional/International titles 8.4 Honorary titles 8.1 Major world titles 8.2 The Ring magazine titles 8.3 Regional/International titles 8.4 Honorary titles 9 Professional kickboxing record (incomplete) 10 Viewership Toggle Viewership subsection 10.1 Germany 10.2 Ukraine 10.3 Russia 10.4 Hungary 10.5 United States 10.5.1 Premium television 10.5.2 Pay-per-view bouts 10.6 Poland 10.6.1 Free-to-air television 10.6.2 Pay-per-view bouts 10.1 Germany 10.2 Ukraine 10.3 Russia 10.4 Hungary 10.5 United States 10.5.1 Premium television 10.5.2 Pay-per-view bouts 10.5.1 Premium television 10.5.2 Pay-per-view bouts 10.6 Poland 10.6.1 Free-to-air television 10.6.2 Pay-per-view bouts 10.6.1 Free-to-air television 10.6.2 Pay-per-view bouts 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Vitali Klitschko Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Malagasy مصرى Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Tolışi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Hero of Ukraine Vitali Klitschko .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} OS .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} Віталій Кличко Klitschko in 2025 Mayor of Kyiv Incumbent Assumed office 5 June 2014 Preceded by Halyna Hereha (acting) Head of the Kyiv City State Administration In office 25 June 2014 – 1 March 2022 Preceded by Volodymyr Bondarenko Succeeded by Mykola Zhyrnov (head of military administration ) [ 1 ] Deputy of the Kyiv City Council 5th session In office April 2006 – June 2008 Constituency Klitschko Bloc "PORA–ROP" 6th session In office June 2008 – December 2012 Constituency Vitali Klitschko Bloc People's Deputy of Ukraine 7th convocation In office 12 December 2012 – 5 June 2014 Constituency UDAR , No.1 [ 2 ] Personal details Born ( 1971-07-19 ) 19 July 1971 (age 54) Belovodskoye , Kirghiz SSR , Soviet Union Citizenship .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Soviet Union (until 1991) Ukraine (from 1991) Soviet Union (until 1991) Ukraine (from 1991) Party Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform Other political affiliations Petro Poroshenko Bloc "Solidarity" (2015–2016) [ 3 ] Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Natalija Jehorova ( m. 1996 ; sep. 2022 ) Children 3 Alma mater Pereiaslav-Khmelnytsky Pedagogical Institute Taras Shevchenko National University National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine National Academy for Public Administration Pereiaslav-Khmelnytsky Pedagogical Institute Taras Shevchenko National University National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine National Academy for Public Administration Signature Website klitschko .com Scientific career Thesis Методика визначення якостей боксерів у системі багатоетапного спортивного відбору (2000) Military career Allegiance Soviet Union Ukraine Branch Soviet Army Ukrainian Ground Forces Service years 1989–1991, 2022–present Rank Major Conflicts Battle of Kyiv (2022) Boxing career Nickname Dr. Ironfist Height 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) [ 4 ] Weight Heavyweight Reach 203 cm (80 in) Stance Orthodox Boxing record Total fights 47 Wins 45 Win by KO 41 Losses 2 Medal record body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption} Men's amateur boxing Representing Ukraine Military World Games 1995 Rome Super-heavyweight World Championships 1995 Berlin Super-heavyweight Men's amateur boxing Representing Ukraine Military World Games 1995 Rome Super-heavyweight World Championships 1995 Berlin Super-heavyweight Vitalii Volodymyrovych Klychko ( / v ɪ ˌ t æ l i ˈ k l ɪ tʃ k oʊ / ; Ukrainian : Віта́лій Володи́мирович Кличко́ [wiˈtɑl⁽ʲ⁾ij woloˈdɪmɪrowɪtʃ klɪtʃˈkɔ] ; born 19 July 1971), [ 5 ] known as Vitali Klitschko , [ a ] is a Ukrainian politician and former professional boxer . He serves as mayor of Kyiv . [ 6 ] Until the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022 he also served as head of the Kyiv City State Administration . [ 7 ] Klitschko is a former leader of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc , [ 3 ] and is a former member of the Ukrainian Parliament . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] He became actively involved in Ukrainian politics in 2005 and combined this with his professional boxing career until his retirement from the sport in 2013. [ 10 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] He holds a Doctoral Degree (Ph.D.) in "Sports Science" from Kyiv University's Physical Science and Sports Department. [ 17 ] As a boxer, Klitschko won multiple world heavyweight championships. He held the World Boxing Organization (WBO) title from 1999 to 2000, the Ring magazine title from 2004 to 2005, and the World Boxing Council (WBC) title twice between 2004 and 2013. Overall, he defeated 15 opponents in world heavyweight title fights, [ 18 ] [ 19 ] and made 12 successful title defences. In 2011, Vitali and his younger brother Wladimir Klitschko entered the Guinness World Records as brothers with most world heavyweight title fight wins (30 at the time; 40 as of 2020). [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] From 2006 until 2015, Vitali and Wladimir (also a multiple world champion) dominated heavyweight boxing, a period widely known as the " Klitschko Era " of the division. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Klitschko's last fight was in 2012, but he remained the WBC heavyweight champion at age 42 when he announced his retirement in December 2013. Klitschko formally began his political career in 2006 when he placed second in the Kyiv mayoral race. In 2010, he founded the party Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform (UDAR) and was elected for this party the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election . He was a leading figure in the 2013–2014 Euromaidan protests, and he announced his possible candidacy for the Ukrainian presidency but later withdrew and endorsed the eventual winner Petro Poroshenko . He was elected Mayor of Kyiv on 25 May 2014. [ 25 ] He headed the election list of the winner of the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election , the Petro Poroshenko Bloc but gave up his parliamentary seat to stay on as mayor of Kyiv. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] On 28 August 2015, the UDAR party merged into Petro Poroshenko Bloc, [ 8 ] and Klitschko became the new party leader. [ 8 ] Klitschko was reelected as mayor on 15 November 2015. [ 29 ] Klitschko revived UDAR, and left Petro Poroshenko Bloc with it, in May 2019 and simultaneously announced that UDAR would take part in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election autonomously. [ 30 ] UDAR failed to win any seats. [ 31 ] Klitschko was re-elected to a second term as mayor in the 2020 Kyiv local elections , securing 50.52% of the votes in the first round of voting and thus avoiding a run-off. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Klitschko has become an international symbol of Ukrainian resistance. [ 32 ] Kickboxing and amateur boxing career Klitschko took up boxing, being trained by former Soviet boxer, 1974 World Championships bronze medalist Anatoliy Klimanov , a head boxing coach of the CSKA Kyiv Sports Club. Soviets assembled their kickboxing team, Klitschko was a member. He was competing in amateur boxing , kickboxing , and sport karate simultaneously, showing considerable success in all combat sports in which he was involved. [ 33 ] X Summer Spartakiad of Peoples of the USSR , boxing (+91 kg), Minsk , Belarus SSR , July 1991: 1/2: Lost to Oleg Maskaev (Uzbek SSR) RSC 2 WAKO European Kickboxing Championships, light contact division (+89 kg), Varna, Bulgaria , November 1992: [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Finals: Lost to Pelé Reid (England) KO (at 2:55 by a spin kick to the jaw) ISKA World Super Heavyweight Championships, 1994: Finals: Defeated Richard Vince (United Kingdom) KO 2 XVI President's Boxing Cup (+91 kg) Jakarta, Indonesia , February 1994: 1/2: Lost to Christophe Mendy (France) PTS VII Boxing World Cup (+91 kg), Bangkok, Thailand , June 1994: 1/8: Defeated Ahn Jung-hyun (South Korea) RSCH 5 1/4: Lost to Svilen Rusinov (Bulgaria) 9–10 (5 rds) XLI World Military Boxing Championships (+91 kg), Tunis, Tunisia , 1994: Finals: Lost to Alexei Lezin (Russia) 1–10 XXIII Chemistry Cup (+91 kg), Halle, Germany , March 1995: 1/4: Defeated Willi Fischer (Germany) 10–0 1/2: Defeated René Monse (Germany) 9–3 Finals: Defeated Georgi Kandelaki (Georgia) by walkover World Championships (+91 kg), Berlin, Germany , May 1995: 1/16: Defeated Igor Kshinin (Russia) RSC 1 1/8: Defeated Gytis Juškevičius (Lithuania) RSC 2 1/4: Defeated Attila Levin (Sweden) RET 2 1/2: Defeated René Monse (Germany) 6–5 Finals: Lost to Alexei Lezin (Russia) 3–12 Military World Games (+91 kg), Ariccia, Italy , September 1995: 1/8: Defeated Drago Mijić (Croatia) by walkover 1/4: Defeated Kenneth Horsley (United States) RET 1 1/2: Defeated Svilen Rusinov (Bulgaria) RSC 1 Finals: Defeated Alexei Lezin (Russia) 9–4 WAKO European Kickboxing Championships, light contact division (+89 kg), Kyiv, Ukraine , November 1995: [ 36 ] Finals: Lost to William van Roosmalen (Netherlands) KO (by a high kick) Amateur boxing record : 195 wins (80 knockouts), 15 losses (0 knockouts). [ 37 ] Kickboxing record : 34 wins (22 knockouts), 2 losses (2 knockouts). He was a kickboxing world champion six times (winning amateur world championships twice and professional championship tournaments four times). [ 38 ] In 1996, he finished his amateur boxing career and turned professional, signing with the German-based Universum Box-Promotion (UBP.) Professional boxing career This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous . Find sources: "Vitali Klitschko" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) As an amateur , Klitschko won the super-heavyweight championship at the first World Military Games in Italy in 1995. In the same year he won a silver medal at the World Championships in Berlin, Germany, where he was defeated by Russia's Alexei Lezin in the final. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] In his autobiography, published in Germany in 2004, the boxer revealed that he tested positive for a banned steroid in 1996. He attributed the presence of the drug to treatment of a leg injury, but was dismissed from the Ukrainian boxing team and missed the Atlanta Olympics . [ 41 ] His brother Wladimir moved up from heavyweight to super heavyweight to take his place in the squad and won the Olympic gold medal. WBO heavyweight champion Klitschko began his professional boxing career in 1996, winning his first twenty-four fights by either early knockout or technical knockout. He and Wladimir signed with the German athlete-promotion company Universum. With both brothers holding PhDs and being multilingual, their refined and articulate personalities made for mainstream marketability when they moved to Germany and Universum. In time, they became national celebrities in their adopted home country. In his 25th pro fight on 26 June 1999, Klitschko won the WBO heavyweight title from Herbie Hide of the United Kingdom by a second-round knockout. He successfully defended the title twice. He defeated Ed Mahone by knockout in the third round and beat Obed Sullivan , who retired after the ninth round. Title loss to Byrd By April 2000 Klitschko was unbeaten and a rising star in the heavyweight division, having won all 27 of his contests by knockout. On 1 April, Klitschko had a third title defense against the American Chris Byrd , who was a late replacement. [ 42 ] Byrd made himself a difficult target and tried to thwart Klitschko's offense by being elusive. Klitschko won most of the rounds and was heading towards a comprehensive points victory when he suffered a serious shoulder injury. After the ninth round, Klitschko notified his corner that he had a shoulder pain and threw in the towel , thus handing Klitschko his first defeat and awarding Byrd the win by RTD . At the time of the stoppage, Klitschko had won 8 of 9 rounds on one judge's scorecard, and 7 of 9 on the two others. Klitschko, who was later diagnosed with a torn rotator cuff , received much criticism for quitting the fight. Klitschko rebounded from his loss to Byrd by reeling off five victories in a row, earning himself a shot at WBC heavyweight champion Lennox Lewis . Klitschko vs. Lewis The fight between Lewis and Klitschko was to take place in December 2003, and Klitschko signed for a tune-up fight on 21 June 2003 as part of the undercard of Lewis's fight with Kirk Johnson for the IBO title, as the WBC would not sanction the fight for their title. Johnson, however, pulled out of the fight due to injury and Klitschko, due to his being in training for a fight on the same day as Lewis, took the fight on short notice. Immediately after he accepted, the WBC elected to sanction the fight as a title match and Lewis's The Ring title was also up for grabs in addition to his lineal title. Klitschko, a 4–1 underdog, dominated the early going with many harder punches. He stunned Lewis in the second round with two hard rights, leaving a cut under Lewis's left eye. [ 43 ] In the third, Lewis landed a big right hand that opened a deep cut above Klitschko's left eye. [ 43 ] Before the seventh round, the ringside doctor inspected the wound and deemed it severe enough to threaten eye damage if struck again, stopping the fight despite Klitschko's pleas to continue. Klitschko was ahead on all three judges' scorecards 58–56 (4 rounds to 2) at the time of the stoppage, but because the wound was a result of punches from Lewis, Lewis won by technical knockout . [ 43 ] Negotiations for a 6 December rematch began. [ 44 ] After negotiations collapsed, Klitschko defeated Kirk Johnson in a WBC eliminator bout on 6 December date, [ 45 ] setting up a mandatory rematch with Lewis. In January 2004, the WBC announced that it would strip Lewis of the belt if he let pass a 15 March deadline to sign for a rematch with Klitschko. [ 46 ] Shortly thereafter, Lewis announced his retirement and vacated the title. For years after this fight, Klitschko would occasionally call out Lewis for a rematch, despite the latter having retired in early 2004. [ 47 ] Around this time the Klitschko brothers moved from Hamburg , Germany, to Los Angeles. In January 2004 they notified Universum that they would not re-sign when their contracts expired in April. Universum sued the brothers, arguing that their recent injuries had triggered a clause binding them beyond April. The suit was ultimately resolved in favor of the Klitschkos in November 2009. [ 48 ] WBC and The Ring heavyweight champion Klitschko faced South African Corrie Sanders on 24 April 2004 for the WBC heavyweight championship and The Ring belts that had been vacated by Lewis. Sanders had stopped younger brother Wladimir in the second round (TKO) on 8 March 2003. Klitschko took a heavy shot in round one by Sanders and was almost knocked down right at the end of the round, but by using upper-body movement and accurate punching he broke down Sanders over the following rounds, forcing referee Jon Schorle to stop the bout in the eighth. Klitschko landed 60% of his power punches. Klitschko vs. Williams Klitschko's first WBC title defense was against British boxer Danny Williams . Williams had become suddenly marketable from a KO over Mike Tyson in round 4. Klitschko scored a technical knockout against Williams in 8 rounds on 11 December 2004, while wearing an orange cloth to show support for the Ukrainian presidential opposition movement. Klitschko knocked Williams down in the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 8th rounds before the fight was stopped. Immediately afterward, Klitschko dedicated his victory to democracy in his native Ukraine and also to the Ukrainian presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko , whom he supported on 26 December 2004, election revote . [ 49 ] First retirement (2005-2007) Klitschko was scheduled to make his second defense against former heavyweight champion and current WBC interim champion Hasim Rahman on November 12, 2005 at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas . [ 50 ] However on November 9, with three days before the fight, Klitschko announced his retirement from professional boxing and vacated his title, ultimately canceling the bout. [ 51 ] He had been training to fight Rahman; however, nine days before the fight, he injured his leg while sparring. He snapped his anterior cruciate ligament , which with surgery would take up to a year to heal and possibly prove career ending. To avoid keeping the title out of use, he retired. The WBC was grateful for his consideration. On other occasions, he cited regrets about his suddenly mounting injuries, a desire to leave the sport while still on top and political aspirations in his home country of Ukraine. [ 52 ] Following his retirement, the WBC conferred "champion emeritus" status on Klitschko, and assured him he would become the mandatory challenger if and when he decided to return. [ 53 ] Second WBC heavyweight championship On 3 August 2008 the WBC awarded Klitschko a chance to regain his WBC heavyweight title. After Vitali's retirement, his younger brother had established dominance in the division, winning two of the four world titles available. The reigning WBC Champion was Samuel Peter (who had lost a decision to Wladimir in 2005). At the time, there was interest in a potential Peter vs. Wladimir unification match. Instead, Vitali took advantage of his champion emeritus status and secured a title challenge against Peter. The fight was arranged on 11 October 2008 at O2 World, Berlin . It would be one of the most anticipated heavyweight fights in the past few years. Both men had a rightful claim to being the champion and the stakes for the future of the heavyweight division were high. Despite some questioning Klitschko's decision to return after almost four years, he managed to regain his title in dominating fashion. Klitschko had Peter intimidated from the first round and stunned him with accurate hard punches. Klitschko kept the hard-punching Nigerian off with an effective left jab and took control in the center of the ring. Over eight rounds, Klitschko completely dismantled and outfought the younger champion. After the eighth round, Peter slumped on his stool, shook his head and asked that the bout be stopped. With the Samuel Peter victory, Klitschko technically became one of the few men to ever hold a version of the world heavyweight title three times—WBO (1999–2000), WBC (2004–2005) and WBC (2008–2013). Klitschko vs. Gómez, Arreola, Johnson On 21 March 2009, Klitschko defeated Juan Carlos Gómez by TKO in the ninth round. Gómez tried to use his movement to thwart Klitschko but seemed unable to cope with the power and physical strength of his opponent. As the rounds progressed, Klitschko began imposing himself on Gómez more and more. Gómez soon became wary of Klitschko's power and also began to tire physically. By the sixth round, Klitschko was in total control. The end came when the referee stopped the fight in the ninth round as Gómez appeared unable to withstand any more hits. On 26 September, Klitschko earned a one-sided TKO victory over Chris Arreola at the Staples Center in Los Angeles when Arreola's trainer, Henry Ramirez, asked the referee to stop the fight. [ 54 ] Arreola was considered at the time one of the division's hardest punchers; however, Klitschko kept Arreola at bay with his left jab and hit him almost at will with his right. Arreola had been influenced by Samuel Peter's defeat to Klitschko in 2008, in which Peter had tried to box from the outside. He therefore employed a game-plan which involved applying constant pressure to Klitschko in order to force him into a high tempo fight. Despite his best efforts, the bout became one sided very quickly. Klitschko consistently proved himself faster, sharper and much fitter than Arreola. On 12 December, Klitschko defeated Kevin Johnson by unanimous decision, winning almost every round. Johnson, a skillful fighter, tried to negate Klitschko's strength with angles and head movement. Though he proved hard to hit, he failed to launch any sustained attack of his own. After the Johnson bout, Klitschko's camp began negotiations for a potential fight with former WBA champion Nikolai Valuev , but the match failed to materialize due to economic disagreements. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Klitschko vs. Sosnowski, Briggs, Solís On 29 May 2010, Klitschko defeated Polish heavyweight contender Albert Sosnowski by KO at 2:30 in round 10 of 12. Sosnowski was knocked down by a right hand in the 10th round, prompting referee Jay Nady to immediately wave off the fight. The fight took place at Veltins-Arena , Gelsenkirchen , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany. Klitschko weighed in at 112 kg (247 lb), while Sosnowski weighed in at 110 kg (240 lb). This voluntary defense was Klitschko's fourth defense of the WBC heavyweight title. Sosnowski was the No. 11 ranked heavyweight according to the WBC prior to this bout. [ 60 ] On 17 August 2010, it was announced that Klitschko would defend his WBC title against Shannon Briggs on 16 October of that year. Klitschko completely dismantled his challenger with superior hand speed. Briggs struggled to land any meaningful punches, as Klitschko won every round decisively. After a few rounds, Briggs was receiving a vicious and sustained beating which caused him serious facial injuries. Considering the beating he was receiving, there was some suggestion that the referee should have stopped the bout during the last few rounds. Klitschko had retained his belt with official scores of 120–107, 120–107, and 120–105. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] During the post-fight interview, the American boxer Briggs said: "I've fought George Foreman, I've fought Lennox Lewis, and Vitali's the best." While Klitschko did not knock down Briggs, the latter collapsed after the fight and was hospitalized with facial fractures and a torn biceps. Klitschko's next fight was against mandatory challenger Odlanier Solís . The bout was tentatively scheduled for March 2011. [ 63 ] On 11 January, it was officially confirmed that the fight between Klitschko and Solís was going to take place in Cologne , Germany on 19 March 2011. The fight lasted less than one whole round, as a right hand to Solís's temple wobbled Solís, who then twisted his knee. Klitschko won by KO. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] Klitschko reportedly earned $15 million for the bout. [ 66 ] Klitschko vs. Adamek, Chisora, Charr Now aged 40, Klitschko retained his WBC heavyweight title against Tomasz Adamek on 10 September 2011 in Poland, winning by TKO in the 10th round, in the first ever PPV fight in Polish TV history. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The referee stopped the bout after Adamek received punishing blows and was ruled out, as he was no longer able to defend himself. After turning 41 on 19 July 2012, Klitschko became one of the oldest heavyweight champions in history. Despite having a four-year hiatus from the sport, Klitschko had proven to be a remarkably effective and dominant heavyweight champion once again. Alongside his brother Wladimir, he also fights on for their shared ambition of holding all four heavyweight titles together, an ambition that was realised on 2 July 2011 when brother Wladimir defeated David Haye to win the WBA heavyweight title. In January 2012, he was awarded WBC Fighter of the Year for 2011. [ 69 ] Klitschko was in negotiations for a possible bout with former WBA heavyweight title holder David Haye on 3 March 2012. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] After Wladimir Klitschko had to cancel his fight with Jean-Marc Mormeck , it was thought that Vitali was likely to fight on 25 February 2012. [ 72 ] Sources in Germany reported that he was likely to fight British contender Derek Chisora on 18 February 2012 in Olympiahalle , Munich , Bavaria . [ 73 ] [ 74 ] It was confirmed on 12 December 2011 that Derek Chisora would be Klitschko's next opponent. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Klitschko retained his WBC title unanimously in a dominant display in Munich. The fight was fought against a backdrop of antagonism displayed by Chisora at the weigh in. Chisora slapped Klitschko across the face causing a red mark to be left. [ 77 ] The next day Chisora spat water over the face of Vitali's brother Wladimir. [ 78 ] Vitali won the majority of the rounds boxing a disciplined fight with changing angles and superior footwork. Chisora, constantly coming forward delivering punishing body shots, failed to wear down the older man. The scores were: 118–110, 118–110, and 119–111. [ 79 ] The next day Klitschko visited a hospital to check his shoulder, claiming he injured it in the fight. A doctor confirmed a ligament tear was suffered in his left shoulder. Klitschko said he "suddenly lost strength in the left hand" and was forced to only use his right. The injury was believed to have happened in the second or third round. Klitschko's trainer, Fritz Sdunek, believes this is the same kind of injury Klitschko suffered in his fight with Byrd. [ 80 ] At the post-fight press conference, a brawl ensued between Haye and Chisora. After the altercation, Chisora challenged Haye to a fight in the ring and said, "I am going to shoot David Haye." Chisora was later arrested at a German airport along with his coach, Don Charles. His comments and actions were later condemned by Frank Warren , his promoter, and Wladimir Klitschko. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] [ 84 ] On 2 July 2012, it was announced that Vitali would defend his WBC heavyweight title on 8 September at the Olympic Indoor Arena in Moscow, Russia . [ 85 ] His opponent for the fight was undefeated future WBA heavyweight champion Manuel Charr 21–0 (11 KOs). [ 86 ] Klitschko won the fight via technical knockout when the ringside doctors refused to allow Charr to continue due to a cut received from Klitschko's punches in the fourth round. [ 87 ] Klitschko was expected to face Bermane Stiverne in a mandatory title defense but was forced to pull out due to injury. [ 88 ] Retirement from boxing On 15 December 2013, Klitschko stepped back from boxing. He was announced champion emeritus, which means that if he wants to return to boxing, he can fight the WBC heavyweight champion without having any fights beforehand. [ 10 ] But (right after his retirement from boxing), Klitschko stated "That is something I currently cannot imagine". [ 10 ] The WBC title was vacated and later contested by Chris Arreola and Bermane Stiverne. [ 89 ] Commenting on his decision, he stated "My focus is on politics in Ukraine and I feel the people there need me". [ 10 ] He also added, "I thank the WBC and its president José Sulaimán for the support in our battle for democracy and freedom in Ukraine". Since his retirement, he has maintained a limited level of training and has been in his brother's corner for most fights, most famously when he had an altercation with Anthony Joshua after Anthony Joshua vs. Wladimir Klitschko . [ 10 ] Political career Early years in politics During the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election and the following Orange Revolution , the Klitschko brothers openly supported the candidacy of Viktor Yushchenko . [ 15 ] In 2005, Vitali Klitschko was appointed an adviser to President Yushchenko. [ 15 ] In October 2006, he was promoted to full-time adviser. [ 15 ] Klitschko began campaigning for Mayor of Kyiv shortly after his retirement in 2005 . He lost the 2006 mayoral election to Leonid Chernovetskyi but placed second with 26% of the vote, ahead of the incumbent Oleksandr Omelchenko [ 90 ] Klitschko campaigned on an anti-corruption platform [ 90 ] and lead the bloc "Civic party" PORA-ROP (the parties PORA and Reforms and Order Party ) in the simultaneously held local elections for the Kyiv City Council . [ 91 ] Analysts stated his relatively late entry into the campaign might have cost him votes. Still, Klitschko was elected as a people's deputy to the Kyiv City Council since "Civic party" PORA-ROP won 14 seats in the 2006 election. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] In the May 2008 Kyiv local election , he ran again and won 18% of the vote. Klitschko simultaneously led the Vitali Klitschko Bloc that won 10.61% of the votes and 15 seats and again, he was elected into the Kyiv City Council. [ 93 ] His campaign hired Rudy Giuliani as a consultant for the campaign. [ 90 ] In 2008, he was also appointed to the Ukrainian delegation of the Congress of the Council of Europe . Klitschko became the leader of the political party Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform (UDAR) in April 2010. [ 94 ] During the 2010 Ukrainian local elections , the party won representatives in (Ukrainian) municipalities and Oblast Councils (regional parliaments). [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Klitschko and UDAR became a partner of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany in November 2011. [ 98 ] UDAR is supported by the German government and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation [ 99 ] [ 100 ] and received support in particular from Angela Merkel and also politicians from the conservative European People's Party . According to information gained by the German magazine Der Spiegel , the target was to "set up Klitschko purposefully as a new strong man in Kyiv—in order to counter this way the Kremlin's growing influence". Support consisted in logistics, training and joint performances. Assistance was also promised by Christoph Heusgen , Ronald Pofalla and Guido Westerwelle . [ 101 ] In October 2011, Klitschko announced that he would run in the 2012 Kyiv mayoral election. [ 102 ] During the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election , Klitschko was elected (he was top candidate on UDAR's party list) into the Ukrainian parliament ; UDAR won 13.97% of the popular vote and 34 seats under the nationwide proportional party-list system, finishing third behind the Party of Regions and Fatherland , and another 6 seats in constituencies, thus a total of 40 seats. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Support for UDAR was the least diversified at the regional level compared with the results of the other leading parties. [ 103 ] Klitschko was chosen as the leader of the party's faction in Parliament. [ 104 ] Klitschko announced on 24 October 2013 that he intended to take part in the next Ukrainian presidential election that was then set for 2015 . [ 105 ] [ b ] That same day, the parliament voted for a bill adopting two amendments to the Tax Code, according to which a person who has permanent residency in a foreign state is considered to be a person who does not live in Ukraine; the law also had a provision according to which only a person "permanently residing in Ukraine for ten years" can run for the president. 239 deputies voted for the bill, mostly from the Party of Regions and the Communist Party . [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Experts and lawyers then argued that it was unclear if Klitschko could take part in these elections as, according to media reports, he had a residence permit in Germany. [ 105 ] Opinion polls since early 2011 showed that the predicted percentage of votes that Klitschko would gain in the first round of the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election enlarged from 4.8% in December 2011 to 15.1% in February 2013, and an October 2013 Razumkov Centre poll predicted 19.3%. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ c ] According to all opinion polls but two conducted from January to November 2013 by the Razumkov Centre , Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS), SOCIS , Rating , International Republican Institute and the Democratic Initiatives, Viktor Yanukovych and Klitschko were most likely to go into the second round. For the second round, all opinion polls conducted by same agencies during the same period of time had Vitali winning the potential run-off against Yanukovych, predicting Vitali to earn from 58% to 64%. [ d ] Klitschko was one of the dominant figures of the Euromaidan protests. [ 10 ] During these protests, he retired from boxing. [ 10 ] Political views (until 2013) Klitschko is in favor of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union . [ 126 ] [ 127 ] He sees the European Union as Ukraine's "model for [Ukraine's] future political and economic development." [ 128 ] He believes former President Viktor Yanukovych and his government were "deliberately destroying the integration (into Europe) prospects of Ukraine " [ 129 ] and that Ukrainian politicians have no right to let them "rule after 2014 ". [ 126 ] Klitschko is also in favour of NATO-Ukraine cooperation . [ 130 ] Klitschko's main concern is social standards and the economy of Ukraine . [ 131 ] He believes " the issue of language is not the top priority". [ 131 ] Klitschko wants less corruption and more transparency in Ukrainian politics. [ 128 ] [ 132 ] He also advocates lower taxes to stimulate the economy. [ 128 ] [ 131 ] Klitschko did accuse in October 2011 President Yanukovych and the Azarov Government of "doing everything to manipulate the rules to stay in power longer"; [ 132 ] furthermore (in December 2011) he assert(ed) "every statement of the government" as "a continuation of lies and disinformation." [ 129 ] He has also taken part in rallies for former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko 's release. [ 126 ] [ 133 ] [ e ] In December 2011, Klitschko described the judicial system of Ukraine as "complete degradation" and accused it of violating human rights and humiliating its prisoners . [ 142 ] According to him, Ukraine lacks independent and unbiased judges because the "Ukrainian judiciary is currently a closed system with lifelong judges and appointments made through administrative leverage". [ 131 ] He wants to ensure the independence of judges by switching from a system of appointed judges to a system of elected judges. [ 131 ] In July 2012, Klitschko stated that UDAR would not cooperate with the Party of Regions in the Ukrainian Parliament . [ 143 ] In early April 2013 Klitschko called for early presidential and parliamentary elections in Ukraine. [ 144 ] Mayor of Kyiv On 28 February 2014, Klitschko confirmed that he would take part in the (early) 2014 Ukrainian presidential election . [ 145 ] On 29 March, he announced that he had changed his mind and would run for the post of Mayor of Kyiv in the 2014 Kyiv local election (including Mayoral elections) set for 25 May. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] In the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election Klitschko endorsed the candidacy of Petro Poroshenko . [ 148 ] Klitschko won Kyiv's mayoral elections with almost 57% of the votes in the first round. [ 25 ] [ 149 ] He was sworn in as mayor on 5 June 2014. [ 6 ] The same day the Ukrainian parliament had deprived Klitschko of his MP mandate (Ukrainian MPs are not entitled to combine parliamentary activities with any other public employment). [ 9 ] Poroshenko was elected President of Ukraine on 25 May 2014. [ 150 ] In addition to mayoral elections, UDAR participated in the 2014 Kyiv local election. It won 30 seats in the party-list ballot (40.54% of votes) and 42 seats in constituencies, overall gaining 77 seats in the Kyiv City Council out of 120. [ 151 ] This was the last time that half of the Kyiv City Council seats were elected in constituencies. Poroshenko appointed Klitschko as head of Kyiv City State Administration on 25 June 2014. [ 152 ] Klitschko headed the election list of the Petro Poroshenko Bloc in the late October 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election , but he vowed not to resign as Mayor of Kyiv. [ 26 ] On 21 November 2014 Klitschko gave up his seat in the new parliament. [ 27 ] Petro Poroshenko Bloc won the election with 132 seats out of 423 available. [ 153 ] [ 28 ] On 28 August 2015, UDAR merged into Petro Poroshenko Bloc "Solidarity" . [ 8 ] Klitschko became the new party leader. [ 8 ] In the 2015 Kyiv mayoral election , Klitschko was reelected with 66.5% of vote. [ 29 ] For this, he needed a second round of mayoral elections between him and Boryslav Bereza , after Klitschko scored 40.5% of the vote and Bereza 8.8% in the first round. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] [ 156 ] (Bereza gained 33.51% of the vote in the second round of Mayoral elections. [ 29 ] ) Petro Poroshenko Bloc gained 52 seats in the Kyiv City Council with 27.56% of votes. On 26 May 2016, Klitschko resigned as Petro Poroshenko Bloc chairman, after a new law barring a head of administration to be chairman or a member of a political party took effect on 1 May. [ 3 ] On 18 May 2019, Klitschko announced that UDAR would take part in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election autonomously. [ 30 ] In the election the party only competed in 15 single-mandate constituencies. [ 157 ] It failed to win any seats. [ 31 ] According to the Ukrainian Constitution the head of the Kyiv City State Administration should resign after a new President is elected . [ 158 ] However, following the 21 April 2019 election which was won by Volodymyr Zelenskyy , Klitschko was not dismissed. [ 158 ] A 4 September 2019 decision by the Honcharuk Government to dismiss Klitschko was not executed. [ 158 ] In the election for Mayor of Kyiv of the 2020 Kyiv local elections , Klitschko was again a candidate, nominated by UDAR. He was also endorsed by Petro Poroshenko's party, now named European Solidarity . [ 159 ] He won the election in the first round with 50.52% of the votes, 365,161 people voted for him. [ 160 ] UDAR won 30 Kyiv City Council seats out of 120 in the 2020 Kyiv local election with 19.98% of votes, finishing second behind European Solidarity (20.52% of votes; 31 seats). [ 161 ] As of 25 June 2025, Klitschko is only the third person since 1900 to have served as the Mayor of Kyiv for over 11 years. He is also the only person since Ukraine gained its independence in 1991 to have won three direct democratic Kyiv mayoral elections. Klitschko is a member of the Washington, D.C. -headquartered International Republican Institute 's International Advisory Council. [ 162 ] Russian invasion of Ukraine In February 2022, Klitschko and his brother Wladimir Klitschko pledged to take up arms to protect the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv, in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine that began on 24 February. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] On 25 February, Klitschko posted a video on his Telegram channel to report on casualties in the capital city, stating, "The night was difficult, but there are no Russian troops in the capital. The enemy is trying to break into the city, in particular, from [the direction of] Hostomel , Zhytomyr ." [ 165 ] On 11 March Klitschko made a guest appearance on CNN 's State of the Union . [ 166 ] On 15 March, Klitschko announced a 36-hour curfew from Tuesday night amid what he called a difficult and dangerous moment, stating, "I ask all Kyivites to get prepared to stay at home for two days, or if the sirens go off, in the shelters," About half of Kyiv's 3.4 million residents had fled. [ 167 ] On 23 March, Klitschko and his brother reported from a bandstand in a park victories around Kyiv: Ukrainian forces had taken back most of Irpin (east of Kyiv), all of Makariv (west of Kyiv) and were battling for the village of Liutizh , 20 miles to the north. [ 168 ] By 31 March, Russian forces had withdrawn from Kyiv. [ 169 ] On 10 March 2022, Vitali and Wladimir announced via Telegram that they had raised €100 million of financial support for Ukraine with a fundraising campaign in Germany. [ 170 ] On 6 May, Klitschko warned that there was a high probability of rocket fire across Ukraine in the coming days. There were no plans for a curfew but street patrols would be reinforced. [ 171 ] On 23 May, Klitschko and Ukraine Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba were in Davos , Switzerland to attend the World Economic Forum annual meeting. [ 172 ] Klitschko and his brother spoke at length to an audience the same day. [ 173 ] They told delegates to back Ukraine despite the economic pain, [ 174 ] and that "we are defending you". [ 175 ] They later said in an interview with Sky News , that the "biggest mistake" their audience could make was to think that the "Ukraine war doesn't affect everyone." [ 176 ] On 18 June, Klitschko said that Vladimir Putin was destroying millions of lives in both Ukraine and Russia, adding that Russian soldiers are dying for nothing more than Putin's ambitions. [ 177 ] At the end of June, the Klitschko brothers attended, along with a large delegation of Ukrainians, the 2022 NATO Madrid summit . [ 178 ] On 23 July 2022, The Times posted an article in which it alleged that Vitali and Wladimir were on Vladimir Putin's personal hitlist of 24 high-profile Ukrainian figures whom he wanted assassinated. [ 179 ] [ 180 ] In a December 2023 interview with Der Spiegel , Klitschko accused President Zelenskyy of authoritarianism due to the president's use of powers under martial law. [ 181 ] Of the president, Klitschko said, "At some point we will no longer be any different from Russia, where everything depends on the whim of one man." [ 182 ] Sporting legacy Having never been knocked down, Vitali Klitschko is widely regarded as the tougher fighter of the two brothers. His 87% knockout percentage is regarded as one of the best knockout-to-fight ratios of any champion in heavyweight boxing history. [ 183 ] Vitali was also known for being unusually dominant in his fights, having rarely lost a round in his professional career as a boxer. [ 184 ] During his time as WBC champion, Vitali Klitschko was described as being the best of his time, and George Foreman stated that he has the best straight left in the division. [ 185 ] Both Klitschko brothers are considered the best heavyweight boxers of their era. [ 186 ] Having remained undefeated for a large majority of their careers and refusing to fight each other, both brothers remained largely unchallenged throughout their careers. Notably, both brothers were particularly well known for using their large size to nullify other heavyweights. [ 187 ] In 2011, Wladimir and Vitali entered the Guinness World Records book as the pair of brothers with most world heavyweight title fight wins (30 at the time; 40 as of 2020). [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Considered national heroes in Ukraine, in 2008 the Klitschko brothers were voted the 15th greatest Ukrainians of all time following a nation-wide poll that saw around 2.5 million people casting their votes. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Boxing fights involving one of the Klitschko brothers attracted between 10 and 20 million viewers in Ukraine; some of their fights generated even bigger viewership numbers. [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] [ 196 ] Vitali has been named multiple times among the 100 most influential people in Ukraine by Korrespondent : he was ranked 60th in 2006, 44th in 2010, 41st in 2011, 16th in 2012, 10th in 2013, 23rd in 2017 and 28th in 2019 (the ranking wasn't conducted between 2014 and 2016). [ 197 ] [ 198 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] The Klitschkos were also considered big stars in Germany . [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] A survey carried out by TNS for the Horizont Sport Business in 2003 showed that 90.9% of respondents recognized Vitali while 70.7% celebrated his successes, making him the sixth most recognized and second most beloved athlete in Germany at the time. [ 205 ] According to DW , another research conducted no later than 2011 showed that nearly 99% of people in Germany recognized the Klitschko brothers. [ 206 ] The CPI Index conducted by the agency Celebrity Performance in 2012 had the Klitschkos ranked second on the list of the most marketable celebrities in Germany, [ 207 ] [ 208 ] [ 209 ] while in January 2014, based on a survey of 1151 respondents that was conducted by the same agency, the Klitschko brothers were ranked 6th in the "2013 Person of the Year" category. [ 210 ] At least nine of Vitali's fights generated above 9 million average viewers. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] [ 216 ] The Rammstein song Sonne was written as his entrance song. [ 217 ] Throughout his career, Vitali has defeated 15 boxers for the world heavyweight title, [ 18 ] the fifth-most in history (tied with Lennox Lewis ), including two – Corrie Sanders and Danny Williams – for The Ring world heavyweight championship. [ 19 ] [ 218 ] Klitschko is one of nine boxers to defeat at least ten different fighters for the world heavyweight title. As of April 2025, BoxRec ranks Klitschko among the 100 greatest boxers of all time, pound for pound. [ 219 ] He is the only heavyweight boxer to have reigned as world champion in three different decades. Klitschko and George Foreman are the only heavyweight boxers in history to defend a world title after turning 40. [ 220 ] According to BoxRec, Vitali has defeated 7 previously undefeated fighters with a combined record 135–0–3 (95 KOs) – these 7 included Alben Belinski (professional record 5–0, 5 KOs coming into the fight), [ 221 ] Ed Mahone (21–0–2, 21 KOs), [ 222 ] Timo Hoffmann (22–0, 13 KOs), [ 223 ] Chris Arreola (27–0, 24 KOs), [ 224 ] Kevin Johnson (22–0–1, 9 KOs), [ 225 ] Odlanier Solis (17–0, 12 KOs) [ 226 ] and Manuel Charr (21–0, 11 KOs). [ 227 ] Vitali has defeated 7 current or former world champions throughout his career. Those included heavyweight champions Corrie Sanders , Shannon Briggs and Samuel Peter , two-weight world champion Tomasz Adamek , and cruiserweight champions Juan Carlos Gomez and Orlin Norris . At the end of 2004, Vitali was honoured with the Hero of Ukraine Order of State, the highest Ukrainian honour, for his achievements and contributions to the development of Ukrainian sports. [ 228 ] In 2010, Vitali was awarded the German Cross of the Order of Merit , the highest German honour, for his social and political engagement. [ 229 ] In 2013, Klitschko was awarded the Georgian Presidential Order of Excellence . [ 230 ] In 2018, Vitali was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame . He was elected in his first year of eligibility. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] Known for charity work and philanthropy, both Vitali and Wladimir are among only 15 current or former alive athletes that have been named UNESCO Champions for Sport . [ 233 ] [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Personal life Klitschko's father, Volodymyr Rodionovych Klitschko (1947–2011), was a Soviet Air Force major general and a Soviet military attaché in East Germany. Volodymyr's mother was Jewish . [ 236 ] Part of Vitali's family died during Holodomor , while his great-grandfather and family members on the female line of his mother died in the Holocaust . [ 237 ] The Klitschko brothers lived as children in Czechoslovakia from 1980 to 1985, where their father was stationed with the Soviet Forces . They attended a school designated for children of Soviet soldiers in the town of Mimoň in Northern Bohemia . [ 238 ] The Klitschko brothers lived in Pripyat , Ukrainian SSR from 1985 to 1986, when the town was evacuated following the Chernobyl nuclear disaster . The Klitschko brother's father, Volodymyr Rodionovych Klitschko (1947–2011) was also one of the commanders in charge of cleaning up the effects of the disaster in 1986 and was afterward diagnosed with cancer. The former colonel in the Soviet Union's air force died from lymph node cancer, according to the brothers' management team. [ 239 ] He also served as a military attache at the embassy of Ukraine in Germany. [ 240 ] His mother is Nadiya Ulyanivna. [ 241 ] Klitschko worked at Kyiv Automation Plant as a toolmaker as a young man. [ 242 ] In December 2013, Mykola Chynchyn, the chairman of the Main Investigation Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine during the presidency of Viktor Yanukovych , accused Klitschko of having worked as a debt collector in the 1990s for mafia boss Viktor Rybalko. [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] [ f ] Klitschko has vehemently denied links to Rybalko. [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] Klitschko and Natalija Jehorova, a former athlete and model, [ 15 ] married on 26 April 1996. They have three children. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] On 15 August 2022, Vitali announced that he and Natalija were divorcing. [ 248 ] In 1996, Klitschko graduated from the Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky Pedagogical Institute (Ukraine) [ 15 ] and was accepted into the postgraduate study program at the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv . On 29 February 2000, he presented his doctoral thesis on "talent and sponsorship in sports" [ 249 ] at the "Kyiv University of Physical Science and Sports" and his PhD in Sports Science was conferred. In addition to residing in Kyiv, Klitschko has lived for years in Germany. [ 245 ] According to Klitschko "Germany adopted me, I really love Germany, but I'm not German". [ 245 ] Both Klitschko and his brother Wladimir are avid chess players. Vitali is a friend of former world chess champion Vladimir Kramnik and the two have played, with Kramnik always winning. Klitschko has commented that "chess is similar to boxing. You need to develop a strategy, and you need to think two or three steps ahead about what your opponent is doing. You have to be smart. But what's the difference between chess and boxing? In chess, nobody is an expert, but everybody plays. In boxing everybody is an expert, but nobody fights." [ 250 ] Both Klitschko brothers also have been involved in charitable activities dedicated to supporting the needs of schools, churches and children. In 2002, the Klitschko brothers announced that they had agreed to work for UNESCO . [ 233 ] [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Vitali and his brother never fought each other in a professional fight as their mother made them promise to never fight each other. [ 251 ] Klitschko is fluent in four languages: Ukrainian, Russian, English and German. [ 252 ] Awards and honors In 2010, Klitschko was awarded the German Cross of the Order of Merit for his social and political engagement [ 229 ] In 2013, Klitschko was awarded the Georgian Presidential Order of Excellence [ 230 ] In 2016, Klitschko was named The Eternal world heavyweight champion by the WBC ; the title is awarded to dominant boxers that were undefeated as champions and had plenty of successful title defenses throughout their careers [ 253 ] In 2022, Klitschko was named an honorary member of the European Committee of the Regions [ 254 ] In 2022, Klitschko was named winner of ESPY's Arthur Ashe Award For Courage [ 255 ] Professional boxing record 47 fights 45 wins 2 losses By knockout 41 2 By decision 4 0 No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Age Location Notes 47 Win 45–2 Manuel Charr TKO 4 (12), 2:04 8 Sep 2012 41 years, 51 days Olympic Stadium , Moscow , Russia Retained WBC heavyweight title 46 Win 44–2 Derek Chisora UD 12 18 Feb 2012 40 years, 214 days Olympiahalle , Munich, Germany Retained WBC heavyweight title 45 Win 43–2 Tomasz Adamek TKO 10 (12), 2:20 10 Sep 2011 40 years, 53 days Stadion Miejski , Wrocław , Poland Retained WBC heavyweight title 44 Win 42–2 Odlanier Solís KO 1 (12), 3:00 19 Mar 2011 39 years, 243 days Lanxess Arena , Cologne, Germany Retained WBC heavyweight title 43 Win 41–2 Shannon Briggs UD 12 16 Oct 2010 39 years, 89 days O2 World , Hamburg, Germany Retained WBC heavyweight title 42 Win 40–2 Albert Sosnowski KO 10 (12), 2:30 29 May 2010 38 years, 314 days Veltins-Arena , Gelsenkirchen , Germany Retained WBC heavyweight title 41 Win 39–2 Kevin Johnson UD 12 12 Dec 2009 38 years, 146 days PostFinance Arena , Bern , Switzerland Retained WBC heavyweight title 40 Win 38–2 Chris Arreola RTD 10 (12), 3:00 26 Sep 2009 38 years, 69 days Staples Center, Los Angeles, California, US Retained WBC heavyweight title 39 Win 37–2 Juan Carlos Gómez TKO 9 (12), 1:49 21 Mar 2009 37 years, 245 days Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle , Stuttgart, Germany Retained WBC heavyweight title 38 Win 36–2 Samuel Peter RTD 8 (12), 3:00 11 Oct 2008 37 years, 84 days O2 World , Berlin, Germany Won WBC heavyweight title 37 Win 35–2 Danny Williams TKO 8 (12), 1:26 11 Dec 2004 33 years, 145 days Mandalay Bay Events Center , Paradise, Nevada , US Retained WBC and The Ring heavyweight titles 36 Win 34–2 Corrie Sanders TKO 8 (12), 2:46 24 Apr 2004 32 years, 280 days Staples Center, Los Angeles, California, US Won vacant WBC and The Ring heavyweight titles 35 Win 33–2 Kirk Johnson TKO 2 (12), 2:54 6 Dec 2003 32 years, 140 days Madison Square Garden , New York City, New York , US 34 Loss 32–2 Lennox Lewis TKO 6 (12), 3:00 21 Jun 2003 31 years, 337 days Staples Center , Los Angeles, California , US For WBC , IBO , and The Ring heavyweight titles 33 Win 32–1 Larry Donald TKO 10 (12), 2:35 23 Nov 2002 31 years, 127 days Westfalenhallen , Dortmund , Germany Retained WBA Inter-Continental heavyweight title 32 Win 31–1 Vaughn Bean TKO 11 (12), 1:40 8 Feb 2002 30 years, 204 days Volkswagen Halle , Braunschweig , Germany Retained WBA Inter-Continental heavyweight title 31 Win 30–1 Ross Puritty TKO 11 (12), 1:16 8 Dec 2001 30 years, 142 days König Pilsener Arena , Oberhausen, Germany Retained WBA Inter-Continental heavyweight title 30 Win 29–1 Orlin Norris KO 1 (12), 1:09 27 Jan 2001 29 years, 192 days Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle , Munich, Germany Won vacant WBA Inter-Continental heavyweight title 29 Win 28–1 Timo Hoffmann UD 12 25 Nov 2000 29 years, 129 days Preussag Arena , Hanover, Germany Won vacant European heavyweight title 28 Loss 27–1 Chris Byrd RTD 9 (12), 3:00 1 Apr 2000 28 years, 257 days Estrel Hotel , Berlin, Germany Lost WBO heavyweight title 27 Win 27–0 Obed Sullivan RTD 9 (12), 3:00 11 Dec 1999 28 years, 145 days Alsterdorfer Sporthalle, Hamburg, Germany Retained WBO heavyweight title 26 Win 26–0 Ed Mahone TKO 3 (12), 1:45 9 Oct 1999 28 years, 82 days Arena Oberhausen , Oberhausen , Germany Retained WBO heavyweight title 25 Win 25–0 Herbie Hide KO 2 (12), 1:14 26 Jun 1999 27 years, 342 days London Arena , London , England Won WBO heavyweight title 24 Win 24–0 Ismael Youla TKO 2 (12), 1:30 20 Feb 1999 27 years, 216 days Alsterdorfer Sporthalle, Hamburg, Germany Retained European heavyweight title 23 Win 23–0 Francesco Spinelli TKO 1 (12), 1:49 5 Dec 1998 27 years, 139 days Palace of Sports , Kyiv , Ukraine Retained European heavyweight title 22 Win 22–0 Mario Schiesser TKO 2 (12), 2:00 24 Oct 1998 27 years, 97 days Alsterdorfer Sporthalle , Hamburg, Germany Won vacant European heavyweight title 21 Win 21–0 Ricardo Kennedy TKO 1 (8), 1:31 11 Aug 1998 27 years, 23 days Miccosukee Resort & Gaming , Miami, Florida , US 20 Win 20–0 José Ribalta TKO 2 (8), 2:13 5 Jun 1998 26 years, 321 days Sporthalle Wandsbek, Hamburg, Germany 19 Win 19–0 Dicky Ryan TKO 5 (12) 2 May 1998 26 years, 287 days Hansehalle, Lübeck , Germany Won vacant WBO Inter-Continental heavyweight title 18 Win 18–0 Julius Francis TKO 2 (12) 18 Apr 1998 26 years, 273 days Eurogress, Aachen, Germany 17 Win 17–0 Levi Billups KO 2 (10) 20 Mar 1998 26 years, 244 days Ballsporthalle, Frankfurt, Germany 16 Win 16–0 Louis Monaco KO 3 (10) 7 Mar 1998 26 years, 231 days Sartory Saale, Cologne, Germany 15 Win 15–0 Alben Belinski KO 2 (8) 30 Jan 1998 26 years, 195 days Berdux Filmstudios, Munich , Germany 14 Win 14–0 Marcus Rhode TKO 2 (10) 17 Jan 1998 26 years, 182 days Sport- und Erholungszentrum, Berlin , Germany 13 Win 13–0 Anthony Willis KO 5 (8) 20 Dec 1997 26 years, 154 days Oberrheinhalle, Offenburg , Germany 12 Win 12–0 Herman Delgado TKO 3 (8) 29 Nov 1997 26 years, 133 days Rheinstrandhalle, Karlsruhe , Germany 11 Win 11–0 Gilberto Williamson KO 6 (8), 2:50 8 Nov 1997 26 years, 112 days Ballsporthalle, Frankfurt, Germany 10 Win 10–0 Will Hinton KO 2 (6) 4 Oct 1997 26 years, 77 days Stadionsporthalle, Hanover , Germany 9 Win 9–0 Jimmy Haynes KO 2 (6) 14 Jun 1997 25 years, 330 days Saaltheater Hubert Geulen, Aachen, Germany 8 Win 8–0 Cleveland Woods KO 2 (6), 2:16 10 May 1997 25 years, 295 days Ballsporthalle , Frankfurt, Germany 7 Win 7–0 Derrick Roddy TKO 2 (6), 2:14 12 Apr 1997 25 years, 267 days Eurogress, Aachen , Germany 6 Win 6–0 Calvin Jones KO 1 (6), 2:58 8 Mar 1997 25 years, 232 days Sartory Saale, Cologne , Germany 5 Win 5–0 Troy Roberts TKO 2 (6), 1:14 22 Feb 1997 25 years, 218 days Sporthalle Wandsbek, Hamburg, Germany 4 Win 4–0 Mike Acklie KO 1 (6), 0:32 25 Jan 1997 25 years, 190 days Maritim Hotel, Stuttgart , Germany 3 Win 3–0 Brian Sargent TKO 2 (6), 1:08 21 Dec 1996 25 years, 155 days Zoological Garden , Frankfurt , Germany 2 Win 2–0 Frantisek Sumina TKO 1 (4), 1:12 30 Nov 1996 25 years, 134 days Arena Nova , Wiener Neustadt , Austria 1 Win 1–0 Tony Bradham KO 2 (4), 1:14 16 Nov 1996 25 years, 120 days Sporthalle Wandsbek , Hamburg , Germany Titles in boxing Major world titles WBC heavyweight champion (200+ lbs) (2×) WBO heavyweight champion (200+ lbs) The Ring magazine titles The Ring heavyweight champion (200+ lbs) Regional/International titles WBA Inter-Continental heavyweight champion (200+ lbs) WBO Inter-Continental heavyweight champion (200+ lbs) European heavyweight champion (200+ lbs) (2×) Honorary titles WBC Eternal Champion WBC Emeritus Champion Professional kickboxing record (incomplete) 34 wins (22 knockouts,) 2 losses (2 knockouts.) Date Result Opponent Event Location Method Round Time 1993-11-27 Win Ryūshi Yanagisawa AJKF "Evolution Step 8" [ 256 ] Tokyo, Japan Decision (Unanimous) 5 2:00 1992-09-06 Win Brad Hefton ISKA USA Vs. The World Las Vegas, Nevada , USA Decision (Unanimous) 12 2:00 Wins the ISKA Full Contact World Super Heavyweight Championship. Legend : .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Win Loss Draw/No contest Notes Viewership Germany Date Fight Billing [ 257 ] Viewership ( avg. ) Network Source(s) 1 April 2000 Vitali Klitschko vs. Chris Byrd Klitschko vs. Byrd 9,790,000 Sat.1 [ 258 ] 8 December 2001 Vitali Klitschko vs. Ross Puritty Revenge of the Brother II 7,390,000 Sat.1 [ 259 ] 23 November 2002 Vitali Klitschko vs. Larry Donald Klitschko vs. Donald 10,590,000 ZDF [ 211 ] 11 October 2008 Samuel Peter vs. Vitali Klitschko Dangerzone 9,670,000 RTL Television [ 260 ] 21 March 2009 Vitali Klitschko vs. Juan Carlos Gomez Universum Presents Boxing [ 261 ] 10,880,000 RTL Television [ 212 ] 12 December 2009 Vitali Klitschko vs. Kevin Johnson Klitschko Time 11,160,000 RTL Television [ 213 ] 29 May 2010 Vitali Klitschko vs. Albert Sosnowski Fists of Steel 6,710,000 RTL Television [ 262 ] 16 October 2010 Vitali Klitschko vs. Shannon Briggs Thunderstorm 13,290,000 RTL Television [ 214 ] 19 March 2011 Vitali Klitschko vs. Odlanier Solís Dr. Eisenfaust vs. La Sombra 10,980,000 RTL Television [ 215 ] 10 September 2011 Vitali Klitschko vs. Tomasz Adamek Battle of the 21st Century 9,510,000 RTL Television [ 263 ] 18 February 2012 Vitali Klitschko vs. Derek Chisora Showdown in Munich 12,880,000 RTL Television [ 216 ] 8 September 2012 Vitali Klitschko vs. Manuel Charr Klitschko vs. Charr 8,750,000 RTL Television [ 264 ] Total viewership 121,600,000 Ukraine Date Fight Billing [ 257 ] Viewership ( est. ) Network Source(s) 9 October 1999 Vitali Klitschko vs. Ed Mahone Klitschko vs. Mahone 11,000,000 1+1 [ 193 ] 16 October 2010 Vitali Klitschko vs. Shannon Briggs Thunderstorm 13,000,000 Inter [ 265 ] 18 February 2012 Vitali Klitschko vs. Derek Chisora Showdown in Munich 20,200,000 Inter [ 194 ] Total viewership 43,200,000 Russia Date Fight Billing [ 257 ] Viewership ( est. ) Network Source(s) 11 December 2004 Vitali Klitschko vs. Danny Williams Klitschko vs. Williams: KO in NY 17,500,000 1 Kanal [ 266 ] [ 267 ] 26 September 2009 Vitali Klitschko vs. Chris Arreola No Mercy 5,000,000 N/A [ 268 ] Total viewership 22,500,000 Hungary Date Fight Billing [ 257 ] Viewership ( est. ) Network Source(s) 18 February 2012 Vitali Klitschko vs. Derek Chisora Showdown in Munich 400,000 Sport1 [ 269 ] Total viewership 400,000 United States Premium television Date Fight Billing [ 257 ] Viewership ( avg. ) Network Source(s) 21 June 2003 Lennox Lewis vs. Vitali Klitschko Battle of the Titans 7,036,000 HBO [ 270 ] 24 April 2004 Vitali Klitschko vs. Corrie Sanders Let the Next Era Begin 2,300,000 [ nb 1 ] HBO [ 271 ] 3,300,000 HBO [ 272 ] 26 September 2009 Vitali Klitschko vs. Chris Arreola No Mercy 2,100,000 HBO [ 273 ] Total viewership 12,436,000 ^ Average number of households Pay-per-view bouts Date Fight Billing [ 257 ] Pay-per-view buys Network Source(s) 11 December 2004 Vitali Klitschko vs. Danny Williams Klitschko vs. Williams: KO in NY [ 274 ] 120,000 HBO PPV [ 275 ] Total sales 120,000 HBO PPV Poland Free-to-air television Date Fight Billing [ 257 ] Viewership ( avg. ) Network Source(s) 10 September 2011 Vitali Klitschko vs. Tomasz Adamek Battle of the 21st Century 1,150,000 RTL Television [ 67 ] [ 68 ] 18 February 2012 Vitali Klitschko vs. Derek Chisora Showdown in Munich 3,309,000 Polsat [ 276 ] 525,000 Polsat Sport [ 276 ] 208,000 Polsat Sport Extra [ 276 ] Total viewership 5,192,000 Pay-per-view bouts Date Fight Billing [ 257 ] Pay-per-view buys Network Source(s) 10 September 2011 Vitali Klitschko vs. Tomasz Adamek Battle of the 21st Century 200,000 Cyfra+ PPV [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 277 ] Total sales 200,000 Cyfra+ PPV See also Martial arts portal Ukraine portal List of The Ring world champions List of world heavyweight boxing champions List of mayors of Kyiv Notes ^ / ˈ k l ɪ tʃ k oʊ / , note that this name is a German transliteration of Russian : Виталий Кличко , romanized : Vitaly Klichko ^ In December 2013, he stated "My plans have no changed. I made a decision [...] I will run for president of Ukraine [ 106 ] ^ Since February 2013 polls predict that Klitschko will win the second round of the 2015 presidential election against incumbent President Viktor Yanukovych . [ 111 ] [ 109 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] ^ See [ 114 ] [ 115 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ] [ 118 ] [ 119 ] [ 120 ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] [ 123 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] ^ Klitschko wanted former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko and former Interior Minister Yuriy Lutsenko to be able to participate in the 2012 parliamentary elections (Lutsenko has been charged with abuse of power and Tymoshenko has been sentenced on the same charge). [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Tymoshenko was released on 22 February 2014, in the concluding days of the " Revolution of Dignity ", following a revision of the Ukrainian criminal code that effectively decriminalized the actions for which she was imprisoned and officially rehabilitated on 28 February 2014. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Lutsenko was on 7 April 2013 released from prison because Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had pardoned him (among others) for health reasons. [ 139 ] [ 140 ] [ 141 ] ^ After 25 December 2013 attack on Tetiana Chornovol police investigator Mykola Chynchyn stated that one of the suspects in this case used to be in a criminal organization led by Viktor Rybalko; and added " The Klitschko brothers allegedly were closely involved in Rybalko's organization". [ 243 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Zelenskyi has appointed professional soldier as head of Kyiv City Military Administration" . 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External links Official website Vitali Klitschko at BoxRec (registration required) Real Stories: Vitali and Wladimir Klitschko at Grantland Sporting positions Regional boxing titles Vacant Title last held by Pelé Reid WBO Inter-Continental heavyweight champion 2 May 1998 – 10 October 1998 Vacated Vacant Title next held by Danny Williams Vacant Title last held by Zeljko Mavrovic European heavyweight champion 24 October 1998 – 26 June 1999 Vacated Vacant Title next held by Wladimir Klitschko Vacant Title last held by Wladimir Klitschko European heavyweight champion 25 November 2000 – 5 January 2002 Vacated Vacant Title next held by Luan Krasniqi Vacant Title last held by Wladimir Klitschko WBA Inter-Continental heavyweight champion 27 January 2001 – 21 June 2003 Vacated Vacant Title next held by Wladimir Klitschko World boxing titles Preceded by Herbie Hide WBO heavyweight champion 26 June 1999 – 1 April 2000 Succeeded by Chris Byrd Vacant Title last held by Lennox Lewis WBC heavyweight champion 24 April 2004 – 9 November 2005 Retired Succeeded by Hasim Rahman promoted from interim status The Ring heavyweight champion 24 April 2004 – 9 November 2005 Retired Vacant Title next held by Wladimir Klitschko Preceded by Samuel Peter WBC heavyweight champion 11 October 2008 – 16 December 2013 Retired Vacant Title next held by Bermane Stiverne Awards Previous: Paulie Malignaggi The Ring Comeback of the Year 2008 Next: Floyd Mayweather Jr. Records Preceded by Jess Willard 1.99 m (6 ft 6 ½ in) Tallest world champion 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) 26 June 1999 – 17 December 2005 With: Henry Akinwande Succeeded by Nikolai Valuev 2.14 m (7 ft 0 in) Preceded by Mac Foster Alex Stewart 24 Most consecutive knockouts from the start of a heavyweight career 27 26 June 1999 – 27 April 2013 Succeeded by Deontay Wilder 32 Party political offices Preceded by Roman Romaniuk Leader of the Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform 2010–2015 Position abolished Political offices Preceded by Halyna Hereha Acting Mayor of Kyiv 2014–present Incumbent Preceded by Volodymyr Bondarenko Head of the Kyiv City State Administration 2014–present .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Current heads of first-level administrative divisions of Ukraine v t e Cherkasy Oblast : Taburets Chernihiv Oblast : Chaus Chernivtsi Oblast : Zaparanyuk Dnipropetrovsk Oblast : Lysak Donetsk Oblast 2 : Filashkin Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast : Onyschuk Kharkiv Oblast : Syniehubov Kherson Oblast 2 : Prokudin Khmelnytskyi Oblast : Tiurin Kyiv Oblast : Kalashnyk Kirovohrad Oblast : Raykovych Luhansk Oblast 2 : Lysohor Lviv Oblast : Kozytskyi Mykolaiv Oblast : Kim Odesa Oblast : Kiper Poltava Oblast : Pronin Rivne Oblast : Koval Sumy Oblast : Artyukh Ternopil Oblast : Nehoda Vinnytsia Oblast : Zabolotna Volyn Oblast : Pohulyayko Zakarpattia Oblast : Biletskyi Zaporizhzhia Oblast 2 : Fedorov Zhytomyr Oblast : Bunechko Cherkasy Oblast : Taburets Chernihiv Oblast : Chaus Chernivtsi Oblast : Zaparanyuk Dnipropetrovsk Oblast : Lysak Donetsk Oblast 2 : Filashkin Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast : Onyschuk Kharkiv Oblast : Syniehubov Kherson Oblast 2 : Prokudin Khmelnytskyi Oblast : Tiurin Kyiv Oblast : Kalashnyk Kirovohrad Oblast : Raykovych Luhansk Oblast 2 : Lysohor Lviv Oblast : Kozytskyi Mykolaiv Oblast : Kim Odesa Oblast : Kiper Poltava Oblast : Pronin Rivne Oblast : Koval Sumy Oblast : Artyukh Ternopil Oblast : Nehoda Vinnytsia Oblast : Zabolotna Volyn Oblast : Pohulyayko Zakarpattia Oblast : Biletskyi Zaporizhzhia Oblast 2 : Fedorov Zhytomyr Oblast : Bunechko Cities with special status Kyiv : Klitschko Sevastopol 1 : vacant Kyiv : Klitschko Sevastopol 1 : vacant Autonomous republic Crimea 1 : vacant Crimea 1 : vacant 1 Claimed and controlled by Russia as the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol 2 Regions are claimed and partly controlled by Russia v t e Vitali Klitschko v t e Fights Hide vs. Klitschko Klitschko vs. Byrd Lewis vs. Klitschko Klitschko vs. Sanders Klitschko vs. Williams Peter vs. Klitschko Klitschko vs. Briggs Klitschko vs. Solís Klitschko vs. Adamek Klitschko vs. Chisora Klitschko vs. Charr Hide vs. Klitschko Klitschko vs. Byrd Lewis vs. Klitschko Klitschko vs. Sanders Klitschko vs. Williams Peter vs. Klitschko Klitschko vs. Briggs Klitschko vs. Solís Klitschko vs. Adamek Klitschko vs. Chisora Klitschko vs. Charr Trainers Fritz Sdunek (1996–2004, 2007–2013) Fritz Sdunek (1996–2004, 2007–2013) Promoters Universum Box-Promotion (1996–2004) K2 Promotions (2003–2013) Universum Box-Promotion (1996–2004) K2 Promotions (2003–2013) Other Klitschko brothers Klitschko brothers v t e Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year v t e 2000: Lance Armstrong * 2001: Jennifer Capriati 2002: Goran Ivanišević 2003: Ronaldo 2004: Hermann Maier 2005: Alex Zanardi 2006: Martina Hingis 2007: Serena Williams 2008: Paula Radcliffe 2009: Vitali Klitschko 2010: Kim Clijsters 2011: Valentino Rossi 2012: Darren Clarke 2013: Félix Sánchez 2014: Rafael Nadal 2015: Schalk Burger 2016: Dan Carter 2017: Michael Phelps 2018: Roger Federer 2019: Tiger Woods 2020: Sophia Flörsch 2021: Max Parrot 2022: Sky Brown 2023: Christian Eriksen 2024: Simone Biles 2025: Rebeca Andrade 2000: Lance Armstrong * 2001: Jennifer Capriati 2002: Goran Ivanišević 2003: Ronaldo 2004: Hermann Maier 2005: Alex Zanardi 2006: Martina Hingis 2007: Serena Williams 2008: Paula Radcliffe 2009: Vitali Klitschko 2010: Kim Clijsters 2011: Valentino Rossi 2012: Darren Clarke 2013: Félix Sánchez 2014: Rafael Nadal 2015: Schalk Burger 2016: Dan Carter 2017: Michael Phelps 2018: Roger Federer 2019: Tiger Woods 2020: Sophia Flörsch 2021: Max Parrot 2022: Sky Brown 2023: Christian Eriksen 2024: Simone Biles 2025: Rebeca Andrade v t e Arthur Ashe Courage Award winners v t e Named after Arthur Ashe 1993: Valvano 1994: Palermo 1995: Cosell 1996: Claiborne 1997: Ali 1998: D. Smith 1999: King 2000: Sanders 2001: Freeman 2002: Flight 93 passengers Beamer Bingham Burnett Glick 2003: P. Tillman & K. Tillman 2004: Weah 2005: MacLaren & Yeboah 2006: Ahmad & Kohestani 2007: Cullen & Ringland 2008: Carlos & T. Smith 2009: Mandela 2010: Thomas 2011: Bozella 2012: Summitt 2013: Roberts 2014: Sam 2015: Jenner 2016: Dobson 2017: Shriver 2018: USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal survivors; ibnlt : Biles Dantzscher Denhollander Douglas Maroney Nichols Raisman Wieber 2019: Russell 2020: Love 2021: Moore 2022: Klitschko 2023: USWNST 2024: Gleason 2025: Robertson 1993: Valvano 1994: Palermo 1995: Cosell 1996: Claiborne 1997: Ali 1998: D. Smith 1999: King 2000: Sanders 2001: Freeman 2002: Flight 93 passengers Beamer Bingham Burnett Glick Beamer Bingham Burnett Glick 2003: P. Tillman & K. Tillman 2004: Weah 2005: MacLaren & Yeboah 2006: Ahmad & Kohestani 2007: Cullen & Ringland 2008: Carlos & T. Smith 2009: Mandela 2010: Thomas 2011: Bozella 2012: Summitt 2013: Roberts 2014: Sam 2015: Jenner 2016: Dobson 2017: Shriver 2018: USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal survivors; ibnlt : Biles Dantzscher Denhollander Douglas Maroney Nichols Raisman Wieber Biles Dantzscher Denhollander Douglas Maroney Nichols Raisman Wieber 2019: Russell 2020: Love 2021: Moore 2022: Klitschko 2023: USWNST 2024: Gleason 2025: Robertson v t e Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity v t e 21 November 2013 – 23 February 2014 Main topics Timeline of the Euromaidan Domestic responses to the Euromaidan International reactions to the Euromaidan Casualties Heavenly Hundred Order of the Heavenly Hundred Heroes Damaged communist monuments Timeline of the Euromaidan Domestic responses to the Euromaidan International reactions to the Euromaidan Casualties Heavenly Hundred Heavenly Hundred Order of the Heavenly Hundred Heroes Damaged communist monuments Main events 1 December 2013 protests Fall of the monument to Lenin in Kyiv 11 December 2013 assault Ukrainian–Russian action plan Anti-Maidan Vasylkiv terrorists case Anti-protest laws in Ukraine 2014 Odesa clashes 2014 Hrushevsky Street protests 2014 RSA occupations Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine Revolution of Dignity 1 December 2013 protests Fall of the monument to Lenin in Kyiv 11 December 2013 assault Ukrainian–Russian action plan Anti-Maidan Vasylkiv terrorists case Anti-protest laws in Ukraine 2014 Odesa clashes 2014 Hrushevsky Street protests 2014 RSA occupations Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine Revolution of Dignity Aftermath 2014 pro-Russian unrest Timeline Russian military intervention 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia Timeline War in Donbas timeline First Yatsenyuk government Lustration in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine 2014 pro-Russian unrest Timeline Timeline Russian military intervention 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia Timeline Timeline War in Donbas timeline timeline First Yatsenyuk government Lustration in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Elections 2014 Ukrainian presidential election 2014 Ukrainian local elections 2014 Kyiv local election 2014 Crimean status referendum 2014 Donbas status referendums 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2014 Ukrainian presidential election 2014 Ukrainian local elections 2014 Kyiv local election 2014 Crimean status referendum 2014 Donbas status referendums 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election Main places Maidan Nezalezhnosti Mezhyhirya Khreshchatyk Lypky Bankova Street European Square Hrushevskoho Street Dynamo Stadium Kyiv City Council Trade Unions Building Ukrainian House Mariinskyi Park October Palace Ukrainian National Tchaikovsky Academy of Music Maidan Nezalezhnosti Mezhyhirya Khreshchatyk Lypky Bankova Street European Square Hrushevskoho Street Dynamo Stadium Kyiv City Council Trade Unions Building Ukrainian House Mariinskyi Park October Palace Ukrainian National Tchaikovsky Academy of Music European integration Ukraine–European Union relations Eastern Partnership European Union Association Agreement European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement Constitution of Ukraine Ukraine–European Union relations Eastern Partnership European Union Association Agreement European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement Constitution of Ukraine Protest figures Organizations Maidan People's Union Euromaidan Press Parliamentary opposition parties Batkivshchyna Svoboda UDAR Other parties Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists Democratic Alliance UNA–UNSO United Left and Peasants Civic organizations Automaidan Road Control Vidsich Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Militant groups Autonomous Resistance Right Sector Spilna Sprava Lead figures Vitali Klitschko Arseniy Yatsenyuk Oleh Tyahnybok Petro Poroshenko Yuriy Lutsenko Oleksandr Turchynov Yulia Tymoshenko Andriy Parubiy Andriy Sadovyi Arsen Avakov Ruslana Tetiana Chornovol Dmytro Bulatov Dmytro Yarosh Refat Chubarov Organizations Maidan People's Union Euromaidan Press Parliamentary opposition parties Batkivshchyna Svoboda UDAR Other parties Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists Democratic Alliance UNA–UNSO United Left and Peasants Civic organizations Automaidan Road Control Vidsich Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Militant groups Autonomous Resistance Right Sector Spilna Sprava Maidan People's Union Euromaidan Press Parliamentary opposition parties Batkivshchyna Svoboda UDAR Batkivshchyna Svoboda UDAR Other parties Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists Democratic Alliance UNA–UNSO United Left and Peasants Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists Democratic Alliance UNA–UNSO United Left and Peasants Civic organizations Automaidan Road Control Vidsich Automaidan Road Control Vidsich Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People Militant groups Autonomous Resistance Right Sector Spilna Sprava Autonomous Resistance Right Sector Spilna Sprava Lead figures Vitali Klitschko Arseniy Yatsenyuk Oleh Tyahnybok Petro Poroshenko Yuriy Lutsenko Oleksandr Turchynov Yulia Tymoshenko Andriy Parubiy Andriy Sadovyi Arsen Avakov Ruslana Tetiana Chornovol Dmytro Bulatov Dmytro Yarosh Refat Chubarov Vitali Klitschko Arseniy Yatsenyuk Oleh Tyahnybok Petro Poroshenko Yuriy Lutsenko Oleksandr Turchynov Yulia Tymoshenko Andriy Parubiy Andriy Sadovyi Arsen Avakov Ruslana Tetiana Chornovol Dmytro Bulatov Dmytro Yarosh Refat Chubarov Anti-protest figures Organizations Second Azarov government Ministry of Internal Affairs Internal Troops of Ukraine Security Service of Ukraine Berkut Militsiya (Ukraine) Party of Regions Titushky Night Wolves Don Cossacks Lead figures Viktor Yanukovych Mykola Azarov Serhiy Arbuzov Vitaliy Zakharchenko Oleksandr Yefremov Andriy Klyuyev Hennadiy Kernes Mykhailo Dobkin Viktor Pshonka Olena Lukash Yuriy Boyko Leonid Kozhara Dmytro Tabachnyk Oleksandr Klymenko Organizations Second Azarov government Ministry of Internal Affairs Internal Troops of Ukraine Security Service of Ukraine Berkut Militsiya (Ukraine) Party of Regions Titushky Night Wolves Don Cossacks Second Azarov government Ministry of Internal Affairs Internal Troops of Ukraine Security Service of Ukraine Berkut Militsiya (Ukraine) Party of Regions Titushky Night Wolves Don Cossacks Lead figures Viktor Yanukovych Mykola Azarov Serhiy Arbuzov Vitaliy Zakharchenko Oleksandr Yefremov Andriy Klyuyev Hennadiy Kernes Mykhailo Dobkin Viktor Pshonka Olena Lukash Yuriy Boyko Leonid Kozhara Dmytro Tabachnyk Oleksandr Klymenko Viktor Yanukovych Mykola Azarov Serhiy Arbuzov Vitaliy Zakharchenko Oleksandr Yefremov Andriy Klyuyev Hennadiy Kernes Mykhailo Dobkin Viktor Pshonka Olena Lukash Yuriy Boyko Leonid Kozhara Dmytro Tabachnyk Oleksandr Klymenko v t e 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Overview General Timeline Control of cities Information war Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Proposed no-fly zone Reparations Weapons Prelude Reactions Disinformation " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Zapad 2021 Ukraine cyberattacks Union Resolve 2022 Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Rashism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Russia–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO General Timeline Control of cities Information war Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Proposed no-fly zone Reparations Weapons Timeline Control of cities Information war Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Proposed no-fly zone Reparations Weapons Prelude Reactions Disinformation " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Zapad 2021 Ukraine cyberattacks Union Resolve 2022 Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Reactions Disinformation " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Zapad 2021 Ukraine cyberattacks Union Resolve 2022 Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Rashism Annexation of Crimea reactions reactions War in Donbas Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Rashism Foundations of Geopolitics Rashism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Russia–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Russia–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO enlargement of NATO Military engagements Southern Ukraine Attack on Snake Island Battle of Kherson Bombing of Odessa Battle of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Chornobaivka Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Eastern Ukraine Battle of Avdiivka Siege of Mariupol Battle of Starobilsk Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Tokmak Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Sloviansk Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Chernobyl Battle of Ivankiv Battle of Kyiv Battle of Hostomel Battle of Vasylkiv Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Northeastern Ukraine Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Konotop Battle of Sumy Battle of Trostianets Siege of Chernihiv Battle of Chuhuiv Battle of Okhtyrka Battle of Lebedyn Battle of Izium Airstrikes at military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Vinnytsia attacks Yavoriv military base attack Kherson airport airstrike Berdiansk port attack Attack on Belgorod Assassination attempts Volodymyr Zelenskyy Southern Ukraine Attack on Snake Island Battle of Kherson Bombing of Odessa Battle of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Chornobaivka Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Attack on Snake Island Battle of Kherson Bombing of Odessa Battle of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Chornobaivka Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Eastern Ukraine Battle of Avdiivka Siege of Mariupol Battle of Starobilsk Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Tokmak Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Sloviansk Battle of Avdiivka Siege of Mariupol Battle of Starobilsk Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Tokmak Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Sloviansk Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Chernobyl Battle of Ivankiv Battle of Kyiv Battle of Hostomel Battle of Vasylkiv Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Chernobyl Battle of Ivankiv Battle of Kyiv Battle of Hostomel Battle of Vasylkiv Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Northeastern Ukraine Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Konotop Battle of Sumy Battle of Trostianets Siege of Chernihiv Battle of Chuhuiv Battle of Okhtyrka Battle of Lebedyn Battle of Izium Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Konotop Battle of Sumy Battle of Trostianets Siege of Chernihiv Battle of Chuhuiv Battle of Okhtyrka Battle of Lebedyn Battle of Izium Airstrikes at military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Vinnytsia attacks Yavoriv military base attack Kherson airport airstrike Berdiansk port attack Attack on Belgorod Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Vinnytsia attacks Yavoriv military base attack Kherson airport airstrike Berdiansk port attack Attack on Belgorod Assassination attempts Volodymyr Zelenskyy Volodymyr Zelenskyy War crimes Attacks on civilians Zhytomyr attacks Kharkiv cluster bombing Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Mykolaiv cluster bombing Donetsk attacks Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Mariupol art school bombing Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak Mykolaiv government building airstrike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack Bombing of Borodianka Belgorod and Bryansk attacks Legal cases ICC investigation ICJ court case Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Attacks on civilians Zhytomyr attacks Kharkiv cluster bombing Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Mykolaiv cluster bombing Donetsk attacks Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Mariupol art school bombing Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak Mykolaiv government building airstrike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack Bombing of Borodianka Belgorod and Bryansk attacks Zhytomyr attacks Kharkiv cluster bombing Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Mykolaiv cluster bombing Donetsk attacks Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Mariupol art school bombing Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak Mykolaiv government building airstrike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack Bombing of Borodianka Belgorod and Bryansk attacks Legal cases ICC investigation ICJ court case Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction ICC investigation ICJ court case Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations frozen Russian funds Foreign aid humanitarian military Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief International Legion "Freedom of Russia" Legion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion Look for Your Own Russia Moscow rally Russian fake news laws Ukraine biolabs conspiracy theory Unfriendly Countries List " What Russia should do with Ukraine " Pro-Ukraine India Operation Ganga United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine United States State of the Union Address Task Force KleptoCapture United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Security Council Resolution 2623 EU and NATO Brussels extraordinary summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar REPowerEU SWIFT ban against Russian banks Other Belarusian involvement Chechen involvement Chinese response Consecration of Russia Public Protests In Russian-occupied Ukraine In Russia Anti-War Committee Feminist Anti-War Resistance Marina Ovsyannikova White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Technology IT Army of Ukraine Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Anonymous Russian Asset Tracker Ukraine Siren Alerts Other Collaboration with Russia Concert for Ukraine Global Tour for Peace Open letter from Nobel laureates Rail war in Belarus States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations frozen Russian funds Foreign aid humanitarian military Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief International Legion "Freedom of Russia" Legion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion Look for Your Own Russia Moscow rally Russian fake news laws Ukraine biolabs conspiracy theory Unfriendly Countries List " What Russia should do with Ukraine " Pro-Ukraine India Operation Ganga United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine United States State of the Union Address Task Force KleptoCapture United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Security Council Resolution 2623 EU and NATO Brussels extraordinary summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar REPowerEU SWIFT ban against Russian banks Other Belarusian involvement Chechen involvement Chinese response Consecration of Russia General Sanctions people and organizations frozen Russian funds Foreign aid humanitarian military Sanctions people and organizations frozen Russian funds people and organizations frozen Russian funds Foreign aid humanitarian military humanitarian military Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief International Legion "Freedom of Russia" Legion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion Look for Your Own Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief International Legion "Freedom of Russia" Legion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion "Freedom of Russia" Legion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion Look for Your Own Russia Moscow rally Russian fake news laws Ukraine biolabs conspiracy theory Unfriendly Countries List " What Russia should do with Ukraine " Moscow rally Russian fake news laws Ukraine biolabs conspiracy theory Unfriendly Countries List " What Russia should do with Ukraine " Pro-Ukraine India Operation Ganga United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine United States State of the Union Address Task Force KleptoCapture India Operation Ganga Operation Ganga United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine United States State of the Union Address Task Force KleptoCapture State of the Union Address Task Force KleptoCapture United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Security Council Resolution 2623 Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Security Council Resolution 2623 EU and NATO Brussels extraordinary summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar REPowerEU SWIFT ban against Russian banks Brussels extraordinary summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar REPowerEU SWIFT ban against Russian banks Other Belarusian involvement Chechen involvement Chinese response Consecration of Russia Belarusian involvement Chechen involvement Chinese response Consecration of Russia Public Protests In Russian-occupied Ukraine In Russia Anti-War Committee Feminist Anti-War Resistance Marina Ovsyannikova White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Technology IT Army of Ukraine Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Anonymous Russian Asset Tracker Ukraine Siren Alerts Other Collaboration with Russia Concert for Ukraine Global Tour for Peace Open letter from Nobel laureates Rail war in Belarus Protests In Russian-occupied Ukraine In Russia Anti-War Committee Feminist Anti-War Resistance Marina Ovsyannikova White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Russian-occupied Ukraine In Russia Anti-War Committee Feminist Anti-War Resistance Marina Ovsyannikova White-blue-white flag Anti-War Committee Feminist Anti-War Resistance Marina Ovsyannikova White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Great Translation Movement Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " " Do not buy Russian goods! " Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Technology IT Army of Ukraine Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Anonymous Russian Asset Tracker Ukraine Siren Alerts IT Army of Ukraine Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Anonymous Russian Asset Tracker Ukraine Siren Alerts Other Collaboration with Russia Concert for Ukraine Global Tour for Peace Open letter from Nobel laureates Rail war in Belarus Collaboration with Russia Concert for Ukraine Global Tour for Peace Open letter from Nobel laureates Rail war in Belarus Impact Effects Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Russia–EU gas dispute Russian debt default protests in Peru Environmental impact Russian emigration Impact on women Impact on nuclear power plants Impact on Ukrainian cultural heritage Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Ship losses Aircraft losses Human rights Ukrainian refugee crisis HRC Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Phrases " And now I will show where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Putin khuylo! " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Where have you been for eight years? " Popular culture " Back to the Cold War " " Bayraktar " Ghost of Kyiv " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Putler " " Slava Ukraini! " (song) "Z" military symbol Effects Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Russia–EU gas dispute Russian debt default protests in Peru Environmental impact Russian emigration Impact on women Impact on nuclear power plants Impact on Ukrainian cultural heritage Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Ship losses Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Russia–EU gas dispute Russian debt default protests in Peru Russia–EU gas dispute Russian debt default protests in Peru Environmental impact Russian emigration Impact on women Impact on nuclear power plants Impact on Ukrainian cultural heritage Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Ship losses Aircraft losses Human rights Ukrainian refugee crisis HRC Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Ukrainian refugee crisis HRC Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Phrases " And now I will show where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Putin khuylo! " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Where have you been for eight years? " " And now I will show where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Putin khuylo! " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Where have you been for eight years? " Popular culture " Back to the Cold War " " Bayraktar " Ghost of Kyiv " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Putler " " Slava Ukraini! " (song) "Z" military symbol " Back to the Cold War " " Bayraktar " Ghost of Kyiv " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Putler " " Slava Ukraini! " (song) "Z" military symbol Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches Denys Shmyhal Oleksii Reznikov Valerii Zaluzhnyi Kyrylo Budanov Denys Monastyrsky Oleksiy Danilov Serhiy Shaptala Ruslan Khomchak Oleksandr Syrskyi Vitali Klitschko Sergiy Kyslytsya Denys Prokopenko Russians Vladimir Putin Mikhail Mishustin Sergei Shoigu Valery Gerasimov Alexander Bortnikov Nikolai Patrushev Sergey Naryshkin Ramzan Kadyrov Sergey Lavrov Aleksandr Dvornikov Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches Denys Shmyhal Oleksii Reznikov Valerii Zaluzhnyi Kyrylo Budanov Denys Monastyrsky Oleksiy Danilov Serhiy Shaptala Ruslan Khomchak Oleksandr Syrskyi Vitali Klitschko Sergiy Kyslytsya Denys Prokopenko Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches speeches Denys Shmyhal Oleksii Reznikov Valerii Zaluzhnyi Kyrylo Budanov Denys Monastyrsky Oleksiy Danilov Serhiy Shaptala Ruslan Khomchak Oleksandr Syrskyi Vitali Klitschko Sergiy Kyslytsya Denys Prokopenko Russians Vladimir Putin Mikhail Mishustin Sergei Shoigu Valery Gerasimov Alexander Bortnikov Nikolai Patrushev Sergey Naryshkin Ramzan Kadyrov Sergey Lavrov Aleksandr Dvornikov Vladimir Putin Mikhail Mishustin Sergei Shoigu Valery Gerasimov Alexander Bortnikov Nikolai Patrushev Sergey Naryshkin Ramzan Kadyrov Sergey Lavrov Aleksandr Dvornikov Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Related Hero City of Ukraine Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Russian Kyiv convoy Role of Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo U-24 association Zagreb Tu-141 crash Hero City of Ukraine Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Russian Kyiv convoy Role of Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Ukraine Square, Oslo U-24 association Zagreb Tu-141 crash Category Commons Category Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Latvia Poland United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Latvia Poland People Deutsche Biographie DDB Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine IdRef Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine 1971 births IBA Men's World Boxing Championships medalists Congress of the Council of Europe Doping cases in boxing European Boxing Union champions Governors of Kyiv Heavyweight kickboxers International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Klitschko brothers Kyrgyzstani emigrants to Ukraine Kyrgyzstani people of Russian descent Kyrgyzstani people of Ukrainian descent Laureus World Sports Awards winners Living people Mayors of Kyiv Seventh convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada People from Chüy Region People of the Euromaidan Pro-Ukrainian people of the Russian invasion of Ukraine Pro-Ukrainian people of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Recipients of the Honorary Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Recipients of the Presidential Order of Excellence Recipients of the title of Hero of Ukraine Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni The Ring (magazine) champions Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform politicians Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Germany Ukrainian male boxers Ukrainian male kickboxers Ukrainian people of Jewish descent Ukrainian people of Russian descent Ukrainian sportspeople in doping cases Ukrainian sportsperson-politicians World Boxing Organization champions World Boxing Council champions World heavyweight boxing champions Military World Games gold medalists for Ukraine Military World Games medalists in boxing Articles containing Russian-language text CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 Swiss High German-language sources (de-ch) Articles with German-language sources (de) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from June 2021 Articles with hCards Pages using infobox military person with embed Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter Articles containing Ukrainian-language text Pages with Ukrainian IPA BLP articles lacking sources from November 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources Commons category link from Wikidata Articles using sports links with data from Wikidata This page was last edited on 5 January 2026, at 13:13 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact 4 Record longevity 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Hurricane Ginger Español Simple English Suomi 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Image of Hurricane Ginger on September 13 Meteorological history Formed September 10, 1971 Extratropical October 6, 1971 Dissipated October 7, 1971 Duration 3 weeks and 6 days Category 2 hurricane 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 110 mph (175 km/h) Lowest pressure 959 mbar ( hPa ); 28.32 inHg Overall effects Fatalities 1 direct Damage $10 million (1971 USD ) Areas affected The Bahamas , North Carolina IBTrACS Part of the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Ginger was the second longest-lasting Atlantic hurricane on record. The eighth tropical cyclone and fifth hurricane of the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season , Ginger spent 27.25 days as a tropical cyclone, lasting from September 6 to October 3. Twenty of those days (September 11 – September 30), Ginger was classified as a hurricane. The storm formed northeast of the Bahamas, and for the first nine days of its duration tracked generally eastward or northeastward while gradually strengthening to peak winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). On September 14, Ginger slowed and turned to a general westward track, passing near Bermuda on September 23. There, the hurricane produced gusty winds and high waves, but no damage. While over the western Atlantic Ocean, Ginger became the last target of Project Stormfury , which sought to weaken hurricanes by depositing silver iodide into tropical cyclone rainbands . Ginger ultimately struck North Carolina on September 30 as a minimal hurricane, lashing the coastline with gusty winds that caused power outages across the region. Heavy rainfall flooded towns and left severe crop damage, with 3 million bushels of corn and 1 million bushels of soybean lost. Damage in the state was estimated at $10 million (1971 US dollars$, 77.6 million 2026 USD). Further north, moderate precipitation and winds spread through the Mid-Atlantic states , although no significant damage was reported outside North Carolina. Ginger has the highest accumulated cyclone energy for a hurricane below major hurricane strength in the Atlantic basin, at 44.2. Meteorological history Hurricane Ginger originated in a cold-core upper-level low that persisted for several days in early September in the Western Atlantic Ocean. [ 1 ] The upper-level low was located within a large, persistent area of convection from the Gulf of Mexico through the central Atlantic, which resembled the Intertropical Convergence Zone but at a higher latitude. The convective feature was influenced by an anticyclone located over northern South America, which was opposite of the typical flow for September. The anticyclone also led to the formation of Hurricane Fern , Tropical Storm Heidi , and two tropical depressions. [ 2 ] By September 5, the low had descended to the surface as its thermal structure warmed, and the next day it developed into a tropical depression about 235 mi (375 km) northeast of the Bahamas . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] After forming, the depression moved slowly southeastward for about 24 hours before turning to the northeast, slowly organizing in the process. On September 10, the depression turned eastward, and later that day intensified into Tropical Storm Ginger, the seventh named storm of the year in the Atlantic, about 325 mi (525 km) south of Bermuda. The storm quickly intensified, and within 24 hours reached winds of 75 mph (120 km/h), making it a hurricane. It turned to the northeast, passing well to the east of Bermuda. Late on September 13, Ginger attained its minimum barometric pressure of 959 mbar (28.32 inHg ), and early the next day reached peak maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). After reaching a position about halfway between Bermuda and the Azores , the hurricane's eastward movement halted due to a building ridge to its north and east. It turned sharply southward before turning and beginning a westerly drift, during which Ginger weakened to minimal hurricane status. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] For about six days, Ginger maintained minimal hurricane status. [ 3 ] As it meandered over the central Atlantic Ocean, it maintained an unusually large eye , reaching 80 mi (130 km) in diameter. [ 4 ] On September 18, Ginger turned to the south and slowly executed a tight counterclockwise loop within three days. By September 21, the hurricane was tracking south of due west, and the next day suddenly intensified to winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). Its westward track briefly posed a threat to Bermuda, although Ginger passed 115 mi (185 km) south of the island on September 23 while slowly weakening. On September 24, Ginger decelerated before beginning a turn to the southwest. By September 26, Ginger briefly weakened to minimal hurricane strength, although re-intensification resumed as the track turned to the west and northwest. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] Around that time, Ginger absorbed the smaller and weaker Tropical Storm Janice to its southeast. [ 5 ] For three days, beginning on September 26, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration deployed planes into the hurricane as part of Project Stormfury , the fourth hurricane to be a part of the weather control experiment. [ 2 ] The plane dropped silver iodide into the center of the hurricane, although there was no effect due to Ginger's large eye and diffuse nature; this was the last seeding done by the project. [ 6 ] By September 28, Ginger was moving northwestward toward North Carolina and was steadily intensifying. At around 06:00 UTC the next day, the hurricane reached a secondary peak intensity of 105 mph (165 km/h), which it maintained for about 18 hours. Afterward, Ginger slowly weakened, and late on September 30 it made landfall near Morehead City, North Carolina , with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). It quickly deteriorated over land, weakening first to a tropical storm and then to a tropical depression by late on October 1. Ginger turned to the north, entered southern Virginia, and later turned to the east. On October 3, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while crossing Hampton Roads into the Atlantic Ocean. The remnants of Ginger continued east-southeastward until being absorbed by a cold front on October 5. [ 4 ] [ 3 ] Preparations The threat of the hurricane in Bermuda prompted the British Royal Navy to evacuate a ship, and also resulted in two cruise ships leaving early. [ 7 ] The United States military also evacuated some planes and secured the units that remained. Officials closed all of the island's schools during Ginger's passage. [ 8 ] Before Ginger struck North Carolina, the American Red Cross set up 28 emergency shelters in six counties, where about 5,500 people stayed during the storm. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch from Wilmington, North Carolina , to Virginia Beach, Virginia , with gale warnings extending northward to Rehoboth Beach, Delaware . [ 11 ] United States military officials evacuated planes and ships from the Norfolk, Virginia , region, in addition to flying planes down the coast to warn boaters of the approaching storm. [ 12 ] Ferry services around the Outer Banks were canceled during the storm's passage, while the Coast Guard ordered the evacuation of workers in three lighthouses. [ 13 ] Impact As the hurricane passed south of Bermuda on September 23, it produced heavy waves, as well as gale force winds for 17 hours. Naval Air Station Bermuda reported peak gusts of 75 mph (120 km/h). [ 4 ] [ 7 ] There was no reported damage, and the hurricane's passage failed to alleviate persistent drought conditions. [ 14 ] While Ginger was still in the vicinity of Bermuda, it produced high swells and riptides along the East Coast of the United States , prompting the issuing of small craft warnings from Florida to North Carolina. [ 15 ] Wave heights reached 8 ft (2.4 m) in Sebastian, Florida , [ 16 ] and one person was killed in St. Augustine from drowning. There were also initial reports of two missing people in Neptune Beach, Florida , [ 17 ] but they were not listed as casualties in the year-end hurricane summary. [ 2 ] As it moved ashore in North Carolina, Ginger produced a storm tide of around 6 ft (1.8 m) along the Outer Banks and up to 7 ft (2.1 m) in Pamlico Sound . [ 4 ] The storm dropped heavy rainfall peaking at 15.58 in (396 mm) in Bodie Island along the Outer Banks, making Ginger among the wettest tropical cyclones in the state. Rainfall from the storm extended southwestward into South Carolina, where precipitation reached 4.98 in (126 mm) in Cheraw . [ 18 ] In Atlantic Beach, North Carolina , wind gusts reached 92 mph (148 km/h), the highest associated with Ginger in the United States. [ 2 ] The hurricane had a large wind field upon moving ashore, affecting a large portion of North Carolina; one county official considered Ginger the largest storm in the region since 1936. [ 19 ] Strong winds from Ginger damaged store fronts and windows, [ 19 ] and also downed power lines and trees. Morehead City, where the hurricane moved ashore, lost power and had debris strewn across the streets. The nearby cities of New Bern , Beaufort , and Atlantic Beach also lost power, [ 11 ] and one company had 6,000 customers without power. [ 9 ] Heavy rainfall caused the Neuse and Trent rivers to exceed their banks, resulting in flooding. [ 19 ] Several oil tanks along the rivers broke open, creating dangerous boating conditions. [ 9 ] Up to 4 ft (1.2 m) of water from the Pungo River flooded most of the city of Belhaven , and similar flooding occurred in Washington , entering dozens of buildings and houses. [ 20 ] Across the region, the combination of high winds, tides, and flooding closed several bridges and roads, including a portion of U.S. Highway 70 . The winds also destroyed several mobile homes, [ 17 ] although coastal damage was less than expected. [ 9 ] During Ginger's passage, the Salvation Army and Red Cross provided more than 3,000 people with food assistance. [ 21 ] Further inland, the combination of strong winds and rains left heavy crop damage, [ 22 ] destroying 3 million bushels of corn and another million bushels of soybeans; losses to the corn crop were mitigated due to about half of the crop having been harvested before the storm's arrival. Heavy damage was also reported to the peanut crop as well as to various fruits and vegetables. [ 23 ] In some locations, up to 15% of the cotton crop was lost, particularly in the northeastern portion of the state. [ 24 ] In 45 counties in the eastern portion of the state, farmers affected by the hurricane were eligible for loans from the Farmers Home Administration , following federal approval from United States President Richard Nixon . [ 25 ] Governor Robert W. Scott requested federal disaster aid for 24 counties, [ 26 ] which was denied. [ 27 ] Damage in North Carolina was estimated at $10 million (1971 USD$, 77.6 million 2026 USD), [ 4 ] of which about $1 million (1971 USD$, 7.76 million 2026 USD) was from coastal flooding . One death occurred in Washington when a vehicle accident was possibly caused by a wind gust; [ 10 ] however, it was not conclusively linked to Ginger. [ 2 ] As the storm crossed into Virginia, it continued to produce heavy rainfall, including a total of 7.61 in (193 mm) in Norfolk . Near the border between Virginia and North Carolina, the storm produced tides of up to 4 ft (1.2 m) above normal. [ 2 ] Gusty winds of over 50 mph (80 km/h) downed a few trees, causing scattered power outages. Above-normal tides and waves caused moderate to heavy beach erosion in Virginia Beach . [ 28 ] Further north, Ginger produced above-normal tides, light winds, and scattered rainfall along the Delmarva Peninsula and northward through New York. [ 2 ] [ 29 ] Record longevity Hurricane Ginger formed on September 6 and lasted until October 3, for a total of 27.25 days. [ 3 ] Its duration surpassed that of Hurricane Inga in 1969, which was the previous record-holder, by three days. [ 1 ] In 2003, it was discovered that the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane lasted as a tropical cyclone longer than Ginger, although its duration as a tropical cyclone was not continuous. This made Ginger the second longest-lived of any Atlantic hurricane, but it remains the storm that lasted the most consecutive days as a tropical cyclone in the basin. [ 3 ] Ginger spent 20 days as a hurricane from September 11 to September 30, one of the longest durations on record at that intensity. In addition, Ginger co-existed with several other tropical cyclones, including on September 11 when there were four named storms at the same time, a rare occurrence; the others were Hurricane Edith , Hurricane Fern, and Tropical Storm Heidi. [ 3 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal List of wettest tropical cyclones in North Carolina List of North Carolina hurricanes Tropical Storm Ginger (1967) – an earlier storm of the same name 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane – the longest-lived Atlantic hurricane on record References ^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Hurricane Ginger September 5 - October 5" (GIF) . National Hurricane Center. 1971 . Retrieved February 13, 2011 . ^ a b c d e f g Robert H. Simpson; John R. Hope (April 1972). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1971" (PDF) . Monthly Weather Review . 100 (4). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: 256– 267. Bibcode : 1972MWRv..100..256S . doi : 10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0256:AHSO>2.3.CO;2 . S2CID 119771736 . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2008. ^ a b c d e f g h "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center . April 4, 2025. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF) . Hurricane Research Division – NOAA /AOML . Miami : Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF) . Hurricane Research Division – NOAA /AOML . Miami : Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . ^ a b c d e "Hurricane Ginger September 5 - October 5 (Page 2)" (GIF) . National Hurricane Center. 1971 . Retrieved February 14, 2011 . ^ "Preliminary - Tropical Storm Janice, September 21–24, 1971" . National Hurricane Center. 1971 . Retrieved February 17, 2011 . ^ Willoughby, H. E.; et al. (May 1985). "Project STORMFURY: A Scientific Chronicle 1962-1983" (PDF) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 66 (5): 505– 514. Bibcode : 1985BAMS...66..505W . doi : 10.1175/1520-0477(1985)066<0505:PSASC>2.0.CO;2 . Archived from the original (PDF) on December 17, 2013 . Retrieved February 14, 2011 . See p. 507. ^ a b "Ginger Hits Bermuda" . The Deseret News . United Press International. September 23, 1971 . Retrieved February 17, 2011 . ^ "Bermuda Battens Down" . The Phoenix Sun . Reuters. September 23, 1971 . Retrieved February 17, 2011 . ^ a b c d "Ginger Rakes North Carolina" . The Palm Beach Post . Vol. 63, no. 165. West Palm Beach, Florida. Associated Press. October 1, 1971 . Retrieved July 3, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Ginger Loses Some Snap" . The Evening Independent . Associated Press. October 1, 1971 . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ a b " 'Ginger' Slams Carolina with 90 MPH Blasts" . The Hour . United Press International. September 30, 1971 . Retrieved February 17, 2011 . ^ "90-MPH Hurricane Hits North Carolina, Causes Floods, Power Outages" . Toledo Blade . Associated Press. September 30, 1971 . Retrieved February 17, 2011 . ^ "Hurricane Ginger Aims Winds at N.C. Coast" . The Lewiston Daily Sun . Associated Press. September 30, 1971 . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ "Ginger Down to a Purr" . Vancouver Sun . Associated Press. September 24, 1971 . Retrieved February 17, 2011 . ^ "Ginger spawns rip tides and severe inlet conditions" . Boca Raton News . September 24, 1971 . Retrieved February 17, 2011 . ^ " 'Ginger' is stalled in mid-Atlantic" . The Times-News . United Press International. September 25, 1971 . Retrieved February 17, 2011 . ^ a b "Hurricane Hits Carolina Coast" . Spokane Daily Chronicle . Associated Press. September 30, 1971 . Retrieved February 17, 2011 . ^ Roth, David M (May 12, 2022). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States" . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall . United States Weather Prediction Center . Retrieved January 6, 2023 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . ^ a b c Melvin Lang (September 30, 1971). "Ginger largest storm since '36" . The Free Lance-Star . Associated Press . Retrieved February 17, 2011 . ^ "N.C. flooded by Ginger" . Pittsburgh Press . Associated Press. October 2, 1971 . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ "3,000 coastal residents given food during storm" . Star-News . October 8, 1971 . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ "Ginger dampens N.C." Boca Raton News . October 1, 1971 . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ Robert Gordon (October 13, 1971). "Farmers Hit in the Pocketbook" . The Times-News . United Press International . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ "Ginger Stopped Cotton Harvest" . The Robesonian . October 12, 1971 . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ "Robeson Among Counties To Get Storm Fund Aid" . The Robesonian . Associated Press. October 29, 1971 . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ "Scott Action on Hurricane Assistance Defended" . Herald-Journal . Associated Press. November 9, 1971 . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ "1971 Federal Disaster Declarations" . Federal Emergency Management Agency. May 23, 2005. Archived from the original on December 22, 2004 . Retrieved February 18, 2011 . ^ David M. Roth (2007). "Virginia Hurricane History: Late Twentieth Century" . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved January 14, 2009 . ^ Roth, David M (May 12, 2022). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Mid-Atlantic United States" . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall . United States Weather Prediction Center . Retrieved January 6, 2023 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . 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Laura Category Category Authority control databases : National United States Israel United States Israel 1971 Atlantic hurricane season Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes Hurricanes in North Carolina 1971 natural disasters in the United States Source attribution Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use mdy dates from July 2019 Pages using obsolete storm path colors Featured articles This page was last edited on 21 August 2025, at 23:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Description 2 Circulation or loans desk Toggle Circulation or loans desk subsection 2.1 Functions of circulation desk staff 2.1 Functions of circulation desk staff 3 Intellectual Freedom Committee 4 Library Bill of Rights 5 See also 6 References Library circulation العربية Deutsch Македонски Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Library circulation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article includes a list of general references , but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Library circulation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article includes a list of general references , but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Library circulation or library lending comprises the activities around the lending of library books and other material to users of a lending library . Description This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Library circulation or lending comprises the activities around the lending of library books and other material to users of a lending library . A circulation or lending department is one of the key departments of a library. The main public service point is the circulation desk or loans desk. Public service librarians look to the law to determine their legal obligations and potential liability relating to privacy of library use. The American Library Association affirms that all libraries are forums for information and ideas, and that their Library Bill of Rights should guide their service. Circulation or loans desk The main public service point is the circulation desk or loans desk, usually found near the main entrance of a library. It provides lending services and facilities for return of loaned items. Renewal of materials and payment of fines are also handled at the circulation desk. [ 1 ] Circulation staff may provide basic search and reference services, though more in-depth questions are usually referred to reference librarians at the library reference desk , but the services of both are occasionally combined. The circulation desk is in most cases staffed by library support staff instead of professional librarians. Functions of circulation desk staff This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Lending materials to library users Checking in materials returned Monitoring materials for damage and routing them to the appropriate staff for repair or replacement Troubleshooting circulation technology, i.e. library circulation software, scanners, printers, etc. Collecting statistics on library use, i.e. patron transactions, material checkouts, etc. Creation of borrowers pockets, i.e. when using the Browne Issue System Charging and receipting overdue fines. Send out overdue notices to borrower. Operating automated filing and recovery system and technology. Adapt to new software and equipment. Perform moderate physical work including the ability to carry, pull, and lift up to 30 pounds. Ability to conduct/reconcile financial reports. Communicate via telephone, email. Ability to see and read materials. Assist patrons at the circulation /reserve desk. Assist circulation supervisor with training student employee if it is an academic environment. Maintain the stacks by re-shelving materials in library by call number whether Dewey Decimal system or Library of Congress system . Resolve issues, such as inappropriate patron conduct, including but not limited to cell phone usages, open drink containers, and inappropriate noise levels Intellectual Freedom Committee Public service librarians look to the law to determine their legal obligations and potential liability relating to privacy of library use. The potential liability or punishment for librarians, who fail to protect confidentiality of individual library use, is largely a matter of state law without record of prosecution or civil suit. Remedies for individuals whose information has been deliberately shared with or unknowingly collected by third parties vary widely and are sometimes unclear. Established December 1, 1967, the Office for Intellectual Freedom is charged with implementing American Library Association (ALA) policies. Those policies concerning the concept of intellectual freedom as embodied in the Library Bill of Rights, the Association's basic policy on free access to libraries and library materials. Library Bill of Rights The American Library Association affirms that all libraries are forums for information and ideas, and that the following basic policies (in their Library Bill of Rights) should guide their service I. Books and other library resources should be provided for the interest, information, and enlightenment of all people of the community the library serves. Materials should not be excluded because of the origin, background, or views of those contributing to their creation. II. Libraries should provide materials and information presenting all points of view on current and historical issues. Materials should not be proscribed or removed because of partisan or doctrinal disapproval. III. Libraries should challenge censorship in the fulfillment of their responsibility to provide information and enlightenment. IV. Libraries should cooperate with all persons and groups concerned with resisting abridgment of free expression and free access to ideas. V. A person's right to use a library should not be denied or abridged because of origin, age, background, or views. VI. Libraries which make exhibit spaces and meeting rooms available to the public they serve should make such facilities available on an equitable basis, regardless of the beliefs or affiliations of individuals or groups requesting their use. VII. All people, regardless of origin, age, background, or views, possess a right to privacy and confidentiality in their library use. Libraries should advocate for, educate about, and protect people's privacy, safeguarding all library use data, including personally identifiable information. I. Books and other library resources should be provided for the interest, information, and enlightenment of all people of the community the library serves. Materials should not be excluded because of the origin, background, or views of those contributing to their creation. II. Libraries should provide materials and information presenting all points of view on current and historical issues. Materials should not be proscribed or removed because of partisan or doctrinal disapproval. III. Libraries should challenge censorship in the fulfillment of their responsibility to provide information and enlightenment. IV. Libraries should cooperate with all persons and groups concerned with resisting abridgment of free expression and free access to ideas. V. A person's right to use a library should not be denied or abridged because of origin, age, background, or views. VI. Libraries which make exhibit spaces and meeting rooms available to the public they serve should make such facilities available on an equitable basis, regardless of the beliefs or affiliations of individuals or groups requesting their use. VII. All people, regardless of origin, age, background, or views, possess a right to privacy and confidentiality in their library use. Libraries should advocate for, educate about, and protect people's privacy, safeguarding all library use data, including personally identifiable information. Adopted June 19, 1939, by the ALA Council; amended October 14, 1944; June 18, 1948; February 2, 1961; June 27, 1967; January 23, 1980; January 29, 2019; inclusion of "age" reaffirmed January 23, 1996. [ 2 ] See also Controlled digital lending Interlibrary loan Library reference desk References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Circulation" . Kent State University . Kent State University . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . ^ "Library Bill of Rights" . Advocacy, Legislation & Issues . 2006-06-30 . Retrieved 2021-10-09 . Code of ethics of the American Library Association (2014, November 25). American Library Association. Federal libraries and intellectual freedom .(2014, November 25). Library bill of rights . (2014, November 25). American Library Association. Montana: front desk circulation assistant 10070726 . (2014, August 11). Plus Media Solutions US Official News. Retrieved from LexisNexis Academic . Weingand, D. E. (1997). Customer service excellence: a concise guide for librarians. American Library Association. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Libraries and library science v t e Types of library Academic Archive Branch Children's Christian Consortium Digital shadow Hybrid Law Lending Library of things Map Medicine Mobile Music National Presidential U.S. Prison Private Public Carnegie Research School Learning Resource Centre virtual Special collections Special library Street Subscription Tool Toy Transportation Traveling Academic Archive Branch Children's Christian Consortium Digital shadow shadow Hybrid Law Lending Library of things Map Medicine Mobile Music National Presidential U.S. U.S. Prison Private Public Carnegie Carnegie Research School Learning Resource Centre virtual Learning Resource Centre virtual Special collections Special library Street Subscription Tool Toy Transportation Traveling Types of librarian Distance education E-science Medical record Music ensemble Periodicals/serials School Information professional Informationist Library and information scientist Distance education E-science Medical record Music ensemble ensemble Periodicals/serials School Information professional Informationist Library and information scientist Library science Five laws Library and information science Education for librarianship Acquisitions Archival science Assessment Cataloging catalog OPAC Circulation Classification Collection development Collective collection Conservation Discovery system Electronic resource management Information literacy Inventory Legal deposit Library history Library instruction Library management Library publishing Preservation Readers' advisory Reference virtual roving Stack Mobile shelving Technical services Weeding Five laws Library and information science Education for librarianship Acquisitions Archival science Assessment Cataloging catalog OPAC catalog OPAC Circulation Classification Collection development Collective collection Conservation Discovery system Electronic resource management Information literacy Inventory Legal deposit Library history Library instruction Library management Library publishing Preservation Readers' advisory Reference virtual roving virtual roving Stack Mobile shelving Mobile shelving Technical services Weeding History History of libraries History of library science History of libraries History of library science Lists Libraries by country by size ancient destroyed medical national Library associations Library schools Librarians women fictional Archivists women Libraries by country by size ancient destroyed medical national by country by size ancient destroyed medical national Library associations Library schools Librarians women fictional women fictional Archivists women women Category:Libraries Category:Library science Commons Glossary Outline WikiProject Category:Libraries Category:Library science Commons Glossary Outline WikiProject v t e Books v t e Production Binding Covers dust jackets Design Editing Illustration Illuminated manuscripts Printing edition history incunabula instant book limited edition Publishing advance copy hardcover paperback Size Typesetting Volume (bibliography) Collection (publishing) Book series Binding Covers dust jackets dust jackets Design Editing Illustration Illuminated manuscripts Illuminated manuscripts Printing edition history incunabula instant book limited edition edition history incunabula instant book limited edition Publishing advance copy hardcover paperback advance copy hardcover paperback Size Typesetting Volume (bibliography) Collection (publishing) Book series Consumption Awards Bestsellers list Bibliography Bibliomania ( tsundoku ) Bibliophilia Bibliotherapy Bookmarks Bookselling blurbs book towns history used Censorship Clubs Collecting Digitizing Bookworm (insect) Furniture bookcases bookends Library Print culture Reading literacy Reviews Awards Bestsellers list list Bibliography Bibliomania ( tsundoku ) Bibliophilia Bibliotherapy Bookmarks Bookselling blurbs book towns history used blurbs book towns history used Censorship Clubs Collecting Digitizing Bookworm (insect) Furniture bookcases bookends bookcases bookends Library Print culture Reading literacy literacy Reviews By country Brazil China France Germany Italy Japan Netherlands Pakistan Spain United Kingdom United States Brazil China France Germany Italy Japan Netherlands Pakistan Spain United Kingdom United States Other Genres non-fiction novel imaginary miniature pop-up textbook Grimoire Formats audiobooks Ebooks Folio Coffee table book Genres non-fiction novel imaginary miniature pop-up textbook non-fiction novel imaginary miniature pop-up textbook Grimoire Formats audiobooks Ebooks Folio audiobooks Ebooks Folio Coffee table book Related Banned books Book burning incidents Nazi Book curses Book packaging Book swapping Book tour Conservation and restoration Dog ears History of books scroll codex Intellectual property ISBN Outline Preservation The Philobiblon World Book Day World Book Capital Banned books Book burning incidents Nazi incidents Nazi Book curses Book packaging Book swapping Book tour Conservation and restoration Dog ears History of books scroll codex scroll codex Intellectual property ISBN Outline Preservation The Philobiblon World Book Day World Book Capital Outline Category Portal Outline Category Portal Authority control databases International GND FAST GND FAST National United States France BnF data Spain Israel United States France BnF data Spain Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Library circulation Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from January 2026 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2026 All articles lacking in-text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 02:22 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Construction 2 End of World War II 3 Post-war events 4 See also 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Führerbunker العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Führerbunker Führer's bunker July 1947 photo of the rear entrance to the Führerbunker in the garden of the Reich Chancellery . The corpses of Hitler and Eva Braun were burned in a shell hole in front of the emergency exit at left; the conical structure in the centre served for ventilation, and as a bomb shelter for the guards. [ 1 ] .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Location within Central Berlin General information Location Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815 Construction started 1943 Completed 1944 Destroyed started 1947, completed 1980s Cost 1.35 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to €5 million in 2021) Design and construction Architects Albert Speer , Karl Piepenburg Architecture firm Hochtief AG The Führerbunker ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} German pronunciation: [ˈfyːʁɐˌbʊŋkɐ] ⓘ ) was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin , Germany . It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters ( Führerhauptquartiere ) used by Adolf Hitler during World War II . Hitler took up residence in the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945, and it became the centre of the Nazi regime until the last week of World War II in Europe. Hitler married Eva Braun there on 29 April 1945, less than 40 hours before they committed suicide . After the war, both the old and new Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviet Red Army . The underground complex remained largely undisturbed until 1988–89, despite some attempts at demolition. The excavated sections of the old bunker complex were mostly destroyed during reconstruction of that area of Berlin. The site remained unmarked until 2006, when a small plaque was installed with a schematic diagram. Some corridors of the bunker still exist, but are sealed off from the public. Construction The Reich Chancellery bunker was initially constructed as a temporary air-raid shelter for Hitler, who actually spent very little time in the capital during most of the war. Increased bombing of Berlin led to expansion of the complex as an improvised permanent shelter. The elaborate complex consisted of two separate shelters, the Vorbunker ("forward bunker"; the upper bunker), completed in 1936, and the Führerbunker , located 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) lower than the Vorbunker and to the west-southwest, completed in 1944. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They were connected by a stairway set at right angles and could be closed off from each other by a bulkhead and steel door. [ 4 ] The Vorbunker was located 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) beneath the cellar of a large reception hall behind the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstrasse 77. [ 5 ] The Führerbunker was located about 8.5 m (28 ft) beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery, 120 m (390 ft) north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6. [ 6 ] Besides being deeper under ground, the Führerbunker had significantly more reinforcement. Its roof was made of concrete almost 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick. [ 7 ] About 30 small rooms were protected by approximately 4 m (13 ft 1 in) of concrete; exits led into the main buildings, as well as an emergency exit up to the garden. The Führerbunker development was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive programme of subterranean construction in Berlin begun in 1940. [ 8 ] The construction cost for the Führerbunker totaled 1,349,899.29 Reichsmarks . [ 9 ] Hitler's accommodations were in this newer, lower section, and by February 1945 it had been decorated with high-quality furniture taken from the Chancellery, along with several framed oil paintings. [ 10 ] After descending the stairs into the lower section and passing through the steel door, there was a long corridor with a series of rooms on each side. [ 11 ] On the right side were a series of rooms which included generator/ventilation rooms and the telephone switchboard. [ 11 ] On the left side was Eva Braun 's bedroom/sitting room (also known as Hitler's private guest room), and an antechamber (also known as Hitler's sitting room), which led into Hitler's study/office. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] On the wall hung a large portrait of Frederick the Great , one of Hitler's heroes. [ 14 ] A door led into Hitler's modestly furnished bedroom. [ 13 ] Next to it was the conference/map room (also known as the briefing/situation room) which had a door that led out into the waiting room/anteroom. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The bunker complex was self-contained. [ 15 ] However, as the Führerbunker was below the water table , conditions were unpleasantly damp, with pumps running continuously to remove groundwater . A diesel generator provided electricity, and well water was pumped in as the water supply. [ 16 ] Communications systems included a telex , a telephone switchboard, and an army radio set with an outdoor antenna. As conditions deteriorated at the end of the war, Hitler received much of his war news from BBC radio broadcasts and via courier. [ 17 ] End of World War II Hitler moved into the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945. His senior staff, including Martin Bormann and Joseph Goebbels , as well as Braun, joined them in April, while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker . [ 18 ] Two or three dozen support, medical, and administrative staff were also sheltered there. These included Hitler's secretaries (including Traudl Junge ), a nurse named Erna Flegel , and Sergeant Rochus Misch , who was both bodyguard and telephone switchboard operator. Initially, Hitler continued to use the undamaged wing of the Reich Chancellery, where he held afternoon military conferences in his large study. [ 19 ] Afterwards, he would have tea with his secretaries before returning to the bunker complex for the night. After several weeks of this routine, Hitler seldom left the bunker except for short strolls in the chancellery garden with his dog Blondi . [ 19 ] The bunker was crowded, the atmosphere was oppressive, and air raids occurred daily. [ 20 ] Hitler mostly stayed on the lower level, where it was quieter and he could sleep. [ 21 ] Conferences took place for much of the night, [ 20 ] often until 05:00. [ 22 ] On 16 April, the Red Army started the Battle of Berlin , and they started to encircle the city by 19 April. [ 23 ] Hitler made his last trip to the surface on 20 April, his 56th birthday, going to the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery where he awarded the Iron Cross to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth . [ 24 ] That afternoon, Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time. [ 25 ] Hitler was in denial about the dire situation and placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen-SS General Felix Steiner , the Armeeabteilung Steiner (" Army Detachment Steiner "). On 21 April, Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the encircling Soviet salient and ordered the German Ninth Army , south-east of Berlin, to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That evening, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of Berlin. [ 28 ] Hitler was told at his afternoon situation conference on 22 April that Steiner's forces had not moved, and he fell into a tearful rage when he realised that the attack was not going to be carried out. He openly declared for the first time the war was lost—and he blamed his generals. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 29 ] On 23 April, [ a ] Hitler appointed General of the Artillery Helmuth Weidling , commander of the LVI Panzer Corps , as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, replacing Lieutenant Colonel ( Oberstleutnant ) Ernst Kaether . [ 30 ] The Red Army had consolidated their investment of Berlin by 25 April, despite the commands being issued from the Führerbunker . There was no prospect that the German defence could do anything but delay the city's capture. [ 31 ] Hitler summoned Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring , and he arrived on 26 April along with his mistress, the test pilot Hanna Reitsch . [ 32 ] On 28 April, Hitler learned that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies through Count Folke Bernadotte , [ 33 ] and Hitler considered this treason. [ 34 ] Himmler's SS representative in Berlin, Hermann Fegelein , was shot after being court-martialed for desertion, and Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest. [ 35 ] [ 32 ] On the same day, General Hans Krebs made his last telephone call from the Führerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel , Chief of German Armed Forces High Command (OKW) in Fürstenberg . Krebs told him that all would be lost if relief did not arrive within 48 hours. Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on Generals Walther Wenck , commander of the Twelfth Army , and Theodor Busse , commander of the Ninth Army. Meanwhile, Bormann wired to German Admiral Karl Dönitz : "Reich Chancellery a heap of rubble." [ 32 ] He said that the foreign press was reporting fresh acts of treason and "that without exception Schörner , Wenck and the others must give evidence of their loyalty by the quickest relief of the Führer". [ 36 ] That evening, von Greim and Reitsch flew out from Berlin in an Arado Ar 96 trainer. Field Marshal von Greim was ordered to get the Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet forces that had just reached Potsdamer Platz , only a city block from the Führerbunker . [ b ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported to Keitel that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front and it was no longer possible for his army to relieve Berlin. [ 39 ] Keitel gave Wenck permission to break off the attempt. [ 36 ] Hitler married Eva Braun after midnight on 28–29 April in a small civil ceremony within the Führerbunker . He then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . [ 40 ] [ c ] Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf , Goebbels, and Bormann witnessed and signed the documents at approximately 04:00. [ 40 ] Hitler then retired to bed. [ 41 ] Late in the evening of 29 April, Krebs contacted Jodl by radio: "Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the Ninth Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the Ninth Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste 's spearhead." [ 39 ] In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake . Secondly, Twelfth Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of Ninth Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive." [ 39 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ d ] SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , commander of the centre government district of Berlin, informed Hitler during the morning of 30 April that he would be able to hold for less than two days. Later that morning, Weidling informed Hitler that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition that night and again asked him for permission to break out. Weidling finally received permission at about 13:00. [ 44 ] Hitler shot himself later that afternoon, at around 15:30, while Eva took cyanide . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In accordance with Hitler's instructions, his and Eva's lifeless bodies were wrapped in blankets, carried outside, and burned. [ 47 ] Goebbels became the new Head of Government and Chancellor of Germany ( Reichskanzler ) in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. Reichskanzler Goebbels and Bormann sent a radio message to Dönitz at 03:15, informing him of Hitler's death, and that he was the new Head of State and President of Germany ( Reichspräsident ), in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. [ 48 ] Krebs talked to General Vasily Chuikov , commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army , at about 04:00 on 1 May, [ e ] and Chuikov demanded unconditional surrender of the remaining German forces. Krebs did not have the authority to surrender, so he returned to the bunker. [ 49 ] In the late afternoon, Goebbels had his children poisoned , and he and his wife left the bunker at around 20:30. [ 50 ] There are several different accounts on what followed. According to one account, Goebbels shot his wife and then himself. Another account was that they each bit on a cyanide ampule and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterwards. [ 51 ] Goebbels' SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that the couple walked ahead of him up the stairs and out to the Chancellery garden. He waited in the stairwell and heard the shots, then walked up the remaining stairs and saw the lifeless bodies of the couple outside. He then followed Joseph Goebbels' order and had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels' body, which did not move. [ 50 ] The bodies were then doused with petrol and set alight, but the remains were only partially burned and not buried. [ 51 ] Weidling had given the order for the survivors to break out to the northwest, and the plan got underway at around 23:00. The first group from the Reich Chancellery was led by Mohnke; they tried unsuccessfully to break through the Soviet rings and were captured the next day. Mohnke was interrogated by SMERSH , like others who were captured from the Führerbunker . The third breakout attempt from the Reich Chancellery was made around 01:00 on 2 May, and Bormann managed to cross the Spree . Artur Axmann followed the same route and reported seeing Bormann's body a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge . [ 52 ] [ f ] At 01:00, the Soviet forces picked up a radio message from the LVI Panzer Corps requesting a cease-fire. Down in the Führerbunker , General Krebs and General Burgdorf committed suicide by gunshot to the head. [ 53 ] The last defenders in the area of the bunker complex were mainly made up of Frenchmen of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne , others being Waffen-SS from the remnants of the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland , Latvian SS and Spanish SS units. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] A group of French SS remained in the area of the bunker until the early morning of 2 May. [ 56 ] The Soviet forces then captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 57 ] General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 6:00, and his meeting with Chuikov ended at 8:23. [ 39 ] Johannes Hentschel , the master electro-mechanic for the bunker complex, stayed after everyone else had either left or committed suicide, as the field hospital in the Reich Chancellery above needed power and water. He surrendered to the Red Army as they entered the bunker complex at 09:00 on 2 May. [ 58 ] The bodies of Goebbels' six children were discovered on 3 May. They were found in their beds in the Vorbunker with the clear mark of cyanide shown on their faces. [ 59 ] Post-war events The first post-war photos of the interior of the Führerbunker were taken in July 1945. On 4 July, American writer James P. O'Donnell toured the bunker after giving the Soviet guard a pack of cigarettes. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Many soldiers, politicians, and diplomats visited the bunker complex in the following days and months. Winston Churchill visited the Chancellery and bunker on 14 July 1945. [ 62 ] That month, Life photojournalist William Vandivert photographed the bunker. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] During separate investigations by the Western allies, a bloodstain was noted on Hitler's bed frame. [ 65 ] According to historian Mark Felton , a British officer surmised that Hitler could have been shot in bed, with a less bloody death occurring on the sofa. [ 65 ] On 11 December 1945, the Soviet Union allowed a limited investigation of the bunker grounds by the other Allied powers. Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil, including the site where Hitler's remains had allegedly been exhumed that May. The representatives planned to continue the work, but when they arrived the next morning, an NKVD armed guard met them and accused them of removing documents from the Chancellery. This was denied and no further outside probes were allowed for years. [ 66 ] As part of a disinformation campaign, the Soviets alleged that Hitler escaped or died by poison [ 67 ] [ 68 ] while maintaining secrecy about their investigation. [ 69 ] In May 1946, the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs tasked forensicist Piotr Semenovsky with investigating the scene, although it had by then already been contaminated by numerous individuals. In the bunker study, Semenovsky observed blood stains on the sofa and possibly traces of blood on the wall. [ 70 ] He also found blood in some corridors and spurts of blood on the upper walls of the stairwell leading to the emergency exit. The forensicist concluded these were the result of Hitler's body, wrapped in a blanket, being carried outside for burning. Semenovsky surmised that the blanket became blood-soaked in the process. [ 70 ] The outer ruins of both Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 as part of an effort to destroy the landmarks of Nazi Germany. A detailed interior site investigation by the Soviets, including measurements, took place on 16 May 1946. [ 71 ] Thereafter, the bunker largely survived, although some areas were partially flooded. In December 1947, the Soviets tried to blow up the bunker, but only the separation walls were damaged. In 1959, the East German government began a series of demolitions of the Chancellery, including the bunker. [ 72 ] Because it was near the Berlin Wall , the site was undeveloped and neglected until 1988–89. [ 73 ] During extensive construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site, work crews uncovered several underground sections of the old bunker complex; for the most part these were destroyed. Other parts of the Chancellery underground complex were uncovered, but were filled in, resealed, or ignored. [ 74 ] Government authorities wanted to destroy the last vestiges of these Nazi landmarks. [ 75 ] The construction of the buildings in the area around the Führerbunker was a strategy for ensuring the surroundings remained anonymous and unremarkable. [ 76 ] The emergency exit point for the Führerbunker (which had been in the Chancellery gardens) was occupied by a car park . [ 77 ] On 8 June 2006, during the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup , an information board was installed to mark the location of the Führerbunker . The board, including a schematic diagram of the bunker, can be found at the corner of In den Ministergärten and Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße, two small streets about three minutes' walk from Potsdamer Platz . Rochus Misch , one of the last people living who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler's suicide, attended the ceremony. [ 78 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to a relative's DNA. [ 79 ] Ruins of the bunker after demolition in 1947 Site of Führerbunker and information board on Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße in October 2023 A side angle view of the site in July 2007 See also Berghof The Bunker – 1970 book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book Downfall – 2004 film Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters Nazi architecture Presidential Emergency Operations Center Stalin's bunker Wolf's Lair Fahrerbunker References Informational notes ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 286 states the appointment was 23 April; Hamilton 2008 , p. 160 states "officially" it was the morning of 24 April; Dollinger 1997 , p. 228, gives 26 April for the appointment. ^ The Luftwaffe order differs in different sources. Beevor 2002 , p. 342 states it was to attack Potsdamerplatz , but Ziemke states it was to support Wenck's Twelfth Army attack. Both agree that von Greim was also ordered to make sure Himmler was punished. ^ " MI5 staff 2005 : Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Hugh Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, says Jodl replied, but Ziemke 1969 , p. 120, and Beevor 2002 , p. 537, say it was Keitel. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, states 03:00, and Beevor 2002 , p. 367, 04:00, for Krebs' meeting with Chuikov. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 126 says that Weidling gave no orders for a break-out. Citations ^ Arnold 2012 . ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 123. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 56. ^ Mollo 1988 , p. 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 117. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 123. ^ McNab 2014 , pp. 21, 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 121–123. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 124. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 97. ^ a b McNab 2014 , p. 28. ^ a b McNab 2011 , p. 109. ^ a b c McNab 2014 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 97, 901–902. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 901. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 124–125. ^ Taylor 2007 , p. 184. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 278. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 902. ^ a b Bullock 1999 , p. 785. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 597. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 903. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 217–233. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 255. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 267–268. ^ Ziemke 1969 , pp. 87–88. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255, 256. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 934. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 111. ^ a b c Dollinger 1997 , p. 228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 946. ^ a b Ziemke 1969 , p. 119. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 342. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 118. ^ a b c d Dollinger 1997 , p. 239. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 950. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 120. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 357, last paragraph. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 956–957. ^ Williams 2005 , pp. 324, 325. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1135–1137. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 52. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 383, 389. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Weale 2012 , p. 407. ^ Hamilton 2020 , pp. 349, 386. ^ Hamilton 2020 , p. 408. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 398. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 9–12. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–99. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–101. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Hitler's Destroyed Bunker - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ "Hitler's Underground Shelter - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ a b Felton, Mark (2023). "Back in the Bunker". Find the Führer: The Secret Soviet Investigation . Episode 4. 7:00, 8:30 minutes in. ^ Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die . Garden City, NY: Doubleday . pp. 233– 34. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ "Hitlers letzte Reise" . Der Spiegel (in German). 19 July 1992 . Retrieved 6 March 2021 . ^ a b Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 257–259. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 101–102. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 48, 49. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 49, 50. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 46, 48, 50–53. ^ McNab 2014 , p. 21. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 27, 28. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 27. ^ Der Spiegel 2006 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . Bibliography Arnold, Dietmar (9 January 2012) [8 June 2010]. "Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker" . Berliner-unterwelten.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Brisard, Jean-Christophe and Parshina, Lana (2018). The Death of Hitler . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306922589 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Dollinger, Hans (1997). Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . London: Chancellor. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9 . Eberle, Henrik ; Uhl, Matthias, eds. (2005). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides . New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-366-1 . Hamilton, Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Solihull: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5 . Hamilton, A. Stephan (2020) [2008]. Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1912866137 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth . London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kellerhoff, Sven (2004). The Führer Bunker . Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag. ISBN 978-3-929829-23-5 . Kershaw, Ian (2001) [2000]. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027239-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Lehrer, Steven (2006). The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex . An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime . Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2393-4 . Linge, Heinz (2009). With Hitler to the End . London; New York: Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich . Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962 . McNab, Chris (2014). Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45 . Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-828-6 . Mollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston (ed.). "The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole". After the Battle (61). London: Battle of Britain International. MI5 staff (2005). "Hitler's last days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Staff (9 June 2006). "Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker" . Spiegel Online . Spiegel-Verlag . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Taylor, Blaine (2007). Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945 . Dulles, Virginia: Potomac. ISBN 978-1-57488-928-4 . Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS . New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0 . Williams, Andrew (2005). D-Day to Berlin . Hodder . ISBN 978-0-340-83397-1 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich . London: MacDonald. OCLC 253711605 . Further reading Boldt, Gerhard (1973). Hitler: The Last Ten Days . New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10531-7 . C.I.U. General Staff, Geographical Section (1990). Ramsey, Winston G. (ed.). Berlin: Allied Intelligence Map of Key Buildings . After the Battle – Battle of Britain International. ISBN 978-1-870067-33-1 . de Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders . Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3 . Fest, Joachim (2005). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices from the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Junge, Traudl (2004). Müller, Melissa (ed.). Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary . New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-728-2 . Neubauer, Christoph (2010). Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin (in German and English). Frankfurt on the Oder: Flashback Medienverlag. ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Ryan, Cornelius (1966). The Last Battle . New York: Simon and Schuster. Tissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin . London; Portland, OR: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4929-0 . Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (paperback ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3 . External links Cosgrove, Ben. "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life Magazine . Latson, Jennifer (16 January 2015). "The Brief Luxurious Life of Adolf Hitler, 50 Feet Below Berlin" . Time Magazine . Shuger, Scott; Berger, Donald (21 June 2006). "Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place" . Slate Magazine . 3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery Hitler's Bunker , National Geographic UK. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Authority control databases Yale LUX Yale LUX Führer Headquarters Death of Adolf Hitler Battle of Berlin World War II sites in Germany Continuity of government Bunkers in Germany Air raid shelters 1944 establishments in Germany Buildings and structures completed in 1944 1947 disestablishments in Germany Buildings and structures demolished in 1947 Demolished buildings and structures in Berlin Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension Articles containing German-language text CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Good articles Use British English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from September 2025 Use shortened footnotes from June 2021 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Commons category link is on Wikidata 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Events January January 1 Bulgaria adopts the euro , becoming the 21st member state of the eurozone . [ 1 ] Cyprus begins its role as President of the Council of the European Union . [ 2 ] 40 people are killed and 116 injured in a fire at a bar in Crans-Montana , Switzerland. [ 3 ] Bulgaria adopts the euro , becoming the 21st member state of the eurozone . [ 1 ] Cyprus begins its role as President of the Council of the European Union . [ 2 ] 40 people are killed and 116 injured in a fire at a bar in Crans-Montana , Switzerland. [ 3 ] January 3 The United States launches several airstrikes on multiple locations across northern Venezuela , capturing Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and first lady Cilia Flores . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The United Kingdom and France conduct a joint airstrike on a suspected underground arms cache in Syria that was previously used by the Islamic State . [ 6 ] Equatorial Guinea moves its capital from Malabo to Ciudad de la Paz . [ 7 ] The United States launches several airstrikes on multiple locations across northern Venezuela , capturing Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and first lady Cilia Flores . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The United Kingdom and France conduct a joint airstrike on a suspected underground arms cache in Syria that was previously used by the Islamic State . [ 6 ] Equatorial Guinea moves its capital from Malabo to Ciudad de la Paz . [ 7 ] January 5 – Delcy Rodríguez is formally sworn in as the acting President of Venezuela after the capture of Nicolás Maduro . [ 8 ] January 6 – The 2025 Jubilee ends. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] January 7 – The United States seizes two shadow fleet tankers, including one under a Russian flag , in the United States oil blockade during Operation Southern Spear . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] January 9 – 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign : The Southern Transitional Council announces its dissolution following territorial losses, including its capital Aden . [ 13 ] January 11 – The 2026 Beninese parliamentary election is held. [ 14 ] January 13 – 2025–2026 Iranian protests : Nationwide protests against Iran 's regime continue, with thousands reported killed and thousands more detained amid a severe government crackdown. [ 15 ] January 14 - A crane collapses and derails a train in north-eastern Thailand , killing at least 32 people and injuring 66 others. [ 16 ] [ importance? ] January 15 – The 2026 Ugandan general election is held. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Predicted and scheduled events January 18 – The 2026 Portuguese presidential election is scheduled to be held. January 19 – 23 – The 56th World Economic Forum (Davos, Switzerland) is scheduled to be held. [ 19 ] January 19 – 25 – The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam is scheduled to be held. January 22 – The United States will officially leave the World Health Organization . [ 20 ] January 25 – The 2025–26 Myanmar general election is scheduled to be held. January 28 – Sarah Mullally will become primate of the Church of England . February 1 – The 2026 Costa Rican general election is scheduled to be held. February 5 – The New START Treaty is scheduled to expire. [ 21 ] February 6 – 22 – The Winter Olympics are scheduled to be held in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy. February 7 – March 8 – The 2026 Men's T20 World Cup is scheduled to be held in India and Sri Lanka . February 8 – The 2026 Thai general election is scheduled to be held. February 12 – The 2026 Bangladeshi general election and a constitutional referendum are scheduled to be held. February 22 – The 2026 Laotian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. March 5 – The 2026 Nepalese general election is scheduled to be held. March 5 – 17 – The 2026 World Baseball Classic is scheduled to be held in Japan and the United States . March 6 – 15 – The Winter Paralympics are scheduled to be held in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. March 8 The 2026 Colombian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The first race in the 2026 Formula One World Championship is scheduled to begin in Melbourne, Australia. The 2026 Colombian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The first race in the 2026 Formula One World Championship is scheduled to begin in Melbourne, Australia. March 15 – The 2026 Vietnamese legislative election is scheduled to be held. [ 22 ] March 20 – 22 – The 2026 World Athletics Indoor Championships are scheduled to be held at Kujawsko-Pomorska Arena Toruń in Toruń , BiT City , Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship , Poland . [ 23 ] [ 24 ] March 22 The 2026 Slovenian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Republic of the Congo presidential election is scheduled to be held. [ 25 ] The 2026 Slovenian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Republic of the Congo presidential election is scheduled to be held. [ 25 ] April 12 The 2026 Hungarian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Peruvian general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Beninese presidential election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Hungarian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Peruvian general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Beninese presidential election is scheduled to be held. May 12 – 16 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2026 is scheduled to be held in Vienna , Austria , following their win at the Eurovision Song Contest 2025 . [ 26 ] May 24 – The 2026 Cypriot legislative election is scheduled to be held. [ 27 ] May 31 – The 2026 Colombian presidential election is scheduled to be held. [ 28 ] June 1 – The 2026 Ethiopian general election is scheduled to be held. [ 29 ] June 7 – The 2026 Armenian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. June 11 – July 19 – The 2026 FIFA World Cup is scheduled to be held in Canada , Mexico , and the United States . June 12 – July 5 – The 2026 Women's T20 World Cup is scheduled to be held in England . July 23 – August 2 – The 2026 Commonwealth Games are scheduled to be held in Glasgow , Scotland . [ 30 ] August 13 – The 2026 Zambian general election is scheduled to be held. August 30 – The 2026 Estonian presidential election is scheduled to be held. September 4 – 13 – The 2026 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup is scheduled to be held in Berlin , Germany . September 5 – 27 – The 2026 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup is scheduled to be held in Poland ( Łódź , Katowice , Sosnowiec , and Bielsko-Biała ). [ 31 ] [ 32 ] September 13 – The 2026 Swedish general election is scheduled to be held. September 19 – October 4 – The 2026 Asian Games is scheduled to take place around Aichi Prefecture in Japan. September 20 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Russian legislative election will be held no later than this date. October 3 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Latvian parliamentary election will be held no later than this date. October 4 The 2026 Brazilian general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Bosnian general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Brazilian general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Bosnian general election is scheduled to be held. October 27 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Israeli legislative election will be held no later than this date. October 31 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Danish general election will be held no later than this date. October 31 – November 13 – The 2026 Summer Youth Olympics will be held in Dakar , Senegal. [ 33 ] November 3 – The 2026 United States elections will be held. November 15 – Voyager 1 will reach 1 light day distance from Earth , 49 years after its launch in 1977. December 3 – 20 – The 2026 European Women's Handball Championship is scheduled to be held in the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Turkey. [ 34 ] December 5 – The 2026 Gambian presidential election is scheduled to be held. [ 35 ] December 6 – The 2026 Haitian general election is scheduled to be held. December 19 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 New Zealand general election will be held no later than this date. [ 36 ] December 22 – The 2026 South Sudanese general election is scheduled to be held, the first since the country's independence in 2011. [ 37 ] Date unknown This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) April – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Djiboutian presidential election will be held no later than this date. May – The 2026 Lebanese general election is scheduled to be held. June – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Algerian parliamentary election will be held no later than this date. July – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 São Toméan presidential election will be held no later than this date. September The 2026 Moroccan general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 São Toméan parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Moroccan general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 São Toméan parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. September/October – The 2026 Speedway Grand Prix is scheduled to be held at the PGE Narodowy in Warsaw , Poland . October – The 2026 Cape Verdean presidential election is scheduled to be held. November – The 2026 Bulgarian presidential election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Cape Verdean parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 ASEAN Summit is scheduled to be held in the Philippines. The Artemis II mission is scheduled to launch. Deaths References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Bulgaria ready to use the euro from 1 January 2026: Council takes final steps" (Press release). Council of the European Union. July 8, 2025. ^ Rigonat, Filippo (December 30, 2025). "Cyprus EU Council Presidency kicks off: between security and competitiveness" . L'Europeista . Retrieved December 31, 2025 . ^ "Several dead and injured in explosion at Swiss ski resort town Crans-Montana, police say" . The Guardian . January 1, 2026 . Retrieved January 1, 2026 . ^ "The New York Times" . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ "Trump says Venezuela's Maduro captured after strikes" . Reuters . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ "British and French aircraft attack underground Islamic State weapons store in Syria" . The Guardian . January 3, 2026. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved January 3, 2026 . ^ "Equatorial Guinea relocates capital to Ciudad de la Paz" . January 4, 2026 – via Le Monde. ^ "Delcy Rodriguez formally sworn in as Venezuela's interim presiden" . Reuters . January 5, 2026. ^ "Jubilee 2025" . Archdiocese of Boston . Retrieved January 5, 2026 . ^ "Calendar of Major Events" . www.iubilaeum2025.va . Retrieved January 5, 2026 . ^ "Venezuela Updates: U.S. Forces Seize Two Tankers; Rubio Lays Out Plan for American Control" . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "US seizes Russian-flagged tanker in Atlantic as UK confirms it gave support to operation" . BBC News . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "Yemeni southern separatists in Riyadh announce disputed disbanding of STC" . Al Jazeera. January 9, 2026 . Retrieved January 9, 2026 . ^ "Election Observation Benin – BRIDGE" . Retrieved April 17, 2025 . ^ "About 2,000 killed in Iran protests, official says" . Reuters . January 13, 2026 . Retrieved January 13, 2026 . ^ Guinto, Head, Joel, Jonathan. "At least 32 killed after crane collapses on train in Thailand" . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ "Uganda's electoral commission sets final date for general election" . Africanews . October 21, 2025 . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Kabayo, Simon (November 3, 2025). "EC confirms polling dates for presidential and parliamentary elections on January 15" . Eagle Online . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ www.weforum.org ^ "US to leave World Health Organization on Jan. 22, 2026, says UN" . Reuters . ^ "New START to Expire in Two Years as Russia Refuses Talks" . Arms Control Association. February 4, 2024 . Retrieved November 18, 2024 . ^ "NA approves shortened term, sets 2026 election date" . Viet Nam News . May 21, 2025. ^ Więcławski, Tomasz (March 23, 2023). "Mamy to! Lekkoatletyczne Halowe Mistrzostwa Świata 2026 odbędą się w Toruniu" . Polish Press Agency (in Polish) . Retrieved April 1, 2023 . ^ Czołgowski, Dariusz (March 22, 2023). "Halowe mistrzostwa świata w lekkiej atletyce w 2026 r. odbędą się w Toruniu" . Gazeta Wyborcza . Retrieved April 1, 2023 . ^ "Congo president Sassou Nguesso to seek re-election in March 2026" . France 24 . December 31, 2025. ^ Schumacher, Elizabeth. "Eurovision: Vienna to host European Song Contest 2026" . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved August 22, 2025 . ^ "Parliamentary elections set for May 24 next year" . cyprus-mail.com . May 20, 2025 . Retrieved November 8, 2025 . ^ Rincon, Estefania Mayorga (July 17, 2025). "Calendario electoral 2026 en Colombia: estas son las fechas oficiales, según la Registraduría Nacional" . El Tiempo (in Spanish) . Retrieved November 8, 2025 . ^ "Ethiopia sets June 1, 2026, for general election amid credibility concerns" . The Eastleigh Voice News . October 23, 2025 . Retrieved November 28, 2025 . ^ "Sports announced for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games" . BBC News. October 22, 2024 . Retrieved January 1, 2025 . ^ "FIFA Council appoints Chile and Poland as hosts of FIFA youth competitions" . FIFA . December 17, 2023 . Retrieved December 17, 2023 . ^ "Polska gospodarzem Mistrzostw Świata Kobiet U-20 w 2026 roku!" (in Polish). Polish Football Association (PZPN). December 17, 2023 . Retrieved December 18, 2023 . ^ Millar, Colin (December 12, 2025). "Russian and Belarusian Athletes Should Compete Under National Flags at Youth Level, says IOC" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved December 18, 2025 . ^ "Organisers for Women's EHF EURO 2026 confirmed" . EHF . European Handball Federation. March 8, 2024. ^ "2026 presidential election set for Dec 5 – IEC Chairman" . thepoint.gm . October 10, 2025 . Retrieved November 28, 2025 . ^ "Key information and dates" . Elections . Retrieved September 6, 2025 . ^ "South Sudan postpones December elections by 2 years citing incomplete preparations" . Associated Press. September 14, 2024 . Retrieved September 14, 2024 . External links 2020s Current events Modern history v t e Events by month v t e 2026 Jan Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec v t e Lists of years by topic v t e List of years The arts Animation Anime Art Comics Film Games Literature Music Poetry Video games Animation Anime Art Comics Film Games Literature Music Poetry Video games Communication and technology Architecture Aviation Radio Television Architecture Aviation Radio Television Philosophy and science Anthropology Archaeology Environment and environmental sciences 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Current total 2 Level 3 vital articles Toggle Level 3 vital articles subsection 2.1 People 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.2 History 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.3 Geography 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.4 Arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.5 Philosophy and religion 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.6 Everyday life 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.7 Society and social sciences 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.8 Health, medicine and disease 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.9 Science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.10 Technology 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.11 Mathematics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics 2.1 People 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.2 History 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.3 Geography 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.4 Arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.5 Philosophy and religion 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.6 Everyday life 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.7 Society and social sciences 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.8 Health, medicine and disease 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.9 Science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.10 Technology 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.11 Mathematics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics Wikipedia : Vital articles/Level/3 Afrikaans अंगिका العربية تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Dagbanli ཇོང་ཁ Ελληνικά فارسی Français Italiano עברית Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî ဘာသာမန် Nederlands नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල Taqbaylit ᏣᎳᎩ Tiếng Việt Wayuunaiki 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item WP:VITAL3 WP:VITAL3 WP:VA3 WP:VA3 The five nested vital article Levels are meant to give direction to the prioritization of improvements of English Wikipedia articles (e.g. which articles to bring to WP:GA and WP:FA status), to provide a measurement of quality of overall English Wikipedia (e.g. what proportion of the most important articles are at GA and FA status), and to serve as a centralized watchlist of English Wikipedia's most important articles. Unlike the list of articles every Wikipedia should have , they are tailored to the English Wikipedia and are actively maintained by the dedicated WikiProject Vital Articles . This page contains the 1,000 articles of the Level 3 list. Any addition to or removal from this list should ONLY BE MADE after a discussion on the Level 3 talk page . Level 1 (10 articles) < Level 2 (100 articles) < Level 3 (1,000 articles) < Level 4 (10,000 articles) < Level 5 (50,000 articles) Current total The following table summarizes the quality of the articles on this list. It is updated daily by Cewbot . Total 994 articles. Class #Articles FA 82 GA 137 A 1 B 474 C 301 FFA 79 DGA 95 FFLC 1 Level 3 vital articles This section contains 994 articles out of a quota of 1000. People This section contains 104 articles. Leaders and politicians This section contains 27 articles. Hammurabi Ramesses II Cyrus the Great Alexander the Great Ashoka Qin Shi Huang Julius Caesar Cleopatra Augustus Charlemagne Genghis Khan Mansa Musa Timur Joan of Arc Suleiman the Magnificent Akbar Elizabeth I Catherine the Great George Washington Napoleon Simón Bolívar Abraham Lincoln Mahatma Gandhi Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Mao Zedong Nelson Mandela Explorers This section contains 3 articles. Zheng He Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Artists This section contains 6 articles. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Rembrandt Hokusai Vincent van Gogh Pablo Picasso Leaders and politicians This section contains 27 articles. Hammurabi Ramesses II Cyrus the Great Alexander the Great Ashoka Qin Shi Huang Julius Caesar Cleopatra Augustus Charlemagne Genghis Khan Mansa Musa Timur Joan of Arc Suleiman the Magnificent Akbar Elizabeth I Catherine the Great George Washington Napoleon Simón Bolívar Abraham Lincoln Mahatma Gandhi Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Mao Zedong Nelson Mandela Explorers This section contains 3 articles. Zheng He Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Artists This section contains 6 articles. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Rembrandt Hokusai Vincent van Gogh Pablo Picasso Philosophers and social scientists This section contains 16 articles. Confucius Laozi Socrates Plato Aristotle Cicero Thomas Aquinas Ibn Khaldun Niccolò Machiavelli René Descartes John Locke Adam Smith Immanuel Kant Mary Wollstonecraft Karl Marx Sigmund Freud Writers This section contains 11 articles. Homer Virgil Li Bai Murasaki Shikibu Rumi Dante Alighieri Miguel de Cervantes William Shakespeare Voltaire Leo Tolstoy Rabindranath Tagore Musicians This section contains 6 articles. Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven Louis Armstrong The Beatles Michael Jackson Filmmakers This section contains 2 articles. Charlie Chaplin Walt Disney Philosophers and social scientists This section contains 16 articles. Confucius Laozi Socrates Plato Aristotle Cicero Thomas Aquinas Ibn Khaldun Niccolò Machiavelli René Descartes John Locke Adam Smith Immanuel Kant Mary Wollstonecraft Karl Marx Sigmund Freud Writers This section contains 11 articles. Homer Virgil Li Bai Murasaki Shikibu Rumi Dante Alighieri Miguel de Cervantes William Shakespeare Voltaire Leo Tolstoy Rabindranath Tagore Musicians This section contains 6 articles. Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven Louis Armstrong The Beatles Michael Jackson Filmmakers This section contains 2 articles. Charlie Chaplin Walt Disney Scientists and inventors This section contains 18 articles. Hippocrates Avicenna Shen Kuo Johannes Gutenberg Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Antoine Lavoisier Michael Faraday Charles Darwin Florence Nightingale Louis Pasteur James Clerk Maxwell Dmitri Mendeleev Thomas Edison Nikola Tesla Marie Curie Albert Einstein Mathematicians This section contains 8 articles. Euclid Archimedes Al-Khwarizmi Leonhard Euler Carl Friedrich Gauss Emmy Noether Kurt Gödel Alan Turing Religious figures This section contains 6 articles. The Buddha Jesus Muhammad Ali Adi Shankara Martin Luther Businesspeople This section contains 1 article. Henry Ford Scientists and inventors This section contains 18 articles. Hippocrates Avicenna Shen Kuo Johannes Gutenberg Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Antoine Lavoisier Michael Faraday Charles Darwin Florence Nightingale Louis Pasteur James Clerk Maxwell Dmitri Mendeleev Thomas Edison Nikola Tesla Marie Curie Albert Einstein Mathematicians This section contains 8 articles. Euclid Archimedes Al-Khwarizmi Leonhard Euler Carl Friedrich Gauss Emmy Noether Kurt Gödel Alan Turing Religious figures This section contains 6 articles. The Buddha Jesus Muhammad Ali Adi Shankara Martin Luther Businesspeople This section contains 1 article. Henry Ford History This section contains 79 articles. History: General This section contains 4 articles. History ( Level 2 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Civilization ( Level 2 ) Archaeology History by region This section contains 6 articles. History of Africa History of Asia History of Europe History of North America History of Oceania History of South America History by subject This section contains 12 articles. History of science History of art History of agriculture History of architecture History of literature History of mathematics History of medicine History of music History of philosophy History of religion History of technology Military history Prehistory This section contains 3 articles. Prehistory ( Level 2 ) Stone Age Neolithic Revolution History: General This section contains 4 articles. History ( Level 2 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Civilization ( Level 2 ) Archaeology History by region This section contains 6 articles. History of Africa History of Asia History of Europe History of North America History of Oceania History of South America History by subject This section contains 12 articles. History of science History of art History of agriculture History of architecture History of literature History of mathematics History of medicine History of music History of philosophy History of religion History of technology Military history Prehistory This section contains 3 articles. Prehistory ( Level 2 ) Stone Age Neolithic Revolution Stone Age Neolithic Revolution Neolithic Revolution Ancient history This section contains 18 articles. Ancient history ( Level 2 ) Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Post-classical history This section contains 13 articles. Post-classical history ( Level 2 ) Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Ancient history This section contains 18 articles. Ancient history ( Level 2 ) Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Maya civilization Post-classical history This section contains 13 articles. Post-classical history ( Level 2 ) Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Modern history This section contains 23 articles. Early modern period ( Level 2 ) Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Modern era ( Level 2 ) British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization Modern history This section contains 23 articles. Early modern period ( Level 2 ) Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Modern era ( Level 2 ) British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization Geography This section contains 107 articles. Geography: General This section contains 1 article. Geography ( Level 2 ) Continents and regions This section contains 53 articles. Continent Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Geographical regions Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Countries This section contains 39 articles. Country Africa Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Geography: General This section contains 1 article. Geography ( Level 2 ) Continents and regions This section contains 53 articles. Continent Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Geographical regions Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Countries This section contains 39 articles. Country Africa Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Europe France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Physical geography This section contains 28 articles. Terrestrial features This section contains 12 articles. Land ( Level 2 ) Desert Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Hydrological features This section contains 16 articles. Sea ( Level 2 ) Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Lake Caspian Sea Great Lakes River Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Europe France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia Australia South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Argentina Brazil Colombia Physical geography This section contains 28 articles. Terrestrial features This section contains 12 articles. Land ( Level 2 ) Desert Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Desert Sahara Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Hydrological features This section contains 16 articles. Sea ( Level 2 ) Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Lake Caspian Sea Great Lakes Caspian Sea Great Lakes River Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Human settlements This section contains 25 articles. Human settlement ( Level 2 ) City Town Urbanization Village Africa Cairo Lagos Asia East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Europe London Moscow Paris Rome North America Mexico City New York City South America São Paulo Human settlements This section contains 25 articles. Human settlement ( Level 2 ) City Town Urbanization Village City Town Urbanization Village Africa Cairo Lagos Cairo Lagos Asia East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Europe London Moscow Paris Rome London Moscow Paris Rome North America Mexico City New York City Mexico City New York City South America São Paulo São Paulo Arts This section contains 39 articles. Arts: General This section contains 4 articles. The arts ( Level 1 ) Art Fashion Museum Artistic movements This section contains 4 articles. Abstract art Modernism Realism Romanticism Architecture This section contains 1 article. Architecture ( Level 2 ) Arts: General This section contains 4 articles. The arts ( Level 1 ) Art Fashion Museum Artistic movements This section contains 4 articles. Abstract art Modernism Realism Romanticism Architecture This section contains 1 article. Architecture ( Level 2 ) Literature This section contains 6 articles. Literature ( Level 2 ) Fiction Novel Short story Non-fiction Poetry Music This section contains 9 articles. Music ( Level 2 ) Musical instrument Rhythm Singing Musical genres Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Literature This section contains 6 articles. Literature ( Level 2 ) Fiction Novel Short story Novel Short story Non-fiction Poetry Music This section contains 9 articles. Music ( Level 2 ) Musical instrument Rhythm Singing Musical genres Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Performing arts This section contains 5 articles. Performing arts ( Level 2 ) Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Visual arts This section contains 10 articles. Visual arts ( Level 2 ) Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Performing arts This section contains 5 articles. Performing arts ( Level 2 ) Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Visual arts This section contains 10 articles. Visual arts ( Level 2 ) Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Philosophy and religion This section contains 56 articles. Philosophy This section contains 16 articles. Philosophy: General This section contains 1 article. Philosophy ( Level 1 ) Philosophical branches and concepts This section contains 12 articles. Aesthetics Epistemology Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Ethics ( Level 2 ) Good and evil Logic ( Level 2 ) Metaphysics Free will Ontology Philosophy by region and period This section contains 3 articles. Eastern philosophy Confucianism Western philosophy Philosophy This section contains 16 articles. Philosophy: General This section contains 1 article. Philosophy ( Level 1 ) Philosophical branches and concepts This section contains 12 articles. Aesthetics Epistemology Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Ethics ( Level 2 ) Good and evil Good and evil Logic ( Level 2 ) Metaphysics Free will Ontology Free will Ontology Philosophy by region and period This section contains 3 articles. Eastern philosophy Confucianism Confucianism Western philosophy Mythology This section contains 2 articles. Myth Greek mythology Religion This section contains 13 articles. Religion ( Level 2 ) Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Secularism Atheism Mythology This section contains 2 articles. Myth Greek mythology Greek mythology Religion This section contains 13 articles. Religion ( Level 2 ) Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Secularism Atheism Atheism Specific religions This section contains 25 articles. Abrahamic religions This section contains 13 articles. Abraham Bible Christianity Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Islam Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Judaism Talmud Moses East Asian religions This section contains 3 articles. Chinese folk religion Shinto Taoism Indian religions This section contains 8 articles. Buddhism Mahayana Theravada Hinduism Vedas Bhagavad Gita Jainism Sikhism Other religions This section contains 1 article. African traditional religions Specific religions This section contains 25 articles. Abrahamic religions This section contains 13 articles. Abraham Bible Christianity Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Islam Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Judaism Talmud Talmud Moses East Asian religions This section contains 3 articles. Chinese folk religion Shinto Taoism Indian religions This section contains 8 articles. Buddhism Mahayana Theravada Mahayana Theravada Hinduism Vedas Bhagavad Gita Vedas Bhagavad Gita Jainism Sikhism Other religions This section contains 1 article. African traditional religions Everyday life This section contains 60 articles. Everyday life: General This section contains 5 articles. Clothing ( Level 2 ) Shoe Home ( Level 2 ) Furniture Jewellery Family, kinship and friendship This section contains 4 articles. Family ( Level 2 ) Marriage Parenting Friendship Stages of life This section contains 4 articles. Adult Adolescence Child Infant Sexuality and gender This section contains 6 articles. Human sexuality ( Level 2 ) Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Gender Man Woman Everyday life: General This section contains 5 articles. Clothing ( Level 2 ) Shoe Shoe Home ( Level 2 ) Furniture Jewellery Family, kinship and friendship This section contains 4 articles. Family ( Level 2 ) Marriage Parenting Marriage Parenting Friendship Stages of life This section contains 4 articles. Adult Adolescence Child Infant Infant Sexuality and gender This section contains 6 articles. Human sexuality ( Level 2 ) Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Gender Man Woman Man Woman Food and drink This section contains 25 articles. Cooking Food ( Level 2 ) Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Drink Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Food and drink This section contains 25 articles. Cooking Food ( Level 2 ) Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Bean Potato Drink Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Recreation and entertainment This section contains 16 articles. Entertainment ( Level 2 ) Play (activity) Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Martial arts Swimming Tourism Recreation and entertainment This section contains 16 articles. Entertainment ( Level 2 ) Play (activity) Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Martial arts Swimming Tourism Society and social sciences This section contains 149 articles. Society and social sciences: General This section contains 15 articles. Culture ( Level 2 ) Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Society ( Level 1 ) Community Power (social and political) Social class Communication ( Level 2 ) Information Social science Anthropology Sociology Ethnicity ( Level 2 ) Politics and government This section contains 26 articles. Politics ( Level 2 ) Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Government ( Level 2 ) Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Ideology Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Nation State ( Level 2 ) Diplomacy Military International organizations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations Conflict This section contains 4 articles. War ( Level 2 ) Genocide Peace Terrorism Education This section contains 4 articles. Education ( Level 2 ) School Library University Society and social sciences: General This section contains 15 articles. Culture ( Level 2 ) Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Society ( Level 1 ) Community Power (social and political) Social class Community Power (social and political) Social class Communication ( Level 2 ) Information Social science Anthropology Sociology Anthropology Sociology Ethnicity ( Level 2 ) Politics and government This section contains 26 articles. Politics ( Level 2 ) Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Government ( Level 2 ) Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Ideology Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Nation State ( Level 2 ) Diplomacy Military Diplomacy Military International organizations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations Conflict This section contains 4 articles. War ( Level 2 ) Genocide Peace Terrorism Education This section contains 4 articles. Education ( Level 2 ) School Library University School Library University Business and economics This section contains 23 articles. Business ( Level 2 ) Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Economics ( Level 2 ) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Economy Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Social issues This section contains 17 articles. Disability Discrimination Racism Sexism Famine Feminism Human migration Human rights Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Indigenous peoples Pollution Poverty Violence Welfare spending Law This section contains 7 articles. Law ( Level 2 ) Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Business and economics This section contains 23 articles. Business ( Level 2 ) Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Economics ( Level 2 ) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Economy Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Social issues This section contains 17 articles. Disability Discrimination Racism Sexism Racism Sexism Famine Feminism Human migration Human rights Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Indigenous peoples Pollution Poverty Violence Welfare spending Law This section contains 7 articles. Law ( Level 2 ) Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Psychology This section contains 17 articles. Psychology ( Level 2 ) Emotion ( Level 2 ) Anger Fear Happiness Humour Love Sadness Mind ( Level 2 ) Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Human behavior Intelligence Learning Personality Language This section contains 32 articles. Language ( Level 2 ) Indo-European languages Bengali English French German Greek Hindustani Latin Portuguese Russian Spanish Other languages Arabic Chinese Japanese Malay Swahili Linguistics Grammar Word Literacy Personal name Speech Writing ( Level 2 ) Alphabet Arabic script Brahmic scripts Cyrillic script Greek alphabet Latin script Arabic numerals Chinese characters Media This section contains 4 articles. Mass media ( Level 2 ) Broadcasting News Publishing Psychology This section contains 17 articles. Psychology ( Level 2 ) Emotion ( Level 2 ) Anger Fear Happiness Humour Love Sadness Anger Fear Happiness Humour Humour Love Sadness Mind ( Level 2 ) Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Human behavior Intelligence Learning Personality Language This section contains 32 articles. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Start and end dates 2 Background Toggle Background subsection 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 3 Pre-war events Toggle Pre-war events subsection 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Toggle References subsection 9.1 Sources 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links World War II Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Tyap Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri Tolışi Toki pona Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item This article contains one or more duplicated citations . 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Allied victory Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders : Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Main Axis leaders : Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses 60 million to over 75 million deaths (military and civilian) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Theatres of World War II v t e Europe Poland Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Asia-Pacific China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Mediterranean and Middle East Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Other campaigns Air warfare Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Coups Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Resistance movements Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans Poland Soviet invasion Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Air warfare Strategic bombing Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Madagascar Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans World War II Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Campaigns Countries Equipment Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Category Bibliography v t e v t e World War II [ b ] or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions : the Allies and the Axis powers . Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising their resources in pursuit of total war . Tanks and aircraft played major roles , enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of over 60 million people. Millions died in genocides , including the Holocaust , and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Germany , Austria , Japan , and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were put on trial for war crimes . The causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of World War I , the rise of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan . Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War , the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland . World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany , under Adolf Hitler , invaded Poland , after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania , while Germany conquered Norway , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy , and the British Empire / British Commonwealth , with fighting in the Balkans , Mediterranean, and Middle East , East Africa , the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz , and the naval Battle of the Atlantic . By mid-1941 Yugoslavia and Greece had also been defeated by Axis countries. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union , opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains along with Axis allies. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific , including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii , leading the United States to enter the war against the Axis. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia , but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway . In early 1943, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. An Allied invasion of Italy in July resulted in the fall of its fascist regime , and Allied offensives in the Pacific and the Soviet Union forced the Axis to retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France at Normandy , and the Soviet Union advanced into Central Europe. During the same period, Japan suffered major setbacks, including the crippling of its navy by the United States, the loss of key Western Pacific islands, and defeats in South-Central China and Burma . The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories and the invasion of Germany by the Allies which culminated in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . On 6 and 9 August, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Faced with an imminent Allied invasion , the prospect of further atomic bombings, and a Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria , Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August, and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945 . World War II transformed the political, economic, and social structures of the world, and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its security council . The Soviet Union and the US emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the half-century Cold War . In the wake of Europe's devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and of Asia . Many countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion . Start and end dates Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath By topic Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Causes ( Diplomacy ) Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Battles Operations By theatre Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies v t e v t e Most historians agree that World War II began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and the United Kingdom and France 's declaration of war on Germany two days later. Dates for the beginning of the Pacific War include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or the earlier Japanese invasion of Manchuria , on 18 September 1931. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. [ 7 ] The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939. [ 8 ] Others view the Spanish Civil War as the start or prelude to World War II. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 ( V-J Day ), rather than with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, which officially ended the war in Asia . A peace treaty between Japan and the Allies was signed in 1951. [ 11 ] A 1990 treaty regarding Germany's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place. [ 12 ] No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, [ 13 ] although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which also restored full diplomatic relations between them. [ 14 ] Background Aftermath of World War I World War I had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the Central Powers —including Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire —and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new nation-states were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires . [ 15 ] [ failed verification ] To prevent a future world war, the League of Nations was established in 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference . The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and naval disarmament , as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. [ 16 ] Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , [ 17 ] irredentist and revanchist nationalism had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially pronounced in Germany due to the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited, reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's armed forces . [ 18 ] Germany and Italy The German Empire was dissolved in the German revolution of 1918–1919 , and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic , was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a "New Roman Empire". [ 19 ] Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the chancellor of Germany in 1933 when President Paul von Hindenburg and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself Führer of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . [ 20 ] France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription. [ 21 ] European treaties The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalisation ; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. [ 22 ] The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year. [ 23 ] Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno Treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement . [ 24 ] In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Rome–Berlin Axis . A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy joined the following year. [ 25 ] Asia The Kuomintang party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party (CCP) allies [ 26 ] and new regional warlords . In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China [ 27 ] as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia , staged the Mukden incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . [ 28 ] China appealed to the League of Nations to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai , Rehe , and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . [ 29 ] After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan. [ 30 ] Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . [ 31 ] The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ); in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did little when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's Covenant . [ 32 ] The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. [ 33 ] Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing Austria . [ 34 ] Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. [ 35 ] The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the Spanish Republic . More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . [ 36 ] His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . [ 37 ] Japanese invasion of China (1937) In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China following years of tension and low-level conflicts . [ 38 ] The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending China's prior cooperation with Germany . [ 39 ] From September to November, the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , engaged the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou , [ 40 ] fought Communist forces in Pingxingguan [ 41 ] [ 42 ] , and wrestled control over China's northern railway network. [ 43 ] Nationalist Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but after three months of heavy fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang , but ultimately lost control of the city of Xuzhou in May. [ 47 ] In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; buying time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan at heavy cost to the local civilian population, but the city was taken by October after heavy fighting along the Yangtze River. [ 48 ] Japanese military victories did not destroy Chinese resistance; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Aiming to break Chinese morale, Japanese aircraft began striking cities in the Sichuan basin in a bombing campaign, killing tens of thousands of civilians. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Soviet–Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and Mongolia . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin-ron , which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War [ 53 ] and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron , promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] European occupations and agreements In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers. [ 56 ] Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. [ 57 ] Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary, and Poland annexed the Trans-Olza region of Czechoslovakia. [ 58 ] Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . [ 59 ] Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region , formerly the German Memelland . [ 60 ] Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , the United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the Kingdoms of Romania and Greece . [ 61 ] Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . [ 62 ] Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression . [ 63 ] The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany, [ 64 ] after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. [ 65 ] This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland , Finland, Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. [ 66 ] The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I . Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it. [ 67 ] In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. [ 68 ] On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. [ 68 ] The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador Nevile Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected. [ 69 ] Course of the war War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion. [ 71 ] The first German attack of the war came against the Polish defences at Westerplatte . [ 72 ] The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. [ c ] During the Phoney War period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland . [ 73 ] The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. [ 74 ] Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . [ 75 ] On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw . The Polish counter-offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht . Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw . On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a cease-fire with Japan , the Soviet Union invaded Poland [ 76 ] under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. [ 77 ] On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6 October . Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the Polish government-in-exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied Poland. [ 78 ] A significant part of Polish military personnel evacuated to Romania and Latvia; many of them later fought against the Axis in other theatres of the war. [ 79 ] Germany annexed western Poland and occupied central Poland ; the Soviet Union annexed eastern Poland . Small shares of Polish territory were transferred to Lithuania and Slovakia . On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected [ 69 ] and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, [ 80 ] which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania with military invasion, forcing the three Baltic countries to sign pacts allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939, [ 87 ] and was subsequently expelled from the League of Nations for this crime of aggression. [ 88 ] Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the Winter War was modest, and the Finno–Soviet war ended in March 1940 with some Finnish concessions of territory . [ 89 ] In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, [ 85 ] as well as the Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region . In August 1940, Hitler imposed the Second Vienna Award on Romania which led to the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary. [ 90 ] In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded Southern Dobruja from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the Treaty of Craiova . [ 91 ] The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II , turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal Ion Antonescu , with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. [ 92 ] Meanwhile, German–Soviet political relations and economic co-operation [ 93 ] [ 94 ] gradually stalled, [ 95 ] [ 96 ] and both states began preparations for war. [ 97 ] Western Europe (1940–1941) In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off . [ 98 ] Denmark capitulated after six hours , and despite Allied support , Norway was conquered within two months. [ 99 ] British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the resignation of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , who was replaced by Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940. [ 100 ] On the same day, Germany launched an offensive against France . To circumvent the strong Maginot Line fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . [ 101 ] The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the Ardennes region, [ 102 ] which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] By successfully implementing new Blitzkrieg tactics, the Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment. [ 105 ] On 10 June, Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. [ 106 ] The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and Paris fell to them on 14 June. Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany ; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones , [ 107 ] and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which the United Kingdom attacked on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany. [ 108 ] The air Battle of Britain [ 109 ] began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . [ 110 ] The German campaign for air superiority started in August but its failure to defeat RAF Fighter Command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed German invasion of Britain . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely ended in May 1941 [ 111 ] after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort. [ 110 ] Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . [ 112 ] The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . [ 113 ] In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the Neutrality Act to allow " cash and carry " purchases by the Allies. [ 114 ] In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . [ 115 ] Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. [ 116 ] In December 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an " arsenal of democracy " and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was invaded by Germany. [ 117 ] The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. [ 118 ] At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the Axis powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. [ 119 ] The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia , and Romania joined. [ 120 ] Romania and Hungary later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the Soviet Union . [ 121 ] Mediterranean (1940–1941) In early June 1940, the Italian Regia Aeronautica attacked and besieged Malta , a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy conquered British Somaliland and made an incursion into British-held Egypt . In October, Italy attacked Greece , but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. [ 122 ] To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean. [ 123 ] In December 1940, British Empire forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . [ 124 ] The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . [ 125 ] Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa; at the end of March 1941, Rommel 's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back Commonwealth forces. [ 126 ] In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged the port of Tobruk . [ 127 ] By late March 1941, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact ; however, the Yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both Yugoslavia and Greece , commencing on 6 April 1941 with a massive bombing of Belgrade ; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. [ 128 ] The airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. [ 129 ] Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war. [ 130 ] In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria . [ 131 ] Between June and July, British-led forces invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon , assisted by the Free French . [ 132 ] Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941. [ 133 ] By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border. [ 134 ] Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany. [ 135 ] On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of Ukraine , the Baltic states and Byelorussia . [ 136 ] However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. [ 137 ] In November 1940, negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 138 ] On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them ; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. [ 139 ] The primary targets of this surprise offensive [ 140 ] were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk–Astrakhan line —from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate communism , generate Lebensraum ("living space") [ 141 ] by dispossessing the native population , [ 142 ] and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals. [ 143 ] Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war, [ 144 ] Operation Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence . During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel, mainly in massive encirclements around Minsk , Smolensk , and Uman .. Nazi policy entailed that Wehrmacht subject Soviet POWs to murderous treatment, executing all Jewish and Communist POWs immediately per the Commissar Order , and subjecting the remainder to forced marches to open-air concentration camps, where they were to be deliberately starved to death . By the end of the winter of 1941, 2.8 million Soviet POWs had died in German captivity. Some 3.3 million Soviet POWs would die in German captivity by the war's end in total, a nearly 60% mortality rate. [ 145 ] By mid-August, however, the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. [ 146 ] The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially-developed eastern Ukraine (the First Battle of Kharkov ). [ 147 ] The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front [ 148 ] prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy . [ 149 ] In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany [ 150 ] and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter , which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. [ 151 ] In late August the British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor , Iran's oil fields , and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India. [ 152 ] By October, Axis powers had achieved operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of Leningrad [ 153 ] and Sevastopol continuing. [ 154 ] A major offensive against Moscow was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops [ 155 ] were forced to suspend the offensive. [ 156 ] Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended. [ 157 ] By early December, freshly mobilised reserves [ 158 ] allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. [ 159 ] This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , [ 160 ] allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west. [ 161 ] War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) Following the Japanese false flag Mukden incident in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American gunboat USS Panay in 1937, and the 1937–1938 Nanjing Massacre , Japanese-American relations deteriorated . In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the Export Control Acts —which banned US exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. [ 117 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] During 1939 Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , but was repulsed by late September. [ 164 ] Despite several offensives by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina in September 1940. [ 165 ] Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940. In August, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; [ 166 ] in retaliation, Japanese armies in North China implemented the Three Alls Policy , a massive scorched earth initiative to depopulate regions deemed hostile to Japanese occupation.. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation. [ 169 ] In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the nationalist Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the Battle of Shanggao . [ 170 ] In September, Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces. [ 171 ] German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. [ 172 ] In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . [ 173 ] [ 174 ] At the same time, Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions. [ 175 ] Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate. [ 176 ] At the same time the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. [ 177 ] Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946) and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries". [ 177 ] Frustrated at the lack of progress and pressured by American–British–Dutch sanctions, especially in oil, Japan prepared for war. Emperor Hirohito , after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, [ 178 ] began to favour Japan's entry into the war. [ 179 ] As a result, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe resigned. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni in his place, choosing War Minister Hideki Tojo instead. [ 182 ] On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the Emperor. [ 183 ] On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. [ 184 ] On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. [ 176 ] The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. [ 185 ] That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; [ 186 ] [ 187 ] the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war. [ 188 ] Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. [ 189 ] To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. [ 190 ] On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . [ 191 ] These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines , as well as invasions of Guam , Wake Island , Malaya , [ 191 ] Thailand , and Hong Kong . [ 192 ] These attacks led the United States , United Kingdom , China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. [ 193 ] Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States [ 194 ] in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. [ 139 ] [ 195 ] Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four [ 196 ] —the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter [ 197 ] and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers. [ 198 ] During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue. All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward, large-scale attack on Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces ; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign. An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. [ 199 ] Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa. [ 200 ] At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. [ 201 ] Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944. [ 202 ] Pacific (1942–1943) By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Japanese advances were accompanied by numerous atrocities, including the Sook Ching Massacre in Singapore. [ 203 ] Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. Following the capture of Bataan, Japanese armies forced some 75,000 Filipino and American prisoners on a 42km death march , resulting in thousands of deaths. [ 204 ] On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. [ 205 ] Japanese forces achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea , and Indian Ocean , [ 206 ] and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . [ 207 ] These easy victories over the unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended. [ 208 ] In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . [ 209 ] Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. [ 210 ] In mid-May, Japan started the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken Japanese naval codes in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . [ 213 ] With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . [ 214 ] The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia. [ 215 ] Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna–Gona . [ 216 ] Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal, with Japanese forces suffering massive losses in the attrition, especially amongst their elite pilots. [ 217 ] By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . [ 218 ] In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. [ 219 ] The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results. [ 220 ] Eastern Front (1942–1943) Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. [ 221 ] In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov . [ 222 ] The fortress city of Sevastopol, which the Red Army had held out against Axis siege for nearly 250 days, was finally seized with the use of massive artillery bombardments and poison gas. [ 223 ] In June 1942 launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia, to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy the Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split Army Group South into two groups: Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga. [ 224 ] By mid-November, the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting . The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an encirclement of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad , [ 225 ] and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed. [ 226 ] By early February 1943, the German army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, [ 227 ] and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . [ 228 ] Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . [ 229 ] By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa, Operation Crusader , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. [ 230 ] The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala line by early February, [ 231 ] followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. [ 232 ] Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in Vichy-held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942. [ 233 ] An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . [ 234 ] On the Continent, raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets, culminating in the failed Dieppe Raid , [ 235 ] demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security. [ 236 ] In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein [ 237 ] and, at a high cost, managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . [ 238 ] A few months later, the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. [ 239 ] This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo-American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies. [ 240 ] Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; [ 240 ] although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943. [ 240 ] [ 242 ] In June 1943, the British and Americans began a strategic bombing campaign against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and " de-house " the civilian population. [ 243 ] The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre. [ 244 ] Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . [ 245 ] Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . [ 246 ] By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April, the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . [ 247 ] In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 5 July 1943, Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, [ 248 ] and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. [ 249 ] This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month. [ 250 ] On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby nearly completely dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, [ 251 ] giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther–Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and the Lower Dnieper Offensive . [ 254 ] On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy's armistice with the Allies and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. [ 255 ] Germany, with the help of the fascists, responded to the armistice by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, [ 256 ] and creating a series of defensive lines. [ 257 ] German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , [ 258 ] causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November. [ 259 ] German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. [ 260 ] In November 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . [ 261 ] The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory [ 262 ] and the military planning for the Burma campaign , [ 263 ] while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat. [ 264 ] From November 1943, during the seven-week Battle of Changde , the Chinese awaited Allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] [ 267 ] In January 1944, the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . [ 268 ] On 27 January 1944, Soviet troops launched a major offensive that expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , thereby ending the most lethal siege in history . [ 269 ] The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region. [ 270 ] By late May 1944, the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops. [ 271 ] The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the cost of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June. [ 272 ] The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India , [ 273 ] and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . [ 274 ] In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, [ 274 ] and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . [ 275 ] The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. [ 276 ] By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha . [ 277 ] Allies Offensives (1944) On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as D-Day ), after three years of Soviet pressure, [ 278 ] the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also attacked southern France . [ 279 ] These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated on 25 August by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , [ 280 ] and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed. [ 281 ] After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but failed to cross the Roer river . In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the last major German defensive line . [ 282 ] On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus that nearly destroyed the German Army Group Centre . [ 283 ] Soon after that, another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviet Red Army however halted in the Praga district on the other side of the Vistula as the Germans quelled the Warsaw Uprising initiated by the Home Army (the main faction of the Polish resistance , loyal to the non-communist government-in exile), killing over 150,000 Poles. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] The national uprising in Slovakia was also quelled by the Germans. [ 286 ] The Soviet Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side. [ 287 ] In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania , and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. [ 288 ] By this point, the communist-led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern Serbia , the Soviet Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a massive assault against German-occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945. [ 289 ] Unlike rapid Soviet victories in the Balkans, bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet-Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions, [ 290 ] although Finland was obligated to fight their German former allies . [ 291 ] By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River [ 292 ] while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces captured Mount Song and reopened the Burma Road . [ 293 ] In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August. [ 294 ] Soon after, they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November [ 295 ] and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December. [ 296 ] In the Pacific, US forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history. [ 297 ] Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French-German border , hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at Antwerp . By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. [ 298 ] In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia . [ 299 ] On 4 February Soviet, British, and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. [ 300 ] In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while the Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B . [ 301 ] In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched its last major offensive against Soviet troops near Lake Balaton . Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to Vienna , and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops captured Königsberg , while the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin. Soviet troops stormed and captured Berlin in late April. [ 302 ] In Italy, German forces surrendered on 29 April, while the Italian Social Republic capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the Reichstag was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany. [ 303 ] Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president, Harry S. Truman . [ 304 ] Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April. [ 305 ] On 30 April, Hitler committed suicide in his headquarters , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz (as President of the Reich ) and Joseph Goebbels (as Chancellor of the Reich ). Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk , in what would later be known as the Flensburg Government . Total and unconditional surrender in Europe was signed on 7 and 8 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . [ 306 ] German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May. [ 307 ] On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by Allied forces in Flensburg . On 5 June all German political and military institutions were placed under Allied control through the Berlin Declaration . [ 308 ] In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March, during which Japanese forces killed 100,000 Filipino civilians in the city. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . [ 309 ] Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history. [ 310 ] In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. [ 311 ] Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. [ 312 ] At the same time, a naval blockade by submarines was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] On 11 July, Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany, [ 315 ] and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that " the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction ". [ 316 ] During this conference, the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister. [ 317 ] The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. [ 318 ] In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, declared war on Japan , invaded Japanese-held Manchuria and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force. [ 319 ] These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. [ 320 ] The Red Army also captured the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the Potsdam Declaration . [ 321 ] On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio ( Gyokuon-hōsō , literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). [ 322 ] On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war. [ 323 ] Aftermath The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany , both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the western and eastern occupation zones officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries, West Germany and East Germany . [ 324 ] In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A denazification program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg trials and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society. [ 325 ] Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland, [ 326 ] and East Prussia was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the expulsion to Germany of the nine million Germans from these provinces, [ 327 ] [ 328 ] as well as three million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon Line , [ 329 ] from which two million Poles were expelled . [ 328 ] [ 330 ] North-east Romania, [ 331 ] [ 332 ] parts of eastern Finland, [ 333 ] and the Baltic states were annexed into the Soviet Union . [ 334 ] [ 335 ] Italy lost its monarchy , colonial empire , and some European territories . [ 336 ] In an effort to maintain world peace , [ 337 ] the Allies formed the United Nations , [ 338 ] which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, [ 339 ] and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as a common standard for all member nations . [ 340 ] The great powers that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States—became the permanent members of the UN's Security Council . [ 341 ] The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over. [ 342 ] Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . [ 343 ] Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to the establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, East Germany , [ 344 ] Poland , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , and Albania [ 345 ] became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the Soviet Union . [ 346 ] A communist uprising in Greece was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West. [ 347 ] Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact . [ 348 ] The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the Cold War —would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and number of proxy wars throughout the world. [ 349 ] In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administered Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . [ 350 ] Korea , formerly under Japanese colonial rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the Korean War . [ 351 ] In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946. Communist forces prevailed and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. [ 352 ] In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab–Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to decolonisation . [ 353 ] [ 354 ] The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a baby boom , and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much greater than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. [ 355 ] The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany from 1945 to 1948. [ 356 ] Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] At the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which later became part of the World Bank Group . The Bretton Woods system lasted until 1973. [ 359 ] Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in West Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the US Marshall Plan economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. [ 360 ] [ 361 ] The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . [ 362 ] Italy also experienced an economic boom [ 363 ] and the French economy rebounded . [ 364 ] By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, [ 365 ] and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, [ 366 ] it continued in relative economic decline for decades. [ 367 ] The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increases in production in the immediate post-war era, [ 368 ] having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted war reparations from its satellite states. [ d ] [ 369 ] Japan recovered much later. [ 370 ] China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952. [ 371 ] Impact Casualties and war crimes An estimated 60 million to more than 75 million people died in the war including at least 20 million who died from deprivation, famine and disease. [ 372 ] [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] The majority of these deaths were on the Eastern Front and the Chinese Theatre . [ 376 ] The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people [ 377 ] including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. [ 378 ] A quarter of the Soviet population were wounded or killed. [ 379 ] Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany. [ 380 ] An estimated 11 [ 381 ] to 17 million [ 382 ] civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's racist policies , including mass killing of around 6 million Jews , along with Roma , homosexuals , at least 1.9 million ethnic Poles [ 383 ] [ 384 ] and millions of other Slavs (including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and other ethnic and minority groups . [ 385 ] [ 382 ] Between 1941 and 1945, more than 1,200,000 Yugoslavians died. [ 386 ] 200,000 were ethnic Serbs , along with Roma and Jews, were persecuted and killed by the Axis-aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia . [ 387 ] Concurrently, Muslims and Croats were persecuted and killed by Serb nationalist Chetniks , [ 388 ] with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). [ 389 ] Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Volhynia massacres , between 1943 and 1945. [ 390 ] At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish Home Army and other units in reprisal attacks. [ 391 ] The number of deaths resulting from the war in Asia and the Pacific is contested. Estimates of Chinese deaths range from 8 million to over 20 million. [ e ] Arne Westad estimates 14 million Chinese died directly from war, of which 2 million were soldiers and the rest civilians. [ 394 ] Rana Mitter considers Westad's figures conservative. [ 398 ] An estimated 500,000 died as a result of Nationalist forces flooding the Yellow River . [ 399 ] In the Nanking Massacre , between 100,000 and 200,000 Chinese civilians and POWs were killed by Japanese forces, while another 20,000 were raped. [ 44 ] Another 2.7 million Chinese civilians were killed by Japanese forces during the Three Alls policy . [ 400 ] Japanese forces killed between 5 million and 10 million civilians in Southeast Asia. [ 401 ] [ 402 ] At least a million civilians died in Indochina , while as many as 4 million died in the Dutch East Indies, 3 million of which died on Java from famine. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died during the Japanese occupation and American liberation. [ 403 ] [ 404 ] Estimates of the number of people killed by Japanese forces in all theatres are as high as 30 million. [ 405 ] Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) [ 406 ] [ 407 ] and in early conflicts against the Soviets . [ 408 ] Both the Germans and the Japanese tested such weapons against civilians, [ 409 ] and sometimes on prisoners of war . [ 410 ] The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers, [ 411 ] and the imprisonment or execution of hundreds of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD secret police, along with mass civilian deportations to Siberia , in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army. [ 412 ] Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in Germany . [ 413 ] [ 414 ] The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, [ 415 ] while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million. [ 416 ] [ 417 ] The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II. [ 418 ] The USAAF bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and destroying 65% of built-up areas. [ 419 ] Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour Nazi Germany , under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for killing about 6 million Jews in what is now known as the Holocaust . They also killed an additional 4 million others who were deemed " unworthy of life " (including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , Romani , homosexuals , Freemasons , and Jehovah's Witnesses ) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a " genocidal state". [ 420 ] Soviet POWs were kept in especially unbearable conditions , and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. [ 421 ] [ 422 ] In addition to concentration camps , death camps were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used forced labourers ; about 12 million Europeans from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy. [ 423 ] The Soviet Gulag became a de facto system of deadly camps during 1942–1943, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, [ 425 ] including foreign citizens of Poland and other countries occupied in 1939–1940 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis POWs . [ 426 ] By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to NKVD evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators. [ 427 ] Japanese prisoner-of-war camps , many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), [ 428 ] seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. [ 429 ] While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56. [ 430 ] At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. [ 431 ] In Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha (Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java. [ 432 ] Occupation In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion US dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. [ 433 ] Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on. [ 434 ] In the East, the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders. [ 435 ] Unlike in the West, the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the " inferior people " of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by mass atrocities and war crimes . [ 436 ] The Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million ethnic Poles in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust . [ 437 ] Although by 1942 resistance groups formed in most occupied territories, [ 438 ] the assessments of the effectiveness of Soviet partisans [ 439 ] and French Resistance [ 440 ] suggests that they did not significantly hamper German operations until late 1943. In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. [ 441 ] Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination, Japanese war crimes frequently turned local public opinion against them. [ 442 ] During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m 3 ) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels (7,900,000 m 3 ) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate. [ 442 ] Home fronts and production In the 1930s, Britain and the United States together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power. [ 443 ] In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. [ 444 ] In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included. [ 444 ] The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. [ 445 ] Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of attrition . [ 446 ] While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , [ 447 ] Allied strategic bombing , [ 448 ] and Germany's late shift to a war economy [ 449 ] contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. [ 450 ] To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; [ 451 ] Germany enslaved about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, [ 423 ] while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia. [ 431 ] [ 432 ] Advances in technology and its application Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground-support , and each role developed considerably. Innovations included airlift (the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); [ 452 ] and strategic bombing (the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war). [ 453 ] Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced, including defences such as radar and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the proximity fuze . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide. [ 454 ] Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war, actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). [ 455 ] [ 456 ] [ 457 ] In the Atlantic, escort carriers became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . [ 458 ] Carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft [ 459 ] and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. [ 460 ] Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , [ 461 ] were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics, such as sonar and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics. [ 462 ] Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh Light , Hedgehog , Squid , and homing torpedoes proved effective against German submarines. [ 463 ] Land warfare changed from the static frontlines of trench warfare of World War I, which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry , to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. [ 464 ] In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I, [ 465 ] and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed, armour and firepower. [ 466 ] [ 467 ] At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. [ 468 ] This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. [ 464 ] Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns (both towed and self-propelled ), mines , short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. [ 468 ] Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, [ 469 ] and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. [ 470 ] The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German MG 34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings. [ 470 ] The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces. [ 471 ] Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well-known being the German Enigma machine . [ 472 ] Development of SIGINT ( sig nals int elligence) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes [ 473 ] and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. [ 474 ] Another component of military intelligence was deception , which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as Mincemeat and Bodyguard . [ 473 ] [ 475 ] Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ), guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research , the development of artificial harbours , and oil pipelines under the English Channel . [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Although penicillin was discovered before the war, the development ] of industrial production technology as well as the mass production and use began during the war. [ 478 ] See also Greatest Generation – Cohort born from 1901 to 1927 Opposition to World War II World War III – Hypothetical future global conflict Notes ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited. ^ Often abbreviated as WWII or WW2 ^ The UK declared war on Germany at 11 am. France followed 6 hours later at 5 pm. ^ Reparations were exacted from East Germany , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The Soviet Union also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan ." ^ Multiple sources: [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] [ 395 ] [ 396 ] [ 397 ] References ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6. ^ Wells, Anne Sharp (2014) Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 7. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015). The Cambridge History of the Second World War, Volume I: Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64. ^ Ghuhl, Wernar (2007) Imperial Japan's World War Two Transaction Publishers pp. 7, 30 ^ Polmar, Norman; Thomas B. Allen (1991) World War II: America at war, 1941–1945 ISBN 978-0-3945-8530-7 ^ Ben-Horin 1943 , p. 169; Taylor 1979 , p. 124; Yisreelit, Hevrah Mizrahit (1965). Asian and African Studies , p. 191. For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii; Kellogg, William O (2003). American History the Easy Way . Barron's Educational Series. p. 236 ISBN 978-0-7641-1973-6 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same " European Civil War " or " Second Thirty Years' War ": Canfora 2006 , p. 155; Prins 2002 , p. 11. ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10. ^ "In Many Ways, Author Says, Spanish Civil War Was 'The First Battle Of WWII' " . Fresh Air . NPR. 10 March 2017. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021 . 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Thomas, Nigel; Andrew, Stephen (1998). German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-85532-640-8 . Thompson, John Herd; Randall, Stephen J. (2008). Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies (4th ed.). Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978-0-8203-3113-3 . Trachtenberg, Marc (1999). A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963 . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-00273-6 . Tucker, Spencer C. ; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History . ABC-CIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-999-7 . Umbreit, Hans (1991). "The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe". In P. S. Falla (ed.). Germany and the Second World War – Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe . Vol. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press . pp. 227– 326. ISBN 978-0-19-822885-1 . United States Army (1986) [1953]. The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941) . Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army . Archived from the original on 17 January 2022 . Retrieved 17 February 2022 . Waltz, Susan (2002). "Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Third World Quarterly . 23 (3): 437– 448. doi : 10.1080/01436590220138378 . JSTOR 3993535 . S2CID 145398136 . Ward, Thomas A. (2010). Aerospace Propulsion Systems . Singapore: John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978-0-470-82497-9 . Watson, William E. (2003). Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World . Westport, Connecticut: Praeger . ISBN 978-0-275-97470-1 . Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-85316-3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953 . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978-0-7425-5542-6 . Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, M. K. (2002). Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare . St Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978-0-7603-1401-2 . Williams, Andrew (2006). Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-35980-1 . Wilt, Alan F. (1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision . Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press . Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today . Cambridge: MIT Press . pp. 29– 56. ISBN 978-0-262-04136-2 . Wood, James B. (2007). Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable? . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978-0-7425-5339-2 . Yoder, Amos (1997). The Evolution of the United Nations System (3rd ed.). London & Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978-1-56032-546-8 . Zalampas, Michael (1989). Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 978-0-87972-462-7 . Zaloga, Steven J. (1996). Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-85532-478-7 . ——— (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford: Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84176-408-5 . Zeiler, Thomas W. (2004). Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II . Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. ISBN 978-0-8420-2991-9 . Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009). Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania: Casemate . ISBN 978-1-935149-04-0 . Further reading Buchanan, Andrew (7 February 2023). "Globalizing the Second World War". Past & Present (258): 246– 281. doi : 10.1093/pastj/gtab042 . ISSN 0031-2746 . also see online review Archived 4 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine Gerlach, Christian (2024). Conditions of Violence . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-1115-6873-7 . External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage West Point Maps of the European War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (July 1943 – August 1945) v t e World War II v t e Outline Battles Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences Outline Battles Operations Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences General Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Air warfare of World War II In Europe In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Participants Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire British Empire United States Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Soviet Union Azerbaijan Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Timeline Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia World portal Bibliography Category World portal Bibliography Category v t e History of World War II by region and country v t e Africa Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt Ethiopia French Somaliland French West Africa The Gambia Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Madagascar North Africa Tunisia Morocco Nyasaland Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Uganda Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt Ethiopia French Somaliland French West Africa The Gambia Gold Coast Kenya Liberia 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Cambodia Iran Iraq Japan Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Tibet Turkey Tuva Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Military history Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary ( Carpathian Ruthenia ) Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Byelorussia Ukraine Spain Basque Country Catalonia Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Wales Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia ( Slovenia ) Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Military history Basque Country Military history Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary ( Carpathian Ruthenia ) Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Byelorussia Ukraine Azerbaijan Byelorussia 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 3.1 Costa Rica 3.2 Nicaragua 3.3 Honduras 3.4 Elsewhere in Central America 3.5 Mexico 3.1 Costa Rica 3.2 Nicaragua 3.3 Honduras 3.4 Elsewhere in Central America 3.5 Mexico 4 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 4.1 Central America 4.2 Mexico 4.1 Central America 4.2 Mexico 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Hurricane Gert Polski Português Simple English Suomi 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Gert at peak intensity near landfall in Veracruz on September 20 Meteorological history Formed September 14, 1993 Dissipated September 26, 1993 Category 2 hurricane 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 100 mph (155 km/h) Lowest pressure 970 mbar ( hPa ); 28.64 inHg Overall effects Fatalities 116 Missing 16 Damage $170 million (1993 USD ) Areas affected Costa Rica , Nicaragua , Honduras , El Salvador , Guatemala , Belize , Mexico IBTrACS Part of the 1993 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons Hurricane Gert was a large and deadly tropical cyclone that caused extensive flooding and mudslides throughout Central America and Mexico in September 1993. The seventh named storm and third hurricane of the annual hurricane season , Gert originated as a tropical depression from a tropical wave over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on September 14. The next day, the cyclone briefly attained tropical storm strength before moving ashore in Nicaragua and proceeding through Honduras . It reorganized into a tropical storm over the Gulf of Honduras on September 17, but weakened back to a depression upon crossing the Yucatán Peninsula . Once over the warm waters of the Bay of Campeche , Gert quickly strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane by September 20. The hurricane made a final landfall on the Gulf Coast of Mexico near Tuxpan, Veracruz , with peak winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). The rugged terrain disrupted the cyclone's structure; Gert entered the Pacific Ocean as a depression near the state of Nayarit on September 21, where it briefly redeveloped a few strong thunderstorms before dissipating at sea five days later. Gert's broad wind circulation produced widespread and heavy rainfall across Central America through September 15–17. Combined with saturated soil following Tropical Storm Bret 's passage a month earlier, the rain triggered widespread floods and mudslides that isolated thousands of people across numerous communities. In Costa Rica , blustery weather destroyed a national park and led to significant losses in the agricultural and tourism sectors. Much of the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua and Honduras endured overflowing rivers, engulfing cities, villages, and crops with mud and water. Gert's winds were at their strongest upon landfall in Mexico, yet the worst effects in the country were also due to freshwater flooding after an extreme rainfall event in the Huasteca region resulted in water accumulations as high as 31.41 inches (798 mm). An increasing number of major rivers burst their banks over a period of several days, fully submerging extensive areas of land around the Pánuco basin . Tens of thousands of residents were forced to evacuate as raging floodwaters demolished scores of structures in what was described as the region's worst disaster in 40 years. In Gert's wake, the road networks across the affected countries remained severely disrupted for extended periods of time, hampering rescue missions and relief efforts in badly flooded regions. National governments and emergency workers opened shelters and distributed food for the thousands that had lost their homes and sources of income in the storm. Throughout Central America and Mexico, Gert claimed the lives of 116 people and left 16 others missing. The disaster left swaths of private property, infrastructure, and farmland in complete ruins, amounting to damage costs of more than $170 million (1993 USD). Despite the excessive damage and catastrophic loss of life caused by the storm, the name Gert was not retired following the season, and was used again in the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season . Meteorological history Hurricane Gert had a complex lifespan as a large and slow-moving tropical cyclone, repeatedly interacting with nearby landmasses and other atmospheric systems. Its genesis was traced to a tropical wave —an area of low pressure oriented north to south—that moved off the African coast to the south of Dakar on September 5, 1993. The wave tracked westward across the tropical Atlantic at a rapid pace and relatively low latitudes , where its interaction with the Intertropical Convergence Zone fostered the formation of convection . On its approach to the Caribbean, the system developed a weak low-pressure center at sea level, which crossed Trinidad on September 11. Although most of the cloud field brushed over the northern coast of South America , the system survived its contact with land and emerged over the southwestern Caribbean Sea on September 13. [ 1 ] There, owing to favorable tropospheric conditions aloft, the wave showed signs of cyclonic development , as its convection thickened into curved, well-defined bands . Given these structural changes alongside a defined surface circulation, forecasters at the National Hurricane Center (NHC) classified the system as a tropical depression at 1800 UTC on September 14, when it was located 105 miles (169 km) north of the Atlantic coast of Panama . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] From its inception onwards, the depression exhibited a rather large wind field on satellite images and radiosonde data. [ 1 ] Its broad cloud pattern gradually coalesced, and by 0900 UTC on September 15, the NHC had determined it sufficiently strong to be upgraded to Tropical Storm Gert. [ 3 ] The center of the storm proceeded west-northwestward, moving ashore near Bluefields , Nicaragua , with winds of 40 mph (64 km/h) at 1800 UTC. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Gert's interaction with land impeded additional strengthening; the storm weakened back to a tropical depression just six hours after its landfall. While the storm's center remained land-bound for nearly two days, parts of its large circulation abutted the adjacent Caribbean and Pacific waters to draw in moisture and heat. As such, Gert retained its status as a tropical cyclone on its journey northwestward across the terrains of Nicaragua and Honduras . [ 1 ] In doing so, the storm consistently defied the NHC's forecasts for its imminent dissipation. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] On September 17, Gert finally exited the coast, accessed the waters of the Gulf of Honduras and restrengthened to a tropical storm. Its duration over water—and with that any opportunity for additional strengthening—was curtailed by a mid- to upper-level trough over the eastern Gulf of Mexico ; it turned the storm to the north-northwest and brought it over the coast of Belize the next day. Inland, Gert began to interact with a high-pressure ridge to its northwest, which nudged the storm slightly more to the west. [ 7 ] After crossing the Yucatán Peninsula and winding down over land, [ 8 ] Gert entered the Bay of Campeche offshore Champotón as a tropical depression late on September 18. [ 4 ] [ 7 ] The open tropical waters, combined with light wind shear aloft, allowed the storm's convection to deepen and reconsolidate. At 0600 UTC the next day, Gert once more restrengthened into a tropical storm. [ 9 ] The storm veered toward the west and slowed slightly in response to a shortwave trough to its north, [ 10 ] granting it more time to mature over water. [ 7 ] On September 20, data from a United States Air Force aircraft indicated that Gert had become a hurricane with maximum winds of 75 mph (121 km/h). Within hours, it attained its peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale , with sustained winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 970 mbar ( hPa ; 28.64 inHg ). [ 7 ] At about 2100 UTC on September 20, Gert made its final landfall at peak intensity on the coast of Mexico, just north of Tuxpan , Veracruz . The hurricane accelerated and weakened quickly over the rugged mountains of the Sierra Madre Oriental , deteriorating into a tropical depression by September 21. Despite its declining strength, the large circulation again remained intact as it crossed the country. Gert entered the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Nayarit later that day, where the NHC reclassified it as Tropical Depression Fourteen-E. [ 4 ] [ 7 ] What remained of the deep convection waxed and waned in intensity; satellite estimates show the depression may have briefly regained tropical storm strength on September 22. It proceeded on a west to west-northwestward track with sparse thunderstorms for two days. Once the last of this convection diminished, the shallow cyclone was swept up by low-level flow . Steered farther and farther southwest, the depression encountered increasingly cool ocean temperatures. With any chance at redevelopment thwarted, the system dissipated at sea on September 26. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Preparations After confirming the development of a tropical depression, authorities in Costa Rica issued a green alert [ nb 1 ] for coastal regions on September 14. [ 14 ] The following day, a tropical storm warning was issued for the Atlantic coast of the country. [ 15 ] National television and radio stations broadcast warning messages to the public, and emergency crews were dispatched in case conditions were to warrant intervention. This helped with the effective and timely clearing of hospitals, as well as the evacuation of residents in high-risk zones. [ 14 ] A tropical storm warning was posted for the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua on September 15, extending south from Puerto Cabezas to the adjacent islands. [ 15 ] In Honduras, early storm warnings allowed several hundred residents to evacuate well ahead of Gert's arrival. [ 16 ] Once it became evident that the storm would strike the Yucatán Peninsula, coastal areas from Belize northward to Cozumel, Mexico , were placed under a tropical storm warning on September 17 until Gert's landfall the next day. [ 4 ] [ 15 ] While Gert was still located over the peninsula, the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch for the Gulf Coast from the city of Veracruz northward to Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas . By September 18, it was upgraded to a tropical storm warning and extended southward to Minatitlán , although the initial watch area was placed under a hurricane watch after Gert showed signs of strengthening. The next day, the tropical storm watch from Soto La Marina to Nautla was upgraded to a hurricane warning as it became clearer where Gert would make landfall. [ 4 ] [ 15 ] Prior to impact, several ports along the Gulf Coast halted their operations, and people living in risk zones were evacuated. [ 17 ] All warnings and watches were discontinued after the hurricane moved inland. [ 15 ] Impact Country Deaths Missing Honduras 27 12 Nicaragua 37 N/A El Salvador 5 4 Costa Rica 1 0 Guatemala 1 0 Mexico 45 0 Total 116 16 Gert was a large tropical cyclone for most of its lifespan; it always remained close enough to the coast to restrengthen and redevelop strong thunderstorms. In consequence, the storm produced heavy rainfall over a large area, causing extensive flooding and mudslides from Central America to Mexico. The disaster resulted in at least 116 deaths and 16 missing persons; damage to roads, property, crops and vegetation surmounted $170 million. [ nb 2 ] Costa Rica Although Gert's center remained off the coast of Costa Rica, its large circulation produced brisk winds and heavy rainfall across the country. A local weather station recorded 13.1 inches (330 mm) of rain during the storm. [ 18 ] Geologically, the hardest-hit regions consisted of sedimentary layers with poor hydraulic conductivity and were therefore prone to soil saturation. [ 19 ] The initial rainfall raised the levels of many rivers, exacerbating the flood threat. The imminent overflow of the Tempisque River prompted wide-scale evacuations, though the river crested gradually without major consequences. After hours of prolonged rainfall, many Pacific regions such as Quepos , Pérez Zeledón , and Osa experienced flooding and landslides, which inflicted moderate damage to roads and bridges. [ 14 ] The floods ruined about 500 acres (2.0 km 2 ) of banana crop and damaged oil palm plantations. Small-scale farmers of reed , maize , beans, and rice were also affected. The storm disrupted local fishing and wrecked several small boats in Quepos. [ 20 ] High winds brought great destruction to about 65 percent of the vegetation in the Manuel Antonio National Park , vastly impacting the tourism-driven economy of Quepos. [ 19 ] Gert left moderate property damage in its wake; it destroyed 27 homes and otherwise damaged 659, mostly because of flooding. Overall costs totaled $3.1 million, of which $1.7 million was due to the impaired infrastructure. [ 21 ] Roughly 1,000 people sought shelter during the storm. Owing to the timely preparations in the country, only one cardiac arrest fatality was attributable to Gert when a landslide buried a home. [ 14 ] [ 22 ] Nicaragua Moving ashore in Nicaragua a month after Tropical Storm Bret 's passage, Gert caused excessive rainfall over already saturated regions. [ 23 ] Despite striking the Atlantic coast, the storm produced the largest amounts of precipitation over northern and Pacific coastal areas. A maximum of 17.8 in (450 mm) fell at Corinto ; other significant totals include 17.6 in (450 mm) at Chinandega and 17.5 in (440 mm) at León . The capital of Managua recorded 9.8 in (250 mm) of rain during the event. [ 24 ] Sustained winds from the storm reached no more than 40 mph (64 km/h) upon landfall near Bluefields, [ 4 ] though they downed trees and power lines and generated high waves of up to 12 feet (3.7 m) offshore. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] After weakening to a depression inland, Gert continued to produce moderate gales along its path through the country. [ 25 ] Off the coast near Big Corn Island , rough surf and winds destroyed nine fishing boats. Two canoes with an unknown number of occupants disappeared at sea. Gert produced significant coastal flooding on moving ashore near Bluefields and Tasbapauni , prompting about 1,000 residents and hundreds of indigenous Miskito villagers to evacuate. [ 25 ] Farther inland, prolonged heavy rain caused numerous rivers to overflow, which led to disastrous freshwater flooding, especially in departments around Lake Nicaragua . Three tributaries of the Escondido River , one of which rose 32 ft (9.8 m) above normal, overflowed near the city of Rama . [ 27 ] Reaching heights of up to 40 ft (12 m), flood waters submerged 95 percent of the residential space, entering houses and vehicles and displacing 17,000 citizens. All crops in and around the city were lost in the deluge. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] In the Rivas Department , the discharge from the Ochomogo River near the city of Rivas inundated several communities, while Cárdenas , a coastal community along the border with Costa Rica, endured several days of flooding rains. [ 27 ] Damage in the departments of Chontales and Boaco was considerable; [ 29 ] floods in Boaco killed five people and affected 6,000 others. [ 27 ] The affected regions endured widespread disruptions in transportation as landslides moved onto bridges and roads; [ 23 ] in Granada city , the isolation caused sanitation issues and led to the death of a pregnant woman who could not be transported to the hospital. [ 30 ] In total, Gert destroyed 252 houses and damaged another 293 across 14 of Nicaragua's departments; [ 23 ] the storm was also responsible for considerable infrastructural damage and economic losses. [ 27 ] As many as 123,000 people were affected throughout the country, and there were 37 confirmed fatalities. [ 31 ] The impact on the ecology was profound: rivers, estuaries, and mangroves in and around lakes Nicaragua and Managua , as well as the inhabiting fauna, suffered from severe erosion and siltation . [ 32 ] Since flooding from Tropical Storm Bret had occurred just one month earlier, an exclusive damage estimate for Gert is unavailable. The two storms inflicted a combined $10.7 million in damage, primarily to private property. [ 33 ] Honduras Although it had weakened to a depression, Gert continued to drop significant rainfall while crossing Honduras. In Tegucigalpa , at least 6.77 in (172 mm) of rain were recorded. [ 34 ] Damaging floods swept through 13 of the country's 18 departments ; however, northern Honduras and the Mosquitia Region , which had already endured the onslaught of Tropical Storm Bret in the previous month, bore the brunt of the devastation. The additional flooding from Gert affected 24,000 people in the region and made communication with surrounding areas nearly impossible. [ 16 ] Elsewhere, the rain filled several major rivers, including the Ulúa ; [ 35 ] many rivers across the Sula Valley had their banks destroyed, flooding much of San Pedro Sula —the country's second-largest city—and adjacent municipalities in the Cortés Department . The rising water prompted many residents to evacuate, and the Ramón Villeda Morales International Airport halted all of its operations. [ 16 ] The storm devastated Puerto Cortés , one of the most important port cities in Central America. [ 36 ] Elsewhere in the Cortés Department, a river in Choloma overflowed and triggered widespread flooding; [ 35 ] landslides in that area claimed the lives of six people. [ 37 ] In all, Gert wrought $10 million worth of damage to roads, bridges, and property. [ 34 ] The country's agriculture was devastated, losing about 5,700 acres (23 km 2 ) of low-lying farmland with banana, sugar, and citrus crops. [ 16 ] [ 38 ] The disaster affected 67,447 people, of which roughly 60 percent had to evacuate from their homes. In its final public statement, the government of Honduras confirmed 27 deaths, though 12 missing persons remained unaccounted for. [ 16 ] Elsewhere in Central America While passing through Central America, Gert generated an increase in cloudiness and showers across El Salvador , [ 39 ] with a maximum 15.35 in (390 mm) of rain recorded. [ 40 ] Strong winds uprooted trees or snapped their limbs, damaging power lines and knocking out power. In one community, mudslides destroyed a major highway. [ 26 ] The Río Grande de San Miguel caused an excessive discharge of water just southwest of Usulután , [ 39 ] washing out about 2,500 acres (10 km 2 ) of crops from adjacent plantations. Several other areas faced significant losses from the flooding, including San Marcos and San Vicente ; some property and road damage occurred in San Miguel . [ 26 ] Although fishing operations were suspended at the height the storm, four Salvadorean fishermen disappeared at sea. [ 39 ] Overall, Gert affected nearly 8,000 residents and destroyed twelve homes in El Salvador; [ 26 ] [ 39 ] officials there confirmed five drowning deaths related to the storm. [ 39 ] In Guatemala , torrential rains from Gert affected approximately 20,000 people and killed one girl. The agricultural sector in the country suffered substantial losses from the flooding, though there were no specific reports of material damage. [ 26 ] Gert moved ashore near Belize City as a minimal tropical storm, dropping rainfall in coastal areas. Just offshore, a weather station on Hunting Caye recorded 9.5 in (240 mm) during the event. [ 41 ] Despite the rain, only minor flooding occurred in Belize City. [ 42 ] Mexico While crossing the Yucatán Peninsula, Gert dropped considerable rainfall in Quintana Roo ; a 24-hour accumulation of 7.4 in (190 mm) was recorded at Chetumal , although higher localized totals of around 15 in (380 mm) fell elsewhere in the state. [ 12 ] [ 34 ] Gusty winds briefly buffeted the coast during the storm's landfall, with a maximum wind speed of 44 mph (71 km/h) recorded in Chetumal. [ 7 ] The effects of the storm were limited to localized floods, however, which cut off one road to traffic and forced the inhabitants from low-lying areas in Chetumal and Felipe Carrillo Puerto to evacuate to higher ground. [ 43 ] Scattered showers also caused light flooding in parts of the state of Campeche , including Ciudad del Carmen . [ 44 ] Upon Gert's final landfall, high gales and waves battered wide stretches of coastline in the states of Tamaulipas and Veracruz, though hurricane-force winds were largely confined to areas within the cyclone's southern eyewall . [ 34 ] [ 45 ] Tuxpan, just south of where the eye moved ashore, [ 7 ] recorded wind velocities of more than 100 mph (160 km/h), while 80 mph (130 km/h) gusts occurred farther south in Poza Rica . To the north, winds reached 55 mph (89 km/h) in Tampico, Tamaulipas . Despite the severity of the winds, the worst of Gert was due to orographic lift when its broad circulation interacted with the eastern side of the Sierra Madre Oriental, generating extreme precipitation over much of the Huasteca region . [ 34 ] As many as 31.41 in (798 mm) of rain were recorded in Aquismón , San Luis Potosí , while Tempoal in Veracruz observed a 24-hour total of 13.35 in (339 mm) from the storm. [ 12 ] [ 34 ] The first signs of damage were from high winds on September 20, which uprooted trees and tore off residential roofs in Tuxpan, Naranjos , Cerro Azul , and Poza Rica. [ 46 ] Following Gert's extreme rains, catastrophic flooding struck Mexico's Huasteca region over a period of several days, as many of its rivers rose to critical levels. In Veracruz, the imminent overflow of the Tempoal , Moctezuma , and Calabozo rivers forced thousands of residents from the municipalities of Tempoal , El Higo , and Platón Sánchez to leave their homes. The Calabozo River eventually topped its banks, cutting the village of Platón Sánchez off from the outside world. By far the most devastating, however, was the overflow of the Pánuco River on September 24, which runs from the Valley of Mexico through the municipality of Pánuco and empties in the gulf. Rushing water swept through 30 of Veracruz's 212 municipalities , completely submerging more than 5,000 homes. El Higo bore the brunt of the flooding, with 90 percent of its residential area left under water. [ 47 ] After days of continued downpours in Gert's wake, the Pánuco River rose to 27.60 ft (8.41 m) above normal by September 27—its highest level in 40 years. Once again exceeding its banks, the river destroyed a major levee in city of Pánuco , forcing 8,000 residents to evacuate. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Disastrous flooding reached as far north as southern Tamaulipas, where 5,000 people had to seek refuge. Half of Tampico was coated in deep layers of mud, with scores of structures demolished. [ 49 ] The urban areas of Madero and Altamira were also hit by the deluge. [ 50 ] Roughly 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km 2 ) of land around the Pánuco basin and Tampico were under water, including vast amounts of citrus, coffee, corn, maiz, bean, grain, and soy crops. Telephone, water, and electricity services throughout the region were severely disrupted, and numerous communities were isolated due to broken bridges and roads. [ 47 ] [ 49 ] In San Luis Potosí, water damage to schools, bridges, and roads was particularly widespread. The agricultural sector suffered heavy losses when the flooding washed away large amounts of livestock and roughly 80 percent of its crops. Throughout the state, 55,000 residents were affected by the storm, and 25 people lost their lives. [ 51 ] Gert's trail of destruction extended as far inland as Hidalgo , where 35 rivers overtopped their banks. Floods and mudslides destroyed 38 bridges and 86 roads, as well cutting off power, telephone, and water services, disrupting communication in 361 localities. Property damage in Hidalgo was significant; 4,425 homes, 121 schools, and 49 public buildings were compromised across 35 municipalities. About 167,000 acres (680 km 2 ) of farmland were destroyed in the storm. Fifteen deaths occurred in the state, and eight people sustained injuries. [ 51 ] Overall, Gert became the worst natural disaster to strike the region in 40 years; [ 47 ] it displaced 203,500 people—many in need of shelter—and left 29,075 houses damaged or destroyed across Mexico. [ 34 ] [ 49 ] More than 667,000 acres (2,700 km 2 ) of crops were in ruins. [ 47 ] Material damage totaled $156 million, and the death toll stood at 45. [ 34 ] [ 49 ] Aftermath Central America Because of the storm's impact on the country, the government of Costa Rica declared a national emergency on September 16, 1993. [ 19 ] Emergency crews were dispatched to assess the damage and distribute life supplies to the affected population, including 90,940 pounds (41,250 kg) of food, 1,422 mattresses, and 1,350 blankets. [ 14 ] With much of the road network left disrupted across the affected regions, the country's agriculture, tourism, and commerce suffered considerable losses. [ 20 ] In particular, the obstruction of the major Pan-American Highway , which connects the central region to the south of the country, had a discernible impact on the local economy. Following the expansive flooding of farmland, many independent crop producers were unable to partake in subsequent sowings . [ 20 ] Prior to Gert, a state of emergency had been in effect for Nicaragua as a result of Tropical Storm Bret. National and regional aid agencies, including the Red Cross , accordingly extended their relief efforts with the passage of Gert. [ 23 ] Following the widespread muddy floods, many rural areas along the coast where the storm made landfall necessitated purification of their water wells and reconstruction of those that had been destroyed. [ 28 ] Although the government did not reappeal for international assistance, several cash donations were made by overseas organizations through a transfer channel at the Swiss Bank Corporation . The United Nations Development Programme provided $50,000 for the purchase of fuel, and UNICEF distributed $25,000 worth of household supplies and medicine. The World Food Programme donated 160,000 lbs (72 tonnes ) of food supplies and offered disaster expert services. The federal governments of Japan, Canada, Switzerland, Norway, Germany, and Spain donated a combined $300,000 in aid. [ 23 ] On September 18, the President of Honduras declared a state of emergency for several municipalities after surveying the affected regions by helicopter. The governments of Japan, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom provided a combined $310,300 for the purchase of relief items. Although most storm victims received aid within a few days, the deteriorated road network caused a large delay in relief efforts to the hard-hit Mosquitia region. Sewage systems and waterworks countrywide were in serious need of restoration. [ 16 ] With the destruction of its sole water reservoir, much of Puerto Cortés endured potable water shortages for months in Gert's wake. [ 36 ] Public health concerns rose in the wake of Gert, with the cost of required medicines pinned at $208,000. [ 16 ] A contamination of the water supplies in rural areas exacerbated a cholera outbreak. [ 52 ] By September 28, about 27,000 residents unable to reenter their flooded homes remained in government shelters. Seven weeks later, a temporary housing project was implemented for the 120 families most in need. Approximately 5,900 families across Honduras lost their source of income due to the storm. [ 16 ] Mexico In response to the flood disaster, the Red Cross immediately began distributing aid to victims across the Huasteca region. After assessing the situation by helicopter, the President of Mexico declared the Pánuco river basin an emergency zone and ordered search and rescue missions. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Many homes sustained irreparable damage to their roofs, leaving tens of thousands homeless. The government appealed for international aid, seeking clothes, food, and medical supplies. [ 49 ] Five storage centers in Hidalgo provided more than 93 million lbs (42,000 tonnes) of food supplies. Throughout San Luis Potosí, 142,000 lb (64 t) of chicken, 45,000 pantries, and 76,000 disposable plates were distributed, as well as 50,440 blankets and 6,081 airbeds. [ 51 ] Several schools served as shelters for the homeless; [ 51 ] the sheltered elderly, children, and pregnant or nursing women received $27,000 worth of milk powder donations. [ 49 ] In the wake of Gert, the amount of respiratory disease and skin infection cases rose slightly, although the overall health situation for the country remained well under control. By two weeks after the hurricane, over 65,000 people across the region had been accommodated in shelters; most stayed there until the floods receded, although many who returned home a month later continued to rely on relief provisions. A grant of $22,000 was made available for the purchase of roofing sheets for those in urgent need of home repair. The president approved $37.4 million to commence reconstruction of roads and houses and to assist farmers throughout the region. [ 49 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal List of Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes List of Atlantic–Pacific crossover hurricanes Hurricane Debby (1988) Hurricane Diana (1990) Tropical Storm Arlene (1993) Tropical Storm Bret (1993) Notes ^ The Latin American hurricane alert system uses the colors blue, green, yellow, orange, and red to denote the scale of danger; blue indicates the lowest threat and red the greatest. [ 13 ] ^ All damage figures in the article are in 1993 United States dollars (USD). References ^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Pasch, Richard J. (1993-11-10). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Gert, 14–21 September 1993" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Gert, 1993 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. p. 1 . Retrieved 2011-10-03 . ^ Pasch, Richard J. (1993-09-14). "Tropical Depression Eight Discussion One" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Gert, 1993 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2011-10-03 . ^ Pasch, Richard J. (1993-09-15). "Tropical Storm Gert Discussion Three" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Gert, 1993 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2011-10-03 . ^ a b c d e f Pasch, Richard J. (1993-11-10). "Preliminary Report: Hurricane Gert, 14–21 September 1993" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Gert, 1993 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Table 1: Preliminary best track: Hurricane Gert, 14–21 September 1993 . Retrieved 2011-10-06 . ^ Pasch, Richard J. (1993-10-15). "Tropical Depression Gert Discussion Five" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Gert, 1993 (Report). 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Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2011-11-01 . Rappaport, Edward N.; Wright, Bill (1993-09-19). "Hurricane Gert Discussion Twenty-Four" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Gert, 1993 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2011-11-19 . Rappaport, Edward N.; Wright, Bill (1993-09-19). "Hurricane Gert Discussion Twenty-Four" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Gert, 1993 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2011-11-19 . ^ Rappaport, Edward N. (1993-09-29). Preliminary Report: Tropical Depression Fourteen-E, 21–26 September 1993 (Report). Tropical Depression Fourteen-E, Hurricane Wallet Digital Archives. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2011-10-04 . ^ a b c Roth, David M. (2010-05-10). Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data . Camp Springs, Maryland: Weather Prediction Center . section "Hurricane Gert/T.D. #14E – September 14–28, 1993" . 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"Las acciones de prevención y mitigación de desastres en El Salvador: Un sistema en construcción". In Lungo, Mario; Baires, Sonia (eds.). De terremotos, derrumbes, e inundados (PDF) (in Spanish). Panama City, Panama: Red de Estudios Sociales en Prevención de Desastres en América Latina. p. 34 . Retrieved 2011-10-10 . ^ Depresión Tropical 12E / Sistema Depresionario sobre El Salvador y otros eventos extremos del Pacífico (PDF) (Publication) (in Spanish). San Salvador, El Salvador: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. 2011-10-31. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-09 . Retrieved 2015-09-06 . ^ "Hourly Data from Hunting Caye" . Storm Wallet for Hurricane Gert, 1993 (Data set). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. 1996. Belize gif files 02–05 . Retrieved 2008-12-21 . ^ WMO bulletin . Vol. 44. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization . 2005. p. 369. ^ "Capitulo II: Los Entornos". 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Scripta Nova: Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish). 10 (218(15)). Barcelona, Spain: University of Barcelona . ISSN 1138-9788 . ^ a b c d e Mansilla, Elizabeth (1994). "La cuenca baja del Pánuco: Un desastre crónico" (PDF) . Desastres y Sociedad (in Spanish). 3 (2: Desbordes, Inundaciones y Diluvios). Panama City, Panama: Red de Estudios Sociales en Prevención de Desastres en América Latina y el Caribe: 88– 90 . Retrieved 2015-09-24 . ^ "1993 Global Register of Extreme Flood Events" . Global Active Archive of Large Flood Events . Hanover, New Hampshire: Dartmouth Flood Observatory. July 2003. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16 . Retrieved 2011-10-27 . ^ a b c d e f g h Mexico: Tropical Storm Oct 1993 – UN DHA Situation Reports 1–3 . ReliefWeb (Report). Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 1993-10-01 . Retrieved 2015-09-24 . ^ a b Gutiérrez, Prisciliano H.; Jiménez, Elias M.; de la Fuente, Rigoberto M.; Mendiola, Rubén Dario S. (December 1993). Las inundaciones causadas por el huracán "Gert" sus efectos en Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas y Veracruz (Pamphlet) (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres ; archived by Centro de Información Sobre Desastres Y Salud. pp. 16, 17 . Retrieved 2015-09-24 . ^ a b c d Gutiérrez, Prisciliano H.; Jiménez, Elias M.; de la Fuente, Rigoberto M.; Mendiola, Rubén Dario S. (December 1993). Las inundaciones causadas por el huracán "Gert" sus efectos en Hidalgo, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas y Veracruz (Pamphlet) (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres ; archived by Centro de Información Sobre Desastres Y Salud. pp. 14, 15 . Retrieved 2015-09-24 . ^ "Briefly: Citizen News Services". The Ottawa Citizen . Ottawa, Canada. 1993-10-13. section A, p. 9. External links The NHC's Storm Wallet Archive for Hurricane Gert The NHC's reports on Hurricane Gert and Tropical Depression Fourteen-E The WPC 's rainfall report on Hurricane Gert and Tropical Depression Fourteen-E The 1993 Monthly Weather Review .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes v t e 1852–1949 1850s Five (1852) Eight (1853) "Matagorda" (1854) One (1855) Two (1855) "S.S. 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(1919) 1920s One (1920) "Louisiana" (1920) Four (1922) Two (1923) Four (1924) Five (1926) Eight (1926) Four (1927) "Fort Pierce" (1928) One (1920) "Louisiana" (1920) Four (1922) Two (1923) Four (1924) Five (1926) Eight (1926) Four (1927) "Fort Pierce" (1928) 1930s Seven (1931) Fifteen (1932) "Trinidad" (1933) Thirteen (1933) "Central America" (1934) Seven (1934) Ten (1934) "Yankee" (1935) Five (1936) Ten (1936) Fifteen (1936) Four (1937) Eight (1937) Seven (1931) Fifteen (1932) "Trinidad" (1933) Thirteen (1933) "Central America" (1934) Seven (1934) Ten (1934) "Yankee" (1935) Five (1936) Ten (1936) Fifteen (1936) Four (1937) Eight (1937) 1940s "Louisiana" (1940) "South Carolina" (1940) "New England" (1940) "Nova Scotia" (1940) Seven (1940) Four (1942) "Belize" (1942) "Surprise" (1943) Six (1943) "San Calixto" (1943) Nine (1944) "Florida–Outer Banks" (1945) Eleven (1945) Four (1946) "Florida" (1946) Charlie (1947) King (1947) One (1949) "Texas" (1949) "Louisiana" (1940) "South Carolina" 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Fifi (1974) Doris (1975) Faye (1975) Emmy (1976) Gloria (1976) Flossie (1978) Gloria (1979) 1980s Bonnie (1980) Ivan (1980) Jeanne (1980) Gert (1981) Josephine (1984) Earl (1986) Dean (1989) Erin (1989) Bonnie (1980) Ivan (1980) Jeanne (1980) Gert (1981) Josephine (1984) Earl (1986) Dean (1989) Erin (1989) 1990s Diana (1990) Isidore (1990 Grace (1991) Bonnie (1992) Charley (1992) Gert (1993) Florence (1994) Erin (1995) Humberto (1995) Iris (1995) Danielle (1998) Earl (1998) Jeanne (1998) Karl (1998) Dennis (1999) Irene (1999) Jose (1999) Diana (1990) Isidore (1990 Grace (1991) Bonnie (1992) Charley (1992) Gert (1993) Florence (1994) Erin (1995) Humberto (1995) Iris (1995) Danielle (1998) Earl (1998) Jeanne (1998) Karl (1998) Dennis (1999) Irene (1999) Jose (1999) 2000s Michael (2000) Humberto (2001) Gustav (2002) Juan (2003) Danielle (2004) Irene (2005) Dolly (2008) Ida (2009) Michael (2000) Humberto (2001) Gustav (2002) Juan (2003) Danielle (2004) Irene (2005) Dolly (2008) Ida (2009) 2010s Alex (2010) Paula (2010) Richard (2010) Tomas (2010) Ernesto (2012) Gordon (2012) Kirk (2012) Arthur (2014) Gert (2017) Katia (2017) Chris (2018) Helene (2018) Oscar (2018) Jerry (2019) Alex (2010) Paula (2010) Richard (2010) Tomas (2010) Ernesto (2012) Gordon (2012) Kirk (2012) Arthur (2014) Gert (2017) Katia (2017) Chris (2018) Helene (2018) Oscar (2018) Jerry (2019) 2020s Paulette (2020) Sally (2020) Earl (2022) Nigel (2023) Tammy (2023) Ernesto (2024) Francine (2024) Isaac (2024) Leslie (2024) Imelda (2025) Paulette (2020) Sally (2020) Earl (2022) Nigel (2023) Tammy (2023) Ernesto (2024) Francine (2024) Isaac (2024) Leslie (2024) Imelda (2025) Category Tropical cyclones portal Category Tropical cyclones portal v t e Atlantic–Pacific crossover hurricanes v t e Pacific→Atlantic Unnamed (1842) Four (1902) Six (1923) Eleven (1949) Hermine (2010) Unnamed (1842) Four (1902) Six (1923) Eleven (1949) Hermine (2010) Atlantic→Pacific Four (1876) Four (1911) Ten (1945) Irene–Olivia (1971) Fifi–Orlene (1974) Anita (1977) Greta–Olivia (1978) Debby (1988) Joan–Miriam (1988) Diana (1990) Gert (1993) Cesar–Douglas (1996) Dolly (1996) Otto (2016) Bonnie (2022) Julia (2022) Four (1876) Four (1911) Ten (1945) Irene–Olivia (1971) Fifi–Orlene (1974) Anita (1977) Greta–Olivia (1978) Debby (1988) Joan–Miriam (1988) Diana (1990) Gert (1993) Cesar–Douglas (1996) Dolly (1996) Otto (2016) Bonnie (2022) Julia (2022) v t e Tropical cyclones of the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season v t e Timeline Timeline TD One TS Arlene TS Bret TS Cindy TS Dennis 3 Emily 1 Floyd 2 Gert 1 Harvey TD Ten Category Category v t e Tropical cyclones of the 1993 Pacific hurricane season v t e Timeline Timeline 1 Adrian TS Beatriz TD Three-E 2 Calvin 4 Dora 3 Eugene 4 Keoni 4 Fernanda 4 Greg 3 Hilary TS Irwin 4 Jova 4 Kenneth 4 Lidia TD Fourteen-E TS Max TS Norma TD Seventeen-E Category Category 1993 Atlantic hurricane season 1993 in Mexico Atlantic hurricanes in Mexico Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes Eastern Pacific tropical depressions Hurricanes in Belize Hurricanes in Costa Rica Hurricanes in El Salvador Hurricanes in Honduras Hurricanes in Nicaragua September 1993 CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1: long volume value Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Pages using obsolete storm path colors Featured articles This page was last edited on 9 January 2026, at 14:19 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Life and career Toggle Life and career subsection 1.1 Early life 1.2 Education 1.3 Printing press 1.4 Court case 1.5 Later life 1.1 Early life 1.2 Education 1.3 Printing press 1.4 Court case 1.5 Later life 2 Printing Toggle Printing subsection 2.1 Printing method 2.2 Printed books 2.1 Printing method 2.2 Printed books 3 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 3.1 Influence 3.2 Memorials and monuments 3.1 Influence 3.2 Memorials and monuments 4 References Toggle References subsection 4.1 Notes 4.2 Citations 4.3 Sources 4.1 Notes 4.2 Citations 4.3 Sources 5 Further reading 6 External links Johannes Gutenberg Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Mandailing Yerwa Kanuri Руски Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikisource Wikidata item Johannes Gutenberg Gutenberg Monument by Bertel Thorvaldsen , erected 1837. [ a ] Born Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg c. 1393 – 1406 Mainz , Free City of Mainz , Holy Roman Empire Died 3 February 1468 (aged 61–75) Mainz, Free City of Mainz, Holy Roman Empire Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Inventor craftsman Inventor craftsman Known for Inventing the printing press Introducing movable type to Europe Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg [ b ] ( c. 1393 – 1406 – 3 February 1468) was a German inventor and craftsman who invented the movable-type printing press . Though movable type was already in use in East Asia, Gutenberg's invention of the printing press [ 2 ] enabled a much faster rate of printing . The printing press later spread across the world , [ 3 ] and led to an information revolution and the unprecedented mass-spread of literature throughout Europe. It had a profound impact on the development of the Renaissance , Reformation , and humanist movements. Gutenberg's many contributions to printing include the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based ink for printing books; [ 4 ] adjustable molds; [ 5 ] mechanical movable type; and the invention of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses of the period. [ 6 ] Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy and a hand mould for casting type. The alloy was a mixture of lead, tin , and antimony that melted at a relatively low temperature for faster and more economical casting, cast well, and created a durable type. [ 7 ] His major work, the Gutenberg Bible , was the first printed version of the Bible and has been acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality. Gutenberg is often cited as among the most influential figures in human history and has been commemorated around the world. To celebrate the 500th anniversary of his birth, the Gutenberg Museum was founded in his hometown of Mainz in 1900. In 1997, Time Life picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium. [ 8 ] Life and career Early life Johannes Gutenberg was born in Mainz (in modern-day Germany), a wealthy city along the Rhine , between the 14th and 15th centuries. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] His exact year of birth is unknown; on the basis of a later document indicating that he came of age by 1420, scholarly estimates have ranged from 1393 to 1406. [ 11 ] [ c ] The year 1400 is commonly assigned to Gutenberg, "for the sake of convenience". [ 13 ] Tradition also holds his birthdate to be on the feast day of Saint John the Baptist , 24 June, since children of the time were often named after their birthday's patron saint . [ 15 ] There is no verification for this assumption, since the name "Johannes"—and variants such as "Johann", "Henne", "Hengin" and "Henchen"—was widely popular at the time. [ 11 ] In full, Johannes Gutenberg's name was 'Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg', with "Laden" and "Gutenberg" being adopted from the family's residences in Mainz. [ 13 ] The latter refers to the Hof zum Gutenberg , a large and now destroyed Gothic -style residence inherited by Gutenberg's father. [ 16 ] Gutenberg probably spent his earliest years at the manor, which existed beside St. Christoph's . [ 1 ] [ d ] His father Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden was a patrician and merchant, likely in the cloth trade . [ 15 ] Friele later served among the "master of the accounts" for the city and was a Münzerhausgenossenschaft ( lit. ' minting house cooperative ' ), a part of the mint 's companionship. [ 18 ] [ e ] In 1386 Friele married his second wife, Else Wyrich, the daughter of a shopkeeper; Johannes was probably the youngest of the couple's three children, after his brother Friele ( b. c. 1387 ) and sister Else ( b. c. 1390–1397 ). [ 19 ] [ f ] Scholars commonly assume that the marriage of Friele to Else, who was not of patrician lineage, complicated Gutenberg's future. [ 20 ] Because of his mother's commoner status, Gutenberg would never be able to succeed his father at the mint; [ 21 ] according to the historian Ferdinand Geldner [ de ] this disconnect may have disillusioned him from high society and encouraged his unusual career as an inventor. [ 22 ] [ g ] The patrician ( Patrizier ) class of Mainz—the Gutenbergs included—held a privileged socioeconomic status, and their efforts to preserve this put them into frequent conflict with the younger generations of guild ( Zünfte ) craftsmen. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] A particularly violent conflict arose in February 1411 amid an election dispute, and at least 117 patricians fled the conflict in August. [ 15 ] [ 26 ] Friele left, presumably with the Gutenberg family, and probably stayed in the nearby Eltville since Else had inherited a house on the town walls there. [ 27 ] [ 26 ] The archbishop mediated a peace between the rival parties, allowing the family to return to Mainz later that Autumn. [ 28 ] The situation remained unstable and the rise of hunger riots forced the Gutenberg family to leave in January 1413 for Eltville. [ 28 ] Education No documents survive concerning Gutenberg's childhood or youth. [ 20 ] The biographer Albert Kapr [ de ] remarked that "most books on Gutenberg pass over this period with the remark that not a single fact is known". [ 29 ] As the son of a patrician, education in reading and arithmetic would have been expected. [ 30 ] A knowledge of Latin —a prerequisite for universities—is also probable, though it is unknown whether he attended a Mainz parish school, was educated in Eltville or had a private tutor. [ 31 ] Gutenberg may have initially pursued a religious career, as was common with the youngest sons of patricians, since the proximity of many churches and monasteries made it a safe prospect. [ 30 ] It has been speculated that he attended the St. Victor's [ de ] south of Mainz (near Weisenau [ de ] ), as he would later join their brotherhood. [ 15 ] It was the site of a well-regarded school and his family had connections there, though his actual attendance remains speculative. [ 32 ] He is assumed to have studied at the University of Erfurt , where there is a record of the enrollment of a student called Johannes de Altavilla in 1418—Altavilla is the Latin form of Eltville am Rhein. [ 33 ] Nothing is now known of Gutenberg's life for the next fifteen years, but in March 1434, a letter by him indicates that he was living in Strasbourg, where he had some relatives on his mother's side. He also appears to have been a goldsmith member enrolled in the Strasbourg militia . In 1437, there is evidence that he was instructing a wealthy tradesman on polishing gems, but where he had acquired this knowledge is unknown. In 1436/37 his name also comes up in court in connection with a broken promise of marriage to a woman from Strasbourg, Ennelin. [ 34 ] Whether the marriage actually took place is not recorded. Following his father's death in 1419, he is mentioned in the inheritance proceedings. Printing press What was written to me about that marvelous man [Gutenberg] seen at Frankfurt [ sic ] entirely true. I have not seen complete bibles but only a number of quires of various books [of the Bible]. The script is extremely neat and legible, not at all difficult to follow [You] would be able to read it without effort, and indeed without glasses What was written to me about that marvelous man [Gutenberg] seen at Frankfurt [ sic ] entirely true. I have not seen complete bibles but only a number of quires of various books [of the Bible]. The script is extremely neat and legible, not at all difficult to follow [You] would be able to read it without effort, and indeed without glasses Around 1439, Gutenberg was involved in a financial misadventure making polished metal mirrors (which were believed to capture holy light from religious relics) for sale to pilgrims to Aachen : in 1439 the city was planning to exhibit its collection of relics from Emperor Charlemagne but the event was delayed by one year due to a severe flood and the capital already spent could not be repaid. Until at least 1444 Gutenberg lived in Strasbourg , most likely in the St. Arbogast parish. It was in Strasbourg in 1440 that he is said to have perfected and unveiled the secret of printing based on his research, mysteriously entitled Aventur und Kunst (enterprise and art). It is not clear what work he was engaged in, or whether some early trials with printing from movable type were conducted there. After this, there is a gap of four years in the record. In 1448, he was back in Mainz, where he took out a loan from his brother-in-law Arnold Gelthus, possibly for a printing press or related paraphernalia. By this date, Gutenberg may have been familiar with intaglio printing; it is claimed that he had worked on copper engravings with an artist known as the Master of Playing Cards . [ 36 ] By 1450, the press was in operation, and a German poem had been printed, possibly the first item to be printed there. [ 37 ] Gutenberg was able to convince the wealthy moneylender Johann Fust for a loan of 800 guilders . Peter Schöffer , who became Fust's son-in-law, also joined the enterprise. Schöffer had worked as a scribe in Paris and is believed to have designed some of the first typefaces . Gutenberg's workshop was set up at Humbrechthof , a property belonging to a distant relative. It is not clear when Gutenberg conceived the Bible project, but for this, he borrowed another 800 guilders from Fust, and work commenced in 1452. At the same time, the press was also printing other, more lucrative texts (possibly Latin grammars). There is also some speculation that there were two presses: one for the pedestrian texts and one for the Bible. One of the profit-making enterprises of the new press was the printing of thousands of indulgences for the church, documented from 1454 to 1455. [ 38 ] In 1455, Gutenberg completed his 42-line Bible , known as the Gutenberg Bible . About 180 copies were printed, three quarters on paper, and the rest on vellum . [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Court case Some time in 1456, there was a dispute between Gutenberg and Fust, in which Fust demanded his money back, and accused Gutenberg of misusing the funds. Gutenberg's two rounds of financing from Fust, totaling 1,600 guilders at 6% interest, now amounted to 2,026 guilders. [ 41 ] Fust sued at the archbishop's court. A legal document, from November 1455, records that there was a partnership for a "project of the books," the funds for which Gutenberg had used for other purposes, according to Fust. The court decided in favor of Fust, giving him control over the Bible printing workshop. [ 42 ] Thus, Gutenberg was effectively bankrupt, but it appears he retained, or restarted, a printing shop and participated in the printing of a Bible in the town of Bamberg around 1459, for which he seems at least to have supplied the type. But since his printed books never carry his name or a date, it is difficult to be certain. It is possible the large Catholicon dictionary , printed in Mainz in 1460 or later, was executed in his workshop, but there has been considerable scholarly debate. [ 43 ] Meanwhile, the Fust–Schöffer shop was the first in Europe to bring out a book with the printer's name and date, the Mainz Psalter of August 1457, and while proclaiming the mechanical process by which it had been produced, it made no mention of Gutenberg. Celebration medal by Friedrich Anton König in 1840, the 400th anniversary of Johannes Gutenberg's printing press invention, obverse The reverse of the medal: Johannes Gutenberg in his workshop, sitting in front of his printing press A 17th-century copper engraving depiction of Gutenberg Later life In 1462, during the devastating Mainz Diocesan Feud , Mainz was sacked by Archbishop Adolph von Nassau . On 18 January 1465, Gutenberg's achievements were recognized by Archbishop von Nassau. [ 44 ] He was given the title Hofmann (gentleman of the court). This honor included a stipend and an annual court outfit, as well as 2,180 litres of grain and 2,000 litres of wine tax-free. [ 45 ] Gutenberg died in 1468 and was buried likely as a tertiary in the Franciscan church at Mainz. [ 46 ] This church and the cemetery were later destroyed, and Gutenberg's grave is now lost. [ 45 ] In 1504, he was mentioned as the inventor of typography in a book by Professor Ivo Wittig. It was not until 1567 that the first portrait of Gutenberg, almost certainly an imaginary reconstruction, appeared in Heinrich Pantaleon's biography of famous Germans. [ 45 ] Printing Printing method Gutenberg's early printing process, and what texts he printed with movable type , are not known in great detail. His later Bibles were printed in such a way as to have required large quantities of type, some estimates suggesting as many as 100,000 individual sorts. [ 48 ] Setting each page would take, perhaps, half a day, and considering all the work in loading the press, inking the type, pulling the impressions, hanging up the sheets, distributing the type etc., the Gutenberg–Fust shop may have employed many craftsmen. Gutenberg's technique of making movable type remains unclear. In the following decades, punches and copper matrices became standardized in the rapidly disseminating printing presses across Europe. Whether Gutenberg used this sophisticated technique or a somewhat primitive version has been the subject of considerable debate. In the standard process of making type, a hard metal punch (made by punchcutting , with the letter carved back to front) is hammered into a softer copper bar, creating a matrix . This is then placed into a hand-held mould and a piece of type, or "sort", is cast by filling the mould with molten type-metal; this cools almost at once, and the resulting piece of type can be removed from the mould. The matrix can be reused to create hundreds, or thousands, of identical sorts so that the same character appearing anywhere within the book will appear very uniform, giving rise, over time, to the development of distinct styles of typefaces or fonts . After casting, the sorts are arranged into type cases, and used to make up pages which are inked and printed, a procedure which can be repeated hundreds, or thousands, of times. The sorts can be reused in any combination, earning the process the name of "movable type". [ 49 ] The invention of the making of types with punch, matrix and mold has been widely attributed to Gutenberg. However, recent evidence suggests that Gutenberg's process was somewhat different. If he used the punch and matrix approach, all his letters should have been nearly identical, with some variation due to miscasting and inking. However, the type used in Gutenberg's earliest work shows other variations. [ 50 ] In 2001, the physicist Blaise Agüera y Arcas and Princeton librarian Paul Needham , used digital scans of a Papal bull in the Scheide Library , Princeton, to carefully compare the same letters (types) appearing in different parts of the printed text. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Gutenberg's type had irregularities, particularly in simple characters like the hyphen. These variations could not have been caused by ink smears or wear on the metal pieces. Detailed image analysis suggests the variations could not have come from the same matrix. Examination of transmitted light pictures of the page revealed substructures, in the type, that could not have been made using traditional punchcutting techniques. Based on these observations, researchers hypothesized that Gutenberg's method involved impressing simple shapes in a " cuneiform " style onto a matrix made of a soft material, such as sand. Casting the type would then destroy the mold, necessitating the recreation of the matrix for each additional sort. This hypothesis could potentially explain both the variations in the type and the substructures observed in the printed images. Thus, they speculated that "the decisive factor for the birth of typography", the use of reusable moulds for casting type, was a more progressive process than was previously thought. [ 52 ] They suggested that the additional step of using the punch to create a mould that could be reused many times was not taken until twenty years later, in the 1470s. Others have not accepted some or all of their suggestions, and have interpreted the evidence in other ways, and the truth of the matter remains uncertain. [ 53 ] A 1568 book Batavia by Hadrianus Junius from Holland claims the idea of the movable type came to Gutenberg from Laurens Janszoon Coster via Fust, who was apprenticed to Coster in the 1430s and may have brought some of his equipment from Haarlem to Mainz. While Coster appears to have experimented with moulds and castable metal type, there is no evidence that he had actually printed anything with this technology. He was an inventor and a goldsmith. However, there is one indirect supporter of the claim that Coster might be the inventor. The author of the Cologne Chronicle of 1499 quotes Ulrich Zell , the first printer of Cologne , that printing was performed in Mainz in 1450, but that some type of printing of lower quality had previously occurred in the Netherlands. However, the chronicle does not mention the name of Coster, [ 54 ] [ 55 ] while it actually credits Gutenberg as the "first inventor of printing" in the very same passage (fol. 312). The first securely dated book by Dutch printers is from 1471, [ 55 ] and the Coster connection is today regarded as a mere legend. [ 56 ] The 19th-century printer and typefounder Fournier Le Jeune suggested that Gutenberg was not using type cast with a reusable matrix, but wooden types that were carved individually. A similar suggestion was made by Nash in 2004. [ 53 ] Printed books Between 1450 and 1455, Gutenberg printed several texts, some of which remain unidentified; his texts did not bear the printer's name or date, so attribution is possible only from typographical evidence and external references. Certainly church documents including a papal letter and two indulgences were printed, one of which was issued in Mainz. In view of the value of printing in quantity, seven editions in two styles were ordered, resulting in several thousand copies being printed. [ 57 ] Some printed editions of Ars Minor , a schoolbook on Latin grammar by Aelius Donatus , may have been printed by Gutenberg ; these have been dated either 1451–52, or 1455. Every copy of printed books were identical; this was a significant departure from handwritten manuscripts, which left room for possible human error. [ 58 ] In 1455, Gutenberg completed copies of a well-executed folio Bible ( Biblia Sacra ), with 42 lines on each page. Copies sold for 30 florins each, [ 59 ] roughly three years' wages for a clerk. Nonetheless, it was much cheaper than a manuscript Bible that could take a single scribe over a year to prepare. After printing, some copies were rubricated or hand-illuminated in the same elegant way as manuscript Bibles from the same period. 48 substantially complete copies are known to survive, including two at the British Library that can be viewed and compared online. [ 60 ] The text lacks modern features such as page numbers, indentations , and paragraph breaks . An undated 36-line edition of the Bible was printed, probably in Bamberg in 1458–60, possibly by Gutenberg. A large part of it was shown to have been set from a copy of Gutenberg's Bible, thus disproving earlier speculation that it was the earlier of the two. [ 54 ] Legacy Influence What the world is today, good and bad, it owes to Gutenberg. Everything can be traced to this source, but we are bound to bring him homage, … for the bad that his colossal invention has brought about is overshadowed a thousand times by the good with which mankind has been favored. What the world is today, good and bad, it owes to Gutenberg. Everything can be traced to this source, but we are bound to bring him homage, … for the bad that his colossal invention has brought about is overshadowed a thousand times by the good with which mankind has been favored. Gutenberg's invention had an enormous impact on subsequent human history , both on cultural and social matters. [ 63 ] His design directly impacted the mass spread of books across Europe, causing an information revolution . [ 64 ] As a result, Venzke describes the inauguration of the Renaissance , Reformation and humanist movement as "unthinkable" without Gutenberg's influence. [ 65 ] Described as "one of the most recognized names in the world", [ 63 ] a team of US journalists voted Gutenberg as the "man of the millennium" in 1999. [ 3 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Similarly, in 1999 the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg the No. 1 most influential person of the second millennium on their "Biographies of the Millennium" countdown, [ 68 ] while Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium in 1997. [ 69 ] The scholar of paper history, Thomas Francis Carter , drew parallels between Cai Lun , the traditional inventor of paper during the Eastern Han dynasty , and Gutenberg, calling them "spiritual father and son" respectively. [ 70 ] In his 1978 book, The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History , Michael H. Hart ranked him 8th, below Cai but above figures such as Christopher Columbus , Albert Einstein and Charles Darwin . [ 71 ] The capital of printing in Europe shifted to Venice , where printers like Aldus Manutius ensured widespread availability of the major Greek and Latin texts. The claims of an Italian origin for movable type have focused on this rapid rise of Italy in movable-type printing. This may perhaps be explained by the prior eminence of Italy in the paper and printing trade. Italy's economy was growing rapidly at the time, facilitating the spread of literacy. Christopher Columbus had a geography book printed with movable type, bought by his father; it is now in the Biblioteca Colombina in Seville . Finally, the city of Mainz was sacked in 1462, driving many printers into exile. [ 72 ] Printing was also a factor in the Reformation . Martin Luther 's Ninety-five Theses were printed and circulated widely; subsequently he issued broadsheets outlining his anti- indulgences position (certificates of indulgences were one of the first items Gutenberg had printed). Due to this, Gutenberg would also be viewed as a proto-Protestant. [ 73 ] The broadsheet contributed to the development of the newspaper. Memorials and monuments There are many statues of Gutenberg in Germany, including one by Bertel Thorvaldsen (1837) at Gutenbergplatz in Mainz , home to the eponymous Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz and Gutenberg Museum on the history of early printing. The latter publishes the Gutenberg-Jahrbuch , the leading periodical in the history of printing, and the book. In 1952, the United States Postal Service issued a five hundredth anniversary stamp commemorating Johannes Gutenberg invention of the movable-type printing press. In space, he is commemorated in the name of the asteroid 777 Gutemberga . Two operas based on Gutenberg are G, Being the Confession and Last Testament of Johannes Gensfleisch, also known as Gutenberg, Master Printer, formerly of Strasbourg and Mainz , from 2001, with music by Gavin Bryars ; [ 74 ] and La Nuit de Gutenberg , with music by Philippe Manoury , premiered in 2011 in Strasbourg. [ 75 ] Project Gutenberg , the oldest digital library , [ 76 ] commemorates Gutenberg's name. The Mainz Johannisnacht (St. John's Night), has commemorated Gutenberg in his native city since 1968. References Notes ^ No contemporary depictions survive. [ 1 ] ^ English: / ˈ ɡ uː . t ən . b ɜːr ɡ / GOO -tən-burg , German: [joˈhanəs ˈɡɛnsflaɪʃ tsuːɐ̯ ˈlaːdn̩ tsʊm ˈɡuːtn̩bɛʁk] . ^ Due to minimal extant documentation, identifying Gutenberg's exact year of birth is impossible. [ 12 ] Most modern scholars give a range of slightly differing dates for Gutenberg's birth year, including 1394–1406, [ 13 ] 1394–1404, [ 10 ] 1394–1406, [ 12 ] and 1393–1403. [ 14 ] ^ Local tradition holds that Gutenberg's baptism took place at St. Christoph's , albeit without documentary evidence. [ 17 ] ^ The extent of Friele's actual involvement in the city's finances and trade of precious metal is unknown; the roles may have been largely ceremonial. [ 18 ] ^ Gutenberg had a half sister, Patze, from his father's earlier marriage to an otherwise unknown woman. [ 18 ] ^ The historian Sabina Wagner notes that Geldner's theory is "the opinion of many Gutenberg biographers", though not all. [ 20 ] The biographer Andreas Venzke [ de ] has instead suggested that the disconnect inaugurated a life-long sense of determination. [ 23 ] Wagner herself consider's the fact that Gutenberg was the youngest son as more impactful than his social standing. [ 20 ] Citations ^ a b c Wagner 2000 , p. 58. ^ Duchesne 2006 , p. 83; Man 2002 , pp. 112–115: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block-printing; there were no screw-based presses in the east, because they were not wine-drinkers, didn't have olives, and used other means to dry their paper. Encyclopædia Britannica 2006: "Printing": The second necessary element was the concept of the printing press itself, an idea that had never been conceived in the Far East. Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block-printing; there were no screw-based presses in the east, because they were not wine-drinkers, didn't have olives, and used other means to dry their paper. Chinese paper was suitable only for calligraphy or block-printing; there were no screw-based presses in the east, because they were not wine-drinkers, didn't have olives, and used other means to dry their paper. The second necessary element was the concept of the printing press itself, an idea that had never been conceived in the Far East. The second necessary element was the concept of the printing press itself, an idea that had never been conceived in the Far East. ^ a b Füssel 2019 , p. 7. ^ Sivulka 1998 , p. 5. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Gutenberg's Invention - Fonts.com" . Fonts.com . Archived from the original on 28 September 2020 . Retrieved 23 October 2020 . ^ Whipps, Heather (26 May 2008). "How Gutenberg Changed the World" . Live Science . Archived from the original on 23 October 2020 . Retrieved 23 October 2020 . ^ Lyons 2011 , p. 56. ^ Friedman, Robert, ed. (1998). The Life Millennium: The 100 Most Important Events & People of the Past 1000 Years . Life Books, Time Inc.; distributed by Bulfinch Press. p. 166 . ISBN 978-0-8212-2557-8 . Retrieved 20 March 2024 . ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 35 . ^ a b Kapr 1996 , p. 25 . ^ a b Kapr 1996 , p. 29 . ^ a b Wagner 2000 , p. 83. ^ a b c Ing 1988 , p. 27. ^ Füssel 2019 , pp. 10–11. ^ a b c d Füssel 2019 , p. 11. ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 32 . ^ Man 2002 , p. 29. ^ a b c Kapr 1996 , p. 30 . ^ Kapr 1996 , pp. 29–30 . ^ a b c d Wagner 2000 , p. 60. ^ Kapr 1996 , pp. 30–31 . ^ Wagner 2000 , pp. 60, 84. ^ Venzke 1993 , p. 37. ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 38 . ^ Wagner 2000 , pp. 50–61. ^ a b Kapr 1996 , pp. 38–39 . ^ Füssel 2019 , p. 11–12. ^ a b Kapr 1996 , p. 39 . ^ Kapr 1996 , p. 36 . ^ a b Kapr 1996 , p. 37 . ^ Wagner 2000 , pp. 60–61. ^ Wagner 2000 , p. 61. ^ Wagner 2000 , pp. 61–62. ^ "Gutenberg und seine Zeit in Daten (Gutenberg and his times; Timeline)" . Gutenberg Museum . Archived from the original on 22 December 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . ^ Raven & Proot 2020 , p. 137. ^ Wagner 2000 , pp. 65–66. ^ Wagner 2000 , p. 74. ^ Kelley, Peter. "Documents that Changed the World: Gutenberg indulgence, 1454" . UW Today . University of Washington . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . ^ The Oxford Companion to German Literature 2005 , § para. 2. ^ International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. Rare Books and Manuscripts Section (2010). Early printed books as material objects . Bettina Wagner, Marcia Reed, IFLA Rare Books and Manuscripts section. Berlin: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-025530-0 . OCLC 732957497 . ^ Hessels 1911 . ^ Information Revolutions in the History of the West, Leonard Dudley 2008, p.88 ^ Incunabula in Transit, People and Trade, by Lotte Hellinga, 2018, p.155 ^ Kapr 1996 , pp. 259–260. ^ a b c Sumner 2009 . ^ Wagner 2000 , pp. 82–83. ^ Wolf 1974 , pp. 67f. ^ Singer, C.; Holmyard, E. ; Hall, A.; Williams, T. (1958). A History of Technology, vol. 3 . Oxford University Press . ^ The History of Communication, Michael Woods, Mary Boyle Woods 2006, p.9 ^ a b Agüera y Arcas, Blaise; Needham, Paul (November 2002). "Computational analytical bibliography". Proceedings Bibliopolis Conference The future history of the book . The Hague ( Netherlands ): Koninklijke Bibliotheek . ^ "What Did Gutenberg Invent?" . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . ^ Adams, James L. (1991). Flying Buttresses, Entropy and O-Rings: the World of an Engineer . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0-674-30688-0 . ^ a b Nash 2004 , pp. 86–96. ^ a b Kapr 1996 , p. 322. ^ a b Juchhoff 1950 , pp. 131f.. ^ Costeriana Archived 12 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine . While the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition had attributed the invention of the printing press to Coster, the more recent editions of the work attribute it to Gutenberg to reflect, as it says, the common consent that has developed in the 20th century. " Typography – Gutenberg and printing in Germany ." Encyclopædia Britannica , 2007. ^ Meggs & Purvis 2016 , pp. 435–436, 442–443. ^ Murray, Stuart. The Library: An Illustrated History . Skyhorse Publishing. ^ Cormack & Ede 2004 . ^ "Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible" . British Library . Archived from the original on 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . ^ Mark Twain (27 June 1900). "The Work of Gutenberg" . Hartford Daily Courant. p. 7. ^ Twain, Mark (7 April 1900). "Gutenberg" . Letter to Adolf Goerz. ^ a b Venzke 2005 , § para. 1. ^ Lehmann-Haupt 2020 , § "Introduction & Top Questions". ^ Venzke 2005 , § para. 5. ^ "1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium" . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . ^ "Johann Gutenberg, Man of the Millennium" (in German). Mainz. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 April 2021 . ^ Zad, Martie. "Top 100 People of 1,000 Years" . Washington Post . ^ "Gutenberg, Man of the Millennium" . 1,000+ People of the Millennium and Beyond . 2000. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. ^ Carter 1925 , p. 180 . ^ Hart 2000 , p. vii. ^ Dutch Type by Jan Middendorp, 2004, p.14 ^ Taylor, B. (2017). Mendelssohn (in Danish). Taylor & Francis. p. 322. ISBN 978-1-351-55851-8 . Retrieved 14 October 2022 . ^ Gavin Bryars (18 April 2011). "Gavin Bryars Introduces" . WQXR . Archived from the original on 22 May 2020 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . ^ "UC San Diego Composer Philippe Manoury Wins French Grammy" (Press release). University of California San Diego News Center. 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . ^ Thomas, Jeffrey (20 June 2007). "Project Gutenberg Digital Library Seeks To Spur Literacy" . U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Information Programs. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 20 August 2007 . Sources Carter, Thomas Francis (1925). The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward . New York: Columbia University Press . Reprint: ISBN 978-0-8260-1835-9 . Cormack, Lesley B. ; Ede, Andrew (2004). A History of Science in Society: From Philosophy to Utility . Broadview Press. ISBN 1-55111-332-5 . OCLC 1149462441 . Duchesne, Ricardo (2006). "Asia First?". The Journal of the Historical Society . 6 (1). Boston: Historical Society: 69– 91. doi : 10.1111/j.1540-5923.2006.00168.x . ISSN 1529-921X . OCLC 1116078171 . Füssel, Stephan [in German] (2019) [1999]. Gutenberg and the Impact of Printing . Translated by Martin, Douglas. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-7546-3537-6 . Garland, Henry; Garland, Mary, eds. (2005) [1997]. "Gutenberg, Johannes" . The Oxford Companion to German Literature . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-815896-7 . Gutenberg Museum (2000). Gutenberg: Man of the Millennium . Mainz: City of Mainz . OCLC 44850118 . Wagner, Sabina. "A Well-Known Stranger". In Gutenberg Museum (2000) , pp. 58–85. Wagner, Sabina. "A Well-Known Stranger". In Gutenberg Museum (2000) , pp. 58–85. Hart, Michael H. (2000) [1978]. The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History (2nd ed.). New York: Citadel . ISBN 978-0-8065-1350-8 . Ing, Janet (1988). Johann Gutenberg and His Bible: A Historical Study . New York: Typophiles. ISBN 9780945074007 . OCLC 1244855280 . Hessels, John Henry (1911). "Fust, Johann" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Juchhoff, Rudolf (1950). "Was bleibt von den holländischen Ansprüchen auf die Erfindung der Typographie?" [What remains of the Dutch claims to the invention of typography?]. Gutenberg-Jahrbuch (in German). Mainz: Verlag der Gutenberg-Gesellschaft: 128– 133. ISSN 0072-9094 . OCLC 819006182 . Kapr, Albert [in German] (1996) [1986]. Johannes Gutenberg: the Man and His Invention . Translated by Martin, Douglas (3rd ed.). Aldershot; Brookfield: Scolar Press. ISBN 978-1-85928-114-7 . OCLC 31655691 . Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (17 December 2020). "Johannes Gutenberg | Printing Press, Inventions, Facts, Accomplishments & Biography" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Lyons, Martyn (2011). Books: A Living History . Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN 978-1-60606-083-4 . OCLC 939001946 . Man, John (2002). The Gutenberg Revolution: The Story of a Genius and an Invention that Changed the World . London: Headline Review . ISBN 978-0-7472-4504-9 . Meggs, Philip B.; Purvis, Alston W. (2016). Meggs' History of Graphic Design . John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-13623-1 . OCLC 946992970 . Nash, Paul W. (Summer 2004). "The 'first' type of Gutenberg: a note on recent research". The Private Library . 7 (2). Leeds: W.S. Maney & Son Ltd.: 86– 96. doi : 10.17613/2nyd-gy45 . ISSN 0032-8898 . OCLC 963827459 . Raven, James ; Proot, Goran (2020). "Renaissance and Reformation". In Raven, James (ed.). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Book . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-870298-6 . Sivulka, Juliann (1998). Soap, Sex, and Cigarettes: A Cultural History of American Advertising . Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-534-51593-5 . OCLC 654719746 . Sumner, Tracy M. (2009). "The Power of the Printing Press: Joannes Gutenberg's Contribution to Bible Distribution" . How Did We Get the Bible? . Uhrichsville, Ohio: Barbour Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60742-349-2 . OCLC 829164929 . Venzke, Andreas [in German] (1993). Johannes Gutenberg: Der Erfinder des Buchdrucks [ Johannes Gutenberg: The Inventor of the Printing Press ] (in German). Zürich: Benziger. ISBN 978-3-545-34099-2 . Venzke, Andreas [in German] (2005) [2003]. "Gutenberg, Johannes" . In Mokyr, Joel (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-510507-0 . Wolf, Hans-Jürgen (1974). Geschichte der Druckpressen [ History of the printing press ] (in German) (1st ed.). Frankfurt/Main: Interprint. OCLC 250428044 . Further reading Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten (2009). "Charting the "Rise of the West": Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries". The Journal of Economic History . 69 (2): 409– 445. doi : 10.1017/s0022050709000837 . ISSN 0022-0507 . JSTOR 40263962 . OCLC 8271339080 . S2CID 154362112 . Dudley, Leonard (2008). Information Revolutions in the History of the West . Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 978-1-84720-790-6 . Eisenstein, Elizabeth (1980). The Printing Press as an Agent of Change . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29955-1 . OCLC 856017228 . Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. (2012). The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017/CBO9781139197038 . ISBN 978-1-139-19703-8 . Febvre, Lucien ; Martin, Henri-Jean (1984). The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800 . London: Verso . ISBN 978-0-86091-797-7 . Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1966). Gutenberg and the Master of the Playing Cards . New Haven : Yale University Press . Martin, Henri-Jean (1995). The History and Power of Writing . Translated by Cochrane, Lydia G. Chicago: University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978-0-226-50836-8 . McLuhan, Marshall (1962). The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1st ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press . Reprint: ISBN 978-0-8020-6041-9 . Ruppel, Aloys [in German] (1967) [1939]. Johannes Gutenberg: Sein Leben und sein Werk [ Johannes Gutenberg: His Life and Work ] (in German). Leiden: Brill Publishers . ISBN 978-90-6004-157-4 . Scholderer, Victor (1963). Johann Gutenberg: The Inventor of Printing . London: Trustees of the British Museum . OCLC 2037476 . White, Eric Marshall (2025). Johannes Gutenberg: A Biography in Books . Medieval Lives. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1836390398 . Widmann, Hans, ed. (1993). Der Gegenwärtige Stand der Gutenberg-Forschung [ The Current Status of Gutenberg Research ] (in German). Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann. ISBN 978-3-7772-7225-2 . External links Gutenberg-Museum Mainz, Germany – English homepage Gutenberg Bible Archived 10 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine at the British Library Biography Books History of science Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Pioneers of printing press v t e Jean Brito Panfilo Castaldi Laurens Janszoon Coster Johannes Gutenberg Procopius Waldvogel Jean Brito Panfilo Castaldi Laurens Janszoon Coster Johannes Gutenberg Procopius Waldvogel Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF 2 GND FAST WorldCat ISNI 2 2 VIAF 2 2 GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece 2 Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Portugal Netherlands Norway Latvia Croatia Greece 2 2 Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii Artists ULAN FID ULAN FID People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef SNAC 2 RISM Yale LUX IdRef SNAC 2 2 RISM Yale LUX Johannes Gutenberg 2nd-millennium births 1468 deaths 15th-century German businesspeople 15th-century German inventors 15th-century printers Businesspeople from Mainz German goldsmiths German printers German Roman Catholics German typographers and type designers History of printing People from the Electoral Palatinate Printers of incunabula University of Erfurt alumni Pages with German IPA Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Danish-language sources (da) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from March 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from November 2021 Articles with hCards Articles containing German-language text CS1 interwiki-linked names Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 December 2025, at 02:03 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Establishment and shootout era 1.2 Resurgence 1.3 Arrival of Designated Players 1.4 Expansion of the league 1.4.1 Expansion fees 1.1 Establishment and shootout era 1.2 Resurgence 1.3 Arrival of Designated Players 1.4 Expansion of the league 1.4.1 Expansion fees 1.4.1 Expansion fees 2 Competition format Toggle Competition format subsection 2.1 Other competitions 2.1 Other competitions 3 Clubs Toggle Clubs subsection 3.1 Former clubs 3.2 Timeline 3.1 Former clubs 3.2 Timeline 4 League championships 5 Organization Toggle Organization subsection 5.1 Ownership 5.2 League executives 5.3 League facilities 5.4 Player acquisition and salaries 5.4.1 Designated Players and allocation money 5.5 Youth development 5.6 Stadiums 5.7 Profitability and revenues 5.8 Rules and officials 5.9 Branding 5.9.1 Team names 5.1 Ownership 5.2 League executives 5.3 League facilities 5.4 Player acquisition and salaries 5.4.1 Designated Players and allocation money 5.4.1 Designated Players and allocation money 5.5 Youth development 5.6 Stadiums 5.7 Profitability and revenues 5.8 Rules and officials 5.9 Branding 5.9.1 Team names 5.9.1 Team names 6 Media coverage Toggle Media coverage subsection 6.1 MLS Season Pass on Apple TV 6.2 United States 6.3 Canada 6.4 International 6.5 Video games 6.1 MLS Season Pass on Apple TV 6.2 United States 6.3 Canada 6.4 International 6.5 Video games 7 Player records Toggle Player records subsection 7.1 Player records (active) 7.1 Player records (active) 8 Awards 9 Notes 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Major League Soccer Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Қазақша ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Wolof 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Founded December 17, 1993 ; 32 years ago ( 1993-12-17 ) [ 1 ] First season 1996 Countries United States (27 teams) Canada (3 teams) Confederation CONCACAF Conferences Eastern Conference Western Conference Number of clubs 30 Level on pyramid 1 Domestic cup(s) U.S. Open Cup Canadian Championship International cup(s) CONCACAF Champions Cup Campeones Cup Leagues Cup Current MLS Cup Inter Miami CF (1st title) ( 2025 ) Current Supporters' Shield Philadelphia Union (2nd shield) ( 2025 ) Most MLS Cups LA Galaxy (6 titles) Most Supporters' Shields D.C. United LA Galaxy (4 shields each) Most appearances Nick Rimando (514) Top scorer Chris Wondolowski (171) Broadcaster(s) MLS Season Pass ( Apple TV ) .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} United States : Fox/FS1 Fox Deportes [ A ] Canada : TSN RDS [ B ] International : See list United States : Fox/FS1 Fox Deportes [ A ] Canada : TSN RDS [ B ] International : See list Website mlssoccer.com Current: 2026 Major League Soccer season Major League Soccer ( MLS ) is a professional soccer league in North America and the highest level of the United States soccer league system . [ 2 ] It comprises 30 teams, with 27 in the United States and 3 in Canada , and is sanctioned by the United States Soccer Federation . [ 3 ] MLS is one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . The league is headquartered in New York City . [ 4 ] The predecessor of MLS was the North American Soccer League (NASL), which existed from 1968 until 1984. [ 5 ] MLS was founded in 1993 as part of the United States' successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup . [ 6 ] The inaugural season took place in 1996 with ten teams. [ 7 ] MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years, losing millions of dollars and folding two teams in 2002. [ 8 ] Since then, developments such as the proliferation of soccer-specific stadiums around the league, the implementation of the Designated Player Rule allowing teams to sign star players such as David Beckham and Lionel Messi , and national TV contracts have made MLS profitable. [ 9 ] In 2022, with an average attendance of over 21,000 per match, MLS had the fourth-highest average attendance of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada, behind the National Football League (NFL) with over 69,000 fans per game, Major League Baseball (MLB) with over 26,000 fans per game, and the Canadian Football League (CFL) with over 21,700 fans per game. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] With an average attendance of approximately 23,200 per match in 2024, MLS surpassed the CFL's 22,800 and rose to be the third-highest average attendance of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The MLS regular season typically starts in late February and runs through mid-October, with each team playing 34 matches; [ 14 ] [ 15 ] the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters' Shield . Eighteen teams compete in the postseason MLS Cup playoffs in late October and November, culminating in the league's championship match, the MLS Cup . [ 16 ] Instead of operating as an association of independently owned clubs, MLS is a single entity in which each team is owned by the league and individually operated by the league's investors. [ 17 ] The league has a fixed membership like most sports leagues in the United States and Canada and Mexico's Liga MX which makes it one of the few soccer leagues that does not use a promotion and relegation process. [ 18 ] The LA Galaxy have the most MLS Cups, with six. They are tied with D.C. United for most Supporters' Shields, with four each. The Philadelphia Union are the current Supporters' Shield holders, having won their second title in 2025, while the current MLS Cup champion is Inter Miami CF , winning their first title in 2025. History Major League Soccer is the most recent of a series of men's premier professional national soccer leagues established in the United States and Canada. The predecessor of MLS was the North American Soccer League (NASL), which existed from 1968 until 1984. [ 5 ] The United States did not have a truly national top-flight league with FIFA -sanctioning until the creation of the NASL. The first league to have U.S. and Canadian professional clubs, the NASL struggled until the mid-1970s when the New York Cosmos , the league's most prominent team, signed a number of the world's best players including Pelé and Franz Beckenbauer . [ 19 ] Pelé's arrival attracted other well-known international stars to the league including Johan Cruyff , Gerd Müller , Eusébio , Bobby Moore , and George Best . Despite dramatic increases in attendance (with some matches drawing over 70,000 fans such as Soccer Bowl '78 , the highest attendance to date for any club soccer championship in the United States), factors such as over-expansion, the economic recession of the early 1980s , and disputes with the players union ultimately led to the collapse of the NASL following the 1984 season, leaving the United States without a top-level soccer league until MLS. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Establishment and shootout era In 1988, in exchange for FIFA awarding the right to host the 1994 World Cup , U.S. Soccer promised to establish a Division 1 professional soccer league. [ 22 ] In 1993, U.S. Soccer selected Major League Professional Soccer (the precursor to MLS) as the exclusive Division 1 professional soccer league. [ 22 ] Major League Soccer was officially formed in February 1995 as a limited liability company . [ 22 ] Tab Ramos was the first player signed by MLS, on January 3, 1995, and was assigned to the New York/New Jersey MetroStars . [ 23 ] MLS began play in 1996 with ten teams. The first match was held on April 6, 1996, as the San Jose Clash defeated D.C. United in front of 31,000 fans at Spartan Stadium in San Jose in a match broadcast on ESPN. [ 24 ] The league had generated some buzz by managing to lure some marquee players from the 1994 World Cup to play in MLS—including U.S. stars such as Alexi Lalas , Tony Meola and Eric Wynalda , and foreign players such as Mexico's Jorge Campos and Colombia's Carlos Valderrama . [ 25 ] D.C. United won the MLS Cup in three of the league's first four seasons. [ 26 ] The league added its first two expansion teams in 1998 —the Miami Fusion and the Chicago Fire ; the Chicago Fire won its first title in its inaugural season. [ 27 ] After its first season, MLS suffered from a decline in attendance. [ 28 ] The league's low attendance was all the more apparent in light of the fact that eight of the original ten teams played in large American football stadiums. [ 27 ] One aspect that had alienated fans was that MLS experimented with rules deviations in its early years in an attempt to "Americanize" the sport. The league implemented the use of shootouts to resolve draws. MLS also used a countdown clock and halves ended when the clock reached 0:00. The league realized that the rule changes had alienated some traditional soccer fans while failing to draw new American sports fans, and the shootout and countdown clock were eliminated after the 1999 season . [ 29 ] The league's quality was cast into doubt when the U.S. men's national team , which was made up largely of MLS players, finished in last place out of the 32 teams at the 1998 World Cup . [ 27 ] The league lost an estimated $250 million during its first five years, and more than $350 million between its founding and 2004. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The league's financial problems led to Commissioner Doug Logan being replaced by Don Garber , a former NFL executive, in August 1999. [ 34 ] Following decreased attendance and increased losses by late 2001, league officials planned to fold but were able to secure new financing from owners Lamar Hunt , Philip Anschutz , and the Kraft family to take on more teams. [ 35 ] MLS announced in January 2002 that it had decided to contract the Tampa Bay Mutiny and Miami Fusion , leaving the league with ten teams. [ 36 ] Despite the financial problems, though, MLS did have some accomplishments that would set the stage for its resurgence. Columbus Crew Stadium, now known as Historic Crew Stadium , was built in 1999, becoming MLS' first soccer-specific stadium . [ 37 ] This began a trend among MLS teams to construct their own venues instead of leasing American football stadiums, where they would not be able to generate revenue from other events. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] In 2000, the league won an antitrust lawsuit, Fraser v. Major League Soccer , that the players had filed in 1996. The court ruled that MLS' policy of centrally contracting players and limiting player salaries through a salary cap and other restrictions were a legal method for the league to maintain solvency and competitive parity since MLS was a single entity and therefore incapable of conspiring with itself. [ 40 ] Resurgence The 2002 FIFA World Cup , in which the United States made the quarterfinals, coincided with a resurgence in American soccer and MLS, [ 41 ] with MLS Cup 2002 drawing 61,316 spectators to Gillette Stadium , the largest attendance in an MLS Cup final until 2018 . [ 42 ] MLS limited teams to three substitutions per game in 2003, and adopted International Football Association Board (IFAB) rules in 2005. [ 43 ] MLS underwent a transition in the years leading up to the 2006 World Cup . After marketing itself on the talents of American players, the league lost some of its homegrown stars to prominent European leagues. For example, Tim Howard was transferred to Manchester United for $4 million in one of the most lucrative contract deals in league history. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Many more American players did make an impact in MLS. In 2005, Jason Kreis became the first player to score 100 career MLS goals. [ 46 ] The league's financial stabilization plan included teams moving out of large American football stadiums and into soccer-specific stadiums. [ 36 ] From 2003 to 2008, the league oversaw the construction of six additional soccer-specific stadiums, largely funded by owners such as Lamar Hunt and Phil Anschutz , so that by the end of 2008, a majority of teams were now in soccer-specific stadiums. [ 27 ] It was also in this era that MLS expanded for the first time since 1998. Real Salt Lake and Chivas USA began play in 2005 , with Chivas USA becoming the second club in Los Angeles. [ 47 ] By 2006 the San Jose Earthquakes owners, players and a few coaches moved to Texas to become the expansion Houston Dynamo , after failing to build a stadium in San Jose. The Dynamo became an expansion team, leaving their history behind for a new San Jose ownership group that formed in 2007. [ 48 ] Arrival of Designated Players In 2007, the league expanded beyond the United States' borders into Canada with the Toronto FC expansion team. [ 49 ] Major League Soccer took steps to further raise the level of play by adopting the Designated Player Rule , which helped bring international stars into the league. [ 50 ] The 2007 season witnessed the MLS debut of David Beckham . Beckham's signing had been seen as a coup for American soccer, and was made possible by the Designated Player Rule. Players such as Cuauhtémoc Blanco (Chicago Fire) and Juan Pablo Ángel (New York Red Bulls), are some of the first Designated Players who made major contributions to their clubs. [ 51 ] The departures of Clint Dempsey and Jozy Altidore , coupled with the return of former U.S. national team stars Claudio Reyna and Brian McBride , highlighted the exchange of top prospects to Europe for experienced veterans to MLS. [ 52 ] By 2008, San Jose had returned to the league under new ownership, and in 2009, the expansion side Seattle Sounders FC began play in MLS. [ 49 ] The Sounders set a new average attendance record for the league, with 30,943 spectators per match, and were the first expansion team to qualify for the playoffs since 1998. [ 53 ] The 2010 season ushered in an expansion franchise in the Philadelphia Union and their new PPL Park stadium (now known as Subaru Park ). [ 49 ] The 2010 season also brought the opening of the New York Red Bulls' soccer-specific stadium, Red Bull Arena , and the debut of French striker Thierry Henry . [ 54 ] The 2011 season brought further expansion with the addition of the Vancouver Whitecaps FC , the second Canadian MLS franchise, and the Portland Timbers . [ 55 ] Real Salt Lake reached the finals of the 2010–11 CONCACAF Champions League . [ 56 ] During the 2011 season, the Galaxy signed another international star in Republic of Ireland all-time leading goalscorer Robbie Keane . [ 57 ] MLS drew an average attendance of 17,872 in 2011, higher than the average attendances of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and National Hockey League (NHL). [ 58 ] In 2012, the Montreal Impact became the league's 19th franchise and the third in Canada, and made their home debut in front of a crowd of 58,912, [ 59 ] while the New York Red Bulls added Australian all-time leading goalscorer Tim Cahill . Expansion of the league In 2012, with an average attendance of over 18,000 per game, MLS had the third highest average attendance of any sports league in the U.S. after the NFL and MLB, [ 60 ] and was the seventh highest attended professional soccer league worldwide as of 2013 [update] . [ 61 ] In 2013, MLS introduced New York City FC [ 62 ] as its 20th team, and Orlando City Soccer Club [ 63 ] as its 21st team, both of which would begin playing in 2015. In 2013, the league implemented its "Core Players" initiative, allowing teams to retain key players using retention funds instead of losing the players to foreign leagues. [ 64 ] Among the first high-profile players re-signed in 2013 using retention funds were U.S. national team regulars Graham Zusi and Matt Besler . Beginning in summer of 2013 and continuing in the run up to the 2014 World Cup, MLS began signing U.S. stars based abroad, including Clint Dempsey , Jermaine Jones , and Michael Bradley from Europe; and DaMarcus Beasley from Mexico's Liga MX . [ 65 ] By the 2014 season, 15 of the 19 MLS head coaches had previously played in MLS. [ 66 ] By 2013, the league's popularity had increased to the point where MLS was as popular as MLB among 12- to 17-year-olds, as reported by the 2013 Luker on Trends ESPN poll, having jumped in popularity since the 2010 World Cup. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] In 2014, the league announced Atlanta United FC as the 22nd team to start playing in 2017. [ 69 ] Even though New York City FC and Orlando City were not set to begin play until 2015, each team made headlines during the summer 2014 transfer window by announcing their first Designated Players— Spain 's leading scorer David Villa and Chelsea 's leading scorer Frank Lampard to New York, and Ballon d'Or winner Kaká to Orlando. [ 70 ] The 2014 World Cup featured 21 MLS players on World Cup rosters and a record 11 MLS players playing for foreign teams—including players from traditional powerhouses Brazil ( Júlio César ) and Spain (David Villa); in the U.S. v. Germany match the U.S. fielded a team with seven MLS starters. [ 71 ] On September 18, 2014, MLS unveiled their new logo as part of a branding initiative. In addition to the new crest logo, MLS teams display versions in their own colors on their jerseys. [ 72 ] Chivas USA folded following the 2014 season, while New York City FC and Orlando City SC joined the league in 2015. [ 73 ] Sporting Kansas City and the Houston Dynamo moved from the Eastern Conference to the Western Conference in 2015 to make two 10-team conferences. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In early 2015, the league announced that two teams— Los Angeles FC and Minnesota United FC —would join MLS in either 2017 or 2018. [ 75 ] The 20th season of MLS saw the arrivals of several players who have starred at the highest levels of European club soccer and in international soccer: Giovanni dos Santos , Kaká, Andrea Pirlo , Frank Lampard, Steven Gerrard , Didier Drogba , David Villa, and Sebastian Giovinco . [ 76 ] MLS confirmed in August 2016 that Minnesota United would begin play in 2017 along with Atlanta United FC. [ 77 ] In April 2016, the league's commissioner Don Garber reiterated the intention of the league to expand to 28 teams, with the next round of expansion "likely happening in 2020". [ 78 ] [ 79 ] In December 2016, he updated the expansion plans stating that the league will look to approve the 25th and 26th teams in 2017 and to start play in 2020. [ 80 ] In January 2017, the league received bids from 12 ownership groups. [ 81 ] In July 2017, it was reported that Major League Soccer had rejected an offer by MP & Silva to acquire all television rights to the league following the conclusion of its current contracts with Fox, ESPN, and Univision, where MP & Silva insisted that the deal would be conditional on Major League Soccer adopting a promotion and relegation system. The league stated that it rejected the offer due to the exclusive periods that the current rightsholders have to negotiate extensions to their contracts. Additionally, media noted that Major League Soccer has long-opposed the adoption of promotion and relegation, continuing to utilize the fixed, franchise-based model used in other U.S. sports leagues. [ 18 ] [ 82 ] Furthermore, MP & Silva founder Riccardo Silva also owned Miami FC of the NASL , which stood to benefit from such a promotion and relegation system. [ 82 ] In October 2017, Columbus Crew owner Anthony Precourt announced plans to move the franchise to Austin, Texas by 2019. [ 83 ] The announcement spawned a league-wide backlash and legal action against the league by the Ohio state government. [ 84 ] On August 15, 2018, the Austin City Council voted to approve an agreement with Precourt to move Crew SC to Austin, and on August 22, 2018, the club's new name, Austin FC , was announced. [ 85 ] After negotiations between Precourt and Jimmy Haslam , owner of the Cleveland Browns , were announced, MLS made it clear that Austin would receive an expansion team only after a deal to sell Columbus to a local buyer had completed. [ 86 ] The purchase of Crew SC by Haslam's group was finalized in late December 2018, [ 87 ] and on January 15, 2019, Austin FC was officially announced as a 2021 MLS entry. [ 88 ] MLS announced on December 20, 2017, that it would be awarding an expansion franchise to Nashville, Tennessee , to play in a yet-to-be-built 27,000-seat soccer-specific stadium, Nashville Fairgrounds Stadium , and would join MLS in 2020. [ 89 ] The management of the Nashville franchise announced in February 2019 that the MLS side would assume the Nashville SC name then in use by the city's USL Championship team . [ 90 ] On January 29, 2018, MLS awarded Miami an expansion team, led by David Beckham . Inter Miami CF started MLS play on March 1, 2020, and plan on opening the proposed 25,000-seat stadium sometime in the near future. [ 91 ] An expansion team was awarded to Cincinnati, Ohio on May 29, 2018, to the ownership group of USL's FC Cincinnati . The team, which assumed the existing FC Cincinnati name, started MLS play in 2019 and moved to the new 26,000-seat TQL Stadium in 2021. [ 92 ] The league planned to expand to 30 teams with the addition of Austin FC in 2021, [ 88 ] Charlotte in 2022, [ 93 ] and Sacramento and St. Louis in 2023; however, this was reduced to 29 after Sacramento Republic FC 's bid was placed on indefinite hold. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Commissioner Don Garber has suggested that another round of expansion could lead to 32 teams in MLS. [ 98 ] The league suspended its 2020 season on March 12, 2020, after two weeks, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States , and other U.S.-based sports leagues did the same. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] The 2020 season resumed in July with the MLS is Back Tournament , a competition in which 24 out of the 26 teams competed at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex in Orlando for a spot in the CONCACAF Champions League. In September 2020, the league announced the formation of MLS Next , an academy league for MLS academy teams from the under-13 to under-19 level. [ 102 ] In 2022, the league signed a $2.5 billion, 10-year deal with Apple Inc. that made Apple TV the primary broadcaster for all MLS matches beginning in 2023. The agreement also included MLS and Leagues Cup matches shared across the streaming service. [ 103 ] Subscriptions were provided for free for season ticket holders of clubs and certain matches were made free to all users. The schedule was adjusted as a result of the deal, with start times generally at 7:30 p.m. local time on Wednesdays and Saturdays rather than staggered across the matchday. [ 104 ] In May 2023, the league announced it would expand to 30 teams with the addition of San Diego FC for the 2025 season. [ 105 ] The 2024 season broke attendance records, with an average of 23,240 per match and over 11 million total spectators. The presence of Lionel Messi and other star players was credited with contributing to the record crowds, which included several matches moved to larger venues. [ 106 ] Expansion fees In 2005, Toronto FC's ownership paid $10 million (about $16 million in 2024) [ 107 ] to join the league in 2007; San Jose paid $20 million the next year, and the fee had risen to $30 million when Sounders FC paid the fee in 2007 to join the league in 2009. [ 108 ] In 2013, New York City FC agreed to pay a record $100 million expansion fee for the right to join MLS in 2015. [ 109 ] This record was surpassed by the ownership groups of FC Cincinnati and Nashville SC, which each paid $150 million to join MLS 2019 and 2020, respectively. [ 110 ] Despite being announced in January 2018, Inter Miami CF only paid a $25 million expansion fee due to a clause in part-owner David Beckham's original playing contract signed in 2007. [ 111 ] $150 million was paid as an effective entrance fee by a group that bought Columbus Crew in 2018, which led to that team's previous operator receiving rights to Austin FC, which joined MLS in 2021. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] In 2019, Charlotte FC agreed to a reported $325 million expansion fee. [ 114 ] The most recent expansion team, San Diego FC paid a record $500 million fee in 2023. [ 105 ] Competition format The MLS regular season runs from late February to October. Teams are geographically divided into the Eastern and Western Conferences, playing 34 matches in an unbalanced schedule. With 30 teams in 2025, each team plays two matches (home and away) against the other teams within their conference, and six matches against teams from the opposite conference. The 2020 season was the first season in league history in which teams did not play against every other team in the league. [ 115 ] At the end of the regular season, the team with the highest point total is awarded the Supporters' Shield and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. [ 116 ] Teams break for the annual All-Star Game midway through the season, an exhibition match containing the league's best players. The format of the All-Star Game has changed several times since the league's inception; 2020 was the first year in which the MLS All-Stars were planned to play against an all-star team from Mexico's Liga MX , before the event's cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 117 ] [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Since 2015, the final matchday of the season has been branded as " Decision Day " and has almost all matches played between intra-conference teams kicking off simultaneously during two windows—one for each conference. [ 120 ] Unlike most major soccer leagues around the world, but similar to other leagues in the Americas, [ 121 ] the MLS regular season is followed by a postseason knockout tournament to determine the league champion. [ 122 ] As of 2023 [update] , eighteen teams participate in the MLS Cup playoffs in October and November, which concludes with the MLS Cup championship match in early December. [ 123 ] The playoff format includes a pair of single-elimination play-in matches for the two lowest-ranked teams in each conference ahead of a best-of-three round; the round is followed by more single-elimination rounds that lead up to the MLS Cup final. [ 124 ] The MLS spring-to-fall schedule results in scheduling conflicts with the FIFA calendar and with summertime international tournaments such as the World Cup and the Gold Cup , [ 125 ] causing some players to miss league matches. [ 126 ] The schedule also causes issues with transfer windows ; some players may be reluctant to sign with an MLS team during the North American midseason window while waiting for more lucrative options to appear during the European offseason, the scheduling of the window limits the number of matches new signings are able to appear in, and MLS teams can lose players in the middle of the season to European transfers, with few options to replace them. [ 127 ] The MLS Cup playoffs compete for popularity and media presence with the MLB postseason , the heart of the regular season in American football (including college football and the NFL), as well as the start of the NBA and NHL regular seasons. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] On November 13, 2025, MLS announced that it will transition to a summer-to-spring schedule closer to European leagues beginning in 2027. The regular season will begin in mid-July, a winter break will take place from mid-December to early or mid-February, and the MLS Cup playoffs will occur in May. MLS stated that moving to this schedule would improve the league's competitiveness, transfer opportunities, and allow the playoffs to have more prominence and be held in warmer weather. Under the new schedule, the MLS Cup playoffs would now compete primarily with the NBA and NHL playoffs , but will still fall within a less-crowded period of North America's professional sports calendar. As part of the transition process, the league will play an abbreviated 14-match regular season in early 2027, followed by the 2027–28 season in July. In addition, MLS will replace its conference-based format with a single table divided into five regional divisions: each team will play home and away matches against each of its divisional opponents, and one match against each team in the other four divisions. [ 130 ] [ 127 ] [ 131 ] Other competitions MLS teams also play in other international and domestic competitions. Each season, up to ten MLS teams play in the CONCACAF Champions Cup (CCC) against other clubs from the CONCACAF region. Four MLS teams qualify based on regular-season results from the previous year: the Supporters' Shield champion, the team with the highest point total from the opposite conference, and the next two clubs in the Supporters' Shield rankings. The fifth MLS team to qualify is the reigning MLS Cup champion. An additional U.S.-based MLS team can qualify by winning the U.S. Open Cup . [ 132 ] Starting in 2024, the league will send eight teams to participate in the U.S. Open Cup instead of every U.S.-based club, with MLS Next Pro teams as representatives for some teams. MLS had announced their intention to remove itself from the tournament entirely, [ 133 ] but reached a compromise with U.S. Soccer to send representatives from clubs that were not participating in the Champions Cup, with the exception of the defending Open Cup champions. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] The last three teams to qualify are the champion, runner-up, and third-place finisher of the Leagues Cup . [ 136 ] Montreal , Toronto , and Vancouver compete against other Canadian sides in the Canadian Championship for the one CONCACAF Champions Cup berth allocated to Canada. [ 137 ] All three Canadian clubs may also qualify through MLS or the Leagues Cup. If a team qualifies through multiple berths, or they are taken by a Canadian MLS team, the berth is reallocated to the next best team in the overall table. If the U.S. Open Cup winner qualifies through multiple methods, the runner-up fills the slot; should the runner-up qualify, the next best team in the overall table earns the slot. If the Leagues Cup champion wins the MLS Cup, the MLS Cup runner-up qualifies to the round of 16; should a Leagues Cup slot already qualify, MLS is awarded with one additional slot given to the next best non-qualified team in the overall table. [ 138 ] Seattle Sounders FC became the first MLS team to win the CONCACAF Champions Cup under the competition's updated format in 2022 . [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Since 2018, the reigning MLS Cup champion plays in the Campeones Cup , a Super Cup -style single match against the Campeón de Campeones from Liga MX , hosted by the MLS team in September. [ 141 ] The inaugural edition saw Tigres UANL defeat Toronto FC at BMO Field in Toronto in 2018. [ 142 ] Another inter-league competition with Liga MX, the Leagues Cup , was established in 2019. [ 143 ] The 2020 edition of the tournament was originally planned to pair eight MLS clubs against eight Liga MX clubs in a single-elimination tournament hosted in the United States, reviving an inter-league rivalry that previously took place in the now-defunct North American Superliga , before its cancellation. [ 119 ] Beginning with the 2023 edition all MLS and Liga MX teams participated in the competition, which functions as the regional cup for the North American zone of CONCACAF . [ 144 ] As of the 2025 edition, only 18 MLS clubs take part. [ 145 ] Clubs The league's 30 clubs are divided between the Eastern and Western conferences. MLS has regularly expanded since the 2005 season, most recently with the addition of San Diego FC in 2025. [ 146 ] The league features numerous rivalry cups that are contested by two or more teams, quite often geographic rivals. [ 41 ] Each trophy is awarded to the team with the best record in matches during the regular season involving the participating teams. The concept is comparable to rivalry trophies played for by American college football teams. [ 147 ] MLS features some of the longest travel distances for a domestic soccer league, with Vancouver Whitecaps FC and Inter Miami CF the furthest apart teams at 2,801 miles (4,508 km). [ 148 ] During the 2018 season , the team with the shortest distance traveled over the entire regular season schedule was Toronto FC at 25,891 miles (41,668 km), while the longest was Vancouver at 51,178 miles (82,363 km). [ 149 ] Conference Club Location Stadium Capacity Joined Head coach Eastern Atlanta United FC Atlanta, Georgia Mercedes-Benz Stadium 1 42,500 2 2017 Gerardo Martino Charlotte FC Charlotte, North Carolina Bank of America Stadium 1 38,000 2 2022 Dean Smith Chicago Fire FC Chicago, Illinois Soldier Field 1 24,995 2 1998 Gregg Berhalter FC Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio TQL Stadium 26,000 2019 Pat Noonan Columbus Crew Columbus, Ohio ScottsMiracle-Gro Field 20,000 1996 Henrik Rydström D.C. United Washington, D.C. Audi Field 20,000 1996 René Weiler Inter Miami CF Miami, Florida Miami Freedom Park [ a ] 25,000 2020 Javier Mascherano CF Montréal Montreal, Quebec Saputo Stadium 19,619 2012 Marco Donadel Nashville SC Nashville, Tennessee Geodis Park 30,000 2020 B.J. Callaghan New England Revolution Foxborough, Massachusetts Gillette Stadium 1 20,000 2 1996 Marko Mitrović New York City FC Bronx, New York Yankee Stadium 1 [ b ] 30,321 2 2015 Pascal Jansen New York Red Bulls Harrison, New Jersey Sports Illustrated Stadium 25,000 1996 Michael Bradley Orlando City SC Orlando, Florida Inter&Co Stadium 25,500 2015 Óscar Pareja Philadelphia Union Chester, Pennsylvania Subaru Park 18,500 2010 Bradley Carnell Toronto FC Toronto, Ontario BMO Field 28,351 2007 Robin Fraser Western Austin FC Austin, Texas Q2 Stadium 20,500 2021 Nico Estévez Colorado Rapids Commerce City, Colorado Dick's Sporting Goods Park 18,061 1996 Matt Wells FC Dallas Frisco, Texas Toyota Stadium 19,096 1996 Eric Quill Houston Dynamo FC Houston, Texas Shell Energy Stadium 22,039 2006 Ben Olsen Sporting Kansas City Kansas City, Kansas Children's Mercy Park 18,467 1996 Raphaël Wicky LA Galaxy Carson, California Dignity Health Sports Park 27,000 1996 Greg Vanney Los Angeles FC Los Angeles, California BMO Stadium 22,000 2018 Marc Dos Santos Minnesota United FC Saint Paul, Minnesota Allianz Field 19,400 2017 Cameron Knowles Portland Timbers Portland, Oregon Providence Park 25,218 2011 Phil Neville Real Salt Lake Sandy, Utah America First Field 20,213 2005 Pablo Mastroeni San Diego FC San Diego, California Snapdragon Stadium 1 35,000 2025 Mikey Varas San Jose Earthquakes San Jose, California PayPal Park 18,000 1996 Bruce Arena Seattle Sounders FC Seattle, Washington Lumen Field 1 37,722 2 2009 Brian Schmetzer St. Louis City SC St. Louis, Missouri Energizer Park 22,423 2023 Yoann Damet Vancouver Whitecaps FC Vancouver, British Columbia BC Place 1 22,120 2 2011 Jesper Sørensen ^ Opening for the 2026 season. Inter Miami played the 2025 season at Chase Stadium in Fort Lauderdale . ^ NYCFC plans to move to Etihad Park (capacity 27,000) in the New York City borough of Queens in 2027. Former clubs Club Location Stadium Capacity Joined Final season Tampa Bay Mutiny Tampa, Florida Raymond James Stadium 1 65,657 1996 2001 Miami Fusion Fort Lauderdale, Florida Lockhart Stadium 17,417 1998 2001 Chivas USA Carson, California StubHub Center 18,800 2005 2014 Notes Timeline League championships As of the 2025 season, 33 different clubs have competed in the league, with 16 having won at least one MLS Cup , and 17 winning at least one Supporters' Shield . [ 150 ] The two trophies have been won by the same club in the same year on eight occasions (two clubs have accomplished the feat twice). [ 151 ] Of these teams only one, Toronto FC , has also won its national domestic cup tournament (in Toronto FC's case, the Canadian Championship ) in the same year for a domestic treble . Team MLS Cups Years won Supporters' Shields Years won Total combined MLS seasons LA Galaxy 6 2002 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2024 4 1998 , 2002 , 2010 , 2011 10 30 D.C. United 4 1996 , 1997 , 1999 , 2004 4 1997 , 1999 , 2006 , 2007 8 30 Columbus Crew 3 2008 , 2020 , 2023 3 2004 , 2008 , 2009 6 30 San Jose Earthquakes 2 2001 , 2003 2 2005 , 2012 4 28 Sporting Kansas City 2 2000 , 2013 1 2000 3 30 Seattle Sounders FC 2 2016 , 2019 1 2014 3 17 Houston Dynamo FC 2 2006 , 2007 0 – 2 20 Los Angeles FC 1 2022 2 2019 , 2022 3 8 Chicago Fire FC 1 1998 1 2003 2 28 Toronto FC 1 2017 1 2017 2 19 Inter Miami CF 1 2025 1 2024 2 6 Real Salt Lake 1 2009 0 – 1 21 Colorado Rapids 1 2010 0 – 1 30 Portland Timbers 1 2015 0 – 1 15 Atlanta United FC 1 2018 0 – 1 9 New York City FC 1 2021 0 – 1 11 New York Red Bulls 0 – 3 2013 , 2015 , 2018 3 30 Philadelphia Union 0 – 2 2020 , 2025 2 16 Tampa Bay Mutiny 0 – 1 1996 1 6 [ a ] Miami Fusion 0 – 1 2001 1 4 [ a ] FC Dallas 0 – 1 2016 1 30 New England Revolution 0 – 1 2021 1 30 FC Cincinnati 0 – 1 2023 1 7 ^ a b Franchise folded after completion of the 2001 season Organization Ownership MLS operates under a single-entity structure in which teams and player contracts are centrally owned by the league. [ 17 ] [ 152 ] [ 153 ] Each team has an investor-operator that is a shareholder in the league. [ 154 ] In order to control costs, MLS shares revenues and holds players contracts instead of players contracting with individual teams. In Fraser v. Major League Soccer , a lawsuit filed in 1996 and decided in 2002, the league won a legal battle with its players in which the court ruled that MLS was a single entity that can lawfully centrally contract for player services. [ 17 ] The court also ruled that even absent their collective bargaining agreement , players could opt to play in other leagues if they were unsatisfied. [ 17 ] Having multiple clubs operated by a single investor was a necessity in the league's first ten years. [ 155 ] At one time, Phil Anschutz 's AEG operated six MLS franchises and Lamar Hunt 's Hunt Sports operated three franchises. In order to attract additional investors, in 2002 the league announced changes to the operating agreement between the league and its teams to improve team revenues and increase the incentives to be an individual club operator. [ 156 ] These changes included granting operators the rights to a certain number of players they develop through their club's academy system each year, sharing the profits of Soccer United Marketing , and being able to sell individual club jersey sponsorships. [ 156 ] As MLS appeared to be on the brink of overall profitability in 2006 and developed significant expansion plans, the league announced that it wanted each club to have a distinct operator. [ 157 ] The league has attracted new investors that have injected more money into the league. [ 8 ] Examples include Red Bull 's purchase of the MetroStars from AEG in 2006 for over $100 million. [ 155 ] [ 158 ] For the 2014 season, the league assumed control of the former Chivas USA club, which had suffered from mismanagement and poor financial results under its individual operator relationship. [ 159 ] [ 8 ] The league eventually dissolved the team, [ 160 ] in favor of awarding rights to a second soccer club in the Los Angeles area to a new investor group on October 30, 2014. [ 161 ] The league now has 30 investor-operators for its 30 current clubs, with no member of any club's investor group having a stake in that of any other club. Since December 2015, when AEG sold its remaining 50% interest in the Houston Dynamo, the former multiple-team operators AEG and Hunt Sports, with the LA Galaxy and FC Dallas respectively, now only control one franchise. [ 162 ] [ 163 ] League executives Don Garber has been the commissioner of Major League Soccer since 1999, serving as the league's chief executive. The league's first commissioner was Doug Logan , who served in the role from 1995 to 1999. [ 164 ] [ 165 ] Mark Abbott, a former MLS business partner, has served as the league's president and Deputy Commissioner since 2006. [ 166 ] League facilities MLS is headquartered at 420 5th Avenue in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Prior to moving to New York City in 1996, the league's main office was in Los Angeles . [ 167 ] MLS Season Pass content is produced through a partnership with IMG at the Studios at WWE in Stamford, Connecticut . [ 168 ] The video assistant referee system used by MLS is operated by the American branch of Sportec Solutions at a facility in Arlington, Texas , that opened in 2024. [ 169 ] Player acquisition and salaries In 2016, the average salary for MLS players was $373,094, [ 170 ] lower than the average salaries in England's second-tier EFL Championship ($420,000 in 2015), [ 171 ] the Netherlands' Eredivisie ($445,000), [ 172 ] or Mexico's Liga MX ($418,000 in 2015). [ 173 ] The league's minimum player salary increased in 2017 to $65,000 for most players, and roster players #25–30 saw their minimum salary increased to $53,000. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] MLS salaries are limited by a salary cap , which MLS has had in place since the league's inception in 1996. The purpose of the salary cap is to prevent the team's owners from unsustainable spending on player salaries and to prevent a competitive imbalance among teams. [ 22 ] The salary cap survived a legal challenge by the players in the Fraser v. Major League Soccer lawsuit. The 2017 salary cap increased to $3.845 million per team. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] Each team is allowed up to 30 players on its first team roster. [ 176 ] All 30 players are eligible for selection to each 18-player matchday squad during the regular season and playoffs. Teams may augment their squads by signing players from other leagues. MLS has two transfer windows —the primary pre-season transfer window lasts three months from mid February until mid May, and the secondary mid season transfer window runs one month from early July to early August. [ 175 ] When an MLS club sells one of its players overseas, the club and the league split the transfer revenues, with the club retaining from 33% to 75% depending on the player's status and tenure. [ 177 ] MLS teams have a limited number of international roster slots that they can use to sign non-domestic players. However, MLS teams often obtain green cards for their non-domestic players in order to qualify them for domestic status and thus free up international roster slots. [ 178 ] In 2015, 49% of MLS players were born outside of the U.S. and Canada, with players from 58 countries represented. [ 179 ] [ 180 ] MLS has a set of pool goalkeepers who are signed to a contract with the league and are loaned to teams during emergencies in which they are missing a goalkeeper due to injuries or suspensions. [ 181 ] The pool goalkeeper trains with an MLS club or an affiliated team when not assigned to a team; some pool goalkeepers, including Tim Melia , have gone on to be signed to permanent contract with their assigned teams. [ 182 ] In the past, when rosters were smaller, there were multiple goalkeepers signed to the pool, however, in recent years only one or two keepers are signed as team rosters are much larger. [ 183 ] Designated Players and allocation money MLS has also introduced various initiatives and rules intended to improve quality of players while still maintaining the salary cap. Rules concerning Designated Players and allocation money allow for additional wage spending that is exempt from the salary cap. These initiatives have brought about an increase in on-field competition. [ 184 ] [ unreliable source? ] The Designated Player Rule (DPR) allows teams to sign a limited number of players whose salary exceeds the maximum cap; in 2017, each DP only counted as $480,625 (the maximum non-DP salary) against the cap. Instituted in 2007, England's David Beckham was the first signing under the DPR. [ 50 ] The DPR has led to large income inequality in MLS with top DPs earning as much as 180 times more than a player earning the league minimum. [ 185 ] In the 2013 season, 21% of the league's wage spending went to just five players; this stretched to 29% on the top 6 players in the 2014 season. [ 186 ] [ 187 ] [ unreliable source? ] The league's "Core Players" initiative allows teams to re-sign players using retention funds that do not count against the salary cap. [ 64 ] Retention funds were implemented in 2013 as a mechanism for MLS to retain key players; among the first high-profile players re-signed using retention funds were U.S. national team regulars Graham Zusi and Matt Besler . [ 64 ] MLS teams can also obtain allocation money , which is money that the team can use on player salaries that does not count against the cap, and teams can earn allocation money in several ways, such as from the transfer fees earned by selling players to teams in other leagues. [ 188 ] MLS teams can also use Targeted Allocation Money (often referred to as TAM), an initiative announced in 2015. Teams can use TAM funds to attract high-profile players by "buying down" contracts of players to below the DP level. [ 189 ] High-profile players for which TAM funds were used include Hector Villalba , Zlatan Ibrahimović and Giorgio Chiellini . Youth development MLS has introduced various initiatives and rules intended to develop young players and has required all of its teams to operate youth development programs since 2008. [ 190 ] MLS roster rules allow teams to sign an unlimited number of players straight from their academies and bypassing the draft process. [ 175 ] There is also supplementary salary budget made by MLS only for homegrown players that are registered using senior roster slots called homegrown player funds. [ 191 ] One of the most prominent and lucrative examples of success in "home-grown" development was Jozy Altidore , who rose to prominence as a teenager in MLS before his record transfer fee $10 million move to Villarreal in Spain in 2008. [ 192 ] The various MLS teams' development academies play matches in a U.S. Soccer developmental league against youth academies from other leagues such as the North American Soccer League (NASL), which had been a Division II league prior to 2018, and USL Pro, originally a Division III league but now the Division II USL Championship . [ 193 ] The league operates a Generation Adidas program, which is a joint venture between MLS and U.S. Soccer that encourages young American players to enter MLS. [ 194 ] Rules concerning Generation Adidas players and home-grown players provide incentives for clubs to develop and retain young players. [ 184 ] The Generation Adidas program has been in place since 1997, and has introduced players such as Landon Donovan , Clint Dempsey , Tim Howard and Michael Bradley into MLS. Players under the Homegrown Player Rule are signed to Generation Adidas contracts, [ 175 ] all players on Generation Adidas contracts are "off budget players" and their salaries do not count against the cap. MLS has operated reserve leagues, which give playing time to players who were not starters for their MLS teams, during two different periods. The MLS Reserve League was formed in 2005, and operated through 2014 (with the exception of the 2009 & 2010 seasons). [ 195 ] MLS began integrating its Reserve League with the league then known as USL Pro in 2013, [ 196 ] and after the 2014 season folded the Reserve League, with MLS then requiring all teams to either affiliate with a USL team or field their own reserve side in that league. However, this requirement was never strictly enforced, and MLS eventually relaunched its reserve league in 2022 under the banner of MLS Next Pro . In the inaugural 2022 season, 19 of the league's then-current clubs, plus future club St. Louis City SC , fielded reserve sides in Next Pro. In the 2023 season, the only MLS teams that did not field Next Pro sides were CF Montréal and D.C. United . [ 197 ] [ 198 ] Following the folding of the Development Academy , [ 199 ] MLS announced its own development league in 2020. [ 200 ] It includes all of the MLS team academies as well as 95 clubs across the country; many of which were a part of the Development Academy. [ 201 ] Stadiums Since 1999, the league has overseen the construction of twelve stadiums specifically designed for soccer. The development of soccer-specific stadiums owned by the teams has generated a better matchday experience for the fans. [ 202 ] The soccer-specific stadiums have yielded positive financial results as teams were no longer required to pay to rent out facilities and gained control over revenue streams such as concessions, parking, naming rights, and the ability to host non-MLS events. [ 8 ] [ 202 ] Several teams have doubled their season tickets following the team's move into a soccer-specific stadium. [ 203 ] The establishment of soccer-specific stadiums is considered the key to the league and the ability of teams to turn a profit. [ 204 ] In 2006, Tim Leiweke, then CEO of Anschutz Entertainment Group, described the proliferation of soccer-specific stadiums as the turning point for MLS. [ 204 ] Columbus Crew owner Lamar Hunt started this trend in 1999 by constructing Columbus Crew Stadium, now known as Historic Crew Stadium , as MLS' first soccer-specific stadium. [ 37 ] The Los Angeles Galaxy followed four years later with the opening of the Home Depot Center, now Dignity Health Sports Park , in 2003. [ 205 ] FC Dallas opened Pizza Hut Park, now Toyota Stadium , in 2005, and the Chicago Fire began playing their home matches in Toyota Park, now SeatGeek Stadium , in 2006. The 2007 season brought the opening of Dick's Sporting Goods Park for the Colorado Rapids and BMO Field for Toronto FC. [ 206 ] Near the end of the 2008 season, Rio Tinto Stadium (now known as America First Field ) became the home of Real Salt Lake, which meant that for the first time in MLS history a majority of MLS teams (8 out of 14) played in soccer-specific stadiums. [ 207 ] Red Bull Arena, now Sports Illustrated Stadium , the new home of the New York Red Bulls, opened for the start of the 2010 season, [ 154 ] and the Philadelphia Union opened PPL Park, now Subaru Park , in June 2010, midway through their inaugural season. [ 208 ] The following season, in 2011, the Portland Timbers made their MLS debut in a newly renovated Jeld-Wen Field, now renamed Providence Park , which was originally a multi-purpose venue but turned into a soccer-specific facility. [ 209 ] Also in 2011, Sporting Kansas City moved to new Livestrong Sporting Park, now Children's Mercy Park . [ 210 ] The Houston Dynamo relocated to their new home at BBVA Compass Stadium, now Shell Energy Stadium , in 2012. [ 154 ] In the same year, the Montreal Impact joined the league in an expanded Stade Saputo , which reopened in June 2012, when renovations pushed the seating capacity to over 20,000. The Impact has used Olympic Stadium for early season matches and for matches that require a larger capacity. [ 211 ] The San Jose Earthquakes, who had played at Buck Shaw Stadium from 2008 until 2014, opened their new Avaya Stadium (now PayPal Park ) before the 2015 season. [ 212 ] Orlando City SC intended to begin constructing its soccer-specific stadium, now known as Inter&Co Stadium , in 2014 to be completed in 2015. [ 213 ] Delays caused by changes to the stadium plans pushed back the new venue's opening, first to late 2016 and finally to the start of the 2017 season. [ 214 ] Orlando City played at the Florida Citrus Bowl Stadium, now Camping World Stadium , while awaiting the construction of their new venue through the 2016 season. Exploria Stadium hosted its first MLS match on March 5, 2017, against New York City FC as Orlando City Stadium. The development of additional MLS stadiums has continued to progress. D.C. United had played their home matches at former NFL and MLB venue RFK Stadium . In 2013, D.C. United announced the signing of a public-private partnership term sheet to build a new soccer stadium in Washington, D.C., and a final deal was reached in late 2014. In late February 2017, D.C. United finally broke ground on their new stadium, Audi Field . [ 215 ] After 21 years of playing at RFK Stadium, D.C. United played their first match at Audi Field in July 2018. Two teams have announced their desire to build a soccer-specific stadium, although these teams have not finalized the stadium site and received all necessary government approvals. New York City FC play home matches at Yankee Stadium , an MLB venue, although they intend to move into Etihad Park , expected to be completed by the 2027 season. The New England Revolution play home matches at Gillette Stadium , which is an NFL stadium also owned by the Revolution's owner, Robert Kraft . The team is currently in discussion with the City of Boston regarding a potential soccer-specific stadium in South Boston . [ 216 ] Several remaining clubs play in stadiums not originally built for MLS and have not announced plans to move. The Seattle Sounders FC play at Lumen Field , a dual-purpose facility used for both American football and soccer. The Vancouver Whitecaps FC joined the league with Portland in 2011 and temporarily held matches at Empire Field before moving into the refurbished BC Place in October 2011, [ 217 ] a retractable-roof stadium that hosts Canadian football as well as soccer. [ 218 ] Of the three teams that made their MLS debuts in 2017 and 2018, one opened a soccer-specific stadium in 2019, a second is playing in a shared football stadium, and the last opened a soccer-specific stadium for its inaugural 2018 season. Minnesota United FC, which debuted in 2017, built Allianz Field in St. Paul which hosted its inaugural match against New York City FC on April 13, 2019. [ 219 ] [ 220 ] Until that time, the team played in Minneapolis at TCF Bank Stadium (now Huntington Bank Stadium ), home to University of Minnesota football . [ 221 ] Atlanta United FC began play in 2017 at a college football facility, Georgia Tech 's Bobby Dodd Stadium , before moving into its permanent home at the retractable-roof Mercedes-Benz Stadium , which it shares with the NFL's Atlanta Falcons ; both teams are owned by Arthur Blank and the stadium is equipped with screens to cordon off the upper tiers for most matches. [ 222 ] Los Angeles FC, which began play in 2018, opened Banc of California Stadium (now BMO Stadium ) on the former site of the Los Angeles Sports Arena in April of its inaugural season. [ 223 ] FC Cincinnati made its MLS debut in 2019 at Nippert Stadium , the home of the University of Cincinnati football . The stadium had been home to FCC's USL Championship predecessor for all of its three seasons of play. The club moved within Cincinnati to the new TQL Stadium in 2021. [ 92 ] Inter Miami began play in 2020 at Inter Miami CF Stadium, now known as Chase Stadium , at the former site of Lockhart Stadium in Fort Lauderdale before opening Miami Freedom Park in the future. [ 224 ] Nashville SC played the 2020 and 2021 seasons at an NFL facility, Nissan Stadium , home of the Tennessee Titans , before opening Geodis Park in 2022. [ 225 ] Austin FC opened Q2 Stadium for its first season in 2021. [ 88 ] St. Louis City SC opened CityPark, now Energizer Park , in November 2022, a few months before the club's first season in 2023. [ 226 ] Construction of Eleven Park was tied to an application for an Indianapolis -based MLS team, initialized in 2024. [ 227 ] Profitability and revenues Year Value 2008 $37 million 2013 $103 million 2015 $157 million 2016 $185 million 2017 $223 million 2018 $240 million 2019 $313 million 2021 $550 million 2022 $582 million 2023 $678 million [ 228 ] 2025 $721 million Major League Soccer began to demonstrate positive signs of long-term profitability as early as 2004 with the single-entity ownership structure, salary cap, and the media and marketing umbrella Soccer United Marketing (SUM) all contributing towards MLS' financial security. [ 31 ] As soccer-specific stadiums were built, ownership expanded, and television coverage increased, MLS saw its revenues increase while controlling costs. [ 8 ] Television coverage and revenue have increased since the league's early years. In 2006, MLS reached an 8-year TV deal with ESPN spanning the 2007–2014 seasons, and marked the first time that MLS earned rights fees, reported to be worth $7–8 million annually. [ 229 ] In September 2012 the league extended its distribution agreement with London-based Media rights agency MP & Silva until 2014 in a deal worth $10 million annually. Total league TV revenues are over $40 million annually. [ 230 ] [ 231 ] In 2011, MLS earned $150 million when it sold a 25% stake in SUM. [ 8 ] Team Sponsor Annual value Atlanta United FC AmFam (game – main) Emory Healthcare (game – sleeve) Undisclosed [ 232 ] Austin FC Yeti (game – main) Siete Foods (game – sleeve) St. David's Healthcare (prematch) Undisclosed [ 233 ] Charlotte FC Ally (game – main) Rugs.com (game – sleeve) Undisclosed [ 234 ] Chicago Fire FC Carvana (game – main) Magellan Corporation (game - sleeve) Magellan Corporation (game - sleeve) Undisclosed [ 235 ] FC Cincinnati Mercy Health (game – main) Kroger (game – sleeve) Undisclosed [ 236 ] Colorado Rapids UCHealth (game – main) Undisclosed [ 237 ] Columbus Crew Nationwide (game – main) DHL (game – sleeve) Ohio Health (prematch) $3 million [ 238 ] D.C. United Guidehouse (game – main) The Fruitist (game - sleeve) Undisclosed [ 239 ] FC Dallas Children's Health (game - main) UT Southwestern (game – main) AdvoCare (game – sleeve) Undisclosed [ 240 ] Houston Dynamo FC MD Anderson Cancer Center (game – main) Undisclosed [ 241 ] Inter Miami CF Royal Caribbean (game – main) Fracht Group (game – sleeve) AutoNation (prematch) Undisclosed [ 242 ] LA Galaxy Herbalife (game – main) RBC (game – sleeve) $4.4 million [ 243 ] Los Angeles FC Bank of Montreal (game – main) Ford (game – sleeve) Rockstar (prematch) Undisclosed [ 244 ] Minnesota United FC Target (game – main) NutriSource (game – sleeve) Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Minnesota (prematch) Undisclosed [ 245 ] CF Montréal Bank of Montreal (game – main) Telus (game – sleeve) US$4 million [ 246 ] Nashville SC Renasant (game – main) Hyundai (game – sleeve) Vanderbilt Health (prematch) Undisclosed [ 247 ] New England Revolution UnitedHealthcare (game – main) Socios.com (prematch) Undisclosed [ 248 ] New York City FC Etihad Airways (game – main) Judi Health (fka. Capital Rx) (game – sleeve) NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (prematch) Undisclosed [ 249 ] New York Red Bulls Red Bull (game – main) Oanda (game – sleeve) Owns club Orlando City SC Orlando Health (game – main) Undisclosed [ 250 ] Philadelphia Union Bimbo Bakeries USA (game – main) Independence Blue Cross (game – sleeve) $3 million [ 251 ] Portland Timbers Bank of America (game – main) Dutch Brothers Coffee (prematch) Undisclosed [ 252 ] Real Salt Lake Select Health (game – main) Intermountain Health (game – sleeve) Undisclosed [ 253 ] San Diego FC DirecTV (game – main) Undisclosed [ 254 ] San Jose Earthquakes El Camino Health (game – main) Habbas Law (game – sleeve) Udemy (prematch) Undisclosed [ 255 ] Seattle Sounders FC Providence (game – main) Emerald Queen Casino (game – sleeve) CHI Franciscan (prematch) Undisclosed [ 256 ] Sporting Kansas City Compass Minerals (game – main) Undisclosed [ 257 ] St. Louis City SC Purina (game – main) BJC HealthCare (game – sleeve) Undisclosed [ 258 ] Toronto FC Bank of Montreal (game – main) LG (game – sleeve) C$4 million+ [ 259 ] Vancouver Whitecaps FC Telus (game – main) BLG (game - sleeve) BLG (game - sleeve) Undisclosed [ 260 ] In early 2005, MLS signed a 10-year, $150 million sponsorship deal with Adidas for its jerseys and other equipment. [ 31 ] In 2007, MLS teams started selling ad space on the front of jerseys to go along with the league-wide sponsorship partners who had already been advertising on the back of club jerseys, following the practice of international sport, specifically soccer. MLS established a floor of $500,000 per shirt sponsorship, with the league receiving a flat fee of $200,000 per deal. [ 261 ] As of July 2014, sixteen teams had signed sponsorship deals to have company logos placed on the front of their jerseys (and another team is directly owned by its shirt sponsor), and the league average from jersey sponsors was about $2.4 million. [ 262 ] Sleeve sponsorship was introduced to MLS in the 2020 season, with the teams able to sell a 2-by-2-inch (51 by 51 mm) section on the right arm where the league logo patch is normally positioned. [ 263 ] The LA Galaxy made a profit in 2003 in their first season at The Home Depot Center, [ 30 ] and FC Dallas turned a profit after moving into Pizza Hut Park in 2005. [ 264 ] For each season between 2006 and 2009, two to three MLS clubs (generally clubs with a soccer-specific stadium) were reported as profitable by the league. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] [ 266 ] In November 2013, Forbes published a report that revealed that ten of the league's nineteen teams earned an operating profit in 2012, while two broke even and seven had a loss. Forbes estimated that the league's collective annual revenues were $494 million, and that the league's collective annual profit was $34 million. Forbes valued the league's franchises to be worth $103 million on average, almost three times as much as the $37 million average valuation in 2008. The Seattle Sounders FC franchise was named the most valuable at $175 million, a 483% gain over the $30 million league entrance fee it paid in 2009. [ 8 ] The trend in increased team values has continued with MLS teams seeing a strong 52% increase in franchise values from 2012 to 2014. In August 2015 Forbes updated its MLS franchise values with the most profitable team measuring $245 million and the least $105 million. The average value jumped from $103 to $157 million. [ 9 ] In 2018, Forbes estimated Atlanta United FC is the most valuable MLS team, worth $330 million, while the Colorado Rapids are the lowest value, at $155 million. [ 267 ] These valuations do not include the value of stadiums or training facilities owned by the respective clubs. A Sportico ranking of club valuations in 2024 placed 20 MLS teams in the top 50 globally, with Los Angeles FC the most valuable at $1.15 billion (15th overall). [ 268 ] Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic , MLS teams typically used commercial flights to transport players and staff between matches, with only four charter flights allowed under league rules. [ 269 ] These commercial flights were often non-direct, requiring transfers and layovers, and contributed to long travel days. [ 270 ] The number of charters allowed for league matches was increased to eight legs prior to the 2020 season and lifted entirely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] Sun Country Airlines has provided charter service to MLS teams since 2020 and became the league's official carrier in 2022. [ 273 ] Rules and officials When the league began play, it tried to gain popularity by "Americanizing" the game: the game clock counted down in each half and stopped for certain dead ball, and matches level at the end of regulation were resolved with a running penalty shootout. [ 274 ] Now MLS follows the rules and standards of the International Football Association Board (IFAB). Since 2005, the playoff extra time structure follows IFAB standards: two full 15-minute periods, followed by a penalty shootout if necessary. U.S. Soccer hired the first full-time professional referees in league history in 2007 as part of the league's "Game First" initiatives. [ 275 ] Major League Soccer has been implementing fines and suspensions since the 2011 season for simulation (diving) through its Disciplinary Committee, which reviews plays after the match. The first player fined under the new rule was Charlie Davies , fined $1,000 for intentionally deceiving match officials. [ 276 ] MLS uses the list of banned substances published by the World Anti-Doping Agency . [ 277 ] Branding The current MLS logo debuted in 2014, ahead of the league's 20th season, replacing an earlier logo that featured a stylized boot and ball. The current logo is a simple crest with a diagonal stripe, the MLS wordmark, and three stars that represent "community, club, and country". The logo was designed to be remixed in different color schemes that match teams when used on merchandise and jerseys. [ 278 ] The first MLS anthem was unveiled in 2007 and was composed by Audiobrain . The current league anthem debuted in 2020 and was composed by film score composer Hans Zimmer . It's used during league broadcasts and as a prelude to kickoff at stadiums. [ 279 ] Team names In the early years of MLS, teams were typically given official nicknames in the style of other U.S. sports leagues (e.g., Columbus Crew , Los Angeles Galaxy , New England Revolution ). Several club names in MLS originated with previous professional soccer clubs, such as the 1970s-era NASL team names San Jose Earthquakes , Seattle Sounders , Portland Timbers , and Vancouver Whitecaps . [ 280 ] D.C. United was the only MLS team to adopt European naming conventions during the 1990s. [ 281 ] In more recent years, European-style names have become increasingly common in MLS, with expansion teams such as Real Salt Lake , Toronto FC , New York City FC , Atlanta United FC , Minnesota United FC , and FC Cincinnati , along with rebrandings such as FC Dallas (formerly the Dallas Burn), [ 282 ] Sporting Kansas City (formerly the Kansas City Wizards), [ 283 ] and CF Montréal (formerly the Montreal Impact). Austrian beverage company Red Bull GmbH owns and sponsors the New York Red Bulls as well as other sports teams outside the U.S. [ 158 ] Media coverage MLS Season Pass on Apple TV Since 2023, all MLS and Leagues Cup matches, as well as certain matches from MLS Next Pro and MLS Next , are streamed worldwide on MLS Season Pass via Apple TV . This agreement ended the previous regional sports network-based system. [ 284 ] The contract allows for some broadcasts on linear television. ESPN and Univision exited negotiations, apparently because MLS would not allow them to stream via their own platforms or use their own commentators. [ 103 ] [ 285 ] Following their departures, Fox Sports joined Apple as MLS' linear broadcast partners in the U.S., with Bell Media 's TSN and RDS doing so in Canada. [ 286 ] United States From 2012 to 2014, MLS matches were broadcast by NBC Sports , with 40 matches per year—primarily on NBCSN , and select matches broadcast on the NBC network. [ 287 ] The move from Fox Soccer to the more widely distributed NBCSN caused viewership numbers to double for the 2012 season. [ 288 ] Soccer United Marketing partnered with Google and Bedrocket Media Ventures in 2012 to launch "KickTV", a premium YouTube channel with original soccer programming. [ 289 ] KickTV was sold to Copa90 in 2015 to form its American branch. [ 290 ] In 2020, Soccer United Marketing signed a multi-year agreement with Bleacher Report to produce content and highlights for MLS and the U.S. national teams through the 2022 season. [ 291 ] From 2015 to 2022, MLS matches were broadcast nationally by ESPN networks and Fox Sports in English, and Univision networks in Spanish under an eight-year contract. Each broadcaster had a window for national regular season matches, with UniMás airing a game on Friday nights in Spanish and additional matches on Univision Deportes Network , and ESPN and Fox Sports 1 airing matches on Sunday evenings in English. ESPN, FS1, and Univision shared coverage of the playoffs, while ABC and Fox alternated broadcasting the MLS Cup final in English. In total, at least 125 matches were aired per season across all three networks. The three contracts have an average estimated value of $90 million per season—five times larger than the average $18 million value of the previous contracts with ESPN, Univision, and NBC Sports . [ 292 ] [ 293 ] [ 294 ] Matches not televised nationally were broadcast regionally, often by regional sports networks like Bally Sports , NBC Sports Regional Networks , Spectrum Sports and Root Sports , and sometimes by terrestrial stations like KTXA , WGN and KMYU . [ 58 ] Regionally televised matches were available outside their local markets on ESPN+ , which replaced MLS Live from 2018 until 2022. [ 295 ] Canada Currently, English-language national MLS broadcast rights in Canada are held by the TSN networks through a five-year deal first renewed in 2017. The networks primarily broadcast matches involving the league's Canadian franchises, in combination with separate "regional" rights deals giving TSN exclusive rights to all Toronto FC and Vancouver Whitecaps FC matches. [ 296 ] [ 297 ] [ 298 ] A limited number of matches are also carried by CTV . [ 298 ] TVA Sports held exclusive French-language rights to MLS in Canada from 2017 to 2023. As part of a separate "regional" rights deal, it also held exclusive rights to all CF Montréal matches . [ 298 ] [ 299 ] In 2018, online streaming service DAZN obtained the league's digital out-of-market service MLS Live with live and on-demand streaming of matches featuring U.S. teams (matches with Canadian teams were only available after a 48-hour delay to protect the league's main rightsholders TSN and TVA Sports). [ 300 ] International MLS also entered into a four-year contract with Sky Sports to broadcast two MLS matches per week in the United Kingdom and Ireland from 2015 to 2019. [ 301 ] As part of the agreement, Sky Sports broadcast at least two MLS regular season matches each week, as well as the MLS All-Star Game, every MLS Cup Playoff game, and the MLS Cup final. The matches appeared across Sky's family of networks. It also carried weekly MLS highlights across various platforms, including Sky Sports News and SkySports.com. Sky Sports also broadcast at least one match from MLS' "Decision Day" – the final day of the MLS regular season. Many of the matches on Decision Day every year are expected to determine the final spots for the MLS Cup Playoffs. [ 302 ] DSport , owned by Discovery Communications , began televising league matches in India in 2017. [ 303 ] SBS Sport Australia broadcast one MLS game per week in Australia from 2025. [ 304 ] Video games Major League Soccer is a playable league in the EA Sports FC series, the eFootball series, and the Football Manager series. The league made its video game debut in 1999 with FIFA 2000 . Kids video game company Humongous Entertainment had the rights to teams and players for their game, Backyard Soccer MLS Edition and for Backyard Soccer 2004 . [ 305 ] [ 306 ] In 2000, Konami released ESPN MLS GameNight , and two years later, they released its sequel, ESPN MLS ExtraTime 2002 . The league made its first appearance in the management series Football Manager 2005 in 2004. [ 307 ] Player records Statistics below are for all-time leaders. Statistics are for regular season only. Bold indicates active MLS players. Goals Rank Player Years Goals 1 Chris Wondolowski 2005–2021 171 2 Kei Kamara 2006–2013 2015–2020 2022–2025 147 3 Landon Donovan 2001–2014 2016 145 4 Jeff Cunningham 1998–2011 134 5 Jaime Moreno 1996–2010 133 6 Josef Martínez 2017–2025 130 7 Bradley Wright-Phillips 2013–2021 117 8 Ante Razov 1996–2000 2001–2009 114 9 Jason Kreis 1996–2007 108 10 Gyasi Zardes 2013–2024 106 Rank Player Years Goals 1 Chris Wondolowski 2005–2021 171 2 Kei Kamara 2006–2013 2015–2020 2022–2025 147 3 Landon Donovan 2001–2014 2016 145 4 Jeff Cunningham 1998–2011 134 5 Jaime Moreno 1996–2010 133 6 Josef Martínez 2017–2025 130 7 Bradley Wright-Phillips 2013–2021 117 8 Ante Razov 1996–2000 2001–2009 114 9 Jason Kreis 1996–2007 108 10 Gyasi Zardes 2013–2024 106 Assists Rank Player Years Assists 1 Landon Donovan 2001–2014 2016 136 2 Steve Ralston 1996–2010 135 3 Brad Davis 2002–2016 123 4 Carlos Valderrama 1996–2002 114 5 Preki 1996–2005 112 6 Jaime Moreno 1996–2010 102 7 Marco Etcheverry 1996–2003 101 8 Sacha Kljestan 2006–2010 2015–2022 99 9 Cobi Jones 1996–2007 91 Diego Valeri 2013–2021 Rank Player Years Assists 1 Landon Donovan 2001–2014 2016 136 2 Steve Ralston 1996–2010 135 3 Brad Davis 2002–2016 123 4 Carlos Valderrama 1996–2002 114 5 Preki 1996–2005 112 6 Jaime Moreno 1996–2010 102 7 Marco Etcheverry 1996–2003 101 8 Sacha Kljestan 2006–2010 2015–2022 99 9 Cobi Jones 1996–2007 91 Diego Valeri 2013–2021 Shutouts (clean sheets) Rank Player Years Shutouts 1 Nick Rimando 2000–2019 154 2 Kevin Hartman 1997–2013 112 3 Stefan Frei 2009–present 105 4 Sean Johnson 2010–present 96 5 Joe Cannon 1999–2013 86 6 Jon Busch 2002–2015 83 7 Bill Hamid 2009–2022 80 8 Brad Guzan 2012–2025 78 9 Zach Thornton 1996–2011 76 10 Matt Reis 1998–2013 75 Rank Player Years Shutouts 1 Nick Rimando 2000–2019 154 2 Kevin Hartman 1997–2013 112 3 Stefan Frei 2009–present 105 4 Sean Johnson 2010–present 96 5 Joe Cannon 1999–2013 86 6 Jon Busch 2002–2015 83 7 Bill Hamid 2009–2022 80 8 Brad Guzan 2012–2025 78 9 Zach Thornton 1996–2011 76 10 Matt Reis 1998–2013 75 Games played Rank Player Years Games 1 Nick Rimando 2000–2019 514 2 Kyle Beckerman 2000–2020 498 3 Dax McCarty 2006–2024 488 4 Kei Kamara 2006–2013 2015–2020 2022–present 464 5 Darlington Nagbe 2011–2025 445 6 Jeff Larentowicz 2005–2020 437 7 Stefan Frei 2009–present 433 8 Sean Johnson 2010–present 431 9 Diego Chará 2011–present 426 10 Diego Fagúndez 2011–present 424 Rank Player Years Games 1 Nick Rimando 2000–2019 514 2 Kyle Beckerman 2000–2020 498 3 Dax McCarty 2006–2024 488 4 Kei Kamara 2006–2013 2015–2020 2022–present 464 5 Darlington Nagbe 2011–2025 445 6 Jeff Larentowicz 2005–2020 437 7 Stefan Frei 2009–present 433 8 Sean Johnson 2010–present 431 9 Diego Chará 2011–present 426 10 Diego Fagúndez 2011–present 424 Player records (active) Statistics below are for all-time leaders who are still playing. Statistics are for regular season only. Goals Rank Player Goals 1 Kei Kamara 147 2 Josef Martinez 130 3 Gyasi Zardes 108 4 C. J. Sapong 89 5 Fredy Montero 85 Rank Player Goals 1 Kei Kamara 147 2 Josef Martinez 130 3 Gyasi Zardes 108 4 C. J. Sapong 89 5 Fredy Montero 85 Assists Rank Player Assists 1 Nicolás Lodeiro 78 2 Luciano Acosta 72 3 Diego Fagúndez 67 4 Julian Gressel 65 Rank Player Assists 1 Nicolás Lodeiro 78 2 Luciano Acosta 72 3 Diego Fagúndez 67 4 Julian Gressel 65 Shutouts Rank Player Shutouts 1 Stefan Frei 102 2 Sean Johnson 96 4 Brad Guzan 76 5 Andre Blake 71 Rank Player Shutouts 1 Stefan Frei 102 2 Sean Johnson 96 4 Brad Guzan 76 5 Andre Blake 71 Games played Rank Player Games 1 Kei Kamara 432 2 Darlington Nagbe 415 3 Sean Johnson 374 4 Stefan Frei 368 Rank Player Games 1 Kei Kamara 432 2 Darlington Nagbe 415 3 Sean Johnson 374 4 Stefan Frei 368 Awards At the conclusion of each season, the league presents several awards for outstanding achievements, mostly to players, but also to coaches, referees, and teams. The finalists in each category are determined by voting from MLS players, team employees, and the media. [ 310 ] MLS Best XI Sigi Schmid Coach of the Year Award MLS Comeback Player of the Year Award MLS Defender of the Year Award MLS Fair Play Award (individual & team) MLS Goal of the Year Award MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Award MLS Golden Boot MLS Humanitarian of the Year Award Landon Donovan MVP Award MLS Newcomer of the Year Award MLS Referee of the Year Award MLS Young Player of the Year Award MLS Save of the Year Award Notes ^ Spanish audio/broadcast ^ French audio/broadcast See also Association football portal Sports portal United States portal Canada portal MLS SuperDraft List of Major League Soccer seasons List of American and Canadian soccer champions Major League Soccer attendance MLS Players Association References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Borg, Simon (December 17, 2010). 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External links Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Preceded by NASL (1968–1984) Division 1 soccer league in the United States 1996–present Succeeded by current league .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Major League Soccer v t e Seasons 2025 season Records and statistics 400 or more appearances 100 or more goals Hat-tricks Players Association Rivalry cups History Timeline Expansion U.S. Soccer Canada Soccer Seasons 2025 season 2025 season Records and statistics 400 or more appearances 100 or more goals Hat-tricks 400 or more appearances 100 or more goals Hat-tricks Players Association Rivalry cups History Timeline Expansion Timeline Expansion U.S. Soccer Canada Soccer Eastern Conference Atlanta United FC Charlotte FC Chicago Fire FC FC Cincinnati Columbus Crew D.C. United Inter Miami CF CF Montréal Nashville SC New England Revolution New York City FC New York Red Bulls Orlando City SC Philadelphia Union Toronto FC Atlanta United FC Charlotte FC Chicago Fire FC FC Cincinnati Columbus Crew D.C. United Inter Miami CF CF Montréal Nashville SC New England Revolution New York City FC New York Red Bulls Orlando City SC Philadelphia Union Toronto FC Western Conference Austin FC Colorado Rapids FC Dallas Houston Dynamo FC Sporting Kansas City LA Galaxy Los Angeles FC Minnesota United FC Portland Timbers Real Salt Lake San Diego FC San Jose Earthquakes Seattle Sounders FC St. Louis City SC Vancouver Whitecaps FC Austin FC Colorado Rapids FC Dallas Houston Dynamo FC Sporting Kansas City LA Galaxy Los Angeles FC Minnesota United FC Portland Timbers Real Salt Lake San Diego FC San Jose Earthquakes Seattle Sounders FC St. Louis City SC Vancouver Whitecaps FC Former teams Tampa Bay Mutiny (1996–2001) Miami Fusion (1998–2001) Chivas USA (2005–2014) Tampa Bay Mutiny (1996–2001) Miami Fusion (1998–2001) Chivas USA (2005–2014) Personnel Foreign players National team players International slots Designated Players Homegrown Players Generation Adidas Cup Current season transfers Coaches Owners Professional Referee Organization Professional Soccer Referees Association Foreign players National team players International slots Designated Players Homegrown Players Generation Adidas Cup Current season transfers Coaches Owners Professional Referee Organization Professional Soccer Referees Association Competition MLS Cup Playoffs Finals Trophy Supporters' Shield SuperDraft Stadiums Attendance Television Broadcasters All-Star Game MLS Cup MLS Cup Playoffs Finals Trophy Playoffs Finals Trophy Supporters' Shield SuperDraft Stadiums Attendance Television Broadcasters All-Star Game MLS Cup Broadcasters All-Star Game MLS Cup Associated competitions All-Star Game MLS Next CONCACAF Champions Cup Campeones Cup Leagues Cup U.S. Open Cup Canadian Championship Reserve League eMLS Cup MLS is Back Tournament MLS Next MLS Next Pro All-Star Game MLS Next MLS Next CONCACAF Champions Cup Campeones Cup Leagues Cup U.S. Open Cup Canadian Championship Reserve League eMLS Cup MLS is Back Tournament MLS Next MLS Next Pro Other Generation Adidas Performance in Champions Cup Hall of Fame Valuations Central Division (2000–2001) Fraser v. Major League Soccer (2002) Generation Adidas Performance in Champions Cup Hall of Fame Valuations Central Division (2000–2001) Fraser v. Major League Soccer (2002) Category Portal Multimedia Category Portal Multimedia Links to related articles v t e Major League Soccer seasons 1990s 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 v t e Soccer in the United States U.S. Soccer Federation USASA USCS State Soccer Associations League system History First game College Hall of Fame Awards Clubs International competition Champions Venues ( stadiums by capacity soccer-specific stadium ) Women's Men's National teams Senior ( results players ) U23 U20 U19 U18 U17 U15 Beach soccer Futsal indoor soccer Paralympic Outdoor leagues Professional MLS History Playoffs MLS Cup USL Division One (proposed) USL Championship USLC Final USL League One NISA MLS Next Pro Amateur USL League Two NISA Nation NPSL CSL EPSL EPLWA GCPL LfC MWPL OVPL SFSFL UPSL USLPA Defunct AFA (1884–1924) ALPF (1894) APSL (2015–2018) NAFL (1895–1898) ASL (1921–1933) ASL (1933–1983) NASFL (1946–47) USA (1967) NPSL (1967) NASL (1968–1984) USL (1984–85) LSSA (1987–1992) ASL (1988–89) WSA (1989) USISL (1989–1994) APSL (1990–1996) USL-2 (1995–2010) USL-1 (1996–2009) D2 Pro (2010) PLA (2015–2017) NASL (2011–2017) Indoor leagues Current MASL MASL2 MASL3 MLIS PASL WISL Defunct NASL (1975–76, 1979–1984) MISL (1978–1992) NPSL (1984–2001) CISL (1993–1997) EISL (1997–98) WISL (1998–2001) MISL (2001–2008) AISL (2003–2008) XSL (2008–09) MISL (2008–2014) NISL Futsal leagues MLF PFL Cup competitions Current U.S. Open Cup USL Cup National Amateur Cup Hank Steinbrecher Cup U.S. Open (indoor) Defunct AAFA Cup American Cup Lewis Cup Women's National teams Senior ( players ) U23 U20 U19 U18 U17 U15 Beach soccer Futsal Deaf Outdoor leagues Professional NWSL NWSL Challenge Cup NWSL Shield Playoffs USL Super League NWSL Division 2 (proposed) WPSL PRO (proposed) Amateur USL W League WPSL UWS OVPL Indoor leagues PASL Futsal leagues MLF International competitions SheBelieves Cup Tournament of Nations Club competitions Women's Open Women's Amateur Defunct leagues W-League (1995–2015) WUSA (2001–2003) WPS (2009–2011) WPSL Elite (2012) NISL Youth Leagues AYSO ECNL NFHS USYSA USL Youth MLS Next USL Academy Competitions US Youth Soccer National Championships By city Houston Los Angeles New York City Seattle St. Louis Other topics International tournaments hosted Most expensive American soccer transfers Broadcast rights Soccer America Category v t e Soccer in Canada Canadian Soccer Association League system Seasons Hall of Fame Clubs Champions Club honours Stadiums Women's soccer in Canada Player of the Year award Men's national teams Senior results players records and statistics U-23 (Olympic) U-20 U-17 Beach soccer Futsal Women's national teams Senior results players U-20 U-17 Futsal Men's outdoor leagues Tier 1 Canadian Premier League Playoffs Finals Major League Soccer Playoffs MLS Cup Tier 3 League1 Canada Alberta British Columbia Ontario Québec MLS Next Pro Below tier 3 Alberta Major Soccer League Ligue de soccer élite du Québec Manitoba Major Soccer League Ontario Soccer League Pacific Coast Soccer League Vancouver Metro Soccer League Non-FIFA Canadian Soccer League Finals Women's outdoor leagues Professional Northern Super League Pro-am League1 Canada Alberta British Columbia Ontario Québec Indoor and futsal competitions MASL Futsal Canadian Championship Cup competitions Pro / pro-am Canadian Championship Finals Voyageurs Cup Women's Inter-Provincial Championship Amateur National championships Challenge Trophy Jubilee Trophy Provincial championships BC NL ON Other competitions Soccer at the Canada Games Croatian-North American Soccer Tournament College and university soccer U Sports men's Championship U Sports women's Championship CCAA Soccer National Championship Defunct Canadian leagues Canadian Professional Soccer League (1983) Canadian Soccer League (1987–1992) Pacific Coast Soccer League National Soccer League Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League Québec National League Western Canada Soccer League Canadian Major Indoor Soccer League Defunct American leagues United Soccer Association National Professional Soccer League North American Soccer League (1968–1984) Soccer Bowl North American Soccer Football League Western Soccer Alliance American Professional Soccer League USL First Division Finals USSF Division 2 Professional League North American Soccer League (2011–2017) Soccer Bowl USL W-League Related American leagues USL Championship USL League One USL League Two United Premier Soccer League Women's Premier Soccer League United Women's Soccer Defunct cup competitions Inter-Provincial Cup Mainland Cup Open Canada Cup Victoria Challenge Cup WFA Challenge Cup Other Canadian clubs in American leagues Canadian clubs in international competitions Associations AB BC MB NB NL NS NT NU ON PE QC SK YT Historical: DFA (1877–1881) WFA (1880–1940) v t e Top-level men's football leagues of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean ( CONCACAF ) Current Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire † British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador French Guiana † Grenada Guadeloupe † Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique † Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis ( Saint Kitts , Nevis ) Saint Lucia Saint Martin † Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten † Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States U.S. Virgin Islands Non-recognized Greenland Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre et Miquelon Sint Eustatius (defunct) † Associated members v t e Sports leagues of Canada Men's Domestic Canadian Elite Basketball League Canadian Football League Canadian Premier League (soccer) International Major League Baseball Major League Rugby Major League Soccer National Basketball Association National Hockey League National Lacrosse League Professional Bull Riders Ultimate Frisbee Association Women's Domestic Central Canadian Women's Football League Maritime Women's Football League National Ringette League Northern Super League (soccer) Western Women's Canadian Football League International Professional Women's Hockey League Women's National Basketball Association (starting 2026 ) v t e Top-level professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada Men's Majors Major League Baseball National Basketball Association National Football League National Hockey League Major League Soccer Canadian Football League Other top-flight leagues Canadian Premier League Canadian Elite Basketball League Major League Cricket Major Arena Soccer League National Volleyball Association Arena Football One Indoor Football League National Lacrosse League Premier Lacrosse League Major League Rugby USA Rugby League Premier Rugby Sevens Ultimate Frisbee Association Women's Majors Women's National Basketball Association National Women's Soccer League Professional Women's Hockey League Other top-flight leagues Women's Pro Baseball League Women's Football Alliance Women's Lacrosse League National Ringette League Women's Elite Rugby Premier Rugby Sevens Soccer USLS NSL Softball AUSL WPF Ultimate PUL WUL Volleyball LOVB Pro Major League Volleyball Others Individual Bowling PBA PWBA Bull riding PBR WPRA Golf PGA Tour LPGA Tennis ATP WTA Motorsports IndyCar Series NASCAR Cup Series Other Major League Eating USA Canada v t e Major League Soccer seasons v t e 1990s 1996 1997 1998 1999 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 v t e Soccer in the United States v t e U.S. Soccer Federation USASA USCS State Soccer Associations League system History First game College Hall of Fame Awards Clubs International competition Champions Venues ( stadiums by capacity soccer-specific stadium ) Women's U.S. Soccer Federation USASA USCS State Soccer Associations League system History First game First game College Hall of Fame Awards Clubs International competition International competition Champions Venues ( stadiums by capacity soccer-specific stadium ) Women's Men's National teams Senior ( results players ) U23 U20 U19 U18 U17 U15 Beach soccer Futsal indoor soccer Paralympic Outdoor leagues Professional MLS History Playoffs MLS Cup USL Division One (proposed) USL Championship USLC Final USL League One NISA MLS Next Pro Amateur USL League Two NISA Nation NPSL CSL EPSL EPLWA GCPL LfC MWPL OVPL SFSFL UPSL USLPA Defunct AFA (1884–1924) ALPF (1894) APSL (2015–2018) NAFL (1895–1898) ASL (1921–1933) ASL (1933–1983) NASFL (1946–47) USA (1967) NPSL (1967) NASL (1968–1984) USL (1984–85) LSSA (1987–1992) ASL (1988–89) WSA (1989) USISL (1989–1994) APSL (1990–1996) USL-2 (1995–2010) USL-1 (1996–2009) D2 Pro (2010) PLA (2015–2017) NASL (2011–2017) Indoor leagues Current MASL MASL2 MASL3 MLIS PASL WISL Defunct NASL (1975–76, 1979–1984) MISL (1978–1992) NPSL (1984–2001) CISL (1993–1997) EISL (1997–98) WISL (1998–2001) MISL (2001–2008) AISL (2003–2008) XSL (2008–09) MISL (2008–2014) NISL Futsal leagues MLF PFL Cup competitions Current U.S. Open Cup USL Cup National Amateur Cup Hank Steinbrecher Cup U.S. Open (indoor) Defunct AAFA Cup American Cup Lewis Cup National teams Senior ( results players ) U23 U20 U19 U18 U17 U15 Beach soccer Futsal indoor soccer Paralympic Senior ( results players ) U23 U20 U19 U18 U17 U15 Beach soccer Futsal indoor soccer Paralympic Outdoor leagues Professional MLS History Playoffs MLS Cup USL Division One (proposed) USL Championship USLC Final USL League One NISA MLS Next Pro Amateur USL League Two NISA Nation NPSL CSL EPSL EPLWA GCPL LfC MWPL OVPL SFSFL UPSL USLPA Defunct AFA (1884–1924) ALPF (1894) APSL (2015–2018) NAFL (1895–1898) ASL (1921–1933) ASL (1933–1983) NASFL (1946–47) USA (1967) NPSL (1967) NASL (1968–1984) USL (1984–85) LSSA (1987–1992) ASL (1988–89) WSA (1989) USISL (1989–1994) APSL (1990–1996) USL-2 (1995–2010) USL-1 (1996–2009) D2 Pro (2010) PLA (2015–2017) NASL (2011–2017) Professional MLS History Playoffs MLS Cup USL Division One (proposed) USL Championship USLC Final USL League One NISA MLS Next Pro MLS History Playoffs MLS Cup History Playoffs MLS Cup USL Division One (proposed) USL Championship USLC Final USLC Final USL League One NISA MLS Next Pro Amateur USL League Two NISA Nation NPSL CSL EPSL EPLWA GCPL LfC MWPL OVPL SFSFL UPSL USLPA USL League Two NISA Nation NPSL CSL EPSL EPLWA GCPL LfC MWPL OVPL SFSFL UPSL USLPA Defunct AFA (1884–1924) ALPF (1894) APSL (2015–2018) NAFL (1895–1898) ASL (1921–1933) ASL (1933–1983) NASFL (1946–47) USA (1967) NPSL (1967) NASL (1968–1984) USL (1984–85) LSSA (1987–1992) ASL (1988–89) WSA (1989) USISL (1989–1994) APSL (1990–1996) USL-2 (1995–2010) USL-1 (1996–2009) D2 Pro (2010) PLA (2015–2017) NASL (2011–2017) AFA (1884–1924) ALPF (1894) APSL (2015–2018) NAFL (1895–1898) ASL (1921–1933) ASL (1933–1983) NASFL (1946–47) USA (1967) NPSL (1967) NASL (1968–1984) USL (1984–85) LSSA (1987–1992) ASL (1988–89) WSA (1989) USISL (1989–1994) APSL (1990–1996) USL-2 (1995–2010) USL-1 (1996–2009) D2 Pro (2010) PLA (2015–2017) NASL (2011–2017) Indoor leagues Current MASL MASL2 MASL3 MLIS PASL WISL Defunct NASL (1975–76, 1979–1984) MISL (1978–1992) NPSL (1984–2001) CISL (1993–1997) EISL (1997–98) WISL (1998–2001) MISL (2001–2008) AISL (2003–2008) XSL (2008–09) MISL (2008–2014) NISL Current MASL MASL2 MASL3 MLIS PASL WISL MASL MASL2 MASL3 MLIS PASL WISL Defunct NASL (1975–76, 1979–1984) MISL (1978–1992) NPSL (1984–2001) CISL (1993–1997) EISL (1997–98) WISL (1998–2001) MISL (2001–2008) AISL (2003–2008) XSL (2008–09) MISL (2008–2014) NISL NASL (1975–76, 1979–1984) MISL (1978–1992) NPSL (1984–2001) CISL (1993–1997) EISL (1997–98) WISL (1998–2001) MISL (2001–2008) AISL (2003–2008) XSL (2008–09) MISL (2008–2014) NISL Futsal leagues MLF PFL MLF PFL Cup competitions Current U.S. Open Cup USL Cup National Amateur Cup Hank Steinbrecher Cup U.S. Open (indoor) Defunct AAFA Cup American Cup Lewis Cup Current U.S. Open Cup USL Cup National Amateur Cup Hank Steinbrecher Cup U.S. Open (indoor) U.S. Open Cup USL Cup National Amateur Cup Hank Steinbrecher Cup U.S. Open (indoor) Defunct AAFA Cup American Cup Lewis Cup AAFA Cup American Cup Lewis Cup Women's National teams Senior ( players ) U23 U20 U19 U18 U17 U15 Beach soccer Futsal Deaf Outdoor leagues Professional NWSL NWSL Challenge Cup NWSL Shield Playoffs USL Super League NWSL Division 2 (proposed) WPSL PRO (proposed) Amateur USL W League WPSL UWS OVPL Indoor leagues PASL Futsal leagues MLF International competitions SheBelieves Cup Tournament of Nations Club competitions Women's Open Women's Amateur Defunct leagues W-League (1995–2015) WUSA (2001–2003) WPS (2009–2011) WPSL Elite (2012) NISL National teams Senior ( players ) U23 U20 U19 U18 U17 U15 Beach soccer Futsal Deaf Senior ( players ) U23 U20 U19 U18 U17 U15 Beach soccer Futsal Deaf Outdoor leagues Professional NWSL NWSL Challenge Cup NWSL Shield Playoffs USL Super League NWSL Division 2 (proposed) WPSL PRO (proposed) Amateur USL W League WPSL UWS OVPL Professional NWSL NWSL Challenge Cup NWSL Shield Playoffs USL Super League NWSL Division 2 (proposed) WPSL PRO (proposed) NWSL NWSL Challenge Cup NWSL Shield Playoffs NWSL Challenge Cup NWSL Shield Playoffs USL Super League NWSL Division 2 (proposed) WPSL PRO (proposed) Amateur USL W League WPSL UWS OVPL USL W League WPSL UWS OVPL Indoor leagues PASL PASL Futsal leagues MLF MLF International competitions SheBelieves Cup Tournament of Nations SheBelieves Cup Tournament of Nations Club competitions Women's Open Women's Amateur Women's Open Women's Amateur Defunct leagues W-League (1995–2015) WUSA (2001–2003) WPS (2009–2011) WPSL Elite (2012) NISL W-League (1995–2015) WUSA (2001–2003) WPS (2009–2011) WPSL Elite (2012) NISL Youth Leagues AYSO ECNL NFHS USYSA USL Youth MLS Next USL Academy Competitions US Youth Soccer National Championships Leagues AYSO ECNL NFHS USYSA USL Youth MLS Next USL Academy AYSO ECNL NFHS USYSA USL Youth MLS Next USL Academy Competitions US Youth Soccer National Championships US Youth Soccer National Championships By city Houston Los Angeles New York City Seattle St. Louis Houston Los Angeles New York City Seattle St. Louis Other topics International tournaments hosted Most expensive American soccer transfers Broadcast rights Soccer America International tournaments hosted Most expensive American soccer transfers Broadcast rights Soccer America Category Category v t e Soccer in Canada v t e Canadian Soccer Association League system Seasons Hall of Fame Clubs Champions Club honours Stadiums Women's soccer in Canada Player of the Year award Canadian Soccer Association League system Seasons Hall of Fame Clubs Champions Club honours Stadiums Women's soccer in Canada Player of the Year award Men's national teams Senior results players records and statistics U-23 (Olympic) U-20 U-17 Beach soccer Futsal Senior results players records and statistics results players records and statistics U-23 (Olympic) U-20 U-17 Beach soccer Futsal Women's national teams Senior results players U-20 U-17 Futsal Senior results players results players U-20 U-17 Futsal Men's outdoor leagues Tier 1 Canadian Premier League Playoffs Finals Major League Soccer Playoffs MLS Cup Tier 3 League1 Canada Alberta British Columbia Ontario Québec MLS Next Pro Below tier 3 Alberta Major Soccer League Ligue de soccer élite du Québec Manitoba Major Soccer League Ontario Soccer League Pacific Coast Soccer League Vancouver Metro Soccer League Non-FIFA Canadian Soccer League Finals Tier 1 Canadian Premier League Playoffs Finals Major League Soccer Playoffs MLS Cup Canadian Premier League Playoffs Finals Playoffs Finals Major League Soccer Playoffs MLS Cup Playoffs MLS Cup Tier 3 League1 Canada Alberta British Columbia Ontario Québec MLS Next Pro League1 Canada Alberta British Columbia Ontario Québec Alberta British Columbia Ontario Québec MLS Next Pro Below tier 3 Alberta Major Soccer League Ligue de soccer élite du Québec Manitoba Major Soccer League Ontario Soccer League Pacific Coast Soccer League Vancouver Metro Soccer League Alberta Major Soccer League Ligue de soccer élite du Québec Manitoba Major Soccer League Ontario Soccer League Pacific Coast Soccer League Vancouver Metro Soccer League Non-FIFA Canadian Soccer League Finals Canadian Soccer League Finals Finals Women's outdoor leagues Professional Northern Super League Pro-am League1 Canada Alberta British Columbia Ontario Québec Professional Northern Super League Northern Super League Pro-am League1 Canada Alberta British Columbia Ontario Québec League1 Canada Alberta British Columbia Ontario Québec Alberta British Columbia Ontario Québec Indoor and futsal competitions MASL Futsal Canadian Championship MASL Futsal Canadian Championship Cup competitions Pro / pro-am Canadian Championship Finals Voyageurs Cup Women's Inter-Provincial Championship Amateur National championships Challenge Trophy Jubilee Trophy Provincial championships BC NL ON Pro / pro-am Canadian Championship Finals Voyageurs Cup Women's Inter-Provincial Championship Canadian Championship Finals Voyageurs Cup Finals Voyageurs Cup Women's Inter-Provincial Championship Amateur National championships Challenge Trophy Jubilee Trophy Provincial championships BC NL ON National championships Challenge Trophy Jubilee Trophy Challenge Trophy Jubilee Trophy Provincial championships BC NL ON BC NL ON Other competitions Soccer at the Canada Games Croatian-North American Soccer Tournament Soccer at the Canada Games Croatian-North American Soccer Tournament College and university soccer U Sports men's Championship U Sports women's Championship CCAA Soccer National Championship U Sports men's Championship Championship U Sports women's Championship Championship CCAA Soccer National Championship Defunct Canadian leagues Canadian Professional Soccer League (1983) Canadian Soccer League (1987–1992) Pacific Coast Soccer League National Soccer League Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League Québec National League Western Canada Soccer League Canadian Major Indoor Soccer League Canadian Professional Soccer League (1983) Canadian Soccer League (1987–1992) Pacific Coast Soccer League National Soccer League Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League Québec National League Western Canada Soccer League Canadian Major Indoor Soccer League Defunct American leagues United Soccer Association National Professional Soccer League North American Soccer League (1968–1984) Soccer Bowl North American Soccer Football League Western Soccer Alliance American Professional Soccer League USL First Division Finals USSF Division 2 Professional League North American Soccer League (2011–2017) Soccer Bowl USL W-League United Soccer Association National Professional Soccer League North American Soccer League (1968–1984) Soccer Bowl Soccer Bowl North American Soccer Football League Western Soccer Alliance American Professional Soccer League USL First Division Finals Finals USSF Division 2 Professional League North American Soccer League (2011–2017) Soccer Bowl Soccer Bowl USL W-League Related American leagues USL Championship USL League One USL League Two United Premier Soccer League Women's Premier Soccer League United Women's Soccer USL Championship USL League One USL League Two United Premier Soccer League Women's Premier Soccer League United Women's Soccer Defunct cup competitions Inter-Provincial Cup Mainland Cup Open Canada Cup Victoria Challenge Cup WFA Challenge Cup Inter-Provincial Cup Mainland Cup Open Canada Cup Victoria Challenge Cup WFA Challenge Cup Other Canadian clubs in American leagues Canadian clubs in international competitions Canadian clubs in American leagues Canadian clubs in international competitions Associations AB BC MB NB NL NS NT NU ON PE QC SK YT Historical: DFA (1877–1881) WFA (1880–1940) AB BC MB NB NL NS NT NU ON PE QC SK YT Historical: DFA (1877–1881) WFA (1880–1940) v t e Top-level men's football leagues of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean ( CONCACAF ) v t e Current Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire † British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador French Guiana † Grenada Guadeloupe † Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique † Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis ( Saint Kitts , Nevis ) Saint Lucia Saint Martin † Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten † Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States U.S. Virgin Islands Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bonaire † British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador French Guiana † Grenada Guadeloupe † Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique † Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis ( Saint Kitts , Nevis ) Saint Lucia Saint Martin † Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten † Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States U.S. Virgin Islands Non-recognized Greenland Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre et Miquelon Sint Eustatius (defunct) Greenland Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre et Miquelon Sint Eustatius (defunct) † Associated members † Associated members v t e Sports leagues of Canada v t e Men's Domestic Canadian Elite Basketball League Canadian Football League Canadian Premier League (soccer) International Major League Baseball Major League Rugby Major League Soccer National Basketball Association National Hockey League National Lacrosse League Professional Bull Riders Ultimate Frisbee Association Domestic Canadian Elite Basketball League Canadian Football League Canadian Premier League (soccer) Canadian Elite Basketball League Canadian Football League Canadian Premier League (soccer) International Major League Baseball Major League Rugby Major League Soccer National Basketball Association National Hockey League National Lacrosse League Professional Bull Riders Ultimate Frisbee Association Major League Baseball Major League Rugby Major League Soccer National Basketball Association National Hockey League National Lacrosse League Professional Bull Riders Ultimate Frisbee Association Women's Domestic Central Canadian Women's Football League Maritime Women's Football League National Ringette League Northern Super League (soccer) Western Women's Canadian Football League International Professional Women's Hockey League Women's National Basketball Association (starting 2026 ) Domestic Central Canadian Women's Football League Maritime Women's Football League National Ringette League Northern Super League (soccer) Western Women's Canadian Football League Central Canadian Women's Football League Maritime Women's Football League National Ringette League Northern Super League (soccer) Western Women's Canadian Football League International Professional Women's Hockey League Women's National Basketball Association (starting 2026 ) Professional Women's Hockey League Women's National Basketball Association (starting 2026 ) v t e Top-level professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada v t e Men's Majors Major League Baseball National Basketball Association National Football League National Hockey League Major League Soccer Canadian Football League Other top-flight leagues Canadian Premier League Canadian Elite Basketball League Major League Cricket Major Arena Soccer League National Volleyball Association Arena Football One Indoor Football League National Lacrosse League Premier Lacrosse League Major League Rugby USA Rugby League Premier Rugby Sevens Ultimate Frisbee Association Majors Major League Baseball National Basketball Association National Football League National Hockey League Major League Soccer Canadian Football League Major League Baseball National Basketball Association National Football League National Hockey League Major League Soccer Canadian Football League Other top-flight leagues Canadian Premier League Canadian Elite Basketball League Major League Cricket Major Arena Soccer League National Volleyball Association Arena Football One Indoor Football League National Lacrosse League Premier Lacrosse League Major League Rugby USA Rugby League Premier Rugby Sevens Ultimate Frisbee Association Canadian Premier League Canadian Elite Basketball League Major League Cricket Major Arena Soccer League National Volleyball Association Arena Football One Indoor Football League National Lacrosse League Premier Lacrosse League Major League Rugby USA Rugby League Premier Rugby Sevens Ultimate Frisbee Association Women's Majors Women's National Basketball Association National Women's Soccer League Professional Women's Hockey League Other top-flight leagues Women's Pro Baseball League Women's Football Alliance Women's Lacrosse League National Ringette League Women's Elite Rugby Premier Rugby Sevens Soccer USLS NSL Softball AUSL WPF Ultimate PUL WUL Volleyball LOVB Pro Major League Volleyball Majors Women's National Basketball Association National Women's Soccer League Professional Women's Hockey League Women's National Basketball Association National Women's Soccer League Professional Women's Hockey League Other top-flight leagues Women's Pro Baseball League Women's Football Alliance Women's Lacrosse League National Ringette League Women's Elite Rugby Premier Rugby Sevens Soccer USLS NSL Softball AUSL WPF Ultimate PUL WUL Volleyball LOVB Pro Major League Volleyball Women's Pro Baseball League Women's Football Alliance Women's Lacrosse League National Ringette League Women's Elite Rugby Premier Rugby Sevens Soccer USLS NSL USLS NSL Softball AUSL WPF AUSL WPF Ultimate PUL WUL PUL WUL Volleyball LOVB Pro Major League Volleyball LOVB Pro Major League Volleyball Others Individual Bowling PBA PWBA Bull riding PBR WPRA Golf PGA Tour LPGA Tennis ATP WTA Motorsports IndyCar Series NASCAR Cup Series Other Major League Eating Individual Bowling PBA PWBA Bull riding PBR WPRA Golf PGA Tour LPGA Tennis ATP WTA Bowling PBA PWBA PBA PWBA Bull riding PBR WPRA PBR WPRA Golf PGA Tour LPGA PGA Tour LPGA Tennis ATP WTA ATP WTA Motorsports IndyCar Series NASCAR Cup Series IndyCar Series NASCAR Cup Series Other Major League Eating Major League Eating USA Canada USA Canada Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF National United States Israel United States Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Major League Soccer 1993 establishments in the United States Multi-national association football leagues in North America Professional soccer leagues in the United States Men's soccer leagues in the United States Soccer leagues in Canada Sports leagues established in 1993 Summer association football leagues Top-level association football leagues in North America Multi-national sports leagues in North America Multi-national sports leagues Pages using the EasyTimeline extension CS1: unfit URL Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Use mdy dates from April 2021 Use American English from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2019 Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 19:54 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 List of Wikipedia namespace petitions 2 Petitions in other Wikimedia namespaces 3 See also Wikipedia : List of petitions Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Meta-Wiki Wikidata item From time to time, Wikipedians publish petitions in the Wikipedia namespace , and request others to sign them. Remember that petitions should be avoided , so please try to think of alternative methods to accomplish whatever goal you have in mind before starting a new one. List of Wikipedia namespace petitions Wikipedia:Administrators against kitten abuse Wikipedia:BLP semiprotection petition Wikipedia:Petition against IAR abuse Wikipedia:Petition against kitten abuse Wikipedia:Petition for a printed form Wikipedia:Petition for reconsideration of the Wikipedia Forever banner Wikipedia:Petition for the return of the Old Wikipedia Wikipedia:Petition Opposing Flagged Revisions Wikipedia:Flagged protection and patrolled revisions petition Wikipedia:Flagged revisions petition Wikipedia:Times that 1000 or more Wikipedians supported something Petitions in other Wikimedia namespaces Petition for the step down of the German Wikipedia ArbCom see also German ArbCom step down RfC see also German ArbCom step down RfC Meta:Petitions Meta:Community petition Meta:Petition to Jimbo Meta:Letter to Wikimedia Foundation: Superprotect and Media Viewer Meta:Requests for comment/Vote of no confidence on Arnnon Geshuri Meta:Requests for comment/Petition of HTTPS default Meta:Community petition Meta:Petition to Jimbo Meta:Letter to Wikimedia Foundation: Superprotect and Media Viewer Meta:Requests for comment/Vote of no confidence on Arnnon Geshuri Meta:Requests for comment/Petition of HTTPS default See also Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a democracy (policy) Wikipedia:Polling is not a substitute for discussion#Petitions (guideline) WP:WikiProject Democracy Wikipedia:Voting is not evil (essay) Wikipedia:Consensus not numbers (essay) Wikipedia:Straw polls (failed proposal) Wikipedia:Petitions are considered harmful (essay) Wikipedia:Petitions are considered non-harmful (essay) meta:Polls are evil .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Winners and nominees 2 References 3 External links Theodore Sturgeon Award Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Română Русский Suomi Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award Awarded for The best short science fiction stories published in English in the prior calendar year Presented by Center for the Study of Science Fiction First award 1987 Most recent winner Conrad Loyer ("The Carcosa Pattern") Website sfcenter.ku.edu/sturgeon-award The Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award is an annual literary award presented by the Theodore Sturgeon Literary Trust and the Center for the Study of Science Fiction at the University of Kansas to the author of the best short science fiction story published in English in the preceding calendar year. It is the short fiction counterpart of the John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel , which was awarded until 2020 by the Center at the same conference. The award is named in honor of Theodore Sturgeon , one of the leading authors of the Golden Age of Science Fiction from 1939 to 1950. The award was established in 1987 by his heirs—including his widow, Jayne Sturgeon—and James Gunn , at the time the Director of the Center for the Study of Science Fiction. [ 1 ] From 1987 through 1994 the award was given out by a panel of science fiction experts led by Orson Scott Card . Beginning in 1995, the committee was replaced by a group of jurors, who vote on the nominations submitted for consideration. The initial jurors were James Gunn, Frederik Pohl , and Judith Merril . Merril was replaced on the jury by former winner Kij Johnson in 1997. One of Sturgeon's children—Noel Sturgeon in most years—was added to the panel in 1999. George Zebrowski served as a jury member from 2005 to 2014. Elizabeth Bear was added in 2013. Andy Duncan was a juror from 2013 to 2018. Sarah Pinsker was added in 2019, Taryne Taylor in 2020, and Kelly Link in 2024. As of 2024, the jury includes Elizabeth Bear, Kelly Link, Sarah Pinsker, Noel Sturgeon, and Taryne Taylor. Awards administrators have included Christopher McKitterick, Kij Johnson, and Jason Baltazar. Nominations are submitted by reviewers, fans, publishers, and editors, and are collated into a list of finalists to be voted on by the jury. The maximum eligible length that a work may be is not formally defined by the center. The award is given each year at the University of Kansas; it was previously presented at the Campbell Conference along with the John W. Campbell Memorial Award, but since 2022 is presented as part of the annual Sturgeon Symposium. [ 2 ] Winners are invited to attend and read at the ceremony. Since 2004 winners have received a personalized trophy, and since the inception of the award a permanent trophy has recorded all of the winners. [ 3 ] During the 39 years the award has been active, 234 authors have had works nominated, 40 of whom have won, including one tie. No author has won more than once. John Kessel has won once out of eight nominations, Michael Swanwick one of seven, Ursula K. Le Guin , Nancy Kress , Ian McDonald , and Ted Chiang one of six, and Paolo Bacigalupi and Lucius Shepard have won once out of four times. Robert Reed has the most nominations without winning at eight, followed by James Patrick Kelly and Ian R. MacLeod at seven, Ken Liu at six, and Greg Egan , Yoon Ha Lee , and Bruce Sterling at five. Winners and nominees In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the work was first published. Each year links to the corresponding "year in literature". Entries with a yellow background and an asterisk (*) next to the writer's name have won the award; the other entries are the other nominees on the shortlist. * Winners Year Author Work Publisher or publication Ref. 1987 Judith Moffett * " Surviving " The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 4 ] Susan Palwick "Elephant" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 4 ] Richard Kearns "Grave Angels" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 4 ] Howard Waldrop "The Lions Are Asleep This Night" Omni [ 4 ] Pat Cadigan "Pretty Boy Crossover" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 4 ] 1988 Pat Murphy * " Rachel in Love " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 5 ] Ursula K. Le Guin " Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 5 ] Octavia E. Butler " The Evening and the Morning and the Night " Omni [ 5 ] Walter Jon Williams " Dinosaurs " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 5 ] Pat Forde "The Gift" Analog Science Fact & Fiction [ 5 ] James Patrick Kelly "Heroics" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 5 ] 1989 George Alec Effinger * " Schrödinger's Kitten " Omni [ 6 ] Howard Waldrop "Do Ya, Do Ya, Wanna Dance?" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 6 ] Neal Barrett, Jr. "Stairs" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 6 ] Steven Popkes "The Color Winter" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 6 ] John Kessel "Mrs. Shummel Exits a Winner" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 6 ] 1990 Michael Swanwick * " The Edge of the World " Full Spectrum 2 ( Doubleday ) [ 7 ] Megan Lindholm "Silver Lady and the Fortyish Man" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 7 ] Bruce Sterling "Dori Bangs" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 7 ] James Patrick Kelly "Dancing with the Chairs" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 7 ] James Patrick Kelly "Faith" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 7 ] 1991 Terry Bisson * " Bears Discover Fire " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 8 ] R. A. Lafferty Episodes of the Argo United Mythologies Press [ 8 ] John Barnes "My Advice to the Civilized" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 8 ] 1992 John Kessel * " Buffalo " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 9 ] Alan Brennert " Ma Qui " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 9 ] Jonathan Lethem "The Happy Man" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 9 ] 1993 Dan Simmons * " This Year's Class Picture " Still Dead ( Mark V. Ziesing ) [ 10 ] Judith Tarr "Death and the Lady" After the King: Stories in Honor of J.R.R. Tolkien ( Tor Books ) [ 10 ] Pamela Sargent " Danny Goes to Mars " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 10 ] Connie Willis " Even the Queen " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 10 ] David B. Silva "Slipping" Borderlands 2 ( Avon Books ) [ 10 ] 1994 Kij Johnson * " Fox Magic " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 11 ] Howard V. Hendrix "At the Shadow of a Dream" Aboriginal SF [ 11 ] Martha Soukup "The Story So Far" Full Spectrum 4 ( Bantam Spectra ) [ 11 ] 1995 Ursula K. Le Guin * " Forgiveness Day " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 12 ] Maureen F. McHugh "Nekropolis" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 12 ] Michael Bishop "Cri de Coeur" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 12 ] Albert Goldbarth "The Two Domains" Beloit Poetry Journal [ 12 ] Ursula K. Le Guin "Another Story or A Fisherman of the Inland Sea" Tomorrow Speculative Fiction [ 12 ] Greg Egan "Cocoon" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 12 ] Edward Bryant "The Fire that Scours" Omni [ 12 ] David Gerrold " The Martian Child " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 12 ] Michael F. Flynn "Melodies of the Heart" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 12 ] Pat Cadigan "Paris In June" Omni [ 12 ] Mike Resnick " Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 12 ] Rick Cook "Symphony for Skyfall" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 12 ] Peter L. Manly Barry N. Malzberg "Understanding Entropy" Science Fiction Age [ 12 ] 1996 John G. McDaid * " Jigoku no Mokushiroku (The Symbolic Revelation of the Apocalypse) " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 13 ] Brian Stableford "The Age of Innocence" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 13 ] Ray Aldridge "The Spine Divers" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 13 ] Paul Levinson "The Chronology Protection Case" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 13 ] S. P. Somtow "Diamonds Aren't Forever" David Copperfield's Tales of the Impossible ( HarperPrism ) [ 13 ] Nancy Kress "Fault Lines" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 13 ] Nina Kiriki Hoffman "Home for Christmas" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 13 ] Michael Bishop "I, Iscariot" Crank! [ 13 ] Brian Stableford " Mortimer Gray's History of Death " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 13 ] David Marusek "We Were Out of Our Minds With Joy" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 13 ] Robert R. Chase "The Wellness Plague" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 13 ] 1997 Nancy Kress * " The Flowers of Aulit Prison " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 14 ] William Barton "Age of Aquarius" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 14 ] Gregory Feeley "The Weighing of Ayre" Starlight 1 [ 14 ] Suzy McKee Charnas "Beauty and the Opéra or The Phantom Beast" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 14 ] Jeff VanderMeer Dradin, In Love Buzzcity Press [ 14 ] Karen Joy Fowler "The Elizabeth Complex" Crank! [ 14 ] John M. Ford "Erase/Record/Play" Starlight 1 ( Tor Books ) [ 14 ] John Crowley "Gone" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 14 ] Nancy Kress "Marigold Outlet" Twists of the Tale: An Anthology of Cat Horror ( Dell Publishing ) [ 14 ] Michael Swanwick "Radio Waves" Omni [ 14 ] James P. Blaylock "Thirteen Phantasms" Omni Online [ 14 ] 1998 Michael F. Flynn * " House of Dreams " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 15 ] Allen Steele "...Where Angels Fear to Tread" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 15 ] Brian Stableford "Coming to Grips with the Great Plague" Omni Online [ 15 ] Mike Resnick " The 43 Antarean Dynasties " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 15 ] Alan Brennert "Echoes" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 15 ] Paul Park "Get a Grip" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 15 ] James Patrick Kelly "Itsy Bitsy Spider" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 15 ] Walter Jon Williams "Lethe" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 15 ] Paul Levinson "Loose Ends" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 15 ] Mary Rosenblum "One Good Juror" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 15 ] James Sarafin William Sanders " The Undiscovered " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 15 ] Mary Soon Lee "Universal Grammar" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 15 ] 1999 Ted Chiang * " Story of Your Life " Starlight 2 ( Tor Books ) [ 16 ] Michael Kandel "Wading River Dogs and More" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] Ian R. MacLeod "The Summer Isles" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] Paul Levinson "Advantage, Bellarmine" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 16 ] Gregory Feeley "Animae Celestes" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] Raphael Carter " Congenital Agenesis of Gender Ideation by K.N. Sirsi and Sandra Botkin " Starlight 2 ( Tor Books ) [ 16 ] Eliot Fintushel "Crane Fly" Amazing Stories [ 16 ] Cory Doctorow "Craphound" Science Fiction Age [ 16 ] L. Timmel Duchamp "Dance at the Edge" Bending the Landscape: Science Fiction ( The Overlook Press ) [ 16 ] Kristine Kathryn Rusch "Echea" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] Gregory Frost "How Meersh the Bedeviler Lost His Toes" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] Uncle River "Love of the True God" Talebones [ 16 ] James Patrick Kelly "Lovestory" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] Bruce Sterling "Maneki Neko" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 16 ] Greg Egan " The Planck Dive " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] R. Garcia y Robertson "A Princess of Helium" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 16 ] Michael Swanwick " Radiant Doors " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] Tony Daniel "Radio Praha" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] Michael Swanwick " Wild Minds " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 16 ] 2000 David Marusek * " The Wedding Album " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 17 ] Eleanor Arnason "Dapple: A Hwarhath Historical Romance" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 17 ] Judith Berman "The Window" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 17 ] Ian R. MacLeod "The Chop Girl" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 17 ] Walter Jon Williams "Daddy's World" Not of Woman Born ( Roc Books ) [ 17 ] Geoff Ryman "Everywhere" Interzone [ 17 ] Brian A. Hopkins "Five Days in April" Chiaroscuro [ 17 ] James Gunn "The Giftie" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 17 ] Richard Wadholm "Green Tea" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 17 ] William Sanders "Jennifer, Just Before Midnight" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 17 ] Terry Bisson " Macs " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 17 ] Wil McCarthy "Once Upon a Matter Crushed" Science Fiction Age [ 17 ] Michael A. Burstein "Reality Check" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 17 ] M. John Harrison "Suicide Coast" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 17 ] Robert Reed "Winemaster" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 17 ] 2001 Ian McDonald * Tendeléo's Story PS Publishing [ 18 ] Stephen Baxter "Sheena 5" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 18 ] Lucius Shepard "Radiant Green Star" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 18 ] Charles Stross "Antibodies" Interzone [ 18 ] Ursula K. Le Guin "The Birthday of the World" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 18 ] William Barton "Heart of Glass" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 18 ] John Kessel "The Juniper Tree" Science Fiction Age [ 18 ] Eliot Fintushel "Milo and Sylvie" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 18 ] Stephen Baxter "On the Orion Line" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 18 ] Paul J. McAuley "Reef" Skylife: Space Habitats in Story and Science ( Harcourt ) [ 18 ] Nancy Kress "Savior" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 18 ] Ted Chiang " Seventy-Two Letters " Vanishing Acts ( Tor Books ) [ 18 ] 2002 Andy Duncan * " The Chief Designer " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 19 ] Charles Stross " Lobsters " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 19 ] James Patrick Kelly "Undone" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 19 ] James K. Morrow "The Cat's Pajamas" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 19 ] Michael Swanwick " The Dog Said Bow-Wow " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 19 ] Lucius Shepard "Eternity and Afterward" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 19 ] Geoff Ryman "Have Not Have" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 19 ] Ted Chiang " Hell Is the Absence of God " Starlight 3 ( Tor Books ) [ 19 ] Maureen F. McHugh "Interview: On Any Given Day" Starlight 3 ( Tor Books ) [ 19 ] Ian R. MacLeod "Isabel of the Fall" Interzone [ 19 ] Richard Chwedyk "The Measure of All Things" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 19 ] Ian R. MacLeod "New Light on the Drake Equation" Sci Fiction [ 19 ] 2003 Lucius Shepard * " Over Yonder " Sci Fiction [ 20 ] Richard Chwedyk "Bronte's Egg" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 20 ] Greg Egan " Singleton " Interzone [ 20 ] Ian R. MacLeod "Breathmoss" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 20 ] Robert Reed "Coelacanths" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 20 ] Charles Stross "Halo" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 20 ] Bruce Sterling "In Paradise" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 20 ] Ted Chiang " Liking What You See: A Documentary " Stories of Your Life and Others ( Tor Books ) [ 20 ] Gregory Frost "Madonna of the Maquiladora" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 20 ] Ursula K. Le Guin "The Seasons of the Ansarac" The Infinite Matrix 3 [ 20 ] John Kessel "Stories for Men" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 20 ] Ursula K. Le Guin "The Wild Girls" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 20 ] Paul Di Filippo A Year in the Linear City PS Publishing [ 20 ] 2004 Kage Baker * " The Empress of Mars " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 21 ] James Patrick Kelly "Bernardo's House" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 21 ] John Kessel "It's All True" Sci Fiction [ 21 ] Jack Skillingstead "Dead Worlds" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 21 ] William Sanders "Dry Bones" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 21 ] Jeffrey Ford "The Empire of Ice Cream" Sci Fiction [ 21 ] Paolo Bacigalupi "The Fluted Girl" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 21 ] Ruth Nestvold "Looking Through Lace" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 21 ] William Barton "Off on a Starship" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 21 ] Lucius Shepard "Only Partly Here" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 21 ] David D. Levine "The Tale of the Golden Eagle" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 21 ] Adam-Troy Castro "The Tangled Strings of the Marionettes" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 21 ] 2005 Bradley Denton * " Sergeant Chip " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 22 ] Christopher Rowe "The Voluntary State" Sci Fiction [ 22 ] Robert Reed "Mere" Golden Gryphon Press [ 22 ] Ian Watson "An Appeal to Adolf" Conqueror Fantastic ( DAW Books ) [ 22 ] Gregory Feeley "Arabian Wine" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 22 ] John Kessel "The Baum Plan for Financial Independence" Sci Fiction [ 22 ] David Gerrold " Dancer in the Dark " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 22 ] Judith Berman "The Fear Gun" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 22 ] Lois Tilton "The Gladiator's War: A Dialog" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 22 ] Steven Utley "Invisible Kingdoms" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 22 ] Gene Wolfe "The Lost Pilgrim" The First Heroes: New Tales of the Bronze Age ( Tor Books ) [ 22 ] Nnedi Okorafor-Mbachu "The Magical Negro" Dark Matter: Reading the Bones ( Warner Aspect ) [ 22 ] Steve Tomasula "The Risk-Taking Gene as Expressed by Some Asian Subjects" Denver Quarterly [ 22 ] Brenda Cooper "Savant Songs" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 22 ] Terry Bisson "Scout's Honor" Sci Fiction [ 22 ] Margo Lanagan " Singing My Sister Down " Black Juice ( Allen & Unwin ) [ 22 ] Benjamin Rosenbaum "Start the Clock" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 22 ] Kelly Link "Stone Animals" Conjunctions 43: Beyond Arcadia [ 22 ] Mike Moscoe "The Strange Redemption of Sister Mary Ann" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 22 ] Pamela Sargent "Venus Flowers at Night" Microcosms ( DAW Books ) [ 22 ] 2006 Paolo Bacigalupi * " The Calorie Man " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 23 ] Ian McDonald "The Little Goddess" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 23 ] Kelly Link " Magic for Beginners " Magic for Beginners ( Small Beer Press ) [ 23 ] Bruce Sterling "The Blemmye's Stratagem" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 23 ] James Van Pelt "The Inn at Mount Either" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 23 ] Connie Willis " Inside Job " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 23 ] John G. McDaid "Keyboard Practice, Consisting of an Aria with Diverse Variations for the Harpsichord with Two Manuals" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 23 ] Vonda N. McIntyre "Little Faces" Sci Fiction [ 23 ] Jason Stoddard "Panacea" Sci Fiction [ 23 ] Daryl Gregory "Second Person, Present Tense" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 23 ] 2007 Robert Charles Wilson * " The Cartesian Theater " FutureShocks ( Roc Books ) [ 24 ] Robert Reed "A Billion Eves" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 24 ] Michael Swanwick "Lord Weary's Empire" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 24 ] Christopher Rowe "Another Word for Map Is Faith" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 24 ] Michael F. Flynn "Dawn, and Sunset, and the Colours of the Earth" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 24 ] Ian McDonald " The Djinn's Wife " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 24 ] Benjamin Rosenbaum " The House Beyond Your Sky " Strange Horizons [ 24 ] William Shunn " Inclination " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 24 ] Robert Charles Wilson Julian: A Christmas Story PS Publishing [ 24 ] Paul Melko "The Walls of the Universe" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 24 ] Paolo Bacigalupi " Yellow Card Man " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 24 ] M. Rickert "You Have Never Been Here" Feeling Very Strange: The Slipstream Anthology ( Tachyon Publications ) [ 24 ] 2008 David Moles * " Finisterra " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 25 ] Elizabeth Bear * " Tideline " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 25 ] Ian R. MacLeod "The Master Miller's Tale" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 25 ] Gene Wolfe " Memorare " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 25 ] Karen Joy Fowler " Always " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 25 ] Johanna Sinisalo "Baby Doll" The SFWA European Hall of Fame ( Tor Books ) [ 25 ] Jeffrey Ford "The Dreaming Wind" The Coyote Road: Trickster Tales ( Viking Press ) [ 25 ] Kij Johnson " The Evolution of Trickster Stories Among the Dogs of North Park After the Change " The Coyote Road: Trickster Tales ( Viking Press ) [ 25 ] Laird Barron "The Forest" Inferno ( Tor Books ) [ 25 ] John Kessel "The Last American" Foundation [ 25 ] Ted Chiang " The Merchant and the Alchemist's Gate " Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 25 ] Gwyneth Jones "The Tomb Wife" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 25 ] 2009 James Alan Gardner * " The Ray-Gun: A Love Story " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 26 ] Kathleen Ann Goonan "Memory Dog" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 26 ] Ian McDonald "The Tear" Galactic Empires ( Science Fiction Book Club ) [ 26 ] Michael Swanwick " From Babel's Fall'n Glory We Fled " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 26 ] Paolo Bacigalupi " The Gambler " Fast Forward 2 ( Pyr ) [ 26 ] Hannu Rajaniemi "His Master's Voice" Interzone [ 26 ] Charles Coleman Finlay "The Political Prisoner" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 26 ] Maureen F. McHugh "Special Economics" The Del Rey Book of Science Fiction and Fantasy ( Del Rey Books ) [ 26 ] Cory Doctorow " True Names " Fast Forward 2 ( Pyr ) [ 26 ] 2010 James K. Morrow * Shambling Towards Hiroshima Tachyon Publications [ 27 ] Sara Genge "As Women Fight" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 27 ] John Barnes "Things Undone" Jim Baen's Universe [ 27 ] Damien Broderick "This Wind Blowing, and this Tide" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 27 ] Ted Kosmatka "Blood Dauber" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 27 ] Michael Poore Tanith Lee "Clockatrice" Fantasy Magazine [ 27 ] Lewis Shiner "The Death of Che Guevara" Subterranean Press [ 27 ] Rachel Swirsky "Eros, Philia, Agape" Tor.com [ 27 ] Tim Pratt "Her Voice in a Bottle" Subterranean Press [ 27 ] Peter Watts "The Island" The New Space Opera 2 ( Eos ) [ 27 ] Kij Johnson " Spar " Clarkesworld Magazine [ 27 ] Robert Reed "True Fame" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 27 ] 2011 Geoffrey A. Landis * " The Sultan of the Clouds " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 28 ] Elizabeth Hand " The Maiden Flight of McCauley's Bellerophon " Stories ( William Morrow and Company ) [ 28 ] Peter Watts " The Things " Clarkesworld Magazine [ 28 ] Robert Reed "Dead Man's Run" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 28 ] Yoon Ha Lee "Flower, Mercy, Needle, Chain" Lightspeed [ 28 ] Paul Park "Ghosts Doing the Orange Dance" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 28 ] Steve Rasnic Tem "A Letter from the Emperor" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 28 ] Eleanor Arnason "Mammoths of the Great Plains" Mammoths of the Great Plains ( PM Press ) [ 28 ] Lavie Tidhar "The Night Train" Strange Horizons [ 28 ] Alastair Reynolds "Troika" Godlike Machines ( Science Fiction Book Club ) [ 28 ] Damien Broderick "Under the Moons of Venus" Subterranean Magazine [ 28 ] 2012 Paul J. McAuley * " The Choice " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 29 ] Charlie Jane Anders " Six Months, Three Days " Tor.com [ 29 ] Ken Liu "The Paper Menagerie" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 29 ] Paul Cornell "The Copenhagen Interpretation" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 29 ] Yoon Ha Lee " Ghostweight " Clarkesworld Magazine [ 29 ] Jake Kerr "The Old Equations" Lightspeed [ 29 ] Ken Liu "The Man Who Ended History: A Documentary" Panverse 3 (Panverse Publishing) [ 29 ] Catherynne M. Valente "Silently and Very Fast" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 29 ] 2013 Molly Gloss * " The Grinnell Method " Strange Horizons [ 30 ] Kate Bachus "Things Greater Than Love" Strange Horizons [ 30 ] Aliette de Bodard "Immersion" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 30 ] Aliette de Bodard "Scattered Along the River of Heaven" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 30 ] Jay Lake "The Weight of History, The Lightness of the Future" Subterranean Magazine [ 30 ] Ken Liu "The Bookmaking Habits of Select Species" Lightspeed [ 30 ] Ken Liu "Mono No Aware" The Future is Japanese ( Haikasoru ) [ 30 ] Linda Nagata "Nahiku West" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 30 ] Robert Reed Eater-of-Bone PS Publishing [ 30 ] Bruce Sterling "The Peak of Eternal Light" Edge of Infinity ( Solaris Books ) [ 30 ] E. Catherine Tobler "(To See the Other) Whole Against the Sky" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 30 ] Nancy Kress After the Fall, Before the Fall, During the Fall Tachyon Publications [ 30 ] 2014 Sarah Pinsker * " In Joy, Knowing the Abyss Behind " Strange Horizons [ 31 ] Gregory Norman Bossert "Bloom" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 31 ] Vylar Kaftan " The Weight of the Sunrise " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 31 ] Alaya Dawn Johnson "They Shall Salt the Earth with Seeds of Glass" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 31 ] Will McIntosh "Over There" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 31 ] Alan DeNiro "The Wildfires of Antarctica" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 31 ] Val Nolan "The Irish Astronaut" Electric Velocipede [ 31 ] Robert Reed "Mystic Falls" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 31 ] Kenneth Schneyer " Selected Program Notes from the Retrospective Exhibition of Theresa Rosenberg Latimer " Clockwork Phoenix 4 (Mythic Delirium Books) [ 31 ] E. Lily Yu "The Urashima Effect" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 31 ] 2015 Cory Doctorow * " The Man Who Sold the Moon " Hieroglyph: Stories and Visions for a Better Future ( William Morrow ) [ 32 ] Gregory Benford "Lady With Fox" Carbide Tipped Pens ( Tor Books ) [ 32 ] Octavia E. Butler "Childfinder" Unexpected Stories (Open Road Media) [ 32 ] Seth Chambers "In Her Eyes" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 32 ] Tananarive Due "Herd Immunity" The End is Now ( CreateSpace ) [ 32 ] Eugie Foster " When It Ends, He Catches Her " Daily Science Fiction [ 32 ] Daryl Gregory We Are All Completely Fine Tachyon Publications [ 32 ] Nancy Kress Yesterday's Kin Tachyon Publications [ 32 ] Geoffrey A. Landis "A Hotel in Antarctica" Hieroglyph: Stories and Visions for a Better Future ( William Morrow ) [ 32 ] Ken Liu "The Regular" Upgraded (Wyrm Publishing) [ 32 ] Pat MacEwen "The Lightness of the Movement" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 32 ] Sam J. Miller "We Are the Cloud" Lightspeed [ 32 ] Ian McDonald "The Fifth Dragon" Reach for Infinity ( Solaris Books ) [ 32 ] Suzanne Palmer "Shatterdown" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 32 ] Robert Reed "The Cryptic Age" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 32 ] 2016 Kelly Link * " The Game of Smash and Recovery " Strange Horizons [ 33 ] Brooke Bolander "And You Shall Know Her by the Trail of Dead" Lightspeed [ 33 ] Jeff Somers "Avery Cates: The Walled City" self-published [ 33 ] Ian McDonald "Botanica Veneris: Thirteen Papercuts by Ida Countess Rathangan" Old Venus ( Bantam Books ) [ 33 ] David D. Levine "Damage" Tor.com [ 33 ] Gwyneth Jones "Emergence" Meeting Infinity ( Solaris Books ) [ 33 ] Hao Jingfang "Folding Beijing" Uncanny Magazine [ 33 ] Greg Egan "The Four Thousand, the Eight Hundred" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 33 ] Carter Scholz "Gypsy" Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 33 ] Eugene Fischer "The New Mother" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 33 ] Sarah Pinsker "Our Lady of the Open Road" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 33 ] Kelly Robson "The Three Resurrections of Jessica Churchill" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 33 ] 2017 Catherynne M. Valente * " The Future is Blue " Drowned Worlds ( Solaris Books ) [ 34 ] Nina Allan "The Art of Space Travel" Tor.com [ 34 ] Amal El-Mohtar " Seasons of Glass and Iron " The Starlit Wood: New Fairy Tales ( Saga Press ) [ 34 ] Carolyn Ives Gilman "Touring With The Alien" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 34 ] Victor LaValle The Ballad of Black Tom Tor.com Publishing [ 34 ] Ian R. MacLeod "The Visitor From Taured" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 34 ] Sam J. Miller "Things With Beards" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 34 ] Dominica Phetteplace "Project Empathy" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 34 ] Kai Ashante Wilson A Taste of Honey Tor.com Publishing [ 34 ] 2018 Charlie Jane Anders * " Don't Press Charges and I Won't Sue " Global Dystopias ( The Boston Review ) [ 35 ] Tobias S. Buckell "Zen and the Art of Starship Maintenance" Cosmic Powers: The Saga Anthology of Far Away Galaxies ( Saga Press ) [ 35 ] Greg Egan "The Discrete Charm of the Turing Machine" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 35 ] Maureen F. McHugh "Sidewalks" Omni [ 35 ] Linda Nagata "The Martian Obelisk" Tor.com [ 35 ] Suzanne Palmer " The Secret Life of Bots " Clarkesworld Magazine [ 35 ] Sarah Pinsker " And Then There Were (N-One) " Uncanny Magazine [ 35 ] Vina Jie-Min Prasad " Fandom for Robots " Uncanny Magazine [ 35 ] Vina Jie-Min Prasad " A Series of Steaks " Clarkesworld Magazine [ 35 ] Rebecca Roanhorse "Welcome to Your Authentic Indian Experience™" Apex Magazine [ 35 ] Kelly Robson "We Who Live in the Heart" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 35 ] 2019 Annalee Newitz * " When Robot and Crow Saved East St. Louis " Slate.com [ 36 ] L. X. Beckett "Freezing Rain, A Chance of Falling" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 36 ] Brooke Bolander The Only Harmless Great Thing Tor.com Publishing [ 36 ] P. Djèlí Clark " The Secret Lives of the Nine Negro Teeth of George Washington " Fireside Magazine [ 36 ] Carolyn Ives Gilman "Umbernight" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 36 ] Daryl Gregory "Nine Last Days on Planet Earth" Tor.com [ 36 ] Simone Heller "When We Were Starless" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 36 ] Yoon Ha Lee "The Starship and the Temple Cat" Beneath Ceaseless Skies [ 36 ] Kelly Robson Gods, Monsters, and the Lucky Peach Tor.com Publishing [ 36 ] Adam Shannon "On the Day You Spend Forever with Your Dog" Apex Magazine [ 36 ] Tade Thompson "Yard Dog" Fiyah [ 36 ] 2020 Suzanne Palmer * " Waterlines " Asimov's Science Fiction [ 37 ] Amal El-Mohtar This Is How You Lose the Time War Saga Press [ 37 ] Max Gladstone Karin Tidbeck "The Last Voyage of Skidbladnir" Tor.com [ 37 ] Caroline M. Yoachim "The Archronology of Love" Lightspeed [ 37 ] Karen Osborne "The Dead, In Their Uncontrollable Power" Uncanny Magazine [ 37 ] Tobias S. Buckell "The Galactic Tourist Industrial Complex" New Suns ( Solaris Books ) [ 37 ] A. T. Greenblatt "Give the Family My Love" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 37 ] Lavie Tidhar "New Atlantis" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 37 ] Ted Chiang " Omphalos " Exhalation: Stories ( Alfred A. Knopf ) [ 37 ] Suzanne Palmer "The Painter of Trees" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 37 ] Lina Rather Sisters of the Vast Black Tor.com Publishing [ 37 ] 2021 Rebecca Campbell * " An Important Failure " Clarkesworld Magazine [ 38 ] Ken Liu "50 Things Every AI Working with Humans Should Know" Uncanny Magazine [ 38 ] Sameem Siddiqui "AirBody" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 38 ] Vina Jie-Min Prasad " A Guide for Working Breeds " Tor.com [ 38 ] Charlie Jane Anders "If You Take My Meaning" Tor.com [ 38 ] Oghenechovwe Donald Ekpeki "Ife-Iyoku, the Tale of Imadeyunuagbon" Dominion (Aurelia Leo) [ 38 ] Marian Denise Moore "A Mastery of German" Dominion (Aurelia Leo) [ 38 ] Yoon Ha Lee "The Mermaid Astronaut" Beneath Ceaseless Skies [ 38 ] Meg Elison "The Pill" Big Girl ( PM Press ) [ 38 ] Vajra Chandrasekera "The Translator, at Low Tide" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 38 ] Maureen F. McHugh "Yellow and the Perception of Reality" Tor.com [ 38 ] 2022 Nalo Hopkinson * " Broad Dutty Water: A Sunken Story " The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 39 ] Daryl Gregory The Album of Dr. Moreau Tor.com Publishing [ 39 ] Suzanne Palmer "Bots of the Lost Ark" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 39 ] John Kessel "The Dark Ride" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 39 ] P. Djèlí Clark " If the Martians Have Magic " Uncanny Magazine [ 39 ] David Moles "The Metric" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 39 ] E. Catherine Tobler The Necessity of Stars Neon Hemlock Press [ 39 ] R. S. A. Garcia "Philia, Eros, Storge, Agápe, Pragma" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 39 ] José Pablo Iriarte "Proof by Induction" Uncanny Magazine [ 39 ] Ray Nayler "Sarcophagus" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 39 ] 2023 Samantha Mills * " Rabbit Test " Uncanny Magazine [ 40 ] Nicasio Andres Reed "Babang Luksa" Reckoning [ 40 ] Yoon Ha Lee "Bonsai Starships" Beneath Ceaseless Skies [ 40 ] Innocent Chizaram "The City and the Thing Beneath It" The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction [ 40 ] Annalee Newitz "A Hole in the Light" Sunday Morning Transport [ 40 ] A. T. Greenblatt "If We Make It Through This Alive" Slate [ 40 ] Maria Dong "In the Beginning of Me, I Was a Bird" Lightspeed [ 40 ] Dominique Dickey "Slow Communication" Fantasy [ 40 ] Derrick Boden "Ten Steps for Effective Mold Removal" Apex Magazine [ 40 ] A. D. Sui "Toronto Isn't Real and Other Metropolitcan Anomalies" Augur Magazine [ 40 ] 2024 R. S. A. Garcia * " Tantie Merle and the Farmhand 4200 " Uncanny Magazine [ 41 ] Beston Barnett "Patsy Cline Sings Sweet Dreams to the Universe" Strange Horizons [ 41 ] Naomi Kritzer "The Year Without Sunshine" Uncanny Magazine [ 41 ] Wendy N. Wagner "An Infestation of Blue" Analog Science Fiction and Fact [ 41 ] Amal Singh "Notes From a Pyre" The Deadlands [ 41 ] Violet Allen "The Rainbow Ghosts" Luminescent Machinations: Queer Tales of Monumental Invention (Neon Hemlock Press) [ 41 ] Claire Humphrey "The State Street Robot Factory" Apex Magazine [ 41 ] Gregory Feeley "The Unpastured Sea" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 41 ] James Patrick Kelly "What It Means to Be a Car" Tor.com [ 41 ] 2025 Conrad Loyer * "The Carcosa Pattern" Fiyah [ 42 ] F. E. Choe "Swarm X1048 – Ethological Field Report: Canis Lupus Familiaris, '6'" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 42 ] TJ Klune "Reduce! Reuse! Recycle!" Reactor [ 42 ] Jordan Kurella "Evan: A Remainder" Reactor [ 42 ] Fiona Jones "Hello! Hello! Hello!" Clarkesworld Magazine [ 42 ] Daniel Abraham (as James S. A. Corey) "Judas Iscariot Didn't Kill Himself: A Story in Fragments" The Last Dangerous Visions ( Blackstone Publishers ) [ 42 ] Ty Franck (as James S. A. Corey) Esther Alter "Rachel Is At a Protest" The Deadlands [ 42 ] Nkone Chaka "To Eat Your Own Head" Asimov's Science Fiction [ 42 ] Caroline M. Yoachim " We Will Teach You How to Read | We Will Teach You How to Read " Lightspeed [ 42 ] Isabel J. Kim " Why Don't We Just Kill the Kid in the Omelas Hole " Clarkesworld Magazine [ 42 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The Theodore Sturgeon Award" . University of Kansas . Retrieved 2024-05-03 . ^ "Sturgeon Symposium" . University of Kansas . Retrieved 2024-05-03 . ^ "Sturgeon Trophies" . University of Kansas . Retrieved 2024-05-03 . ^ a b c d e "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1987" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1988" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1989" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1990" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1991" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1992" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1993" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1994" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1995" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1996" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1997" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1998" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 1999" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2000" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2001" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2002" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2003" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2004" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2005" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-03-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2006" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2007" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2008" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2009" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2010" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2011" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2012" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-04-23 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2013" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-07-08 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2014" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-09-28 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2015" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2015-09-28 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2016" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2016-07-07 . Retrieved 2016-07-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2017" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2017-06-20 . Retrieved 2017-06-20 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2018" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2018-07-03 . Retrieved 2018-07-03 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2019" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Archived from the original on 2019-03-07 . Retrieved 2019-03-07 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2020" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Retrieved 2020-12-23 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2021" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Retrieved 2021-08-24 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2022" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Retrieved 2022-05-22 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2023" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Retrieved 2023-11-01 . ^ a b c d e f g h i "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2024" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Retrieved 2025-03-26 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award 2025" . Science Fiction Awards Database . Locus . Retrieved 2026-01-08 . External links Official website .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Theodore Sturgeon v t e Novels The Dreaming Jewels More Than Human The Cosmic Rape Venus Plus X Some of Your Blood Godbody The Dreaming Jewels More Than Human The Cosmic Rape Venus Plus X Some of Your Blood Godbody Novelizations The King and Four Queens Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea The Rare Breed The King and Four Queens Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea The Rare Breed Pseudonymous novels I, Libertine I, Libertine Short story collections Without Sorcery E Pluribus Unicorn Without Sorcery E Pluribus Unicorn Short stories Baby Is Three (novella) " Helix the Cat " " If All Men Were Brothers, Would You Let One Marry Your Sister? " " It! " " Killdozer! " " The Man Who Lost the Sea " " Microcosmic God " " The Pod in the Barrier " " A Saucer of Loneliness " " Shottle Bop " " Slow Sculpture " " The World Well Lost " Baby Is Three (novella) " Helix the Cat " " If All Men Were Brothers, Would You Let One Marry Your Sister? " " It! " " Killdozer! " " The Man Who Lost the Sea " " Microcosmic God " " The Pod in the Barrier " " A Saucer of Loneliness " " Shottle Bop " " Slow Sculpture " " The World Well Lost " Star Trek screenplays " Shore Leave " " Amok Time " " Shore Leave " " Amok Time " Other subjects Theodore Sturgeon Award Sturgeon's law Theodore Sturgeon Award Sturgeon's law v t e Science fiction v t e Outline Authors Definitions Anthropological Hard Scientific romance Soft History Pulp era Golden Age New Wave Timeline Authors Definitions Anthropological Hard Scientific romance Soft Anthropological Hard Scientific romance Soft History Pulp era Golden Age New Wave Pulp era Golden Age New Wave Timeline Subgenres Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic Comedy Sitcoms Feminist Grimdark Inner space Mecha Anime and manga Mundane Space warfare Military Space opera Space Western Parallel universes Isekai Science fantasy Dying Earth Planetary romance Superhero Sword and planet Social Climate fiction Christian Libertarian Utopian and 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fiction Christian Libertarian Utopian and dystopian Tech noir Spy-Fi Techno-thriller Spy-Fi Techno-thriller Tokusatsu Kaiju Kaiju Underwater Cyberpunk derivatives Cyberpunk Japanese Biopunk Dieselpunk Nanopunk Solarpunk Steampunk Cyberpunk Japanese Japanese Biopunk Dieselpunk Nanopunk Solarpunk Steampunk Culture Conventions Fandom Fanzines ISFDB Libraries and museums Science Fiction Museum Studies Women in SF Worldcon Region Australian Bengali Brazilian Canadian Chilean Chinese Croatian Czech Estonian French Hungarian Japanese Korean Norwegian Polish Romanian Russian Serbian Spanish Yugoslav Awards Cinematic Jules Verne Saturn Literary, art, and audio Astounding Aurealis BSFA Campbell Memorial Chesley Clarke Crook Deutscher Dick Ditmar Endeavor FantLab Galaxy Gaughan Geffen Golden Duck Grand Master Grand Prix Harland Heinlein Ignotus Kitschies Lambda Laßwitz Locus Nautilus Nebula Nommo Norton Parsec Prometheus Rhysling SFERA Sidewise Skylark Sturgeon Sunburst Tähtivaeltaja TBD Tiptree 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Norton Parsec Prometheus Rhysling SFERA Sidewise Skylark Sturgeon Sunburst Tähtivaeltaja TBD Tiptree Tour-Apollo Translation Urania Vogel Writers and Illustrators of the Future Zajdel Multimedia Aurora Chandler Dragon Hugo Seiun Spectrum Cinematic Jules Verne Saturn Jules Verne Saturn Literary, art, and audio Astounding Aurealis BSFA Campbell Memorial Chesley Clarke Crook Deutscher Dick Ditmar Endeavor FantLab Galaxy Gaughan Geffen Golden Duck Grand Master Grand Prix Harland Heinlein Ignotus Kitschies Lambda Laßwitz Locus Nautilus Nebula Nommo Norton Parsec Prometheus Rhysling SFERA Sidewise Skylark Sturgeon Sunburst Tähtivaeltaja TBD Tiptree Tour-Apollo Translation Urania Vogel Writers and Illustrators of the Future Zajdel Astounding Aurealis BSFA Campbell Memorial Chesley Clarke Crook Deutscher Dick Ditmar Endeavor FantLab Galaxy Gaughan Geffen Golden Duck Grand Master Grand Prix Harland Heinlein Ignotus Kitschies Lambda Laßwitz Locus Nautilus Nebula Nommo Norton Parsec Prometheus Rhysling SFERA Sidewise Skylark Sturgeon Sunburst Tähtivaeltaja TBD Tiptree Tour-Apollo Translation Urania Vogel Writers and Illustrators of the Future Zajdel Multimedia Aurora Chandler Dragon Hugo Seiun Spectrum Aurora Chandler Dragon Hugo Seiun Spectrum Media Film Film history Films Indian Japanese Anime Tokusatsu Literature Comics Magazines Novels Publishers Short stories Stage Opera Theatre Television List of TV shows Australasian British Canadian European Japanese Anime Live-action U.S. Film Film history Films Indian Japanese Anime Tokusatsu Film history Films Indian Japanese Anime Tokusatsu Anime Tokusatsu Literature Comics Magazines Novels Publishers Short stories Comics Magazines Novels Publishers Short stories Stage Opera Theatre Opera Theatre Television List of TV shows Australasian British Canadian European Japanese Anime Live-action U.S. List of TV shows Australasian British Canadian European Japanese Anime Live-action Anime Live-action U.S. Themes Architectural Dyson sphere Ecumenopolis Matrioshka brain Space stations and habitats Stellar engine Terraforming Topopolis Biological Biological warfare Evolution Extraterrestrials List Gender Genetic engineering Invisibility Nanotechnology Organ transplantation Parasitism Sex and sexuality Superhumans Symbiosis Physical Black holes Extrasolar planets Multiverse Parallel universes List Portable hole Space travel Stars Tachyons Teleportation Time travel Time viewer Wormhole Psychological Group mind Mind uploading Psionics Simulated consciousness Social Africanfuturism Afrofuturism Alien invasion Alien language Ancient astronauts Black Evil corporation First contact Frankenstein complex Galactic empire LGBT Message from space Transhumanism Uplift Xenoarchaeology Technological Ansible Artificial intelligence AI takeover Astroengineering Force field Holography Hyperspace Inertialess Robots and Cyborgs Self-replicating machines Simulated reality Spacecraft Stargate Warp drive Weapons Religious Christian science fiction Architectural Dyson sphere Ecumenopolis Matrioshka brain Space stations and habitats Stellar engine Terraforming Topopolis Dyson sphere Ecumenopolis Matrioshka brain Space stations and habitats Stellar engine Terraforming Topopolis Biological Biological warfare Evolution Extraterrestrials List Gender Genetic engineering Invisibility Nanotechnology Organ transplantation Parasitism Sex and sexuality Superhumans Symbiosis Biological warfare Evolution Extraterrestrials List List Gender Genetic engineering Invisibility Nanotechnology Organ transplantation Parasitism Sex and sexuality Superhumans Symbiosis Physical Black holes Extrasolar planets Multiverse Parallel universes List Portable hole Space travel Stars Tachyons Teleportation Time travel Time viewer Wormhole Black holes Extrasolar planets Multiverse Parallel universes List List Portable hole Space travel Stars Tachyons Teleportation Time travel Time viewer Wormhole Psychological Group mind Mind uploading Psionics Simulated consciousness Group mind Mind uploading Psionics Simulated consciousness Social Africanfuturism Afrofuturism Alien invasion Alien language Ancient astronauts Black Evil corporation First contact Frankenstein complex Galactic empire LGBT Message from space Transhumanism Uplift Xenoarchaeology Africanfuturism Afrofuturism Alien invasion Alien language Ancient astronauts Black Evil corporation First contact Frankenstein complex Galactic empire LGBT Message from space Transhumanism Uplift Xenoarchaeology Technological Ansible Artificial intelligence AI takeover Astroengineering Force field Holography Hyperspace Inertialess Robots and Cyborgs Self-replicating machines Simulated reality Spacecraft Stargate Warp drive Weapons Ansible Artificial intelligence AI takeover AI takeover Astroengineering Force field Holography Hyperspace Inertialess Robots and Cyborgs Self-replicating machines Simulated reality Spacecraft Stargate Warp drive Weapons Religious Christian science fiction Christian science fiction Related Alternate history Fantasy Fictional astronauts Fictional technology Future history Horror Magic realism Museum of Science Fiction Rubber science Science and technology studies Sense of wonder Speculative fiction Supernatural Technology and society Weird Alternate history Fantasy Fictional astronauts Fictional technology Future history Horror Magic realism Museum of Science Fiction Rubber science Science and technology studies Sense of wonder Speculative fiction Supernatural Technology and society Weird Category Portal Category Portal 1987 establishments in Kansas American speculative fiction awards Awards established in 1987 Lists of speculative fiction-related award winners and nominees Science fiction awards Short story awards University of Kansas Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured lists Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 8 January 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Layout Toggle Layout subsection 1.1 Sections 1.1.1 Section headings 1.1.2 Horizontal rule 1.1.3 Table of contents 1.2 Line breaks 1.3 Indent text 1.4 Blockquote 1.5 Center text 1.6 Align text to right 1.7 Lists 1.7.1 Unordered lists 1.7.2 Ordered lists 1.7.3 Description lists 1.8 Retaining newlines and spaces 1.1 Sections 1.1.1 Section headings 1.1.2 Horizontal rule 1.1.3 Table of contents 1.1.1 Section headings 1.1.2 Horizontal rule 1.1.3 Table of contents 1.2 Line breaks 1.3 Indent text 1.4 Blockquote 1.5 Center text 1.6 Align text to right 1.7 Lists 1.7.1 Unordered lists 1.7.2 Ordered lists 1.7.3 Description lists 1.7.1 Unordered lists 1.7.2 Ordered lists 1.7.3 Description lists 1.8 Retaining newlines and spaces 2 Format Toggle Format subsection 2.1 Text formatting 2.2 Special characters 2.2.1 Diacritical marks 2.2.2 Punctuation special characters 2.2.3 Escaping punctuation characters 2.2.4 Commercial symbols 2.2.5 Greek characters 2.2.6 Egyptian hieroglyphs 2.2.7 Subscripts and superscripts 2.2.8 Characters in the Private Use Area, and invisible formatting characters 2.3 Mathematical characters and formulae 2.3.1 Mathematical characters 2.3.2 Mathematical formulae 2.3.3 Spacing in simple math formulae 2.3.4 Complicated formulae 2.1 Text formatting 2.2 Special characters 2.2.1 Diacritical marks 2.2.2 Punctuation special characters 2.2.3 Escaping punctuation characters 2.2.4 Commercial symbols 2.2.5 Greek characters 2.2.6 Egyptian hieroglyphs 2.2.7 Subscripts and superscripts 2.2.8 Characters in the Private Use Area, and invisible formatting characters 2.2.1 Diacritical marks 2.2.2 Punctuation special characters 2.2.3 Escaping punctuation characters 2.2.4 Commercial symbols 2.2.5 Greek characters 2.2.6 Egyptian hieroglyphs 2.2.7 Subscripts and superscripts 2.2.8 Characters in the Private Use Area, and invisible formatting characters 2.3 Mathematical characters and formulae 2.3.1 Mathematical characters 2.3.2 Mathematical formulae 2.3.3 Spacing in simple math formulae 2.3.4 Complicated formulae 2.3.1 Mathematical characters 2.3.2 Mathematical formulae 2.3.3 Spacing in simple math formulae 2.3.4 Complicated formulae 3 Links and URLs Toggle Links and URLs subsection 3.1 Wikilinks 3.1.1 Link to another wiki article 3.1.2 Renamed link 3.1.3 Automatically rename links 3.1.4 Blend link 3.1.5 Link to a section of a page 3.2 Create a new page 3.3 Create an alias for a page 3.4 Link to another namespace 3.5 Link to the same article in another language (interlanguage links) 3.6 Interwiki link 3.7 Categories 3.8 External links 3.9 Miscellaneous 3.9.1 Media link 3.9.2 Links directly into edit mode 3.9.3 Links partially italicized 3.1 Wikilinks 3.1.1 Link to another wiki article 3.1.2 Renamed link 3.1.3 Automatically rename links 3.1.4 Blend link 3.1.5 Link to a section of a page 3.1.1 Link to another wiki article 3.1.2 Renamed link 3.1.3 Automatically rename links 3.1.4 Blend link 3.1.5 Link to a section of a page 3.2 Create a new page 3.3 Create an alias for a page 3.4 Link to another namespace 3.5 Link to the same article in another language (interlanguage links) 3.6 Interwiki link 3.7 Categories 3.8 External links 3.9 Miscellaneous 3.9.1 Media link 3.9.2 Links directly into edit mode 3.9.3 Links partially italicized 3.9.1 Media link 3.9.2 Links directly into edit mode 3.9.3 Links partially italicized 4 Musical notation 5 Images 6 Tables 7 Columns 8 References and citing sources 9 Templates and transcluding pages 10 Talk and project pages Toggle Talk and project pages subsection 10.1 Signing comments 10.2 Linking to old revisions of pages, diffs, and specific history pages 10.3 What links here, and recent changes linked 10.4 User edits 10.5 Coloring and highlighting text 10.6 Example text 10.7 Show deleted or inserted text 10.8 Strikethrough 10.1 Signing comments 10.2 Linking to old revisions of pages, diffs, and specific history pages 10.3 What links here, and recent changes linked 10.4 User edits 10.5 Coloring and highlighting text 10.6 Example text 10.7 Show deleted or inserted text 10.8 Strikethrough 11 Limiting formatting and escaping wikitext Toggle Limiting formatting and escaping wikitext subsection 11.1 Nowiki 11.1.1 Displaying wikilinks 11.1.2 Displaying template calls 11.1.3 Displaying magic words 11.1.4 Displaying tags 11.2 Pre 11.1 Nowiki 11.1.1 Displaying wikilinks 11.1.2 Displaying template calls 11.1.3 Displaying magic words 11.1.4 Displaying tags 11.1.1 Displaying wikilinks 11.1.2 Displaying template calls 11.1.3 Displaying magic words 11.1.4 Displaying tags 11.2 Pre 12 Invisible text (comments) 13 Variables 14 HTML 15 Common templates Toggle Common templates subsection 15.1 Images 15.2 Cite web 15.3 Cite journal 15.4 Cite book (short) 15.5 Cite book (extended) 15.6 Metric conversions 15.7 Variables 15.8 Recalling named reference 15.9 Quotes 15.10 Blockquotes 15.11 About 15.12 Tables (borderless) 15.13 Tables (wikitable) 15.14 Collapsible tables (Default: collapsed) 15.15 Columns 15.16 Interwiki links 15.17 Vandalism response templates 15.18 Page citations 15.1 Images 15.2 Cite web 15.3 Cite journal 15.4 Cite book (short) 15.5 Cite book (extended) 15.6 Metric conversions 15.7 Variables 15.8 Recalling named reference 15.9 Quotes 15.10 Blockquotes 15.11 About 15.12 Tables (borderless) 15.13 Tables (wikitable) 15.14 Collapsible tables (Default: collapsed) 15.15 Columns 15.16 Interwiki links 15.17 Vandalism response templates 15.18 Page citations 16 Notes 17 See also Help : Wikitext Alemannisch العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hornjoserbsce Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Malti Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ پښتو Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Help page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary HTML Shortcuts Templates Wikitext Directory Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary HTML Shortcuts Templates Wikitext Directory This help page is a how-to guide . It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines , and may reflect varying levels of consensus . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} H:WT H:WT H:MARKUP H:MARKUP H:WIKICODE H:WIKICODE H:WT H:WT H:MARKUP H:MARKUP H:WIKICODE H:WIKICODE The instructions on this page mainly apply to editing wikitext using the source editor , and may not work with the VisualEditor. For guidance, see the VisualEditor user guide . Please remove this notice if VisualEditor users are addressed in a way that makes it unnecessary. Wikitext Cheatsheet All wikitext Sound files Visual files Tables Templates ( quick guide ) HTML within wikitext Pipe trick Cheatsheet All wikitext Sound files Visual files Tables Templates ( quick guide ) HTML within wikitext Pipe trick .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Wikitext , also known as wiki markup or wikicode , is the markup language used by the MediaWiki software to format pages. (Note the use of lowercase spelling for these terms.) [ a ] To learn how to view and edit wikitext, and how to save changes, see Help:Editing . In most cases, markup can be copied and pasted without the need to write new code. A quick reference guide is available at Help:Cheatsheet . In addition to wikitext, some HTML elements are also permitted for presentation formatting. For more details, see Help:HTML in wikitext . Layout Sections Article sections in a page will follow that page's lead or introduction and, if there are four or more, the table of contents . Section headings The = through ====== markup are headings for the sections with which they are associated. A single = is styled as the article title and should not be used within an article. Headings are styled through CSS and add an [edit] link. See this section for the relevant CSS. Four or more headings cause a table of contents to be generated automatically. Do not use any markup after the final heading markup – this will either break the heading, or will cause the heading to not be included in an edit summary. .mw-parser-output .markup{margin:0;margin-bottom:0.5em;border-width:medium;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .markup>caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .markup>tbody>tr>th[scope=col]{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .markup>tbody>tr>td{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;border:1px solid #eaecf0;padding:5px;vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .markup-wrapper>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .markup-wrapper>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .markup-markup{margin:0;border:none;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.mw-parser-output code.markup-markup{padding:0}.mw-parser-output pre.markup-markup{padding:2px 0 0} Markup Renders as = Heading 1 = == Heading 2 == === Heading 3 === ==== Heading 4 ==== ===== Heading 5 ===== ====== Heading 6 ====== .mw-parser-output .fake-heading{color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000);background:none;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:0.17em;page-break-after:avoid;padding-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:1em;padding:0;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:3px solid #c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:1.8em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.5em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h5,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h6{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.3em;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4{font-size:100%} Heading 1 Heading 2 Heading 3 Heading 4 Heading 5 Heading 6 Templates: {{ fake heading }} for use in documentation. Horizontal rule The horizontal rule represents a paragraph-level thematic break. Do not use in article content, as rules are used only after main sections, and this is automatic. Markup Renders as ---- The four hyphens must appear at the beginning of a line. The HTML equivalent is <hr /> , which can be indented if required. ( ---- always starts at the left margin.) The template {{ Hr }} produces a similar rule but allows the thickness to be specified. Table of contents When a page has at least four headings, a table of contents (TOC) will automatically appear after the lead and before the first heading. The TOC can be controlled by magic words or templates: __FORCETOC__ forces the TOC to appear at the normal location regardless of the number of headings. __TOC__ forces the TOC to appear at the point where the magic word is inserted instead of the normal location. __NOTOC__ disables the TOC entirely. {{ TOC limit }} template can be used to control the depth of subsections included in the TOC. This is useful where the TOC is long and unwieldy. Category:Wikipedia table of contents templates contains a number of specialized TOC templates. Line breaks Line breaks or newlines are used to add whitespace between lines, such as separating paragraphs. A line break that is visible in the content is inserted by pressing .mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em} ↵ Enter twice. Pressing ↵ Enter once will place a line break in the markup, but it will not show in the rendered content, except when using list markup. Markup such as bold or italics will be terminated at a line break. Blank lines within indented wikitext should not be added, to avoid creating accessibility issues. Markup Renders as A single newline here has no effect on the layout. But an empty line starts a new paragraph, or ends a list or an indented part. A single newline here has no effect on the layout. But an empty line starts a new paragraph, or ends a list or an indented part. A single newline here has no effect on the layout. But an empty line starts a new paragraph, or ends a list or an indented part. HTML equivalent: <br> or <br /> can be used to break line layout. Templates for line breaks: {{ break }} can add multiple line breaks. {{ - }} and {{ clear }} adds a break with styling, to clear floating elements. Often used to prevent text from flowing next to unrelated tables or images. Unbulleted list: {{ plainlist }} and {{ unbulleted list }} both create an unbulleted list. Indent text Indentation is most commonly used on talk pages. Markup Renders as Indentation as used on talk pages: : Each colon at the start of a line :: causes the line to be indented by three more character positions. ::: (The indentation persists so long as no carriage return or line break is used.) ::: Repeat the indentation at any line break. :::: Use an extra colon for each response. ::::: And so forth ... :::::: And so on ... {{ Outdent | :::::: }} The outdent template can give a visual indicator that we're deliberately cancelling the indent (6 levels here) Indentation as used on talk pages: Each colon at the start of a line causes the line to be indented by three more character positions. (The indentation persists so long as no carriage return or line break is used.) Repeat the indentation at any line break. Use an extra colon for each response. And so forth ... And so on ... The outdent template can give a visual indicator that we're deliberately cancelling the indent (6 levels here) Indentation as used on talk pages: so long as no carriage return or line break is used.) Templates: {{ outdent }} , {{ outdent2 }} Blockquote When there is a need for separating a block of text. This is useful for (as the name says) inserting blocks of quoted (and cited) text. Markup Renders as Normal text < blockquote > The '''blockquote''' tag will indent both margins when needed instead of the left margin only as the colon does. </ blockquote > Normal text Normal text The blockquote tag will indent both margins when needed instead of the left margin only as the colon does. Normal text Normal text The blockquote tag will indent both margins when needed instead of the left margin only as the colon does. The blockquote tag will indent both margins when needed instead of the left margin only as the colon does. Normal text This uses an HTML tag; template {{ quote }} results in the same render. Center text Markup Renders as < div class = "center" style = "width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" > Centered text </ div > Centered text Template {{ center }} uses the same markup. To center a table, see Help:Table#Centering tables . Please do not use <center>...</center> tags, as it is obsolete. Align text to right You can align content in a separate container: Markup Renders as < div style = "text-align: right; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;" > Text on the right </ div > Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Text on the right Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Or; make the text float around it: Markup Renders as < div class = "floatright" > Text on the right </ div > Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Text on the right Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. {{stack|Text on the right}} Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. .mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}} Text on the right Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Lists Do not leave blank lines between items in a list unless there is a reason to do so, since this causes the MediaWiki software to interpret each item as beginning a new list. Unordered lists H:UL H:UL Markup Renders as * Item1 * Item2 * Item3 * Item4 ** Sub-item 4 a) *** Sub-item 4 a) 1. **** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i) **** Sub-item 4 a) 1. ii) ** Sub-item 4 b) * Item5 Item1 Item2 Item3 Item4 Sub-item 4 a) Sub-item 4 a) 1. Sub-item 4 a) 1. i) Sub-item 4 a) 1. ii) Sub-item 4 b) Item5 Item1 Item2 Item3 Item4 Sub-item 4 a) Sub-item 4 a) 1. Sub-item 4 a) 1. i) Sub-item 4 a) 1. ii) Sub-item 4 b) Sub-item 4 a) Sub-item 4 a) 1. Sub-item 4 a) 1. i) Sub-item 4 a) 1. ii) Sub-item 4 a) 1. Sub-item 4 a) 1. i) Sub-item 4 a) 1. ii) Sub-item 4 a) 1. i) Sub-item 4 a) 1. ii) Sub-item 4 b) Item5 Ordered lists H:OL H:OL Markup Renders as # Item1 # Item2 # Item3 # Item4 ## Sub-item 1 ### Sub-sub-item #### Sub-sub-sub-item ## Sub-item 2 # Item5 Item1 Item2 Item3 Item4 Sub-item 1 Sub-sub-item Sub-sub-sub-item Sub-item 2 Item5 Item1 Item2 Item3 Item4 Sub-item 1 Sub-sub-item Sub-sub-sub-item Sub-item 2 Sub-item 1 Sub-sub-item Sub-sub-sub-item Sub-sub-item Sub-sub-sub-item Sub-sub-sub-item Sub-item 2 Item5 Description lists H:DL H:DL To list terms and definitions, start a new line with a semicolon (;) followed by the term. Then, type a colon (:) followed by a definition. The format can also be used for other purposes, such as make and models of vehicles, etc. Description lists (formerly definition lists , and a.k.a. association lists ) consist of group names corresponding to values. Group names (terms) are in bold. Values (definitions) are indented. Each group must include one or more definitions. For a single or first value, the : can be placed on the same line after ; – but subsequent values must be placed on separate lines. Do not use a semicolon (;) simply to bold a line without defining a value using a colon (:). This usage renders invalid HTML5 and creates issues with screen readers . Also, use of a colon to indent (other than for talk page responses) may also render invalid HTML5 and cause accessibility issues per MOS:INDENTGAP . Markup Renders as ; Term : Definition1 Term Definition1 ; Term : Definition1 : Definition2 : Definition3 : Definition4 Term Definition1 Definition2 Definition3 Definition4 HTML equivalent: <dl> <dt>...</dt> , <dd>...</dd> </dl> Templates: {{ defn }} Retaining newlines and spaces H:POEM H:POEM The MediaWiki software suppresses single newlines and converts lines starting with a space to preformatted text in a dashed box. HTML suppresses multiple spaces. It is often desirable to retain these elements for poems, lyrics, mottoes, oaths and the like. The Poem extension adds HTML-like <poem>...</poem> tags to maintain newlines and spaces. These tags may be used inside other tags such as <blockquote>...</blockquote> ; the template {{ poemquote }} provides a convenient shorthand. CSS styles may be applied to this tag, e.g.: < poem style = "margin-left: 2em;" > . Markup Renders as <poem> In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure-dome decree: Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea. So twice five miles of fertile ground With walls and towers were girdled round: And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills, Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree; And here were forests ancient as the hills, Enfolding sunny spots of greenery. </poem> In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure-dome decree: Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea. So twice five miles of fertile ground With walls and towers were girdled round: And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills, Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree; And here were forests ancient as the hills, Enfolding sunny spots of greenery. In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure-dome decree: Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea. So twice five miles of fertile ground With walls and towers were girdled round: And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills, Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree; And here were forests ancient as the hills, Enfolding sunny spots of greenery. Poems and their translation can be presented side by side, and the language can be indicated with lang="xx" . Following the last side-by-side block, {{ Clear |left}} must be used to cancel "float:left;" and to re-establish normal flow. Note that this method does not require a table and its columns to achieve the side-by-side presentation. Markup Renders as Frère Jacques, frère Jacques, Dormez-vous? Dormez-vous? Sonnez les matines! Sonnez les matines! Ding, dang, dong. Ding, dang, dong. Are you sleeping? Are you sleeping? Brother John, Brother John, Morning bells are ringing! Morning bells are ringing! Ding, dang, dong. Ding, dang, dong. Format Text formatting Description What you type What it looks like italics , bold , .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%} small capital letters italics , bold , .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%} small capital letters To ''italicize text'' , put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it. Note that these must be "straight" apostrophes; "curly" apostrophes (‘ and ’) will not work. Three apostrophes each side will '''bold the text''' . Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces '' '''bold italics''' '' . '' '''Italic and bold formatting''' '' works correctly only within a single line. For text as {{ smallcaps | small caps }} , use the template {{ tl | smallcaps }} . To italicize text , put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it. Three apostrophes each side will bold the text . Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces bold italics . Italic and bold formatting works correctly only within a single line. To reverse this effect where it has been automatically applied, use {{ nobold }} and {{ noitalic }} . For text as small caps , use the template {{ smallcaps }} . To italicize text , put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it. Three apostrophes each side will bold the text . Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces bold italics . Italic and bold formatting works correctly only within a single line. To reverse this effect where it has been automatically applied, use {{ nobold }} and {{ noitalic }} . For text as small caps , use the template {{ smallcaps }} . Small chunks of source code within a line of normal text. Code is displayed in a monospace font . Small chunks of source code within a line of normal text. Code is displayed in a monospace font . function < code > int m2() </ code > is nice. function int m2() is nice. function int m2() is nice. Syntax highlighting for source code. Computer code has colored text and more stringent formatting. For example, to define a function: int m2() , with highlights, in C++. See here for a full list of supported languages that can be put in lang="????" Syntax highlighting for source code. Computer code has colored text and more stringent formatting. For example, to define a function: int m2() , with highlights, in C++. See here for a full list of supported languages that can be put in lang="????" <syntaxhighlight lang="cpp"> #include <iostream> int m2 (int ax, char *p_ax) { std::cout <<"Hello World!"; return 0; }</syntaxhighlight> #include <iostream> int m2 ( int ax , char * p_ax ) { std :: cout << "Hello World!" ; return 0 ; } Small text Small text Use < small > small text </ small > only when necessary. Use small text only when necessary. Use small text only when necessary. a <small> span a <small> span To match, for example, the font-size used in an [[ Help : Visual file markup # Caption | image caption ]] , the "small" tag can also be used to < small style = "font-size:87%;" > reduce a text's font-size to 87% </ small > . To match, for example, the font-size used in an image caption , the "small" tag can also be used to reduce a text's font-size to 87% . To match, for example, the font-size used in an image caption , the "small" tag can also be used to reduce a text's font-size to 87% . Big text Big text Better not use < big > big text </ big > , unless < small > it's < big > within </ big > small </ small > text. Better not use big text , unless it's within small text. Better not use big text , unless it's within small text. To prevent two words from becoming separated by a linewrap (e.g. Mr. Smith or 400 km/h ) a non-breaking space , sometimes also called a "non-printing character", may be used between them. (For three or more words, the template {{ nowrap }} is probably more suitable.) To prevent two words from becoming separated by a linewrap (e.g. Mr. Smith or 400 km/h ) a non-breaking space , sometimes also called a "non-printing character", may be used between them. (For three or more words, the template {{ nowrap }} is probably more suitable.) Mr. Smith or 400 km/h Mr. Smith or 400 km/h Mr. Smith or 400 km/h Extra spacing within text is usually best achieved using the {{ pad }} template. Extra spacing within text is usually best achieved using the {{ pad }} template. Mary {{ pad | 4.0em }} had a little lamb. Mary had a little lamb. Mary had a little lamb. Special characters Special characters can often be displayed using numeric character references or character entity references . See Character encodings in HTML for more information. For example, and À both render À (A- grave ). Percent-encoding can't be used, as it works only in URLs . Diacritical marks Diacritic marks, using character entity references. What you type What it looks like À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Œ Ù Ú Û Ü Ÿ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø œ ù ú û ü ÿ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö Ø Œ Ù Ú Û Ü Ÿ ß à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø œ ù ú û ü ÿ Punctuation special characters Using character entity references. What you type What it looks like ¿ ¡ § ¶ † ‡ • – — ‹ › « » ‘ ’ “ ” ' " Escaping punctuation characters The <pre> , <nowiki> , and <code> markup tags are also available, for writing "[", "{", "&", "}", "]" for example. These tags prevent these characters from being recognised as wiki markup, which is a possibility in some circumstances. Commercial symbols Using character entity references. What you type What it looks like ™ © ® ¢ € ¥ £ ¤ Greek characters Using character entity references. What you type What it looks like α β γ δ ε ζ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν ξ ο π ρ σ ς Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Egyptian hieroglyphs WikiHiero is a software extension that renders Egyptian hieroglyphs as PNG images using < hiero > HTML-like tags. Example: Markup Renders as <hiero>P2</hiero> Subscripts and superscripts The Manual of Style prefers the <sub> and <sup> formats, for example x <sub>1</sub> . So this should be used under most circumstances. The latter methods of sub/superscripting cannot be used in the most general context, as they rely on Unicode support that may not be present on all users' machines. Description What you type What it looks like Subscripts Subscripts x < sub > 1 </ sub > x < sub > 2 </ sub > x < sub > 3 </ sub > or x x x x x x x x x x x 1 x 2 x 3 or x₀ x₁ x₂ x₃ x₄ x₅ x₆ x₇ x₈ x₉ x 1 x 2 x 3 or x₀ x₁ x₂ x₃ x₄ x₅ x₆ x₇ x₈ x₉ Superscripts Superscripts x < sup > 1 </ sup > x < sup > 2 </ sup > x < sup > 3 </ sup > or x x ¹ x ² x ³ x x x x x x x 1 x 2 x 3 or x⁰ x¹ x² x³ x⁴ x⁵ x⁶ x⁷ x⁸ x⁹ x 1 x 2 x 3 or x⁰ x¹ x² x³ x⁴ x⁵ x⁶ x⁷ x⁸ x⁹ Combined Combined < sub > 0 </ sub > = 8.85 10 < sup > 12 </ sup > C ² / J m 1 [[ hectare ]] = 1 E+4 m ² ε 0 = 8.85 × 10 −12 C² / J m 1 hectare = 1 E+4 m² ε 0 = 8.85 × 10 −12 C² / J m 1 hectare = 1 E+4 m² Characters in the Private Use Area, and invisible formatting characters Invisible and PUA (Private Use Areas) characters should be avoided where possible. When needed, they should both be replaced with their (hexa)decimal code values (as "&#(x)...;"). This renders invisible characters visible, for manual editing, and allows AWB to process pages with PUA characters. The latter should also be tagged with the {{ PUA }} template for tracking and future maintenance. Mathematical characters and formulae Mathematical characters See also Wikipedia:Mathematical symbols , WikiProject Mathematics and TeX . What you type What it looks like ∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞ ≈ ∝ ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥ × · ÷ ∂ ′ ″ ∴ ∇ ‰ ° ∴ ℵ ø ∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇ ¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇐ ⇓ ⇑ ⇔ → ← ↓ ↑ ↔ Mathematical formulae Formulae that include mathematical letters, like x , and operators like × should not use the plain letter x . See math font formatting . For a comprehensive set of symbols, and comparison between <math> tags and the {{ math }} template see section TeX vs HTML . The <math> tag typesets using LaTeX markup , [ b ] which may render as an image or as HTML, depending on environmental settings. The <math> tag is best for the complex formula on its own line in an image format. If you use this tag to put a formula in the line with text, put it in the {{ nowrap }} template. The {{ math }} template uses HTML , and will size-match a serif font, and will also prevent line-wrap. All templates are sensitive to the = sign, so remember to replace = with {{ = }} in template input, or start the input with 1= . Use wiki markup '' and ''' inside the {{ math }} template, as well as other HTML entities . The {{ math }} template is best for typeset formulas in line with the text. Markup Renders as <math>2x \times 4y \div 6z + 8 - \frac { y }{ z ^ 2 } = 0</math> {{ math | 2 ''x'' 4 ''y'' 6 ''z'' + 8 {{ sfrac | ''y'' | ''z'' < sup > 2 </ sup >}} {{ = }} 0 }} <math> \sin 2 \pi x + \ln e</math> {{ math | sin 2 pi; ''x'' + ln ''e'' }} 2 x × 4 y ÷ 6 z + 8 − y z 2 = 0 {\displaystyle 2x\times 4y\div 6z+8-{\frac {y}{z^{2}}}=0} 2 x × 4 y ÷ 6 z + 8 − .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} y / z 2 = 0 sin 2 π x + ln e {\displaystyle \sin 2\pi x+\ln e} sin 2π x + ln e 2 x × 4 y ÷ 6 z + 8 − y z 2 = 0 {\displaystyle 2x\times 4y\div 6z+8-{\frac {y}{z^{2}}}=0} 2 x × 4 y ÷ 6 z + 8 − .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} y / z 2 = 0 sin 2 π x + ln e {\displaystyle \sin 2\pi x+\ln e} sin 2π x + ln e Spacing in simple math formulae Using to prevent line break is not needed; the {{ math }} template will prevent line breaks anyway; you can use <br /> if you need an explicit line break inside a formula. Markup Renders as It follows that {{math|''x'' < sup > 2 </ sup > 0}} for real {{mvar|x}}. It follows that x 2 ≥ 0 for real x . It follows that x 2 ≥ 0 for real x . Complicated formulae See Help:Displaying a formula for how to use <math> . A formula displayed on a line by itself should be indented using <math display=block>...</math> Markup Renders as <math display=block> \sum_ { n=0 }^ \infty \frac { x ^ n }{ n! } </math> ∑ n = 0 ∞ x n n ! {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}} ∑ n = 0 ∞ x n n ! {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}} Indenting by using the colon (:) character (i.e. using : < math ></ math > instead of < math display = block ></ math > ) is discouraged for accessibility reasons . Links and URLs Wikilinks Wikilinks are used in wikitext markup to produce internal links between pages. You create wikilinks by putting double square brackets around text designating the title of the page you want to link to. Thus, [[ Texas ]] will be rendered as Texas . Optionally, you can use a vertical bar (|) to customize the link title. For example, typing [[ Texas | Lone Star State ]] will produce Lone Star State , a link that is displayed as " Lone Star State " but in fact links to Texas . Link to another wiki article Internally, the first letter of the target page is automatically capitalized and spaces are represented as underscores (typing an underscore in the link has the same effect as typing a space, but is not recommended). Thus the link hereafter is to the Web address en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport , which is the Wikipedia article with the name "Public transport". See also Canonicalization . A red link is a page that doesn't exist yet; it can be created by clicking on the link. A link to its own page will appear only as bold text. Markup Renders as London has [[ public transport ]] . London has public transport . London has public transport . Link to this page: " [[ Help : Wikitext ]] " will appear only as bold text. Link to this page: " Help:Wikitext " will appear only as bold text. Link to this page: " Help:Wikitext " will appear only as bold text. Renamed link Same target, different name. The target ("piped") text must be placed first , then the text to be displayed second . What you type What it looks like New York also has [[ public transport | public transportation ]] . New York also has [[ public transport | public transportation ]] . New York also has public transportation . New York also has public transportation . Automatically rename links Simply typing the pipe character | after a link will automatically rename the link in certain circumstances. The next time you open the edit box you will see the expanded piped link. When previewing your edits, you will not see the expanded form until you press Save and Edit again. The same applies to links to sections within the same page . See Pipe trick for details. Description What you type What it looks like Automatically hide stuff in parentheses Automatically hide stuff in parentheses [[ kingdom (biology) |]] [[ kingdom (biology) |]] kingdom kingdom Automatically hide the comma and following text [[ Seattle, Washington |]] Seattle Automatically hide namespace Automatically hide namespace [[ Wikipedia : Village pump |]] [[ Wikipedia : Village pump |]] Village pump Village pump Or both Or both [[ Wikipedia : Manual of Style (headings) |]] [[ Wikipedia : Manual of Style (headings) |]] Manual of Style Manual of Style But this doesn't work for section links But this doesn't work for section links [[ Wikipedia : Manual of Style # Links |]] [[ Wikipedia : Manual of Style # Links |]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Links|]] [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Links|]] Blend link Endings are blended into the link. Exception : a trailing apostrophe (') and any characters following the apostrophe are not blended. Exception : a trailing apostrophe (') and any characters following the apostrophe are not blended. Preferred style is to use this instead of a piped link, if possible. Blending can be suppressed by using the <nowiki /> tag, which may be desirable in some instances. Description What you type What it looks like Blending active San Francisco also has [[ public transport ]] ation. Examples include [[ bus ]] es, [[ taxicab ]] s, and [[ tram ]] s. San Francisco also has [[ public transport ]] ation. Examples include [[ bus ]] es, [[ taxicab ]] s, and [[ tram ]] s. San Francisco also has public transportation . Examples include buses , taxicabs , and trams . A [[ micro- ]] second A micro-second Blending suppressed Blending suppressed A [[ micro- ]]< nowiki /> second. A [[ micro- ]]< nowiki /> second. A micro- second A micro- second Link to a section of a page The part after the hash sign (#) must match a section heading on the page. Matches must be exact in terms of spelling, case, and punctuation. Links to non-existent sections are not broken; they are treated as links to the beginning of the page. Include "| link title" to create a stylish ( piped ) link title. If sections have the same title, add a number to link to any but the first. #Example section 3 goes to the third section named "Example section". You can use the pipe and retype the section title to display the text without the # symbol. What you type What it looks like [[ Wikipedia : Manual of Style # Italics ]] is a link to a section within another page. [[ Wikipedia : Manual of Style # Italics ]] is a link to a section within another page. Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics is a link to a section within another page. Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics is a link to a section within another page. {{ Section link | Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics }} , does the same, but nicer. {{ Section link | Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Italics }} , does the same, but nicer. Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Italics using a template, does the same, but nicer. Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Italics using a template, does the same, but nicer. [[# Links and URLs ]] is a link to another section on the current page. [[# Links and URLs | Links and URLs ]] is a link to the same section without showing the # symbol. [[# Links and URLs ]] is a link to another section on the current page. [[# Links and URLs | Links and URLs ]] is a link to the same section without showing the # symbol. #Links and URLs is a link to another section on the current page. Links and URLs is a link to the same section without showing the # symbol. #Links and URLs is a link to another section on the current page. Links and URLs is a link to the same section without showing the # symbol. [[ Wikipedia : Manual of Style # Italics | Italics ]] is a piped link to a section within another page. [[ Wikipedia : Manual of Style # Italics | Italics ]] is a piped link to a section within another page. Italics is a piped link to a section within another page. Italics is a piped link to a section within another page. Create a new page To create a new page: Edit any page. Enter a redlink wikilink: [[page name]]. Preview or save. Activate the link you just made. The new page will open for editing. Edit any page. Enter a redlink wikilink: [[page name]]. Preview or save. Activate the link you just made. The new page will open for editing. For more information, see starting an article and check out Wikipedia's naming conventions . Please link to your new article from at least one other article. Description What you type What it looks like Links to pages that don't exist yet look red. Links to pages that don't exist yet look red. The article about [[ cardboard sandwiches ]] doesn't exist yet. The article about [[ cardboard sandwiches ]] doesn't exist yet. The article about cardboard sandwiches doesn't exist yet. The article about cardboard sandwiches doesn't exist yet. Create an alias for a page Create an alias for any page by creating a Redirect from one page name to another. First create a new page whose page name is the name of the alias. That is the redirect. On the first line of the new redirect page, use the syntax shown in the table below. For example, US is a redirect. It is possible to redirect to a section. For example, a redirect to United States#History will redirect to the History section of the United States page. Description What you type Redirect to an article Redirect to an article #REDIRECT [[ United States ]] #REDIRECT [[ United States ]] Redirect to a section Redirect to a section #REDIRECT [[ United States # History ]] #REDIRECT [[ United States # History ]] Link to another namespace The full page name should be included in double square brackets. What you type What it looks like See the [[ Wikipedia : Manual of Style ]] . See the [[ Wikipedia : Manual of Style ]] . See the Wikipedia:Manual of Style . See the Wikipedia:Manual of Style . Link to the same article in another language (interlanguage links) After the launch of Wikidata , interlanguage links are now added through it. Links in articles should exist only in special cases, for example when an article in one language has two articles in another language. To link to a corresponding page in another language, use the form: [[ language code : Foreign title ]] . It is recommended interlanguage links be placed at the very end of the article. Interlanguage links are NOT visible within the formatted article, but instead appear as language links on the sidebar (to the left) under the menu section "languages". NOTE: To create an inline link (a clickable link within the text) to any foreign language article, see Help:Interlanguage links#Inline interlanguage links and consider the usage notes. Description What you type Link from English article "Plankton" to the Spanish article "Plancton" . "es" is the language code for " español " (the Spanish language ). Link from English article "Plankton" to the Spanish article "Plancton" . "es" is the language code for " español " (the Spanish language ). [[ es : Plancton ]] Other examples: French ( fr for français ), German ( de for Deutsch ), Russian ( ru ), and simple English ( simple ). Other examples: French ( fr for français ), German ( de for Deutsch ), Russian ( ru ), and simple English ( simple ). [[ fr : Plancton ]] [[ de : Plankton ]] [[ ru : Планктон ]] [[ simple : Plankton ]] Interwiki link Interwiki links link to any page on other wikis. Interwikimedia links link to other Wikimedia wikis. Note that interwikimedia links use the internal link style, with double square brackets. See Meta-Wiki:Interwiki map for the list of shortcuts; if the site you want to link to is not on the list, use an external link . See also Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects . Description What you type What it looks like Linking to a page on another wiki in English. All of these forms lead to the URL . Linking to a page on another wiki in English. All of these forms lead to the URL . Simple link. Without prefix. Named link. Simple link. Without prefix. Named link. [[ Wiktionary : hello ]] [[ Wiktionary : hello |]] [[ Wiktionary : hello | Wiktionary definition of "hello" ]] [[ Wiktionary : hello ]] [[ Wiktionary : hello |]] [[ Wiktionary : hello | Wiktionary definition of "hello" ]] Wiktionary:hello hello Wiktionary definition of "hello" Wiktionary:hello hello Wiktionary definition of "hello" Linking to a page on another wiki in another language. All of these forms lead to the URL . Linking to a page on another wiki in another language. All of these forms lead to the URL . Simple link. Without prefix. Named link. Simple link. Without prefix. Named link. [[ Wiktionary:fr : bonjour ]] [[ Wiktionary:fr : bonjour |]] [[ Wiktionary:fr : bonjour | bonjour ]] [[ Wiktionary:fr : bonjour ]] [[ Wiktionary:fr : bonjour |]] [[ Wiktionary:fr : bonjour | bonjour ]] Wiktionary:fr:bonjour fr:bonjour bonjour Wiktionary:fr:bonjour fr:bonjour bonjour Categories To put an article in a category , place a link like [[ Category : Example ]] into the article. As with interlanguage links, placing these links at the end of the article is recommended. To link to a category page without putting the article into the category, use a colon prefix (":Category") in the link. Description What you type What it looks like Categorize an article. Categorize an article. [[ Category : Character sets ]] [[ Category : Character sets ]] Link to a category. Link to a category. [[ :Category : Character sets ]] [[ :Category : Character sets ]] Category:Character sets Category:Character sets Without prefix. Without prefix. [[ :Category : Character sets |]] [[ :Category : Character sets |]] Character sets Character sets External links Single-square brackets indicate an external link. Note the use of a space (not a pipe |) to separate the URL from the link text in a named link. Square brackets may be used as normal punctuation when not linking to anything – [like this]. A URL must begin with a supported URI scheme : https:// (preferably) and http:// will be supported by all browsers; irc:// , ircs:// , ftp:// , news:// , mailto: , and gopher:// will require a plugin or an external application. IPv6 addresses in URLs are currently not supported. A URL containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are percent encoded . For example, a space must be replaced by %20 . Encoding can be achieved by: Use the link button on the enhanced editing toolbar to encode the link; this tool will add the bracket markup and the linked text, which may not always be desirable. Or manually encode the URL by replacing these characters: space " ' , ; < > ? [ ] %20 %22 %27 %2c %3b %3c %3e %3f %5b %5d Or use the {{ urlencode :}} magic word. See Help:Magic words in the MediaWiki documentation for more details. See Wikipedia:External links for style issues, and Category:External link file type templates for indicating the file type of an external link with an icon. Description What you type What it looks like Named link with an external link icon Named link with an external link icon [ Wikipedia ] [ Wikipedia ] Wikipedia Wikipedia Unnamed link This should not be used in articles except in certain lists . Unnamed link This should not be used in articles except in certain lists . [ ] [ ] [1] [1] Bare URL (Bad style) use <nowiki></nowiki> to keep this bad style from showing Bare URL (Bad style) use <nowiki></nowiki> to keep this bad style from showing Link without arrow (Not often used) Link without arrow (Not often used) < span class = "plainlinks" >[ Wikipedia ]</ span > < span class = "plainlinks" >[ Wikipedia ]</ span > Wikipedia Wikipedia Miscellaneous Media link To include links to non-image uploads such as sounds, use a "media" link. For images, see next section . Some uploaded sounds are listed at Commons:Sound . What you type What it looks like [[ media : Classical guitar scale.ogg | Sound ]] [[ media : Classical guitar scale.ogg | Sound ]] Sound Sound Links directly into edit mode These create links that directly go to the edit or view source tab. For example, to create links to the edit tab for this page, either of the following works: Description What you type What it looks like Using the {{ fullurl }} template Using the {{ fullurl }} template [ {{ fullurl : Help:Wiki markup | action = edit }} edit] [ {{ fullurl : Help:Wiki markup | action = edit }} edit] edit edit Using the {{ Edit }} template Using the {{ Edit }} template {{ edit }} {{ edit }} edit edit Links partially italicized Linking to a page with a title containing words that are usually italicized, such as the Hindenburg disaster article. What you type What it looks like [[ Hindenburg disaster | ''Hindenburg'' disaster ]] [[ Hindenburg disaster | ''Hindenburg'' disaster ]] Hindenburg disaster Hindenburg disaster Musical notation Musical notation is added by using the < score >...</score> extension HTML-like tag. For example: Markup Renders as < score > \relative c' { fis d fis a d f e d c cis d e a g f ees }</ score > Images Only images that have been uploaded to Wikipedia or Wikimedia Commons can be used. To upload images, use the Commons upload wizard for photos you have taken, and the Wikipedia upload page if there may be copyright issues. You can find the uploaded image on the image list . See the Wikipedia's image use policy for the policy used on Wikipedia. For further help on images, including some more versatile abilities, see the picture tutorial and extended image syntax . What you type What it looks like Notes The image name, the word thumb, and then the caption: [[ File : wiki.png | thumb | Wikipedia logo ]] The image name, the word thumb, and then the caption: Wikipedia logo The thumb tag automatically allows the image to be enlarged and positions it (floats) automatically to the right of the page. An enlarge icon is placed in the lower right corner. See note below about adding an alt tag This is the basic markup for most images The thumb tag automatically allows the image to be enlarged and positions it (floats) automatically to the right of the page. An enlarge icon is placed in the lower right corner. See note below about adding an alt tag This is the basic markup for most images A picture: [[ File : wiki.png ]] A picture: The picture name alone places the image in the text, or on the next line if there is insufficient space. Embedding the image in the text is only possible for very small images. Embedding the image will affect the vertical formatting of text. The picture name alone places the image in the text, or on the next line if there is insufficient space. Embedding the image in the text is only possible for very small images. Embedding the image will affect the vertical formatting of text. With alternative text: [[ File : wiki.png | alt = Puzzle globe logo ]] With alternative text: Alternative text, used when the image is unavailable or when the image is loaded in a text-only browser, or when spoken aloud, is strongly encouraged. See Alternative text for images for help on choosing it. Alternative text, used when the image is unavailable or when the image is loaded in a text-only browser, or when spoken aloud, is strongly encouraged. See Alternative text for images for help on choosing it. With link: [[ File : wiki.png | link = Wikipedia ]] With link: The link directs to the Wikipedia page, Wikipedia , instead of the image file page. The link directs to the Wikipedia page, Wikipedia , instead of the image file page. Forced to the centre of the page using the ''frame'' tag (attribute), a ''centre'' tag and a caption: [[ File : wiki.png | frame | centre | alt = Puzzle globe | Wikipedia logo ]] Forced to the centre of the page using the frame tag (attribute), a centre tag and a caption: Wikipedia logo The frame tag automatically floats the image right. The frame tag is only of use with very small images or ones using the px tag The attributes left, center or centre override this, and places the image to the left or the centre of the page. The last parameter is the caption that appears below the image. The frame tag automatically floats the image right. The frame tag is only of use with very small images or ones using the px tag The attributes left, center or centre override this, and places the image to the left or the centre of the page. The last parameter is the caption that appears below the image. Forced to the left side of the page using the ''thumb'' attribute, the ''left'' attribute and a caption: [[ File : wiki.png | thumb | left | alt = Puzzle globe | Wikipedia logo ]] Forced to the left side of the page using the thumb attribute, the left attribute and a caption: Wikipedia logo The thumb tag automatically floats the image right. An enlarge icon is placed in the lower right corner. The attributes left, center or centre override this, and places the image to the left or the centre of the page. The thumb tag automatically floats the image right. An enlarge icon is placed in the lower right corner. The attributes left, center or centre override this, and places the image to the left or the centre of the page. Forced to the right side of the page ''without'' a caption: [[ File : wiki.png | right | Wikipedia encyclopedia ]] Forced to the right side of the page without a caption: Wikipedia encyclopedia Captions are only displayed when the thumb or frame attributes are present The picture tutorial explains more options. Captions are only displayed when the thumb or frame attributes are present The picture tutorial explains more options. A picture resized to 50 pixels... [[ File : wiki.png | 50 px | Wikipedia encyclopedia ]] A picture resized to 50 pixels width... The picture tutorial explains more options. Sizing in pixels is deprecated and should be used very sparingly. There is an upright parameter that should be used instead. These tags are optimised for both laptop and mobile phone screens. The picture tutorial explains more options. Sizing in pixels is deprecated and should be used very sparingly. There is an upright parameter that should be used instead. These tags are optimised for both laptop and mobile phone screens. Linking directly to the description page of an image: [[ :File : wiki.png ]] Linking directly to the description page of an image: File:wiki.png File:wiki.png Clicking on an image displayed normally on a page also leads to the description page. Clicking on an image displayed normally on a page also leads to the description page. Linking directly to an image without displaying it: [[ Media : wiki.png | Image of jigsaw globe ]] Linking directly to an image without displaying it: Image of jigsaw globe Image of jigsaw globe To include links to images shown as links instead of drawn on the page, use a "media" link. To include links to images shown as links instead of drawn on the page, use a "media" link. Example: < div style = "display: inline; width: 220px; float: right;" > [[ File : wiki.png | 50 px | Wikipedia encyclopedia ]][[ File : wiki.png | 50 px ]] </ div > Example: Example: Using the span or div elements to separate images from text (note that this may allow images to cover text). Using the span or div elements to separate images from text (note that this may allow images to cover text). Example: {| style = "text-align: right;" |- | [[ File : wiki.png | 50 px ]] |- | [[ File : wiki.png | 50 px ]] |- | [[ File : wiki.png | 50 px ]] |} Example: Example: Using wiki markup to make a table in which to place a vertical column of images (this helps edit links match headers, especially in Firefox browsers). Using wiki markup to make a table in which to place a vertical column of images (this helps edit links match headers, especially in Firefox browsers). Tables There are two ways to build tables: Using specific wiki markup: (see Help:Table ). Using HTML elements: <table> , <tr> , <td> or <th> . Columns Use {{ colbegin }} and {{ colend }} templates to produce columns. References and citing sources Making a reference citing a printed or online source can be accomplished by using the < ref > wiki markup tags. Inside these tags details about the reference are added. Details about the citation can be provided using a structure provided by various templates; the table below lists some typical citation components. What it's for What you type To create the reference < ref name="reference name"> add_template_name_here </ref> To cite a book {{ cite book }} To cite a web source {{ cite web }} Book ISBN |isbn=0-4397-0818-4 (ISBN of the book) Web URL |url= Title |title=title of source Author |author=authors, use commas for multiple First name |first=first name Last name |last=last name Location |location=location of publisher Publisher |publisher=who published the source Date |date=2007-09-21 (date of source) Year |year=year of source Accessed date |access-date=2008-12-25 (only if url= is included) A complete reference tag < ref name="Wiki markup"> {{ cite web | url = | title = Help:Wiki markup | publisher = Wikimedia Foundation }} </ref> Referencing this again < ref name="Wiki markup" /> Citation needed {{ Citation needed |{{ subst:DATE }}}} Templates and transcluding pages Examples for templates: {{pad|...}}, {{math|...}}, {{as of|...}}, {{edit}} Templates are segments of wiki markup that are meant to be copied automatically ("transcluded") into a page. They are specified by putting the template's name in {{double braces}}. Most templates are pages in the Template namespace , but it is possible to transclude mainspace pages (articles) by using {{:colon and double braces}}. There are three pairs of tags that can be used in wikitext to control how transclusion affects parts of a template or article. They determine whether or not wikitext renders, either in its own article, which we will call " here ", or in another article where it is transcluded, which we will call " there ". <noinclude>: the content will not be rendered there . These tags have no effect here . <includeonly>: the content will render only there , and will not render here (like invisible ink made visible by means of transclusion). <onlyinclude>: the content will render here and will render there , but it will only render there what is between these tags. There can be several such section " elements ". Also, they can be nested. All possible renderings are achievable. For example, to render there one or more sections of the page here use <onlyinclude> tags. To append text there , wrap the addition in <includeonly> tags before, within, or after the section. To omit portions of the section, nest <noinclude> tags within it. If a page is transcluded without transclusion markup, it may cause an unintentional categorization . Any page transcluding it will contain the same category as the original page. Wrap the category markup with <noinclude> tags to prevent incorrect categorization. Some templates take parameters , as well, which you separate with the pipe character | . What you type What it looks like {{ Transclusion demo }} This text comes from the page named Template:Transclusion demo . It has been transcluded into this page. This text comes from the page named Template:Transclusion demo . It has been transcluded into this page. {{ Help : Transclusion demo }} This transclusion demo is a little bit of text from the page Help:Transclusion demo to be included into any file. This transclusion demo is a little bit of text from the page Help:Transclusion demo to be included into any file. This template takes two parameters, and creates underlined text with a hover box for many modern browsers supporting CSS: {{ Tooltip | Hover your mouse over this text | This is the hover text }} Go to this page to see the Tooltip template itself: {{ tl | Tooltip }} This template takes two parameters, and creates underlined text with a hover box for many modern browsers supporting CSS: .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Hover your mouse over this text Go to this page to see the Tooltip template itself: {{ Tooltip }} This template takes two parameters, and creates underlined text with a hover box for many modern browsers supporting CSS: .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Hover your mouse over this text Go to this page to see the Tooltip template itself: {{ Tooltip }} Talk and project pages These are likely to be helpful on talk and project pages . Signing comments The tilde character (~) is used when signing a comment on a talk page. Your username provides a link to your user page . Description What you type What it looks like You should sign your comments by appending four tildes to the comment, which adds your user name plus date/time. You should sign your comments by appending four tildes to the comment, which adds your user name plus date/time. ~~~~ ~~~~ Username ( talk ) 23:40, 15 January 2026 (UTC) Username ( talk ) 23:40, 15 January 2026 (UTC) Adding three tildes will add just your user name. Adding three tildes will add just your user name. ~~~ ~~~ Username ( talk ) Username ( talk ) Adding five tildes gives the date/time alone. Adding five tildes gives the date/time alone. ~~~~~ ~~~~~ 23:40, 15 January 2026 (UTC) 23:40, 15 January 2026 (UTC) Linking to old revisions of pages, diffs, and specific history pages The external link function is mainly used for these. Open an old revision or diff, and copy the URL from the address bar, pasting it where you want it. What you type What it looks like [ Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 ] [ Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 ] Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 You can also use an internal diff link . Unlike the template {{ diff }} , this kind of link can even be used in edit summaries. What you type What it looks like [[ Special : Diff/330349143/330350877 | Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 ]] [[ Special : Diff/330349143/330350877 | Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 ]] Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 If the diff intended to be shown is between an immediately previous revision, the first parameter can be dropped. What you type What it looks like [[ Special : Diff/330350877 | Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 ]] [[ Special : Diff/330350877 | Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 ]] Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 Diff between revisions 330349143 and 330350877 For an old revision, you can also use a permalink . Though here only the main text is guaranteed to be retained (images and templates will be shown as they are today, not as they were at the time). What you type What it looks like [[ Special : Permalink/330350877 | Revision 330350877 ]] [[ Special : Permalink/330350877 | Revision 330350877 ]] Revision 330350877 Revision 330350877 What links here, and recent changes linked The following markup can be used. For example, for the article Beetroot : What you type What it looks like [[ Special : WhatLinksHere/Beetroot ]] [[ Special : WhatLinksHere/Beetroot ]] Special:WhatLinksHere/Beetroot Special:WhatLinksHere/Beetroot [[ Special : RecentChangesLinked/Beetroot ]] [[ Special : RecentChangesLinked/Beetroot ]] Special:RecentChangesLinked/Beetroot Special:RecentChangesLinked/Beetroot User edits Link to a user's contributions page . Description What you type What it looks like Username (registered users). [[ Special : Contributions/UserName ]] Special:Contributions/UserName IPv4 address (unregistered users). [[ Special : Contributions/192.0.2.0 ]] Special:Contributions/192.0.2.0 IPv6 address (unregistered users). [[ Special : Contributions/2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329 ]] Special:Contributions/2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329 Coloring and highlighting text Using the {{ Color }} and {{ Font color }} templates: What you type What it looks like I will change the color in {{ color | blue | the middle part of }} this sentence. I will change the color in {{ color | blue | the middle part of }} this sentence. I will change the color in @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}} the middle part of this sentence. I will change the color in @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}} the middle part of this sentence. This is how to {{ Font color || yellow | highlight part of a sentence }} . This is how to {{ Font color || yellow | highlight part of a sentence }} . This is how to highlight part of a sentence . This is how to highlight part of a sentence . Example text The {{ xt }} family of templates can be used to highlight e x ample t ext. These templates do not work in mainspace—that is, in regular articles—they are intended for use on project pages (such as Wikipedia:Manual of Style ), help pages, and user pages. What you type What you get This is {{ xt | a correct example }} for comparison {{ tick }} This is a correct example for comparison Y This is {{ !xt | an incorrect example }} for contrast {{ Xmark }} This is an incorrect example for contrast N This is {{ mxt | in monospace }} for comparison This is in monospace for comparison This is {{ !mxt | in monospace }} for contrast This is in monospace for contrast This is {{ bxt | in bold }} for comparison This is in bold for comparison This is {{ !bxt | in bold }} for contrast This is in bold for contrast Show deleted or inserted text When editing regular Wikipedia articles, just make your changes, and do not mark them up in any special way, except when the article itself discusses deleted or inserted content, such as an amendment to a statute: to indicate deleted content, use <del>...</del> to indicate inserted content, use <ins>...</ins> to indicate deleted content, use <del>...</del> to indicate inserted content, use <ins>...</ins> This also applies to changing one's own talk page comments. What you type What it looks like You can indicate < del > deleted </ del > and < ins > inserted </ ins > material. You can indicate < del > deleted </ del > and < ins > inserted </ ins > material. You can indicate deleted and inserted material. You can indicate deleted and inserted material. Strikethrough The {{ Strikethrough }} template marks up an inline span of text with the <s>...</s> tag. This is usually rendered visually by drawing a horizontal line through it. Outside of articles, it can be used to mark something as no longer accurate or relevant without removing it from view. Do not use it, however, to indicate document edits. For that, use the <del>...</del> tag instead. See § Show deleted or inserted text for details. The {{ Strikethrough }} template and <s>...</s> tag are for inline content only; to strike out a block of text, such as a multi-line talk page post, use either {{ Strikethroughdiv }} or < div style = "text-decoration: line-through" ></ div > to render the entire block with strikethrough markup. What you type What you get This is {{ Strikethrough |an obsolete stretch of text}} for comparison This is an obsolete stretch of text for comparison This is {{ Strikethroughdiv |{{ubl|an obsolete bulleted list|with two items}}}} for comparison This is an obsolete bulleted list with two items for comparison an obsolete bulleted list with two items Limiting formatting and escaping wikitext Several formatting methods in wikitext can force the wikitext to be displayed exactly as typed – essentially a " what you see is what you get " effect. These techniques are useful when you need to prevent wikitext from being interpreted by parser , such as when showing examples of wikitext nested in a template. What you type What it looks like ''' nowiki tag:''' < nowiki > The <nowiki> tag ignores [[wiki]] ''markup''. It reformats text by removing newlines and multiple spaces. It still interprets characters specified by name;: </ nowiki > <nowiki> tag: The <nowiki> tag ignores [[wiki]] ''markup''. It reformats text by removing newlines and multiple spaces. It still interprets characters specified by : → <nowiki> tag: The <nowiki> tag ignores [[wiki]] ''markup''. It reformats text by removing newlines and multiple spaces. It still interprets characters specified by : → ''' pre tag:''' < pre > The pre tag ignores [[wiki]] ''markup'' as does the nowiki tag. Additionally, pre displays in a mono-spaced font, and does not reformat text spaces. It still interprets special characters: </ pre > <pre> tag: The <pre> tag ignores [[wiki]] ''markup'' as does the <nowiki> tag. Additionally, <pre> displays in a mono-spaced font, and does not reformat text spaces. It still interprets special characters: → <pre> tag: '''[Text without a URL]:''' Single square brackets holding [text without a HTTP URL] are preserved, but single square brackets containing a URL are treated as being an external [ Web link]. [Text without a URL]: Single square brackets holding [text without a HTTP URL] are preserved, but single square brackets containing a URL are treated as being an external Web link . [Text without a URL]: Single square brackets holding [text without a HTTP URL] are preserved, but single square brackets containing a URL are treated as being an external Web link . '''Leading space:''' Leading spaces are another way to preserve formatting. Putting a space at the beginning of each line stops the text from being reformatted. It still interprets [[ wiki ]] ''markup'' and special characters: Leading space: Leading spaces are another way to preserve formatting. Putting a space at the beginning of each line stops the text from being reformatted. It still interprets wiki markup and special characters: → Leading space: Leading spaces are another way to preserve formatting. Nowiki H:NOWIKI H:NOWIKI WP:NOWIKI WP:NOWIKI There are two types of nowiki markup, which operate in different ways: The <nowiki>...</nowiki> tag pair encloses a section of wiki markup, which is then displayed as normal text. The empty <nowiki /> tag interrupts the wiki markup and causes it to display as normal text. Both forms neutralize the rendering of wiki markup, as shown in the examples below. For example, the characters that have wiki markup meaning at the beginning of a line ( * , # , ; , and : ) can be rendered in normal text. Editors can normalize the font of characters trailing a wikilink, which would otherwise appear in the wikilink font. And newlines added to wikitext for readability can be ignored. Note to template editors: tag <nowiki> works only on its source page, not the target. Markup Renders as # Ordered list Ordered list Ordered list < nowiki /> # Ordered list # Ordered list # Ordered list A [[ micro- ]] second. A micro-second . A micro-second . A [[ micro- ]]< nowiki /> second. A micro- second. A micro- second. a < nowiki > </ nowiki > b a b a b ' < nowiki /> 'Italics' markup' < nowiki /> ' ''Italics' markup'' ''Italics' markup'' < nowiki > [[Example]] </ nowiki > [[Example]] [[Example]] < nowiki > <!-- revealed --> </ nowiki > <!-- revealed --> <!-- revealed --> The rest of the section consists of simple, live examples showing how a single nowiki tag escapes entire linkage structures, beyond [[ wikilink ]] and {{template}} : Unless you use the two "balanced" nowiki tags, troubleshooting strip marker errors and template parameter-handling inconsistencies is a risk. Also, a rendering error may arise when two [[...]] square brackets are on the same line, or two {{...}} curly brackets are in the same section, but only when the two have the nowiki markup placed inconsistently. Displaying wikilinks (These are all live examples.) Markup Renders as [[ wp : pagename | page name ]] [ < nowiki /> [ wp:pagename | page name ]] [[ < nowiki /> wp:pagename | page name ]] [[ wp:pagename < nowiki /> | page name ]] [[ wp : pagename | page name ] < nowiki /> ] page name [[ wp:pagename | page name ]] [[ wp:pagename | page name ]] [[ wp:pagename | page name ]] [[wp:pagename | page name ]] page name [[ wp:pagename | page name ]] [[ wp:pagename | page name ]] [[ wp:pagename | page name ]] [[wp:pagename | page name ]] For nested structures , escaping an inner structure escapes its outer structure too. Markup Renders as [[ wp : {{ 1x | pagename }} ]] [[ wp: { < nowiki /> { 1x | pagename }} ]] [[ wp : {{ <nowiki /> 1x | pagename }} ]] [[ wp : {{ 1x <nowiki /> | pagename }} ]] wp: pagename [[ wp: {{ 1x | pagename }} ]] [[ wp: {{ 1x | pagename }} ]] [[ wp: {{ 1x | pagename }} ]] wp: pagename [[ wp: {{ 1x | pagename }} ]] [[ wp: {{ 1x | pagename }} ]] [[ wp: {{ 1x | pagename }} ]] For two, first pipes , two nowiki tags are required: Markup Renders as [[ wp : pagename | {{ 1x | label }} ]] [[ wp: pagename < nowiki /> | {{ 1x <nowiki /> | label }} ]] nowiki> [[ wp : pagename | {{ 1x | label }} ]] /nowiki> label [[ wp: pagename | {{ 1x | label }} ]] [[ wp: pagename | {{ 1x | label }} ]] label [[ wp: pagename | {{ 1x | label }} ]] [[ wp: pagename | {{ 1x | label }} ]] Displaying template calls For templates, put nowiki before the first pipe. If a parameter has a wikilink, put it in that, an inmost position. Markup Renders as { < nowiki /> { val | u= [[ ms ]] | 49082 }} {{ <nowiki /> val | u = [[ ms ]] | 49082 }} {{ val <nowiki /> | u = [[ ms ]] | 49082 }} {{ val | u = [[ ms ]] | 49082 } < nowiki /> } {{ val | u = [[ ms ] < nowiki /> ] | 49082 }} {{ val | u=> ms | 49082 }} {{ val | u= > ms | 49082 }} {{ val | u=> ms | 49082 }} {{ val | u=> ms | 49082 }} {{ val | u=> [[ ms ]] | 49082 }} Y {{ val | u=> ms | 49082 }} {{ val | u= > ms | 49082 }} {{ val | u=> ms | 49082 }} {{ val | u=> ms | 49082 }} {{ val | u=> [[ ms ]] | 49082 }} Y Displaying magic words For input parameters , {{{1}}}, {{{2}}}, just write them out, unless they have a default (which goes behind their pipe): {{<nowiki />{1|default}}} → {{{1|default}}} For a parser function nowiki goes between bracketing-pair characters, or anywhere before the : colon. Markup Renders as {{ #ifeq : inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} { < nowiki /> { #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} {{ <nowiki /> #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} {{ #ifeq<nowiki />: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} {{ #ifeq : inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo } < nowiki /> } outYes {{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} {{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} {{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} {{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} outYes {{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} {{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} {{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} {{ #ifeq: inYes | inYes | outYes | outNo }} Behavioral switches expect the tag anywhere: Markup Renders as 1. __HIDDENCAT__ 2. __HIDDENCAT < nowiki /> __ 1. 2. __HIDDENCAT__ Displaying tags Tags do not display; they are just markup. If you want them to, insert <nowiki /> after an < opening angle bracket; it goes only in the very front. Opening tags and closing tags must be treated separately. Markup Renders as < span style = color:blue > Blue </ span > < < nowiki /> span style=color:blue> Blue < < nowiki /> /span> < section end = la<nowiki /> bel /> < < nowiki /> section end=label /> Blue <span style=color:blue> Blue </span> bel /> N <section end=label /> Y Blue <span style=color:blue> Blue </span> bel /> N <section end=label /> Y Use template {{ tag }} instead of nowiki tags to display parser tags: Character entities , nowiki cannot escape. To escape HTML or special character entities, replace & with . For example, lt; → To display a nowiki tag , you can (1) use {{ tag }} , (2) replace the < left angle bracket with its HTML character entity, or (3) nest nowiki tags in each other: Markup Renders as {{ tag | nowiki }} < code > lt; nowiki>... lt;/ nowiki > </ code > < code > < < nowiki /> nowiki>...< < nowiki /> / nowiki > </ code > <nowiki>...</ nowiki > < nowiki>...</ nowiki > < nowiki>...</ nowiki > <nowiki>...</ nowiki > < nowiki>...</ nowiki > < nowiki>...</ nowiki > {{ tag | nowiki | s }} < code > lt; nowiki /> </ code > < code > nowiki /> nowiki /> </ code > < code > nowiki> nowiki /> /nowiki> </ code > <nowiki /> < nowiki /> < nowiki /> < nowiki /> <nowiki /> < nowiki /> < nowiki /> < nowiki /> Nowiki tags do not otherwise nest, so it is the second and fourth that displays: Markup Renders as 1 nowiki>2 nowiki>3 </ nowiki > 4 </ nowiki > nowiki> {{ ! }} nowiki> </ nowiki >{{ ! }}</ nowiki > 12<nowiki>34</nowiki> second and fourth {{!}}<nowiki>|</nowiki> 12<nowiki>34</nowiki> second and fourth {{!}}<nowiki>|</nowiki> These simply scan from left to right. The paired tags cannot overlap, because the very first pair-match nullifies any intervening tags inside. Unbalanced tags always display. Nowiki tags do not display table markup, use <pre>...</pre> . Pre WP:PRE WP:PRE <pre> is a parser tag that emulates the HTML <pre> tag. It defines preformatted text that is displayed in a fixed-width font and is enclosed in a dashed box. HTML-like and wiki markup tags are escaped, spaces and line breaks are preserved, but HTML elements are parsed. Markup Renders as < pre > <!--Comment--> [[wiki]] markup </ pre > <!--Comment--> [[wiki]] markup As <pre> is a parser tag, it escapes wikitext and HTML tags. This can be prevented with the use of <includeonly></includeonly> within the <pre> , making it act more like its HTML equivalent: Markup Renders as < pre < includeonly > </includeonly>><!--Comment--> [[wiki]] markup </ pre > wiki markup & Invisible HTML <pre> tags can also be inserted by preceding text with a space character, like: Alternatively, consider using {{ pre }} template or < syntaxhighlight lang="text">...</syntaxhighlight> . Invisible text (comments) It's uncommon – but on occasion acceptable for notes to other editors – to add a hidden comment within the text of an article. These comments are visible only when editing or viewing the source of a page. Most comments should go on the appropriate Talk page . The format is to surround the hidden text with " <!-- " and " --> " and may cover several lines, e.g.: Another way to include a comment in the wiki markup uses the {{ Void }} template, which can be abbreviated as {{ ^ }} . This template "expands" to the empty string, generating no HTML output; it is visible only to people editing the wiki source. Thus {{ ^ |A lengthy comment here}} operates similarly to the comment <!-- A lengthy comment here --> . The main difference is that the template version can be nested, while attempting to nest HTML comments produces odd results. Variables Code Effect Notes {{CURRENTWEEK}} 3 Number of weeks since January 1 (January 1 can be in week 1; but only if it's a Monday, Tues, Wed, Thurs - if it's Friday, Sat or Sun, Jan 1 will be in week 52 or 53) [ citation needed ] {{CURRENTDOW}} 4 0 =Sunday, 1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, ... 6 = Saturday 0 =Sunday, 1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, ... 6 = Saturday {{CURRENTMONTH}} 01 {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} January The nominative (subject) form, as usually seen in English {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} January The genitive (possessive) grammatical form of the month name, as used in some languages but not in English {{CURRENTDAY}} 15 {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} Thursday {{CURRENTYEAR}} 2026 {{CURRENTTIME}} 23:40 {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} 7,122,685 Number of pages in the main namespace that contain a link and are not a redirect. This includes full articles, stubs containing a link, and disambiguation pages. {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} 64,880,516 {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} 51,067,632 {{PAGENAME}} Wikitext {{NAMESPACE}} Help {{REVISIONID}} - {{REVISIONUSER}} DragonflySixtyseven {{localurl:pagename}} /wiki/Pagename {{localurl: Wikipedia:Sandbox |action=edit}} /w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=edit {{fullurl:pagename}} //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagename {{fullurl:pagename| query_string }} //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagename&query_string {{SERVER}} //en.wikipedia.org {{ns:1}} Talk {{ns: index }} e.g. {{ns:1}} → full name of namespace {{ns: index }} e.g. {{ns:1}} → full name of namespace {{SITENAME}} Wikipedia In languages where it makes a difference, you can use constructs like {{ grammar : case | word }} to convert a word from the nominative case to some other case. For example, {{ grammar : genitive |{{ CURRENTMONTHNAME }}}} means the same as {{ CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN }} HTML Many HTML tags can be used in wiki markup. You can check your HTML by using markup validation . Common templates v t e Quick templates v t e Images [[ File : | thumb | upright | right | alt = | caption ]] Cite web < ref >{{ cite web | url = | title = | author = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = }}</ ref > Cite journal < ref >{{ cite journal | last1 = | first1 = | last2 = | first2 = | date = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | doi = | url = | access-date = }}</ ref > Cite book (short) < ref >{{ cite book | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | publisher = | series = | date = | doi = | isbn = }}</ ref > Cite book (extended) < ref >{{ cite book | last1 = | first1 = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link1 = | author-link2 = | editor = | title = | trans-title = | url = | access-date = | edition = | series = | volume = | date = | publisher = | location = | isbn = | doi = | page = | pages = | chapter = }}</ ref > Metric conversions Single input: {{ convert | original_value | original_unit | conversion_unit | abbr = on }} Range of values: {{ convert | orig_val1 | range | orig_val2 | original_unit | conversion_unit | abbr = on }} Examples: {{ convert | 60 | and | 170 | kg | lb | abbr = on }} {{ convert | 18 | °C | °F }} {{ convert | 3.21 | kg | lb }} Variables Code Effect {{CURRENTWEEK}} 3 {{CURRENTWEEKDAY}} 4 {{CURRENTMONTH}} 01 {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} January {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} January {{CURRENTDAY}} 15 {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} Thursday {{CURRENTYEAR}} 2026 {{CURRENTTIME}} 23:40 {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} 7,122,685 {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} 64,880,516 {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} 51,067,632 {{PAGENAME}} Wikitext {{TALKPAGENAME}} Help talk:Wikitext {{NAMESPACE}} Help {{REVISIONID}} - {{REVISIONUSER}} DragonflySixtyseven {{localurl:pagename}} /wiki/Pagename {{localurl: Wikipedia:Sandbox |action=edit}} /w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=edit {{fullurl:pagename}} //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagename {{fullurl:pagename| action=history }} //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagename&action=history {{SERVER}} //en.wikipedia.org {{ns: index }} e.g. '{{ns:1}}' fullname of namespace e.g 'Talk' {{SITENAME}} Wikipedia Recalling named reference <ref name= "NAMEOFREF" /> Quotes {{ blockquote | text = | sign = }} Blockquotes < blockquote > < p > QUOTED PARAGRAPH </ p > < p > NAME, SOURCE, REFERENCE </ p > </ blockquote > About (This page is about USE1. For other uses, see About (disambiguation).) {{ About | USE1 }} (This page is about USE1. For other uses, see PAGE2.) {{ About | USE1 || PAGE2 }} (This page is about USE1. For USE2, see PAGE2.) {{ About | USE1 | USE2 | PAGE2 }} (This page is about USE1. For USE2, see PAGE2. For USE3, see PAGE3. For USE4, see PAGE4. For USE5, see PAGE5.) {{ About | USE1 | USE2 | PAGE2 | USE3 | PAGE3 | USE4 | PAGE4 | USE5 | PAGE5 }} Tables (borderless) {| |- ! scope = "col" | COLUMN1 ! scope = "col" | COLUMN2 |- | ROW1 | ROW1/COL2 |- | ROW2 | ROW2/COL2 |} Tables (wikitable) {| class = "wikitable" |- ! scope = "col" | COLUMN1 ! scope = "col" | COLUMN2 |- | ROW1 | ROW1/COL2 |- | ROW2 | ROW2/COL2 |} Collapsible tables (Default: collapsed) {| class = "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style = "text-align: left;margin:0px;" |- ! style = "width:20em;" | COLUMN1 ! style = "width:20em;" | COLUMN2 |- | ROW1 | ROW1/COL2 |- | ROW2 | ROW2/COL2 |- |} Columns {{ col-begin | width = 100% }} {{ col-break | width = }} {{ col-end }} Interwiki links Wiki Shortcut Wikimedia Commons [[commons:]] Wikipedia [[w:]] Wiktionary [[wikt:]] Wikibooks [[b:]] Wikisource [[s:]] Wikispecies [[species:]] Wikiversity [[wv:]] Metawiki [[m:]] MediaWiki [[mw:]] Vandalism response templates * {{ subst : uw-vandalism1 | PageName }} ~~~~ (unintentional vandalism/test) * {{ subst : uw-delete1 | PageName }} ~~~~ (unintentional removal of content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism2 | PageName }} ~~~~ (suitable for intentional nonsense or disruption) * {{ subst : uw-delete2 | PageName }} ~~~~ (variant for removal of content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism3 | PageName }} ~~~~ ("please stop" for use after level 2 warning) * {{ subst : uw-delete3 | PageName }} ~~~~ (please stop removing content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism4 | PageName }} ~~~~ (last warning for vandalism) * {{ subst : uw-delete4 | PageName }} ~~~~ (last warning for removing content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism4im | PageName }} ~~~~ (only warning; for severe or grotesque vandalism only) * {{ subst : uw-delete4im | PageName }} ~~~~ (only warning; for many blankings in a short period of time) Page citations {{ rp | page = }} Images Images [[ File : | thumb | upright | right | alt = | caption ]] Cite web Cite web < ref >{{ cite web | url = | title = | author = | date = | website = | publisher = | access-date = }}</ ref > Cite journal Cite journal < ref >{{ cite journal | last1 = | first1 = | last2 = | first2 = | date = | title = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | doi = | url = | access-date = }}</ ref > Cite book (short) Cite book (short) < ref >{{ cite book | last = | first = | author-link = | title = | publisher = | series = | date = | doi = | isbn = }}</ ref > Cite book (extended) Cite book (extended) < ref >{{ cite book | last1 = | first1 = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link1 = | author-link2 = | editor = | title = | trans-title = | url = | access-date = | edition = | series = | volume = | date = | publisher = | location = | isbn = | doi = | page = | pages = | chapter = }}</ ref > Metric conversions Metric conversions Single input: {{ convert | original_value | original_unit | conversion_unit | abbr = on }} Range of values: {{ convert | orig_val1 | range | orig_val2 | original_unit | conversion_unit | abbr = on }} Examples: {{ convert | 60 | and | 170 | kg | lb | abbr = on }} {{ convert | 18 | °C | °F }} {{ convert | 3.21 | kg | lb }} Variables Variables Code Effect {{CURRENTWEEK}} 3 {{CURRENTWEEKDAY}} 4 {{CURRENTMONTH}} 01 {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} January {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} January {{CURRENTDAY}} 15 {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} Thursday {{CURRENTYEAR}} 2026 {{CURRENTTIME}} 23:40 {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} 7,122,685 {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} 64,880,516 {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} 51,067,632 {{PAGENAME}} Wikitext {{TALKPAGENAME}} Help talk:Wikitext {{NAMESPACE}} Help {{REVISIONID}} - {{REVISIONUSER}} DragonflySixtyseven {{localurl:pagename}} /wiki/Pagename {{localurl: Wikipedia:Sandbox |action=edit}} /w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=edit {{fullurl:pagename}} //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagename {{fullurl:pagename| action=history }} //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagename&action=history {{SERVER}} //en.wikipedia.org {{ns: index }} e.g. '{{ns:1}}' fullname of namespace e.g 'Talk' {{SITENAME}} Wikipedia Code Effect {{CURRENTWEEK}} 3 {{CURRENTWEEKDAY}} 4 {{CURRENTMONTH}} 01 {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} January {{CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN}} January {{CURRENTDAY}} 15 {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} Thursday {{CURRENTYEAR}} 2026 {{CURRENTTIME}} 23:40 {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} 7,122,685 {{NUMBEROFPAGES}} 64,880,516 {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} 51,067,632 {{PAGENAME}} Wikitext {{TALKPAGENAME}} Help talk:Wikitext {{NAMESPACE}} Help {{REVISIONID}} - {{REVISIONUSER}} DragonflySixtyseven {{localurl:pagename}} /wiki/Pagename {{localurl: Wikipedia:Sandbox |action=edit}} /w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&action=edit {{fullurl:pagename}} //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagename {{fullurl:pagename| action=history }} //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagename&action=history {{SERVER}} //en.wikipedia.org {{ns: index }} e.g. '{{ns:1}}' fullname of namespace e.g 'Talk' {{SITENAME}} Wikipedia Recalling named reference Recalling named reference <ref name= "NAMEOFREF" /> Quotes Quotes {{ blockquote | text = | sign = }} Blockquotes Blockquotes < blockquote > < p > QUOTED PARAGRAPH </ p > < p > NAME, SOURCE, REFERENCE </ p > </ blockquote > About About (This page is about USE1. For other uses, see About (disambiguation).) {{ About | USE1 }} (This page is about USE1. For other uses, see PAGE2.) {{ About | USE1 || PAGE2 }} (This page is about USE1. For USE2, see PAGE2.) {{ About | USE1 | USE2 | PAGE2 }} (This page is about USE1. For USE2, see PAGE2. For USE3, see PAGE3. For USE4, see PAGE4. For USE5, see PAGE5.) {{ About | USE1 | USE2 | PAGE2 | USE3 | PAGE3 | USE4 | PAGE4 | USE5 | PAGE5 }} Tables (borderless) Tables (borderless) {| |- ! scope = "col" | COLUMN1 ! scope = "col" | COLUMN2 |- | ROW1 | ROW1/COL2 |- | ROW2 | ROW2/COL2 |} Tables (wikitable) Tables (wikitable) {| class = "wikitable" |- ! scope = "col" | COLUMN1 ! scope = "col" | COLUMN2 |- | ROW1 | ROW1/COL2 |- | ROW2 | ROW2/COL2 |} Collapsible tables (Default: collapsed) Collapsible tables (Default: collapsed) {| class = "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style = "text-align: left;margin:0px;" |- ! style = "width:20em;" | COLUMN1 ! style = "width:20em;" | COLUMN2 |- | ROW1 | ROW1/COL2 |- | ROW2 | ROW2/COL2 |- |} Columns Columns {{ col-begin | width = 100% }} {{ col-break | width = }} {{ col-end }} Interwiki links Interwiki links Wiki Shortcut Wikimedia Commons [[commons:]] Wikipedia [[w:]] Wiktionary [[wikt:]] Wikibooks [[b:]] Wikisource [[s:]] Wikispecies [[species:]] Wikiversity [[wv:]] Metawiki [[m:]] MediaWiki [[mw:]] Wiki Shortcut Wikimedia Commons [[commons:]] Wikipedia [[w:]] Wiktionary [[wikt:]] Wikibooks [[b:]] Wikisource [[s:]] Wikispecies [[species:]] Wikiversity [[wv:]] Metawiki [[m:]] MediaWiki [[mw:]] Vandalism response templates Vandalism response templates * {{ subst : uw-vandalism1 | PageName }} ~~~~ (unintentional vandalism/test) * {{ subst : uw-delete1 | PageName }} ~~~~ (unintentional removal of content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism2 | PageName }} ~~~~ (suitable for intentional nonsense or disruption) * {{ subst : uw-delete2 | PageName }} ~~~~ (variant for removal of content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism3 | PageName }} ~~~~ ("please stop" for use after level 2 warning) * {{ subst : uw-delete3 | PageName }} ~~~~ (please stop removing content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism4 | PageName }} ~~~~ (last warning for vandalism) * {{ subst : uw-delete4 | PageName }} ~~~~ (last warning for removing content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism4im | PageName }} ~~~~ (only warning; for severe or grotesque vandalism only) * {{ subst : uw-delete4im | PageName }} ~~~~ (only warning; for many blankings in a short period of time) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism1 | PageName }} ~~~~ (unintentional vandalism/test) * {{ subst : uw-delete1 | PageName }} ~~~~ (unintentional removal of content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism2 | PageName }} ~~~~ (suitable for intentional nonsense or disruption) * {{ subst : uw-delete2 | PageName }} ~~~~ (variant for removal of content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism3 | PageName }} ~~~~ ("please stop" for use after level 2 warning) * {{ subst : uw-delete3 | PageName }} ~~~~ (please stop removing content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism4 | PageName }} ~~~~ (last warning for vandalism) * {{ subst : uw-delete4 | PageName }} ~~~~ (last warning for removing content) * {{ subst : uw-vandalism4im | PageName }} ~~~~ (only warning; for severe or grotesque vandalism only) * {{ subst : uw-delete4im | PageName }} ~~~~ (only warning; for many blankings in a short period of time) Page citations Page citations {{ rp | page = }} Notes ^ Wikipedia is an encyclopedia that uses wikitext—wikitext is not named after Wikipedia. ^ The version of LaTeX used is a subset of AMS-LaTeX markup; see Help:Displaying a formula for details. See also See the 'Coding wiki markup' section of the Help navigation navbox below for additional links. Wikipedia:User page design guide/Style Wikipedia:Extended image syntax : advanced visual file markup . Help:A quick guide to templates : an introduction to templates . Help:Substitution : substitution is an alternative way of including templates than transclusion . Help:Score : how to render musical scores. Help:Displaying a formula : displaying mathematical formulae. @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Editing Wikitext at Wikibooks. Parsoid : MediaWiki application that allows for converting back and forth between wikitext and HTML. {{ Syntaxhighlight }} : template to show wrapped syntax-highlighted text. Help:Displaying a formula : LaTeX and Chemistry notation v t e Wikipedia directories and indexes v t e Administration pages Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools Help directory Menu Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects Portal Discussions Noticeboards Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Wikitext HTML Templates HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Encyclopedia proper Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Featured articles Good articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching v t e Wikipedia editor navigation ( Search ) v t e v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) 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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? 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Reward board Contests Merchandise giveaways Wikipedia:Five Year Society Wikipedia:Ten Year Society Wikipedia:Fifteen Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty Year Society Wikipedia:Twenty-Five Year Society WikiProject Wikipedia Awards Kindness Campaign v t e Useful links Daily pages CAT:HELP WP:ANI WP:BLPN WP:BOTN WP:COIN WP:DASH WP:FTN WP:HD WP:MCQ WP:NORN WP:NPOVN WP:PUMP ( /A /M /P /R /T ) WP:RD ( /C /E /H /L /M /MA /S ) WP:RFC ( /MEDIA /BIO /ECON /HIST /LANG /NAME /PAG /PHIL /POLY /SCI /SOC /STYLE ) WP:RFF WP:RSN WP:SPI WP:THIRD WP:DRV ) Things to do CAT:BACKLOG CAT:M CAT:WRI WP:AFC WP:ASOF WP:DPWL WP:FAC WP:FAR WP:FPC WP:GAN WP:GAR WP:KIND WP:MISSING WP:PR WP:RD WP:RP WP:SPOKEN WP:UW WP:THQ WP:VITAL WP:WANTED WP:WC BrokenRedirects Disambigs LongPages NewPages OrphanPages TagsPages UncatImages UncatPages Resources CAT:HOWTO WP:AWARD WP:CATEGORY WP:CAT-R WP:CITE WP:CITET WP:COPYEDIT WP:CUTPASTE WP:CUV WP:DEPT WP:DFD WP:DISAMBIG WP:EDIT WP:CITE WP:FORMULA WP:HAT WP:ICT WP:LAYOUT WP:LIBRARY WP:MAGIC WP:MERGE WP:PIFU WP:PRECEDENT WP:REDIRECT WP:STYLE WP:SUMMARY WP:TEMPLATE CatTree PrefixIndex Policies / Guidelines WP:3RR WP:ADMIN WP:AP WP:APPEAL WP:ATTACK WP:AUTOBIO WP:BAN WP:BLANK WP:BLOCK WP:BOLD WP:BOTPOL WP:CANVASS WP:CFORK WP:CIVIL WP:CONFLICT WP:CONSENSUS WP:COPYRIGHT WP:DELETE WP:DISCLAIM WP:DISPUTE WP:DISRUPTIVE WP:DONTBITE WP:DPR WP:EP WP:ETIQ WP:EDITWAR WP:FRINGE WP:GAME WP:GOOGLE WP:HARASS WP:HOAX WP:IGNORE WP:IUP WP:LEAD WP:LEGAL WP:LIBEL WP:LINKS WP:CLNT WP:LIVING WP:LOGOS WP:M WP:NAME WP:NONFREE WP:NONSENSE WP:NOT WP:NOTE WP:NPOV WP:NPS WP:OFFICE WP:ORIGINAL WP:OVERSIGHT WP:OWN WP:PACL WP:PD WP:PEACOCK WP:PERFORM WP:POINT WP:POLLING WP:PROD WP:PROTECT WP:RELIABLE WP:SELF WP:SOCK WP:SPAM WP:SPEEDY WP:STUB WP:TALK WP:TP WP:TRIVIA WP:USERBOX WP:USERNAME WP:USERPAGE WP:VANDAL WP:VANISH WP:VERIFY WP:WEASEL WP:WHEEL Administrators CAT:AB CAT:CSD CAT:PER CAT:RFU WP:AE WP:AIV WP:AN WP:ANEW WP:ARL WP:CP WP:DGFA WP:NAS WP:OP WP:RFA WP:RFARB WP:RFM WP:RFPP WP:RM WP:RSPAM WP:UAA BlockLog DelLog ProtectLog External links Article statistics Edit Counter FIST ISBNdb Make Reference Wikichecker WikiEN-l archives v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) v t e Five pillars Ignore all rules Five pillars Ignore all rules Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Writing and lyrics 3 Composition Toggle Composition subsection 3.1 Production 3.2 Music 3.1 Production 3.2 Music 4 Release and promotion 5 Commercial performance 6 Critical reception 7 Accolades 8 Impact 9 Track listing 10 Personnel 11 Charts Toggle Charts subsection 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year-end charts 11.3 Decade-end charts 11.4 All-time charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year-end charts 11.3 Decade-end charts 11.4 All-time charts 12 Certifications and sales 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References Toggle References subsection 15.1 Sources 15.1 Sources 16 External links Speak Now العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch डोटेली Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Speak Now Studio album by Taylor Swift Released October 25, 2010 ( 2010-10-25 ) Recorded 2009–2010 Studio Aimeeland (Nashville) Blackbird (Nashville) Pain in the Art (Nashville) Starstruck (Nashville) Capitol (Hollywood) Stonehurst ( Bowling Green ) [ 1 ] Aimeeland (Nashville) Blackbird (Nashville) Pain in the Art (Nashville) Starstruck (Nashville) Capitol (Hollywood) Stonehurst ( Bowling Green ) [ 1 ] Genre Country pop power pop country rock pop rock Country pop power pop country rock pop rock Length 67 : 28 Label Big Machine Producer Nathan Chapman Taylor Swift Nathan Chapman Taylor Swift Taylor Swift chronology Fearless (2008) Speak Now (2010) Speak Now World Tour – Live (2011) Fearless (2008) Speak Now (2010) Speak Now World Tour – Live (2011) Singles from Speak Now " Mine " Released: August 4, 2010 " Back to December " Released: November 15, 2010 " Mean " Released: March 7, 2011 " The Story of Us " Released: April 7, 2011 " Sparks Fly " Released: July 18, 2011 " Ours " Released: December 5, 2011 " Mine " Released: August 4, 2010 " Back to December " Released: November 15, 2010 " Mean " Released: March 7, 2011 " The Story of Us " Released: April 7, 2011 " Sparks Fly " Released: July 18, 2011 " Ours " Released: December 5, 2011 Speak Now is the third studio album by the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift . It was released on October 25, 2010, through Big Machine Records . Swift wrote the album entirely herself while touring in 2009–2010 to reflect on her transition from adolescence to adulthood. Swift framed Speak Now as a loose concept album about the unsaid things she wanted to deliver to the subjects of her songs. Using confessional songwriting, the album is mostly about heartbreak and reflections on broken relationships, and some tracks were inspired by Swift's rising stardom in the public eye to address her critics and adversaries. She and Nathan Chapman produced Speak Now , which combines country pop , country rock , pop rock , and power pop . Its songs incorporate prominent rock stylings, and their melodies are characterized by acoustic instruments intertwined with chiming electric guitars , dynamic drums, and orchestral strings . After the album's release, Swift embarked on the Speak Now World Tour from February 2011 to March 2012. The album was supported by six singles , including the US Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles " Mine " and " Back to December ", and the US Hot Country Songs number ones " Sparks Fly " and " Ours ". Speak Now peaked atop the charts and received multi-platinum certifications in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. In the United States, it sold one million copies within its first release week, spent six weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 , and was certified six-times platinum for surpassing six million album-equivalent units by the Recording Industry Association of America . Music critics generally praised Speak Now for its radio-friendly melodies and emotional engagement. Some critics thought the lyrics represented Swift's maturity in early adulthood, but several others criticized the confrontational tracks as shallow. At the 54th Annual Grammy Awards in 2012, Speak Now was nominated for Best Country Album , and its single " Mean " won Best Country Song and Best Country Solo Performance . The album appeared in 2010s decade-end lists by Billboard and Spin , and Rolling Stone ranked it in their lists "The 50 Greatest Female Albums of All Time" (2012) and "The 250 Greatest Albums of the 21st Century So Far" (2025). Following the 2019 dispute regarding the ownership of Swift's back catalog, she released the re-recorded album Speak Now (Taylor's Version) in 2023, and the master recording ownership of Speak Now was acquired by Swift in 2025. Background Taylor Swift released hеr second studio album Fearless through Nashville -based Big Machine Records in November 2008. The album spent 11 weeks at number one on the US Billboard 200 , the longest chart run for a female country music artist. [ 2 ] It was the best-selling album of 2009 in the United States and then-20-year-old Swift the youngest artist to have an annual best-seller since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking album sales in 1991. [ 3 ] Two of the album's singles , " Love Story " and " You Belong with Me ", performed well on both country and pop radio and brought Swift to mainstream prominence. [ 4 ] "Love Story" was the first country song to reach number one on the Pop Songs chart and "You Belong with Me" was the first country song to top the all-genre Radio Songs chart. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards in February 2010, Fearless won Album of the Year and Best Country Album , and its single " White Horse " won Best Female Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Song . [ 7 ] The success of Fearless made Swift one of country music's biggest stars to crossover into the mainstream market. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , where Swift won Best Female Video for "You Belong with Me", the rapper Kanye West interrupted her acceptance speech; the incident received widespread media coverage and became known as " Kanyegate ". [ 10 ] [ 11 ] At the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards, Swift sang "You Belong with Me" and " Rhiannon " with Stevie Nicks ; some critics commented Swift performed with weak vocals. [ 12 ] MTV News commented the MTV Awards incident transformed Swift into a "bona-fide mainstream celebrity", [ 13 ] and The New York Times said it was refreshing to see a talented singer-songwriter like Swift "make the occasional flub". [ 14 ] Swift began writing for her third studio album immediately after she released Fearless and continued during her Fearless Tour in 2009 and 2010. [ 15 ] Writing and lyrics Because of her extensive touring schedule, Swift wrote her third album alone: "I'd get my best ideas at 3:00 a.m. in Arkansas, and I didn't have a co-writer around so I would just finish it. That would happen again in New York and then again in Boston and that would happen again in Nashville." [ 15 ] Inspired by her growth into adulthood, she conceived Speak Now as a loose concept album about the things she wanted to tell certain people she had met but never had a chance to. [ 15 ] As with her songwriting on previous albums, Swift strove to convey emotional honesty with details as specifically as possible, believing it is important for a songwriter to do so. [ 15 ] She described her songs as "diary entries" about her emotions that helped her navigate adulthood. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Swift chose not to follow the trend of making increasingly sexualized music by artists of her age and believed such a path would be incongruent with her artistic vision. [ note 1 ] Departing from Fearless 's theme of fairy tales and starry-eyed romance, Speak Now explores introspection and reflections on broken relationships. [ 15 ] [ 19 ] By avoiding sexual references in its songs, the album kept Swift's "good-girl" image intact. [ note 2 ] Some tracks were inspired by Swift's public experience, including past relationships with high-profile celebrities, which received media attention during the album's promotional rollout. [ 19 ] [ 21 ] The confessional lyrics of Speak Now are more direct and confrontational than those on Swift's past albums. [ 22 ] On " Back to December ", she asks an ex-lover to forgive her wrongdoings. [ 23 ] Swift wrote the title track, " Speak Now ", after hearing a friend's ex-boyfriend was marrying another woman; in the lyrics, the protagonist crashes the ex-boyfriend's wedding and tries to halt it. [ 21 ] [ 24 ] " Dear John " narrates a devastating relationship of a 19-year-old female narrator who accuses a much-older man of manipulating her with "dark, twisted games". [ 21 ] Swift's encounter with an ex-lover at an awards show, where they ignored each other despite Swift feeling a need to speak to him inspired " The Story of Us ". [ 25 ] On " Better than Revenge ", Swift affirms vengeance against a romantic rival who is known for "the things she does on the mattress". [ 21 ] [ 26 ] Romantic optimism is another theme of the album. [ 15 ] [ 21 ] The opening track " Mine " is about Swift's hope of attaining happiness despite her tendency to "run from love" to avoid heartbreak. [ 16 ] It was the first song she included on the track list because it represents her then-new perspective of romance. [ 27 ] Swift had written " Sparks Fly "—a song about dangerous hints of love at first sight—before she released her 2006 debut album, Taylor Swift . [ 28 ] She re-recorded the song for Speak Now after she received fan request to release it at the 2010 CMA Music Festival . [ 15 ] " Enchanted " describes the aftermath of an encounter with a special person without knowing whether the infatuation would be reciprocated. [ 21 ] " Haunted " is about romantic obsession and "Last Kiss" explores the lingering feelings after a breakup. [ 21 ] On " Long Live ", Swift expresses gratitude to her fans and bandmates. [ 29 ] The lyrics of "Enchanted" and "Long Live" incorporate high-school-prom and fairy-tale imagery that recalls the youthful optimism of Fearless . [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Besides love and romance, Swift wrote about self-perception. " Never Grow Up " is a contemplation of her childhood, adulthood, and future. [ 26 ] [ 24 ] The self-aware " Mean ", in which Swift sings about facing a man who had tried to take her down, was inspired by her detractors. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Because of her confessional songwriting, the media became invested in Swift's personal life and believed each song is about a real person: an ex-lover, a friend, or an enemy. [ 18 ] [ 21 ] Although Swift was interested to hear the response from the people to whom she dedicated the songs, she did not publicly name them and believed they would realize this themselves. [ 18 ] [ 21 ] She did reveal that Kanye West, who interrupted Swift's acceptance speech at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, was the subject of " Innocent ". [ 25 ] In the track, Swift sings about forgiving a man who wronged her; according to Esquire , the track can be interpreted as "a simple lament of a lost love, or a former friend being forgiven". [ 34 ] Swift wrote as many as 25 songs and by early 2010, she had begun to select songs for the album. [ 15 ] [ 27 ] To ensure the album would be coherent, she played the songs to her family, friends, and the producer Nathan Chapman , [ 15 ] who had worked with Swift on both of her previous albums. [ 35 ] Swift chose Enchanted as a working title but Big Machine Records' founder Scott Borchetta recommended Swift choose a different title, deeming Enchanted unfit for the album's mature perspective. [ note 3 ] She settled on the title Speak Now because she thought it best captures the album's essence: "I think it's such a metaphor, that moment where it's almost too late, and you've got to either say what it is you are feeling or deal with the consequences forever ... And this album seemed like the opportunity for me to speak now or forever hold my peace." [ 21 ] Swift finalized the track list by June 2010. [ 16 ] Composition Production Swift recorded much of Speak Now with Chapman at his Pain in the Art Studio in Nashville. [ 36 ] Although Fearless 's commercial success allowed Swift to engage a larger group of producers, she worked solely with Chapman because she believed they had a productive relationship. [ 36 ] The recording process started with a demo ; Swift recorded vocals and played guitar, and Chapman sang background vocals and played other instruments. After arranging the demos, they approached other engineers and musicians to tweak some elements, including overdubs and programmed drums. [ 36 ] The first track Chapman produced with Swift on Speak Now is "Mine", which they recorded within five hours. [ 36 ] Because of his artistic autonomy, Chapman said he was responsible for "60 percent of the music on the album, including 90 percent of the guitars". [ 36 ] Much of his production for Speak Now is identical to that for Fearless ; he programmed the drums with Toontrack 's software Superior Drummer , played drums on the Roland Fantom G6 keyboard, added electric guitars to the arrangements, recorded Swift's vocals with an Avantone CV12 microphone and his background vocals with a Shure SM57 , produced the bass with an Avalon VT737 preamplifier , and used Endless Audio's CLASP System to synchronize his editing on Pro Tools and Logic . [ 36 ] To make the sounds align with country music stylings, Chapman worked with other Nashville musicians to replace the programmed drums with live drums and add acoustic instruments such as fiddle . [ 36 ] For instance, Chapman asked Steve Marcantonio to cut down programmed drums on "Mine" at Blackbird Studio in Nashville. [ 36 ] For some tracks, including "Back to December", Swift and her team went to Capitol Studios in Los Angeles to record string orchestration . [ 16 ] [ 37 ] After recording finished, Justin Niebank mixed the album on Pro Tools at Blackbird Studio. Within three weeks, Niebank finished mixing 17 tracks including 14 on the standard edition and three bonus tracks on the deluxe edition. [ 36 ] [ 38 ] Because Swift wanted Speak Now to be a direct communication with her audience, Niebank infused monoaural reverberation inspired by 1950s and 1960s music in the mix to evoke a "vintage" and "retro" vibe that, according to Niebank, brought a sense of authenticity. [ 36 ] Hank Williams mastered the recordings. [ 36 ] Because much of Speak Now was recorded and mixed in Nashville, Niebank believed the album stood out among popular records that were manipulated with contemporaneous technologies Auto-Tune and Melodyne . [ 36 ] Although Chapman was responsible for much of the production, he said Swift's co-production credit was well-deserved: "We were really a team, very collaborative." [ 36 ] [ 39 ] Music Speak Now features a country pop sound with prominent mainstream music elements, a style that had characterized Taylor Swift and Fearless , and is typified by the lead single and opening track, "Mine"; [ 41 ] [ 40 ] [ 42 ] The Daily Telegraph ' s James Lachno described the sound as "country bubblegum-pop". [ 43 ] The songs' arrangements are similar to those in Swift's first two albums, but the instruments' textures are more dense and evoke strong pop and rock influences. [ 44 ] According to the musicologist James E. Perone, the rock textures of Speak Now are derived from 1970s and 1980s styles such as new wave rock and arena rock . [ 45 ] There were disagreements over the album's genre classification, [ 46 ] with critics categorizing it as country rock , [ 42 ] pop rock , [ 47 ] and power pop . [ 48 ] The music critic Ann Powers , in a review for the Los Angeles Times , described the album's sound as an extension of country-pop towards alternative rock and bubblegum pop, with its tracks incorporating styles from "lush strings of Céline -style kitsch -pop to Americana banjo to countrypolitan electric guitar". [ 19 ] The song structures feature climatic build-ups, catchy pop melodies, and memorable hooks , [ 49 ] [ 31 ] characterized by chiming guitars, dynamic drums, and powerful choruses. [ 50 ] The banjo-led bluegrass track "Mean" is the only song that critics regarded as purely country music. [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 51 ] "Sparks Fly" has an arena-rock and pop-rock production with guitars and subtle fiddles, [ 52 ] [ 53 ] and "Speak Now" is an acoustic guitar-driven pop song with a 1950s rock chorus . [ 40 ] [ 54 ] "The Story of Us" and "Better than Revenge" are electric-guitar-driven pop-punk songs; [ 55 ] the former contains influences of arena rock, dance-pop , and new wave , instrumented by electric guitar riffs and subdued mandolin ; [ 49 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] and the latter features soaring electric guitars and distorted vocals, evoking 1980s hard rock but with more melodic accessibility. [ 58 ] The arena-rock and goth-rock number "Haunted" incorporates a dramatic recurring string section. [ 29 ] [ 55 ] [ 59 ] The closing track "Long Live" is a heartland rock song featuring girl-group harmonies and chiming rock guitars. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The remaining tracks of Speak Now are ballads . "Back to December" is a gentle, orchestral, string-laden power ballad . [ 24 ] [ 60 ] "Dear John" is a slow-burning, bluesy , country-pop song with electric guitar licks . [ 9 ] [ 61 ] The guitar ballad "Never Grow Up" incorporates an understated production that accompanies its wistful lyrics. [ 29 ] [ 40 ] On "Enchanted", the acoustic guitar crescendos after each refrain and leads up to a harmony-layered coda at the end. [ 29 ] [ 31 ] "Innocent" and "Last Kiss" incorporate sparse instruments; the latter is a slow-tempo waltz with breathy vocals. [ 31 ] [ 40 ] [ 59 ] " If This Was a Movie ", a bonus song on the deluxe edition and the only song not written solely by Swift, [ note 4 ] is a fast-paced ballad with a recurring guitar riff and simple harmonies. [ 63 ] Release and promotion Swift announced Speak Now on July 20, 2010, in a live stream on Ustream . [ 35 ] Big Machine Records released the lead single "Mine" to US country radio and digital download sites on August 4, 2010. [ 64 ] The single peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 [ 65 ] and was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). [ 66 ] It reached number six in Japan, [ 67 ] number seven in Canada, [ 68 ] and number nine in Australia. [ 69 ] On August 18, Swift released the album's cover art, which depicts Swift with curly hair and red lipstick twirling in a deep-purple gown. [ 70 ] On September 15, she announced a Target -exclusive deluxe edition; the deluxe edition cover features a red gown in place of the purple gown on the standard edition cover. [ 71 ] Starting from October 4, 2010, Big Machine released one Speak Now track each week on the iTunes Store as part of a three-week countdown campaign; "Speak Now" was released on October 5, followed by "Back to December" on October 12 and "Mean" on October 19. [ 72 ] On October 22, Xfinity premiered a preview of "The Story of Us". [ 72 ] Big Machine released the standard and deluxe editions of Speak Now on October 25, 2010. [ 71 ] [ 73 ] The Target-exclusive deluxe edition contains 14 songs of the standard; the bonus tracks " Ours ", "If This Was a Movie", and "Superman"; acoustic versions of "Back to December" and "Haunted"; a "pop mix" of "Mine"; a 30-minute behind-the-scenes video for "Mine"; and the music video for "Mine". [ 38 ] [ 74 ] The deluxe edition was released to other retailers on January 17, 2012. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] To bolster sales of the album, Swift had partnerships with Starbucks , Sony Electronics , Walmart , and Jakks Pacific . [ 77 ] [ 78 ] In October 2011, Swift partnered with Elizabeth Arden, Inc. to release her fragrance brand "Wonderstruck", whose name references the lyrics of "Enchanted". [ 78 ] To further promote Speak Now , Swift appeared on magazine covers and conducted press interviews. [ 16 ] She performed "Innocent" at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards . [ 79 ] Her other performances at awards shows include the Country Music Association Awards [ 80 ] and the American Music Awards in 2010; [ 81 ] the Academy of Country Music Awards [ 82 ] and the Country Music Association Awards in 2011. [ 83 ] She also performed at a benefit concert for the Country Music Hall of Fame , held at Club Nokia L.A. [ 84 ] In Europe, Swift performed on BBC Radio 2 and X Factor Italy , and she had interviews with BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom and NRJ in France. [ 85 ] She embarked on a promotional tour in Japan, where she appeared on the television shows SMAPxSMAP and Music Station . [ 86 ] Her round of American television shows included Today , Late Show with David Letterman , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Live with Regis and Kelly , and Dancing with the Stars . [ 77 ] She also gave private concerts to contest winners and played a semi-private concert for JetBlue at the John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York. [ 87 ] After "Mine", Swift released five more singles from Speak Now . "Back to December" and "Mean", which were earlier available for digital download, were released to US country radio on November 15, 2010, [ 88 ] and March 7, 2011. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The two singles peaked at numbers seven and ten in Canada, [ 68 ] and "Back to December" reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100. [ 91 ] "The Story of Us" was released to US pop radio on April 19, 2011. [ 92 ] "Sparks Fly" and "Ours" were released to US country radio on July 18 [ 93 ] and December 5, 2011. [ 94 ] Prior to its single release, "Ours", together with the other deluxe edition tracks, was released for digital download via the iTunes Store on November 8, 2011. [ 95 ] "Sparks Fly" and "Ours" reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked atop the Hot Country Songs chart. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] The RIAA certified all six of the album's singles at least platinum; "Back to December" and "Mean" sold over two million copies each, and they were certified double-platinum and triple-platinum. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] On November 23, 2010, Swift announced the Speak Now World Tour , which started in Singapore on February 9, 2011. The tour visited Asia and Europe before the North American leg started in Omaha, Nebraska , on May 27, 2011. [ 100 ] Within two days of announcement, the tour sold 625,000 tickets. [ 101 ] By April 2011, Swift had added another 16 shows to the North American leg. [ 102 ] After the final US concert in New York City on November 22, 2011, the Speak Now World Tour had covered 80 sold-out North American shows. [ 103 ] On August 10, 2011, Swift released a music video for "Sparks Fly" that includes footage from the tour. [ 104 ] She released the album Speak Now World Tour – Live on November 21, 2011. [ 105 ] In December 2011, Swift announced an extension of the tour to Australia and New Zealand starting in March 2012. [ 106 ] Concluding on March 18, 2012, the Speak Now World Tour had covered 110 shows, visited 18 countries, [ note 5 ] and grossed $123.7 million. [ 107 ] Commercial performance Before Speak Now 's release, Big Machine shipped two million copies of the album to stores in the United States. [ 27 ] In the week ending November 13, 2010, the album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 1,047,000 copies. [ 108 ] It marked the highest single-week tally for a female country artist and became the first album since Lil Wayne 's Tha Carter III (2008) to sell over one million copies in its first week of release. [ 109 ] Media publications including Billboard , [ 108 ] MTV , [ 77 ] and The New York Times [ 87 ] published articles highlighting Speak Now 's strong sales in the context of declining record sales brought about by the emergence of music download platforms. According to The New York Times , although the music industry in 2010 saw album sales "[plunging] by more than 50 percent in the last decade", the album proved Swift "has transcended the limitations of genre and become a pop megastar". [ 87 ] The Guinness World Records in 2010 recognized Speak Now as the fastest-selling album in the United States by a female country artist. [ 110 ] In Speak Now 's first charting week, 11 of the standard edition's 14 tracks charted on the Billboard Hot 100, making Swift the first female artist to have 11 songs on the Hot 100 at the same time. [ 111 ] After the digital release of the deluxe edition tracks in November 2011, "If This Was a Movie" charted at number 10 on the Hot 100, making Swift the first artist to have eight songs debut in the top 10. [ 112 ] [ note 6 ] With this achievement, Speak Now had four songs peaking in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100—"Mine", "Back to December", "Speak Now", and "If This Was a Movie". [ 114 ] The album spent six non-consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200. [ 115 ] Speak Now was the third-best-selling album of 2010 in the United States with sales of 2.96 million copies. [ 116 ] By January 2024, it had sold 4.817 million copies in the United States. [ 117 ] The RIAA certified the album six-times platinum , which denotes six million album-equivalent units based on sales, song downloads, and streaming . [ 118 ] Speak Now was a chart success in the wider English-speaking world: it peaked atop the albums charts of Australia, [ 119 ] Canada, [ 120 ] and New Zealand, [ 121 ] and peaked at number six in Ireland [ 122 ] and the United Kingdom. [ 123 ] The album was certified triple-platinum in Australia, [ 124 ] Canada, [ 125 ] and New Zealand. [ 126 ] Upon conclusion of the Asian leg of the Speak Now World Tour by February 2011, the album sold 400,000 copies in the region and received platinum sales certifications in Taiwan, South Korea, Indonesia, and the Philippines. [ 127 ] In Europe, it charted at number four in Norway and number ten in Spain. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] After Swift embarked on the Eras Tour (2023–2024), Speak Now resurged in popularity in the United Kingdom: it re-entered the top 40 (at number 23) on the albums chart for the week ending May 18, 2023, which was its first top-40 appearance since November 2010. [ 130 ] Critical reception Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic? 6.9/10 [ 131 ] Metacritic 77/100 [ 132 ] Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [ 41 ] The A.V. Club B− [ 133 ] Entertainment Weekly B+ [ 46 ] The Guardian [ 134 ] Los Angeles Times [ 19 ] MSN Music ( Expert Witness ) A− [ 135 ] Paste 7.1/10 [ 49 ] Rolling Stone [ 30 ] Slant Magazine [ 31 ] Spin 7/10 [ 61 ] Initial reviews of Speak Now were generally positive. [ 101 ] On the review aggregator site Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album has an average score of 77 that was based on 20 reviews. [ 132 ] AnyDecentMusic? compiled 10 reviews and gave it an average score of 6.9 out of 10. [ 131 ] Most reviews praised Swift's songwriting for showcasing a mature perspective on love and relationships. [ 101 ] Reviews from AllMusic , [ 41 ] Entertainment Weekly , [ 46 ] The Guardian , [ 134 ] the Los Angeles Times , [ 19 ] and Rolling Stone [ 30 ] complimented the songs for portraying emotions with engaging narratives and vivid details. In AllMusic's review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote: "[Swift] writes from the perspective of the moment yet has the skill of a songwriter beyond her years." [ 41 ] American Songwriter approved of Swift's self-penned material and artistic control. [ 26 ] In his consumer guide, Robert Christgau commented that although the album was too long and the romantic themes did not interest him, the songs were fascinating because of an "effort that bears a remarkable resemblance to care—that is, to caring in the best, broadest, and most emotional sense". [ 135 ] The album's dramatic themes of heartbreak and vengeance received mixed reviews. Now said although it included some memorable tracks, Speak Now was blemished by celebrity, rage, and grievances. [ 48 ] Slant Magazine lauded Swift's melodic songwriting for offering radio-friendly pop hooks but criticized the lyrics of "Dear John", "Mean", "Innocent", and "Better than Revenge" as shallow and shortsighted. [ 31 ] Meanwhile, Spin opined that the "bubblier" tracks like "Sparks Fly" and "Long Live" were forgettable, while the songs about vengeance like "Mean" and "Better than Revenge" were memorable because they explored "something nervy and intense when she goes nasty". [ 136 ] In congruence, Steven Hyden from The A.V. Club wrote of those tracks: "Swift's niftiest trick is being at her most likeable when she's indulging in such overt nastiness." [ 133 ] Entertainment Weekly agreed, deeming those tracks inevitable for Swift's artistic evolution. [ 46 ] The Village Voice said Swift's songwriting was "not confessional, but dramatic" and found it more nuanced and mature compared to that of Fearless . [ 56 ] Other reviews focused on Speak Now 's production. Reviews published in Paste [ 49 ] and Slant Magazine [ 31 ] called it a catchy album with radio-friendly pop tunes; the former was impressed by the crossover appeal but deemed the overall production dull. The Village Voice took issue with Swift's vocals as weak and strained. [ 56 ] BBC Music found the album's track list too long but called it overall a "sparky and affecting record". [ 47 ] Now approved of Swift's experimentation with styles other than country but considered it "too safe" and said the album was tarnished by "slickly produced power pop and a sugary sameness [that is] indiscernible from any number of today's radio-oriented artists". [ 48 ] Ann Powers appreciated Speak Now 's soft, introspective tracks for personalizing pop music. [ 19 ] Jon Caramanica of The New York Times lauded the experimentation with genres such as blues and pop punk, and he called Speak Now a bold step for Swift. [ 55 ] Accolades On year-end lists of the best albums of 2010, Speak Now was ranked 12th by American Songwriter and 13th by Rolling Stone . [ 137 ] [ 138 ] The New York Times ' Jon Caramanica ranked the album number two (behind Rick Ross 's Teflon Don ) in his 2010 year-end list. [ 139 ] The album appeared on lists of the best country albums of 2010; PopMatters ranked it fifth [ 140 ] and The Boot ranked it second. [ 141 ] In 2012, Speak Now appeared at number 45 on Rolling Stone 's list of "The 50 Greatest Female Albums of All Time"; Rob Sheffield commented: "She might get played on the country station, but she's one of the few genuine rock stars we've got these days, with a flawless ear for what makes a song click." [ 142 ] In 2019, Billboard listed Speak Now in 51st place on its list of the best albums of the 2010s [ 143 ] and second on its list of best country albums of the same decade. [ 144 ] The album also ranked 37th on Spin 's 2010s decade-end list [ 145 ] and 71st on that of Cleveland.com ; [ 146 ] and Taste of Country named it the fourth-best country album of the 2010s. [ 147 ] Rolling Stone placed it at number 196 on their 2025 list of "The 250 Greatest Albums of the 21st Century So Far", deeming it the "peak of her Nashville era". [ 148 ] Speak Now received industry awards and nominations. In the United States, it was nominated for Album of the Year at the Academy of Country Music Awards , [ 149 ] the American Country Awards , [ 150 ] and in 2011 the Country Music Association Awards . [ 151 ] At the 2011 Billboard Music Awards , Speak Now was nominated for Top Billboard 200 Album and won Top Country Album . [ 152 ] It won Favorite Album (Country) at the 2011 American Music Awards [ 153 ] and Top Selling Album of 2011 by the Canadian Country Music Association ; [ 154 ] and was nominated for International Album of the Year at the 2011 Juno Awards [ 155 ] and for International Album of the Year at the 2012 Canadian Independent Music Awards . [ 156 ] At the 54th Annual Grammy Awards in 2012, Speak Now was nominated for Best Country Album , and its single "Mean" won Best Country Solo Performance and Best Country Song . [ 157 ] Impact Swift has said that she wrote Speak Now by herself as a reaction to critics' doubts about her songwriting ability. [ 158 ] While reviews had emphasized the importance of co-writers on her past albums, Speak Now granted Swift the definite credentials to assert authorship over her music and career. [ 159 ] Some academics have upheld how the album solidified her artistry with its nuanced observations, confessional and confrontational songs about grappling with young adulthood and fame; [ 160 ] many retrospective reviews have considered it a groundwork to her consistent songcraft of later albums. [ note 7 ] Its commercial success contributed to her fame as a pop star transcending her self-identity as a country-music artist. [ 164 ] [ 165 ] Pitchfork 's Sam Sodomsky, reviewing the album in 2019, contended that her country-music identity served as an indicator of her autobiographical songwriting rather than musical style. [ 29 ] Several critics reflected on Speak Now in the context of Swift's celebrity. Many of its songs were inspired by experiences that were routinely documented in the press, such as short-lived romantic relationships and the 2009 MTV Awards incident. This set a precedent to not only the confessional songwriting on Swift's later albums, but also the media speculation on the subjects behind her lyrics. [ note 8 ] Maura Johnston opined that these songs laid the groundwork to her 2017 album Reputation , which focused on her image and confrontation against critics. [ 166 ] According to the gender studies professor Adriane Brown, the songs about idealized romance and her innocent, "good-girl" image made her stand out in a contemporary pool of sexualized female pop artists. Brown commented that Swift's unwillingness to openly discuss sex and tendency to criticize females who "whore themselves out", as in the lyrics of "Better than Revenge", was problematic. [ 169 ] In November 2020, after a dispute over the ownership of the masters to her back catalog, Swift began re-recording her first six studio albums. [ 170 ] On May 5, 2023, at the first Eras Tour show in Nashville, Swift announced the re-recorded version of Speak Now — Speak Now (Taylor's Version) , and its release date on July 7. [ 171 ] Speak Now (Taylor's Version) consists of re-recordings of all fourteen songs from the standard edition, the deluxe tracks "Ours" and "Superman", [ note 9 ] and six previously unreleased "From the Vault" songs. [ 173 ] After Speak Now (Taylor's Version) was released, the original album reached new peaks in Switzerland (number one), [ 174 ] Austria (number one), [ 175 ] Germany (number two), [ 176 ] and it was certified gold in the latter two countries. [ 177 ] [ 178 ] The ownership of the original album's master recording, alongside her other five albums released under Big Machine, was acquired by Swift on May 30, 2025. [ 179 ] Track listing All tracks are written by Taylor Swift, except the deluxe-edition bonus track "If This Was a Movie", which is written by Swift and Martin Johnson . No. Title Length 1. " Mine " 3:50 2. " Sparks Fly " 4:20 3. " Back to December " 4:53 4. " Speak Now " 4:00 5. " Dear John " 6:43 6. " Mean " 3:57 7. " The Story of Us " 4:25 8. " Never Grow Up " 4:50 9. " Enchanted " 5:52 10. " Better than Revenge " 3:37 11. " Innocent " 5:02 12. " Haunted " 4:02 13. "Last Kiss" 6:07 14. " Long Live " 5:17 Total length: 67:28 No. Title Length 15. " Ours " 3:58 16. " If This Was a Movie " 3:54 17. "Superman" 4:36 18. "Back to December" (acoustic) 4:52 19. "Haunted" (acoustic) 3:37 20. "Mine" (pop mix) 3:50 21. "On the Set: Behind the Scenes "Mine" Music Video" (video) 30:21 22. "Mine" (music video) 3:55 Notes The international deluxe edition features the US versions of "Mine", "Back to December", and "The Story of Us" as bonus tracks. [ 180 ] Personnel Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes . [ 1 ] Musicians Taylor Swift – vocals, acoustic guitar, handclapping, vocal harmony , banjo Nathan Chapman – banjo, bass guitar, Fender Rhodes , electric twelve-string guitar , electric guitar, acoustic guitar, handclapping , mandolin , organ, piano, synthesizer, vocal harmony Tom Bukovac – electric guitar Nick Buda – drums Chris Carmichael – strings Smith Curry – lap steel guitar Eric Darken – percussion Caitlin Evanson – vocal harmony Shannon Forrest – drums John Gardner – drums Rob Hajacos – fiddle Amos Heller – bass guitar Liz Huett – vocal harmony Tim Lauer – Hammond B3 , piano Tim Marks – bass guitar Mike Meadows – electric guitar, handclapping Grant Mickelson – electric guitar Michael Rhodes – bass guitar Paul Sidoti – electric guitar Tommy Sims – bass guitar Bryan Sutton – acoustic guitar, twelve-string guitar , ukulele Al Wilson – handclapping, percussion Production Taylor Swift – background vocals direction, liner notes , songwriter , producer Nathan Chapman – engineer, producer, programming Chuck Ainlay – engineer Joseph Anthony Baker – photography Steve Blackmon – assistant Drew Bollman – assistant, assistant engineer, engineer Tristan Brock-Jones – assistant engineer David Bryant – assistant engineer Paul Buckmaster – conductor, orchestral arrangements Jason Campbell – production coordination Chad Carlson – engineer Chris Carmichael – composer, string arrangements Joseph Cassell – stylist Steve Churchyard – engineer Mark Crew – mixing engineer Dean Gillard – production, mixing, additional instrumentation Jed Hackett – engineer Jeremy Hunter – engineer Aubrey Hyde – wardrobe Suzie Katayama – orchestra contractor Steve Marcantonio – engineer Seth Morton – assistant engineer Emily Mueller – production assistant Jemma Muradian – hair stylist John Netti – assistant engineer Bethany Newman – design, illustrations Josh Newman – design, illustrations Justin Niebank – engineer, mixing Mark Petaccia – assistant engineer Joel Quillen – engineer Matt Rausch – assistant Lowell Reynolds – engineer Mike Rooney – assistant engineer Austin Swift – photography Todd Tidwell – assistant engineer, engineer Lorrie Turk – make-up Matt Ward – production, mixing, additional instrumentation Hank Williams – mastering Brian David Willis – engineer Nathan Yarborough – assistant mixing engineer Charts Weekly charts [ edit ] 2010–2011 weekly charts Chart (2010–2011) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) [ 119 ] 1 Australian Country Albums ( ARIA ) [ 181 ] 1 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) [ 175 ] 16 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders) [ 182 ] 18 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia) [ 183 ] 45 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) [ 184 ] 1 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) [ 185 ] 26 Dutch Albums ( Album Top 100 ) [ 186 ] 17 European Top 100 Albums ( Billboard ) [ 85 ] 12 French Albums ( SNEP ) [ 187 ] 39 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) [ 176 ] 15 Greek Albums ( IFPI ) [ 188 ] 17 Hong Kong Albums ( IFPI ) [ 85 ] 1 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) [ 122 ] 6 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) [ 189 ] 18 Japanese Albums ( Billboard Japan ) [ 190 ] 6 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) [ 191 ] 6 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) [ 192 ] 8 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) [ 121 ] 1 Norwegian Albums ( VG-lista ) [ 128 ] 4 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) [ 193 ] 5 South Korean Albums ( Circle ) [ 194 ] 28 Singaporean Albums ( IFPI ) [ 85 ] 1 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) [ 129 ] 10 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) [ 195 ] 18 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [ 174 ] 17 UK Albums ( OCC ) [ 123 ] 6 US Billboard 200 [ 196 ] 1 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 197 ] 1 2019–2023 weekly charts Chart (2019–2023) [ note 10 ] Peak position Argentine Albums ( CAPIF ) [ 198 ] 3 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) [ 175 ] 1 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) [ 176 ] 2 Greek Albums ( IFPI ) [ 199 ] 1 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) [ 200 ] 1 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [ 174 ] 1 UK Albums ( OCC ) [ 201 ] 23 US Independent Albums ( Billboard ) [ 202 ] 4 Weekly charts Chart (2010–2011) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) [ 119 ] 1 Australian Country Albums ( ARIA ) [ 181 ] 1 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) [ 175 ] 16 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders) [ 182 ] 18 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia) [ 183 ] 45 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) [ 184 ] 1 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) [ 185 ] 26 Dutch Albums ( Album Top 100 ) [ 186 ] 17 European Top 100 Albums ( Billboard ) [ 85 ] 12 French Albums ( SNEP ) [ 187 ] 39 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) [ 176 ] 15 Greek Albums ( IFPI ) [ 188 ] 17 Hong Kong Albums ( IFPI ) [ 85 ] 1 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) [ 122 ] 6 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) [ 189 ] 18 Japanese Albums ( Billboard Japan ) [ 190 ] 6 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) [ 191 ] 6 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) [ 192 ] 8 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) [ 121 ] 1 Norwegian Albums ( VG-lista ) [ 128 ] 4 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) [ 193 ] 5 South Korean Albums ( Circle ) [ 194 ] 28 Singaporean Albums ( IFPI ) [ 85 ] 1 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) [ 129 ] 10 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) [ 195 ] 18 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [ 174 ] 17 UK Albums ( OCC ) [ 123 ] 6 US Billboard 200 [ 196 ] 1 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 197 ] 1 Chart (2019–2023) [ note 10 ] Peak position Argentine Albums ( CAPIF ) [ 198 ] 3 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) [ 175 ] 1 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) [ 176 ] 2 Greek Albums ( IFPI ) [ 199 ] 1 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) [ 200 ] 1 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [ 174 ] 1 UK Albums ( OCC ) [ 201 ] 23 US Independent Albums ( Billboard ) [ 202 ] 4 Year-end charts [ edit ] 2010 year-end charts Chart (2010) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) [ 203 ] 15 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) [ 204 ] 15 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) [ 205 ] 15 UK Albums (OCC) [ 206 ] 163 US Billboard 200 [ 207 ] 9 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 208 ] 3 2011 year-end charts Chart (2011) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) [ 209 ] 51 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) [ 210 ] 9 Japanese Albums ( Billboard Japan ) [ 211 ] 85 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) [ 212 ] 34 US Billboard 200 [ 213 ] 2 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 214 ] 1 2012 year-end charts Chart (2012) Position US Billboard 200 [ 215 ] 45 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 216 ] 18 2017 year-end chart Chart (2017) Position US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 217 ] 73 2018 year-end chart Chart (2018) Position US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 218 ] 77 2021 year-end charts Chart (2021) Position US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 219 ] 34 US Independent Albums ( Billboard ) [ 220 ] 50 2022 year-end charts Chart (2022) Position US Independent Albums ( Billboard ) [ 221 ] 19 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 222 ] 15 2023 year-end charts Chart (2023) Position Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) [ 223 ] 42 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) [ 224 ] 32 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) [ 225 ] 63 US Billboard 200 [ 226 ] 115 US Independent Albums ( Billboard ) [ 227 ] 14 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 228 ] 18 Year-end charts Chart (2010) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) [ 203 ] 15 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) [ 204 ] 15 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) [ 205 ] 15 UK Albums (OCC) [ 206 ] 163 US Billboard 200 [ 207 ] 9 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 208 ] 3 Chart (2011) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) [ 209 ] 51 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) [ 210 ] 9 Japanese Albums ( Billboard Japan ) [ 211 ] 85 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) [ 212 ] 34 US Billboard 200 [ 213 ] 2 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 214 ] 1 Chart (2012) Position US Billboard 200 [ 215 ] 45 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 216 ] 18 Chart (2017) Position US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 217 ] 73 Chart (2018) Position US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 218 ] 77 Chart (2021) Position US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 219 ] 34 US Independent Albums ( Billboard ) [ 220 ] 50 Chart (2022) Position US Independent Albums ( Billboard ) [ 221 ] 19 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 222 ] 15 Chart (2023) Position Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) [ 223 ] 42 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) [ 224 ] 32 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) [ 225 ] 63 US Billboard 200 [ 226 ] 115 US Independent Albums ( Billboard ) [ 227 ] 14 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 228 ] 18 Decade-end charts Chart (2010–2019) Position Australian Albums (ARIA) [ 229 ] 39 US Billboard 200 [ 230 ] 50 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ 231 ] 17 All-time charts Chart Position US Billboard 200 (Women) [ note 11 ] 66 US Top Country Albums ( Billboard ) [ note 12 ] 73 Certifications and sales Region Certification Certified units /sales Australia ( ARIA ) [ 124 ] 3× Platinum 210,000 ‡ Austria ( IFPI Austria) [ 177 ] Gold 10,000 * Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) [ 235 ] Gold 20,000 * Canada ( Music Canada ) [ 125 ] 3× Platinum 240,000 ^ Germany ( BVMI ) [ 178 ] Gold 100,000 ‡ Hong Kong ( IFPI Hong Kong) [ 85 ] Gold 7,500 * Indonesia [ 127 ] Platinum Ireland ( IRMA ) [ 236 ] Gold 7,500 ^ Japan ( RIAJ ) [ 237 ] Gold 100,000 ^ New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [ 126 ] 3× Platinum 45,000 ‡ Norway ( IFPI Norway) [ 238 ] Gold 15,000 * Philippines ( PARI ) [ 239 ] Platinum 15,000 [ note 13 ] Singapore ( RIAS ) [ 240 ] Platinum 10,000 * Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland) [ 241 ] Gold 15,000 ‡ Taiwan ( RIT ) [ 127 ] Platinum 10,000 * United Kingdom ( BPI ) [ 242 ] Platinum 300,000 ‡ United States ( RIAA ) [ 118 ] 6× Platinum 4,817,000 [ note 14 ] * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. * Sales figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. See also List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2010 List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2011 List of Top Country Albums number ones of 2010 List of Top Country Albums number ones of 2011 List of number-one albums of 2010 (Canada) List of number-one albums from the 2010s (New Zealand) List of number-one albums of 2010 (Australia) Notes ^ In a 2010 interview with Glamour , when the interviewer asked, "And you hear artists say things like, 'When I turned 21, the record label made me over into a sexualized creature'. Could you see yourself going in that direction?", Swift responded, "I don't ever look down on people for the way they choose to have fun; it's just not necessarily the way I like to have fun". [ 18 ] ^ In scholar Adriane Brown's view, Swift's past albums are also about romantic, nonsexual relationships, which was congruent with her public image and identity as a white, feminine, innocent, middle-class American girl. [ 20 ] ^ Borchetta reportedly said to Swift; "Taylor, this record isn't about fairy tales and high school anymore. That's not where you're at." [ 27 ] ^ Although "If This Was a Movie" (written by Swift and Martin Johnson ) is on the deluxe edition of Speak Now , the 14-track standard edition was solely written by Swift, and thus the album is agreed upon by the press as self-penned by Swift. [ 9 ] [ 17 ] [ 62 ] ^ United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Japan, Philippines, Hong Kong, Belgium, Norway, Germany, Netherlands, Italy, France, Spain, Ireland, Northern Ireland, and England. [ 107 ] ^ The other seven songs that debuted in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 are " Change " (2008), " Fearless " (2008), " Jump Then Fall " (2009), " Today Was a Fairytale " (2010), "Mine" (2010), "Speak Now" (2010), and "Back To December" (2010). [ 113 ] ^ Attributed to retrospective rankings of Swift's albums by GQ 's Lucy Ford, [ 161 ] Entertainment Weekly 's Allaire Nuss, [ 162 ] and the Alternative Press 's Kelsey Barnes [ 163 ] ^ Attributed to retrospective reviews by Billboard , [ 9 ] Vulture 's Maura Johnston , [ 166 ] Spin 's Al Shipley, [ 167 ] and Consequence 's Mary Siroky [ 168 ] ^ The re-recorded version of "If This Was a Movie" was released independently. [ 172 ] ^ The chart positions listed below coincided with the release of the 2023 re-recording Speak Now (Taylor's Version) . In Austria, Germany, Greece, Portugal and Switzerland, the chart performance of the original Speak Now was combined with that of Speak Now (Taylor's Version) . ^ Compiled by Billboard for albums 1963–2017 [ 232 ] [ 233 ] ^ Compiled by Billboard for albums 1963–2016 [ 234 ] ^ Philippine sales as of February 2011 [ 239 ] ^ US sales as of January 2024 [ 117 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Swift, Taylor (2010). 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External links Speak Now at Discogs (list of releases) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Taylor Swift v t e Albums Singles Songs Videography Live performances Awards and nominations Public image Albums Singles Songs Videography Live performances Awards and nominations Public image Studio albums Taylor Swift Fearless Speak Now Red 1989 Reputation Lover Folklore Evermore Midnights The Tortured Poets Department The Life of a Showgirl Taylor Swift Fearless Speak Now Red 1989 Reputation Lover Folklore Evermore Midnights The Tortured Poets Department The Life of a Showgirl Re-recorded albums Fearless (Taylor's Version) Red (Taylor's Version) Speak Now (Taylor's Version) 1989 (Taylor's Version) Fearless (Taylor's Version) Red (Taylor's Version) Speak Now (Taylor's Version) 1989 (Taylor's Version) Extended plays The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection Beautiful Eyes The Taylor Swift Holiday Collection Beautiful Eyes Live albums Speak Now World Tour – Live Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions Lover (Live from Paris) Speak Now World Tour – Live Live from Clear Channel Stripped 2008 Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions Lover (Live from Paris) Concert tours Fearless Tour Speak Now World Tour The Red Tour The 1989 World Tour Reputation Stadium Tour The Eras Tour Fearless Tour Speak Now World Tour The Red Tour The 1989 World Tour Reputation Stadium Tour The Eras Tour Films and specials Miss Americana City of Lover Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions All Too Well: The Short Film The Eras Tour The Official Release Party of a Showgirl The End of an Era Miss Americana City of Lover Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions All Too Well: The Short Film The Eras Tour The Official Release Party of a Showgirl The End of an Era Legacy Cultural impact Political impact Swifties Impact of the Eras Tour Nannaria swiftae Castianeira swiftay Cultural impact Political impact Swifties Impact of the Eras Tour Nannaria swiftae Castianeira swiftay Controversies and incidents Kanye West feud Gaylor conspiracy theory Sexual assault trial Masters dispute Ticketmaster fiasco Death of Ana Clara Benevides Deepfake pornography Vienna terrorism plot It Ends with Us Kanye West feud Gaylor conspiracy theory Sexual assault trial Masters dispute Ticketmaster fiasco Death of Ana Clara Benevides Deepfake pornography Vienna terrorism plot It Ends with Us Family Austin Swift (brother) Marjorie Finlay (grandmother) Travis Kelce (fiance) Olivia Benson (cat) Austin Swift (brother) Marjorie Finlay (grandmother) Travis Kelce (fiance) Olivia Benson (cat) Related Taylor Swift Productions SwiftOnSecurity Tree Paine High Watch Samuel Goldwyn Estate The Eras Tour Book Taylor Swift vs Scooter Braun: Bad Blood Taylor Swift Productions SwiftOnSecurity Tree Paine High Watch Samuel Goldwyn Estate The Eras Tour Book Taylor Swift vs Scooter Braun: Bad Blood Category Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz release group 2010 albums Big Machine Records albums Taylor Swift albums Albums produced by Nathan Chapman (record producer) Albums produced by Taylor Swift Canadian Country Music Association Top Selling Album albums Country pop albums Pop rock albums by American artists Power pop albums by American artists Country rock albums by American artists CS1: unfit URL CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Use mdy dates from September 2021 Articles with hAudio microformats Album chart usages for Australia Album chart making named ref Album chart usages for Austria Album chart usages for Flanders Album chart usages for Wallonia Album chart usages for BillboardCanada Album chart called without album Album chart usages for Denmark Album chart usages for Netherlands Album chart usages for France Album chart usages for Germany Album chart usages for Ireland Album chart used with defunct chart Album chart called without artist Album chart usages for Italy Album chart usages for Oricon Album chart usages for New Zealand Album chart usages for Norway Album chart usages for Scotland Album chart usages for Korea Album chart usages for Spain Album chart usages for Sweden Album chart usages for Switzerland Album chart usages for UK2 Album chart usages for Billboard200 Album chart usages for BillboardCountry Album chart usages for Portugal Album chart usages for BillboardIndependent Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Pages using certification Table Entry with streaming figures Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Pages using certification Table Entry with sales figures Certification Table 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Usage 2 Section usage 3 Lead section Toggle Lead section subsection 3.1 Lua notice 3.1 Lua notice 4 Usage section Toggle Usage section subsection 4.1 Full horizontal style 4.2 Most commonly used horizontal style 4.3 Full vertical style 4.3.1 Three-columns format 4.3.2 Four-columns format 4.4 Sub-templates 4.4.1 Usage 4.4.2 Usage full 4.4.3 Usage common 4.4.4 Usage vertical 4.4.5 Usage vertical mid 4.4.6 Usage vertical end 4.1 Full horizontal style 4.2 Most commonly used horizontal style 4.3 Full vertical style 4.3.1 Three-columns format 4.3.2 Four-columns format 4.3.1 Three-columns format 4.3.2 Four-columns format 4.4 Sub-templates 4.4.1 Usage 4.4.2 Usage full 4.4.3 Usage common 4.4.4 Usage vertical 4.4.5 Usage vertical mid 4.4.6 Usage vertical end 4.4.1 Usage 4.4.2 Usage full 4.4.3 Usage common 4.4.4 Usage vertical 4.4.5 Usage vertical mid 4.4.6 Usage vertical end 5 Examples section 6 Parameters section Toggle Parameters section subsection 6.1 syntax 6.2 COinS 6.2.1 COinS metadata is created for these parameters 6.3 sep_period 6.4 sep_comma 6.5 required 6.6 whats new 6.7 deprecated 6.8 author 6.9 editor 6.10 title 6.11 web 6.12 chapter 6.13 type 6.14 journal 6.15 edition 6.16 series 6.17 series_episode 6.18 event 6.19 agency 6.20 volume 6.21 date 6.22 publisher 6.23 newsgroup 6.24 language 6.25 pages 6.26 time 6.27 id1 6.28 id2 6.29 url 6.30 chapterurl 6.31 quote 6.32 ref 6.33 display 6.34 Subscription or registration required 6.34.1 Access indicators for url-holding parameters 6.34.2 Access indicator for named identifiers 6.34.3 Tracking of free DOIs 6.35 map_series 6.36 map_pages 6.37 interview_author 6.38 interview_interviewer 6.39 season 6.40 network 6.41 transcript 6.42 conference 6.1 syntax 6.2 COinS 6.2.1 COinS metadata is created for these parameters 6.2.1 COinS metadata is created for these parameters 6.3 sep_period 6.4 sep_comma 6.5 required 6.6 whats new 6.7 deprecated 6.8 author 6.9 editor 6.10 title 6.11 web 6.12 chapter 6.13 type 6.14 journal 6.15 edition 6.16 series 6.17 series_episode 6.18 event 6.19 agency 6.20 volume 6.21 date 6.22 publisher 6.23 newsgroup 6.24 language 6.25 pages 6.26 time 6.27 id1 6.28 id2 6.29 url 6.30 chapterurl 6.31 quote 6.32 ref 6.33 display 6.34 Subscription or registration required 6.34.1 Access indicators for url-holding parameters 6.34.2 Access indicator for named identifiers 6.34.3 Tracking of free DOIs 6.34.1 Access indicators for url-holding parameters 6.34.2 Access indicator for named identifiers 6.34.3 Tracking of free DOIs 6.35 map_series 6.36 map_pages 6.37 interview_author 6.38 interview_interviewer 6.39 season 6.40 network 6.41 transcript 6.42 conference 7 Notes Template : Citation Style documentation Afrikaans Аԥсшәа العربية Արեւմտահայերէն Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা Беларуская Dansk الدارجة डोटेली فارسی Føroyskt Galego ગુજરાતી Gungbe 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Jawa Kurdî Ladin मैथिली മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाली 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Português Qaraqalpaqsha Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Taclḥit တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Руски Template Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Meta-Wiki Wikibooks Wikiversity Wikidata item {{ csdoc Template:Csdoc }} When updating this template keep in mind that it is used on a number of template documentation pages. If the parameters in question are unique to a template, then either add it manually to the template documentation or create a new section here for transclusion. Usage This template is used to build consistent documentation pages for Citation Style 1 templates. Where a particular section of documentation is not appropriate for a certain template, simply add the text manually or create a new subtemplate. Each module of text is a subtemplate that can be edited using the link. Section usage When creating template documentation, use the following order of sections and content: Lead: a brief overview of the template intent Usage: samples of blank parameters that can be copied and pasted Examples: examples of various usage Parameters: detailed descriptions of each parameter Syntax: overview of the template syntax Deprecated: list of deprecated parameters Description: parameter descriptions separated by function in this general order: Authors Title Date Publisher Edition, series, volume In-source locations URL Anchor Identifiers Quote Editors Display options Syntax: overview of the template syntax Deprecated: list of deprecated parameters Description: parameter descriptions separated by function in this general order: Authors Title Date Publisher Edition, series, volume In-source locations URL Anchor Identifiers Quote Editors Display options Authors Title Date Publisher Edition, series, volume In-source locations URL Anchor Identifiers Quote Editors Display options Lead section Use {{ csdoc |lead| content type }} to create consistent content for the lead: [ edit subtemplate ] This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for . Options for this field: One unnamed parameter is used to create the trailing text. Options for this field: One unnamed parameter is used to create the trailing text. Markup Renders as {{csdoc|lead|books}} This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for books. This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for books. Lua notice [ edit subtemplate ] This template uses Lua : Module:Citation/CS1 ( sandbox ) Module:Citation/CS1 ( sandbox ) Usage section Start the usage section with {{ csdoc |usage}} : Parameters to copy are enclosed in tables created by sub-templates. Full horizontal style Start with {{ csdoc |usage full}} Enclose the sample in <code> <nowiki>...</nowiki> </code> Close the table with {{ end }} {{cite xxxxx |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |last3= |first3= |author-link3= |last4= |first4= |author-link4= |last5= |first5= |author-link5= |name-list-style= |vauthors= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |collaboration= |contributor-last1= |contributor-first1= |contributor-link1= |contributor-last2= |contributor-first2= |contributor-link2= |others= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editor-last3= |editor-first3= |editor-link3= |veditors= |title= |script-title= |trans-title= |work= |script-work= |trans-work= |issue= |department= |chapter= |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |contribution= |type= |edition= |series= |series-link= |episode= |event= |agency= |volume= |date= |year= |orig-date= |df= |publisher= |location= |publication-place= |via= |language= |page= |pages= |no-pp= |at= |minutes= |time= |time-caption= |id= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |sbn= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |embargo= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |url= |format= |archive-url= |archive-format= |url-status= |archive-date= |chapter-url= |chapter-format= |access-date= |no-tracking= |quote= |ref= |mode= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |author-mask3= |author-mask4= |author-mask5= |display-authors= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |display-translators= |contributor-mask1= |contributor-mask2= |display-contributors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |editor-mask3= |display-editors= |postscript= |url-access= |chapter-url-access= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |map= |script-map= |trans-map= |map-url= |map-format= |map-url-access= |scale= |cartography= |inset= |sections= |interviewer-last1= |interviewer-first1= |interviewer-link1= |interviewer-last2= |interviewer-first2= |interviewer-link2= |interviewer-mask1= |interviewer-mask2= |display-interviewers= |season= |series-number= |series-separator= |network= |station= |transcript= |transcript-url= |transcript-format= |conference= |conference-url= |conference-format=}} The above set is organised contextually rather than alphabetically. The following parameters, which are usually available for at least a few cite templates, are not included in the full parameter set above: |authors= ; |book-title= ; |class= ; |degree= ; |docket= ; |encyclopedia= ; |mailing-list= ; |message-id= ; |number= ; |publication-date= ; |section= ; |sheet= ; |sheets= ; |title-link= ; |s2cid= . Most commonly used horizontal style Start with {{ csdoc |usage common}} Precede the sample markup with : to create an indent Enclose the sample in <code> <nowiki>...</nowiki> </code> Close the table with {{ end }} {{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |title= |url= |access-date= |date= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page= |pages=}} Full vertical style The full vertical style can be implemented in a three-columns format (only practical when the number of parameters is not too extended) or in a four-columns format. Three-columns format The full vertical style in three columns consists of a "Vertical list", "Prerequisites" and "Brief instructions / notes". Example: Vertical list Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes {{cite book | last = | first = | author-link = }} last same as last1 same as first1 If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. Four-columns format Parameters Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes Vertical list .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} last1 Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. {{cite xxxxx |last1 = |first1 = |author-link1 = |last2 = |first2 = |author-link2 = |last3 = |first3 = |author-link3 = |last4 = |first4 = |author-link4 = |last5 = |first5 = |author-link5 = |name-list-style = |vauthors = |translator-last1 = |translator-first1 = |translator-link1 = |translator-last2 = |translator-first2 = |translator-link2 = |collaboration = |contributor-last1 = |contributor-first1 = |contributor-link1 = |contributor-last2 = |contributor-first2 = |contributor-link2 = |others = |editor-last1 = |editor-first1 = |editor-link1 = |editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = |editor-link2 = |editor-last3 = |editor-first3 = |editor-link3 = |veditors = |title = |script-title = |trans-title = |work = |script-work = |trans-work = |issue = |department = |chapter = |script-chapter = |trans-chapter = |contribution = |type = |edition = |series = |series-link = |episode = |event = |agency = |volume = |date = |year = |orig-date = |df = |publisher = |location = |publication-place = |via = |language = |page = |pages = |no-pp = |at = |minutes = |time = |time-caption = |id = |arxiv = |asin = |asin-tld = |bibcode = |biorxiv = |citeseerx = |doi = |doi-broken-date = |eissn = |hdl = |sbn = |isbn = |ismn = |issn = |jfm = |jstor = |lccn = |mr = |oclc = |ol = |osti = |pmc = |embargo = |pmid = |rfc = |ssrn = |zbl = |url = |format = |archive-url = |archive-format = |url-status = |archive-date = |chapter-url = |chapter-format = |access-date = |no-tracking = |quote = |ref = |mode = |author-mask1 = |author-mask2 = |author-mask3 = |author-mask4 = |author-mask5 = |display-authors = |translator-mask1 = |translator-mask2 = |display-translators = |contributor-mask1 = |contributor-mask2 = |display-contributors = |editor-mask1 = |editor-mask2 = |editor-mask3 = |display-editors = |postscript = |url-access = |chapter-url-access = |bibcode-access = |doi-access = |hdl-access = |jstor-access = |ol-access = |osti-access = |map = |script-map = |trans-map = |map-url = |map-format = |map-url-access = |scale = |cartography = |inset = |sections = |interviewer-last1 = |interviewer-first1 = |interviewer-link1 = |interviewer-last2 = |interviewer-first2 = |interviewer-link2 = |interviewer-mask1 = |interviewer-mask2 = |display-interviewers = |season = |series-number = |series-separator = |network = |station = |transcript = |transcript-url = |transcript-format = |conference = |conference-url = |conference-format = }} first1 last1 Author's first name. Don't link. author-link1 last1 Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. last2 last1 Like last1 , but for 2nd author. first2 last2 Like first1 , but for 2nd author. author-link2 last2 Like author-link1 , but for 2nd author. last3 last2 Like last1 , but for 3rd author. first3 last3 Like first1 , but for 3rd author. author-link3 last3 Like author-link1 , but for 3rd author. last4 last3 Like last1 , but for 4th author. first4 last4 Like first1 , but for 4th author. author-link4 last4 Like author-link1 , but for 4th author. last5 last4 Like last1 , but for 5th author. Similar: last6, etc. first5 last5 Like first1 , but for 5th author. Similar: first6, etc. author-link5 last5 Like author-link1 , but for 5th author. Similar: author-link6, etc. name-list-style vanc to emulate Vancouver style vauthors translator-last1 translator-first1 translator-last1 translator-link1 translator-last1 translator-last2 translator-last1 Additional translators: translator-last3, etc. translator-first2 translator-last2 translator-link2 translator-last2 collaboration contributor-last1 contributor-first1 contributor-link1 contributor-last2 contributor-first2 contributor-link2 others editor-last1 editor-first1 editor-last1 editor-link1 editor-last1 editor-last2 editor-last1 editor-first2 editor-last2 editor-link2 editor-last2 editor-last3 editor-last2 editor-first3 editor-last3 editor-link3 editor-last3 veditors title script-title trans-title title or script-title work script-work trans-work work or script-work issue department chapter Chapter title can be wikilinked unless when a chapter-url is given script-chapter trans-chapter chapter or script-chapter contribution type edition Ordinal number series series-link episode event agency volume date year orig-date date or year df publisher location publisher publication-place via language page choose one: "page", "pages", or "at" pages choose one: "page", "pages", or "at". Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text. no-pp page or pages set no-pp to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers at choose one: "page", "pages", or "at" minutes time time-caption id arxiv asin asin-tld bibcode biorxiv citeseerx doi doi-broken-date doi eissn hdl sbn isbn always include ISBN , if one has been assigned ismn issn jfm jstor lccn mr oclc ol osti pmc embargo pmid rfc ssrn zbl url title or script-title format url archive-url archive-date, url archive-format url-status archive-url archive-date archive-url chapter-url chapter or script-chapter chapter-format chapter-url access-date url no-tracking quote ref mode cs1 or cs2 author-mask1 last1 author-mask2 last2 author-mask3 last3 author-mask4 last4 author-mask5 last5 display-authors last1 number (number of authors displayed) or etal (more authors) translator-mask1 translator-last1 translator-mask2 translator-last2 display-translators contributor-mask1 contributor-mask2 display-contributors editor-mask1 editor-last1 editor-mask2 editor-last2 editor-mask3 editor-last3 display-editors postscript url-access chapter-url-access bibcode-access doi-access hdl-access jstor-access ol-access osti-access map script-map trans-map map-url map-format map-url-access scale cartography inset sections interviewer-last1 interviewer-first1 interviewer-link1 interviewer-last2 interviewer-first2 interviewer-link2 interviewer-mask1 interviewer-mask2 display-interviewers season series-number series-separator network station transcript transcript-url transcript-format conference conference-url conference-format If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. Additional parameters (available for at least some cite templates) |authors= |book-title= |class= |degree= |docket= |encyclopedia= |mailing-list= |message-id= |number= |publication-date= |section= |sheet= |sheets= |title-link= (available from late April 2020) |s2cid= Sub-templates Usage [ edit subtemplate ] Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as |isbn= have upper-case aliases like |ISBN= , which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then purge the page. |} Usage full [ edit subtemplate ] Usage common [ edit subtemplate ] Usage vertical [ edit subtemplate ] Vertical list Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes Usage vertical mid [ edit subtemplate ] | style="vertical-align:top;" | |} Usage vertical end [ edit subtemplate ] |} If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. Examples section Use {{ markup2 }} to format the examples .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}} (see that template's documentation for use) . Basic usage with url and edition {{cite book |title=Mysterious book |url= |edition=2nd}} .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Mysterious book (2nd ed.). Parameters section syntax [ edit subtemplate ] Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters: parent OR: parent2 —may be used instead of parent child —may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used) OR: child2 —may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used) child —may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used) OR: child2 —may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used) COinS [ edit subtemplate ] This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See Wikipedia:COinS . As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text: use |date=27 September 2007 not |date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September) Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example , , or , should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata. COinS metadata is created for these parameters Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page. |periodical= , |journal= , |newspaper= , |magazine= , |work= , |website= , |encyclopedia= , |encyclopaedia= , |dictionary= |chapter= , |script-chapter= , |contribution= , |script-contribution= , |entry= , |script-entry= , |article= , |script-article= , |section= , |script-section= |title= , |script-title= , |book-title= |publication-place= , |place= , |location= |date= , |year= , |publication-date= |series= , |version= |volume= , |issue= , |number= |page= , |pages= , |at= , |quote-page= , |quote-pages= |edition= |publisher= , |institution= |url= , |chapter-url= , |contribution-url= , |section-url= |author-last= , |author-last#= , |author#-last= , |author-surname= , |author-surname#= , |author#-surname= , |last= , |last#= , |surname= , |surname#= , |author= , |author#= , |subject= , |subject#= , |host= , |host#= |author-first= , |author-first#= , |author#-first= , |author-given= , |author-given#= , |author#-given= , |first= , |first#= , |given= , |given#= |degree= |arxiv= , |bibcode= , |biorxiv= , |citeseerx= , |doi= , |eissn= , |eprint= , |hdl= , |isbn= , |issn= , |jfm= , |jstor= , |lccn= , |message-id= , |mr= , |oclc= , |osti= , |pmc= , |pmid= , |rfc= , |ssrn= , |s2cid= , |zbl= sep_period [ edit subtemplate ] By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.). sep_comma [ edit subtemplate ] By default, sets of fields are terminated with a comma (,). required [ edit subtemplate ] whats new [ edit subtemplate ] Parameter Description Date N/A deprecated [ edit subtemplate ] Deprecated parameter Replace with Date none deprecated at present Removed parameter Replace with Date Note |authors= |last n = / |first n = , |author n = , |vauthors= August 2024 author [ edit subtemplate ] last : Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. |author=Bono ). Aliases: surname , author , last1 , surname1 , author1 . author : this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of |first= and |last= . This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup . Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. first : Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given , first1 , given1 . Requires last ; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with MOS:JRSR and use honorifics (including Dr. , Sir , and similar) only in accordance with MOS:HON . OR: for multiple authors, use last1 , first1 through last n , first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each first n requires a corresponding last n , but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1 , given1 through surname n , given n , or author1 through author n . For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use |first1=... |last1=... |author2=... . author-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1 , author1-link , authorlink . OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-link n . Aliases: author1-link through author n -link . name-list-style : accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp , ampersand , or & , inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and , inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vanc displays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last / first forms of name parameters. author : this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of |first= and |last= . This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup . Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. first : Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given , first1 , given1 . Requires last ; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with MOS:JRSR and use honorifics (including Dr. , Sir , and similar) only in accordance with MOS:HON . OR: for multiple authors, use last1 , first1 through last n , first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each first n requires a corresponding last n , but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1 , given1 through surname n , given n , or author1 through author n . For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use |first1=... |last1=... |author2=... . author-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1 , author1-link , authorlink . OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-link n . Aliases: author1-link through author n -link . name-list-style : accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp , ampersand , or & , inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and , inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vanc displays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last / first forms of name parameters. vauthors : comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style ; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses . End with etal if appropriate: |vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in |vauthors= as described above author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in |vauthors= as described above authors : deprecated Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last . translator-last : Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname , translator1 , translator1-last , translator-last1 . Supports accept-this-as-written markup . translator-first : Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given , translator1-first , translator-first1 . OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1 , translator-first1 through translator-last n , translator-first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-first n requires a corresponding translator-last n , but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last , translator1-first through translator n -last , translator n -first , or translator1 through translator n . translator-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1 , translator1-link . OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-link n . Aliases: translator1-link through translator n -link . translator-first : Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given , translator1-first , translator-first1 . OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1 , translator-first1 through translator-last n , translator-first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-first n requires a corresponding translator-last n , but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last , translator1-first through translator n -last , translator n -first , or translator1 through translator n . translator-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1 , translator1-link . OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-link n . Aliases: translator1-link through translator n -link . collaboration : Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author , last , or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list. Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link. Options for this field: |contributor=yes adds contributors (use with cite book and citation only) |others=yes adds " others : To record other contributors to the work, such as "Illustrated by Smith" or "Trans. Smith"." |aliases= add aliases for last . Options for this field: |contributor=yes adds contributors (use with cite book and citation only) |others=yes adds " others : To record other contributors to the work, such as "Illustrated by Smith" or "Trans. Smith"." |aliases= add aliases for last . editor [ edit subtemplate ] editor-last : surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1 , editor1-last , editor-surname , editor-surname1 , editor1-surname , editor , editor1 . editor : This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports accept-this-as-written markup . editor-first : given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1 , editor1-first , editor-given , editor-given1 , editor1-given . OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1 , editor-first1 through editor-last n , editor-first n (Aliases: editor n -last , editor-surname n or editor n -surname ; editor n -first , editor-given n or editor n -given ; editor n ). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use |editor-first1=... |editor-last1=... |editor2=... . editor-link : title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1 . OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-link n (alias editor n -link ). name-list-style : accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp , ampersand , or & , inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and , inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vanc displays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last / first forms of name parameters. editor : This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports accept-this-as-written markup . editor-first : given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1 , editor1-first , editor-given , editor-given1 , editor1-given . OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1 , editor-first1 through editor-last n , editor-first n (Aliases: editor n -last , editor-surname n or editor n -surname ; editor n -first , editor-given n or editor n -given ; editor n ). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use |editor-first1=... |editor-last1=... |editor2=... . editor-link : title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1 . OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-link n (alias editor n -link ). name-list-style : accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp , ampersand , or & , inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and , inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vanc displays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last / first forms of name parameters. veditors : comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style ; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses . End with etal if appropriate: |veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal editor-link n and editor-mask n may be used for the individual names in |veditors= , as described above editor-link n and editor-mask n may be used for the individual names in |veditors= , as described above Display: Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included. If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work. If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds." title [ edit subtemplate ] (See also Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters .) title : Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics . If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title . script-title : Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ... trans-title : English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title . Use of the language parameter is recommended. script-title : Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ... trans-title : English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title . Use of the language parameter is recommended. newline [ ] | space {{!}} (preferred) {{bracket|text}} or {{pipe}} – see also Help:Table § Rendering the pipe title-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink. Options for this field: title_title sets the display title: encyclopedia = encyclopedia default = title Options for this field: title_title sets the display title: encyclopedia = encyclopedia default = title web [ edit subtemplate ] (See also Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters .) title : Title of source page on website. Displays in quotation marks. For titles containing quotation marks, convert regular quotation marks ( " ) to single quotation marks ( ' ). See MOS:QINQ for guidance in more complex situations. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title . script-title : Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ... trans-title : English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title . Use of the language parameter is recommended. script-title : Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ... trans-title : English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title . Use of the language parameter is recommended. newline [ ] | space {{bracket|text}} {{pipe}} – see also Help:Table § Rendering pipe itself website : Title of website (when the website has a clear name, use that rather than the domain name); may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases: work chapter [ edit subtemplate ] chapter : The chapter heading of the source. May be wikilinked or may use chapter-url , but not both. Displays in quotes. If script-chapter is defined, use chapter to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-chapter script-chapter : Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in chapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |chapter=Tōkyō tawā |script-chapter=ja:東京タワー |trans-chapter=Tokyo Tower ... trans-chapter : English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after the chapter field; if chapter-url is defined, then trans-chapter is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended. script-chapter : Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in chapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |chapter=Tōkyō tawā |script-chapter=ja:東京タワー |trans-chapter=Tokyo Tower ... trans-chapter : English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after the chapter field; if chapter-url is defined, then trans-chapter is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended. contribution : A separately-authored part of author ' s book. May be wikilinked or may use contribution-url , but not both. Values of Afterword , Foreword , Introduction , or Preface will display unquoted; any other value will display in quotation marks. The author of the contribution is given in contributor . Options for this field: title_format sets the display format: italics = Displays in italics. work = If work is defined, then title is displayed in quotes, else displays in italics. default = Displays in quotes. title_title sets the display title: booktitle = booktitle default = chapter Options for this field: title_format sets the display format: italics = Displays in italics. work = If work is defined, then title is displayed in quotes, else displays in italics. default = Displays in quotes. title_title sets the display title: booktitle = booktitle default = chapter type [ edit subtemplate ] type : Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword none can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis , Booklet , Accepted manuscript , CD liner , Press release . Alias: medium . Options for this field: type_default : Adds "Defaults to type_default " Options for this field: type_default : Adds "Defaults to type_default " journal [ edit subtemplate ] work (required by {{ cite journal }} and {{ cite magazine }} ): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics . If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-work . Aliases: journal , newspaper , magazine , periodical , website . Use Latin script . For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field. script-work : Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal , script-newspaper , script-magazine , script-periodical , script-website . trans-work : English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work . Aliases: trans-journal , trans-newspaper , trans-magazine , trans-periodical , trans-website . ... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ... issue : When the publication is one of a series that is published periodically. Alias: number . When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g. |issue=2, ''Modern Canadian Literature'' . Please choose either |issue= or |number= depending on what is used in the actual publication. If a publication carries both issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example |issue=2 #143 . Displayed in parentheses following volume . script-work : Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal , script-newspaper , script-magazine , script-periodical , script-website . trans-work : English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work . Aliases: trans-journal , trans-newspaper , trans-magazine , trans-periodical , trans-website . ... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ... issue : When the publication is one of a series that is published periodically. Alias: number . When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g. |issue=2, ''Modern Canadian Literature'' . Please choose either |issue= or |number= depending on what is used in the actual publication. If a publication carries both issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example |issue=2 #143 . Displayed in parentheses following volume . Options for this field: department adds: department : Regular department or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays after title and is in plain text. Options for this field: department adds: department : Regular department or section within the periodical or journal. Examples include "Communication", "Editorial", "Letter to the Editor", and "Review". Displays after title and is in plain text. edition [ edit subtemplate ] edition : When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so |edition=2nd produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined. series [ edit subtemplate ] series or version : When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted. series_episode [ edit subtemplate ] series : The name of the series the episode belongs to; may be wikilinked. series-link : name of an existing Wikipedia article; used to wikilink series ; with proper interwiki prefix, may hold the name of an article at an other-language wikipedia; do not wikilink, do not use a URL. series-link : name of an existing Wikipedia article; used to wikilink series ; with proper interwiki prefix, may hold the name of an article at an other-language wikipedia; do not wikilink, do not use a URL. event [ edit subtemplate ] event : Event where the speech was given. agency [ edit subtemplate ] agency : The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press , Reuters , Agence France-Presse . Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use work or publisher . May be wikilinked if relevant. volume [ edit subtemplate ] volume : For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10. date [ edit subtemplate ] date : Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. [ date 1 ] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. For acceptable date formats, see Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates . year : Year of publication. The more flexible |date= parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the |date= parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met: Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a CITEREF disambiguator , usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) The |date= format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.) Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a CITEREF disambiguator , usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) The |date= format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.) orig-date : Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year ). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: |orig-date=First published 1859 or |orig-date=Composed 1904 . As |orig-date= does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by |df= (or, if it exists in the article, by |cs1-dates= of a {{ use dmy dates }} or {{ use mdy dates }} template), or as used in the |date= parameter. Alias: orig-year df : date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these: dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified; mdy – as above for month day, year format ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format; mdy-all – as above for month day, year format ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD ^ Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates. See MOS:DATEUNIFY . Options for this field: limited_param_list hides orig-date because not allowed in limited-parameter templates Options for this field: limited_param_list hides orig-date because not allowed in limited-parameter templates publisher [ edit subtemplate ] publisher : Name of publisher; may be wikilinked [ 1 ] if relevant. The publisher is the company , organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. For self-published works (i.e., where the publisher is the same as the author or creator) state |publisher=self-published . [ 2 ] Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. This parameter is most commonly used for books, and rarely for websites or periodicals (although it may be used instead of work in some cases). Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title . place : For news stories with a dateline , the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location publication-place : Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe , The Times of India . Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place , place , or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title. publication-date : Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year ) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher . If date (or year ) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date . Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. via : Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher ). via is not a replacement for publisher , but provides additional detail. It may be used when the article is attributed to a different publication (e.g. in Yahoo News ) but cannot be traced, when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank ) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (e.g. EBSCO host ), or if the deliverer requests attribution. See the access level parameters to display access restrictions, and the agency parameters if the original source is a news agency or wire service. Options for this field: |work=no suppresses "; if work is defined, then publisher and location are enclosed in parentheses" |map=yes changes: publisher : Name of publisher. The publisher is the company that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g., a book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, website). Displays before title. Do not wikilink—use publisher-link instead. publisher-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the publisher—not the publisher's website; do not wikilink. Options for this field: |work=no suppresses "; if work is defined, then publisher and location are enclosed in parentheses" |map=yes changes: publisher : Name of publisher. The publisher is the company that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g., a book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, website). Displays before title. Do not wikilink—use publisher-link instead. publisher-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the publisher—not the publisher's website; do not wikilink. publisher : Name of publisher. The publisher is the company that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g., a book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, website). Displays before title. Do not wikilink—use publisher-link instead. publisher-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the publisher—not the publisher's website; do not wikilink. newsgroup [ edit subtemplate ] newsgroup : Name of newsgroup; a link is automatically created; do not wikilink. language [ edit subtemplate ] language : The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: |language=ru ; |lang=fr, pt-br ; |lang=Russian ; |language=French, Portuguese . See the list of supported codes and names . Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources . Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g. espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang pages [ edit subtemplate ] page : The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages= , but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes . If hyphenated, use {{ hyphen }} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |page=3{{hyphen}}12 ), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert |page=3-12 to |pages=3{{ndash}}12 . Alias: p . OR: pages : A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages= , but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes . Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |pages= without processing it, and use {{ hyphen }} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)) . Alternatively, use |at= , like this: |at=pp. 3-1 3-15 . Alias: pp . no-pp : Set to yes , y , or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where |page=Front cover or |pages= passim . no-pp : Set to yes , y , or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where |page=Front cover or |pages= passim . OR: at : For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by |page= or |pages= . Use only one of |page= , |pages= , or |at= . Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse. For |quote-page= and |quote-pages= used in conjunction with |quote= , see here . Options for this field: work adds "or work (or an alias) is defined" Options for this field: work adds "or work (or an alias) is defined" time [ edit subtemplate ] minutes : Time the event occurs in the source; followed by "minutes in". OR: time : Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text "Event occurs at". time-caption : Changes the default text displayed before time . time-caption : Changes the default text displayed before time . id1 [ edit subtemplate ] id : A unique identifier , used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example, |id=NCJ 122967 will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as |id={{NCJ|122967}} to append NCJ 122967 instead. id2 [ edit subtemplate ] The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678 . arxiv : arXiv identifier ; for example: |arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or |arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or |arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint . asin : Amazon Standard Identification Number ; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn . Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example |asin=B00005N5PF . Aliases: ASIN . asin-tld : ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: ae , au , br , ca , cn , de , es , fr , in , it , jp , mx , nl , pl , sa , se , sg , tr , uk . Aliases: none. asin-tld : ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: ae , au , br , ca , cn , de , es , fr , in , it , jp , mx , nl , pl , sa , se , sg , tr , uk . Aliases: none. bibcode : bibcode ; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H . Aliases: none. biorxiv : bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. 10.1101/078733 for or ; 10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 for ). Aliases: none. citeseerx : CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. 10.1.1.176.341 for ). Aliases: none. doi : Digital object identifier ; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7 . It is checked to ensure it begins with ( 10. ). Aliases: DOI . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below . doi-broken-date : Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at . Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none. Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below . doi-broken-date : Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at . Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none. eissn : International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen , but not an en dash or a space; example |eissn=1557-2986 . Aliases: EISSN . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below . hdl : Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example |hdl=20.1000/100 . Aliases: HDL . isbn : International Standard Book Number ; for example: 978-0-8126-9593-9 . (See Wikipedia:ISBN and ISBN § Overview .) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn . Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN . Use the {{ Format ISBN }} template within the parameter – in the form |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}} – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below . Use the {{ Format ISBN }} template within the parameter – in the form |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}} – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below . ismn : International Standard Music Number ; for example: 979-0-9016791-7-7 . Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN . issn : International Standard Serial Number ; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen , but not an en dash or a space; example |issn=2049-3630 . Aliases: ISSN . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below . jfm : Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik ; do not include "JFM" in the value; example |jfm=53.0144.01 . Aliases: JFM . jstor : JSTOR reference number; for example: |jstor=3793107 . Aliases: JSTOR . lccn : Library of Congress Control Number . When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example |lccn=79-57364 or |lccn=2004042477 or |lccn=e09001178 . Aliases: LCCN . mr : Mathematical Reviews ; example |mr=630583 . Aliases: MR . oclc : OCLC Number for looking up publications in the WorldCat union catalog ; example |oclc=9355469 . Aliases: OCLC . ol : Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example |ol=7030731M . Aliases: OL . osti : Office of Scientific and Technical Information ; example |osti=4367507 . Aliases: OSTI . pmc : PubMed Central ; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g. |pmc=345678 . Do not include "PMC" in the value. See also the pmid parameter, below; these are two different identifiers . Aliases: PMC . pmc-embargo-date : Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none. pmc-embargo-date : Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none. pmid : PubMed ; use unique identifier; example |pmid=17322060 See also the pmc parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMID . rfc : Request for Comments ; example |rfc=3143 . Aliases: RFC . sbn : Standard Book Number ; example |sbn=356-02201-3 . Aliases: SBN . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below . Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below . ssrn : Social Science Research Network ; example |ssrn=1900856 . Aliases: SSRN . s2cid : Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example |s2cid=37220927 . Aliases: S2CID . zbl : Zentralblatt MATH ; example |zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02 use |jfm=35.0387.02 . Aliases: ZBL . In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers ( |doi= , |eissn= , |isbn= , |issn= , and |sbn= ) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |< param >=((< value >)) ). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message. For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |< param >-access= parameter. For {{ cite journal }} , some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source ( |title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi ) for auto-linking or to disable the feature ( |title-link=none ). It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link= ) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible. url [ edit subtemplate ] url : URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or ?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=... . For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see WP:PAGELINKS . Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon ; use |isbn= or |oclc= to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message. access-date : Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url ; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. [ date 1 ] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB . Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate . archive-url : The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive (see Help:Using the Wayback Machine ) and archive.today (see Help:Using archive.today ) ; requires archive-date and url . By default (overridden by |url-status=live ) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl . archive-date : Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. [ date 1 ] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Alias: archivedate . url-status : A control parameter to select one of |url= or |archive-url= to link |title= ; requires url and archive-url . Use {{ dead link }} to mark dead |url= when there is no |archive-url= . Accepts multiple keywords: dead – (default condition when |url-status= omitted or empty) selects |archive-url= live – selects |url= ; used when |url= is preemptively archived with |archive-url= deviated – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article unfit – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable page ; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist . Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ usurped – selects |archive-url= ; used when the domain in |url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately. archive-format : File format of the work referred to by archive-url ; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text ; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using |format= url-access : See Access indicators discussion access-date : Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url ; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. [ date 1 ] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB . Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate . archive-url : The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive (see Help:Using the Wayback Machine ) and archive.today (see Help:Using archive.today ) ; requires archive-date and url . By default (overridden by |url-status=live ) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl . archive-date : Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. [ date 1 ] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Alias: archivedate . url-status : A control parameter to select one of |url= or |archive-url= to link |title= ; requires url and archive-url . Use {{ dead link }} to mark dead |url= when there is no |archive-url= . Accepts multiple keywords: dead – (default condition when |url-status= omitted or empty) selects |archive-url= live – selects |url= ; used when |url= is preemptively archived with |archive-url= deviated – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article unfit – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable page ; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist . Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ usurped – selects |archive-url= ; used when the domain in |url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately. archive-format : File format of the work referred to by archive-url ; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text ; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using |format= archive-date : Archive service snapshot date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. [ date 1 ] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{ use dmy dates }} and {{ use mdy dates }} . Alias: archivedate . url-status : A control parameter to select one of |url= or |archive-url= to link |title= ; requires url and archive-url . Use {{ dead link }} to mark dead |url= when there is no |archive-url= . Accepts multiple keywords: dead – (default condition when |url-status= omitted or empty) selects |archive-url= live – selects |url= ; used when |url= is preemptively archived with |archive-url= deviated – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article unfit – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable page ; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist . Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ usurped – selects |archive-url= ; used when the domain in |url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately. dead – (default condition when |url-status= omitted or empty) selects |archive-url= live – selects |url= ; used when |url= is preemptively archived with |archive-url= deviated – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= is still live but no longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article unfit – selects |archive-url= ; used when |url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, or other unsuitable page ; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist . Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ usurped – selects |archive-url= ; used when the domain in |url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities such as vice, reseller, malware, phishing, compromised, other malicious, and advertising sites; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately. archive-format : File format of the work referred to by archive-url ; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text ; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using |format= url-access : See Access indicators discussion format : File format of the work referred to by url ; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title . (For media format, use type .) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text ; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using |format= URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme . http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp:// , gopher:// , irc:// , ircs:// , mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported. If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded . For example, a space must be replaced by %20 . To encode the URL, replace the following characters with: Character space " ' < > [ ] { | } Encoding %20 %22 %27 %3C %3E %5B %5D %7B %7C %7D Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion. ^ a b Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD. See MOS:DATEUNIFY . Options for this field: media uses 'media' in place of 'text of the publication' Options for this field: media uses 'media' in place of 'text of the publication' chapterurl [ edit subtemplate ] chapter-url : URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by chapter or contribution can be found. Cannot be used if those parameters are wikilinked. Should be at the same site as url , if any. If chapter-url is used, url should only be used if the beginning of the work and the cited chapter are on separate webpages at the site. Aliases: contribution-url , section-url . chapter-format : Format of the work referred to by chapter-url ; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after chapter . HTML is implied and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon . Note: External link icons do not include alt text ; thus, they do not add format information for the visually impaired. quote [ edit subtemplate ] quote : Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote . When quoting a copyrighted text, only brief quotations to attribute a point of view or idea are permitted; extensive quotations are prohibited. script-quote : Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ... trans-quote : English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none. script-quote : Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script: ... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ... trans-quote : English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none. quote-page : The number of a single page quoted in |quote= . Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages= , but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in |page= , |pages= or |at= . Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes . If hyphenated, use {{ hyphen }} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12 ). Alias: none. OR: quote-pages : A list or range of pages quoted in |quote= . Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages= , but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in |pages= or |at= . Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |quote-pages= without processing it, and use {{ hyphen }} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)) . Alias: none. Options for this field: |cs2=yes suppresses "When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote needs to include terminating punctuation." Options for this field: |cs2=yes suppresses "When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote needs to include terminating punctuation." ref [ edit subtemplate ] ref : the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, |ref= ID generates an anchor with the given ID (the id= attribute in the citation's <cite id=" ID "> HTML tag). Setting |ref= ID identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references , especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing . The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{ sfn }} and {{ harv }} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair |ref=harv has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set |ref=none . Aliases: none. See Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates . display [ edit subtemplate ] mode : Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For |mode=cs1 , element separator and terminal punctuation is a period ( . ); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For |mode=cs2 , element separator is a comma ( , ); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use postscript . author-mask : contributor-mask : editor-mask : interviewer-mask : subject-mask : translator-mask : Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set < name >-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set < name >-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with < name >-link —in this case, the value of < name >-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes . Do not use in a list generated by {{ reflist }} , <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. |author n -mask= ) to apply the mask to a specific name . display-authors : display-contributors : display-editors : display-interviewers : display-subjects : display-translators : Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). |display-authors=0 is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none. postscript : Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period ( . ); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. |postscript= is ignored if quote is defined. Options for this field: cs2 : When set, changes: postscript to "defaults to none" separator to "Defaults to a comma (,)" Options for this field: cs2 : When set, changes: postscript to "defaults to none" separator to "Defaults to a comma (,)" postscript to "defaults to none" separator to "Defaults to a comma (,)" Subscription or registration required [ edit subtemplate ] WP:URLACCESS WP:URLACCESS Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources . As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles . Four access levels can be used: access indicator for named identifiers : free : the source is free to read for anyone free : the source is free to read for anyone access indicators for url-holding parameters : registration : a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration limited : free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required subscription : the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source (" paywall ") registration : a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration limited : free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required subscription : the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source (" paywall ") As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link. Access indicators for url-holding parameters Online sources linked by |url= , |article-url= , |chapter-url= , |contribution-url= , |entry-url= , |map-url= , and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as free . If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add |archive-url= and |archive-date= values if possible. URL Access Allowed keywords |url= |url-access= registration limited subscription |article-url= |article-url-access= |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access= |contribution-url= |contribution-url-access= |entry-url= |entry-url-access= |map-url= |map-url-access= |section-url= |section-url-access= For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription: which renders as: Access indicator for named identifiers WP:DOIACCESS WP:DOIACCESS Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited , registration , or subscription . Identifier Access Allowed keywords |bibcode= |bibcode-access= free |doi= |doi-access= |hdl= |hdl-access= |jstor= |jstor-access= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |ssrn= |ssrn-access= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are: |arxiv= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |medrxiv= |pmc= |rfc= For an embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date . Tracking of free DOIs The template is able to recognize known free-to-read DOI registrants , based on a list in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration . Once a free registrant is identified, the 10.xxxx/... part of the DOI associated with the registrant can be added to the list under local function build_free_doi_registrants_table() . If |doi-access=free is not set, it will place the page in Category:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI , which is routinely cleared by User:Citation bot . The template is also able to recognize known free-to-read journals, assuming they have a clear 10.xxxx/yyyy.... DOI pattern. Once that pattern is identified, it can be added to Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration under local extended_registrants_t = { with the format ['XXXX'] = {'YYYY'}, . If there are multiple journals with the same DOI prefix, they can be grouped together with the format ['XXXX'] = {'YYYY', 'ZZZZ', '...'}, . If you add a free registrant/free journal to the lists in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration , leave a note at User talk:Citation bot so the bot knows about it. map_series [ edit subtemplate ] scale : Scale of map. series : Title of map series. cartography : Person or entity that did the cartography, if this needs to be differentiated from general authorship of the map. Displays preceded by "Cartography by". map_pages [ edit subtemplate ] page : Page in the source that supports the content; overridden by at . OR: pages : Pages in the source that supports the content; separate page ranges with an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. inset : The name of the focused inset referenced; example: Downtown Fooburg. Output appends "inset" after the input, |inset=Downtown Fooburg becomes "Downtown Fooburg inset."; overridden by at . section : The map section(s) of the feature referenced; example: A6, B9, L11, etc; overridden by at . at : For sources where a single set of the above parameters is inappropriate or insufficient to describe the in-source location(s). interview_author [ edit subtemplate ] last : Surname of subject, not interviewer . Do not wikilink—use subject-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use last to include the same format as the source. first : Given or first names of author, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M., Sr . Do not wikilink—use subject-link instead. OR: for multiple subjects, use first n , last n . first : Given or first names of author, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M., Sr . Do not wikilink—use subject-link instead. OR: for multiple subjects, use first n , last n . subject-link : Title of existing Wikipedia article about the subject—not the subject's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: subject-link , author-link , author-link n ; subject-link n , author n -link OR: for multiple subjects, use subject-link n . interview_interviewer [ edit subtemplate ] interviewer-last : Surname of a single interviewer. Do not wikilink—use interviewer-link instead. For interviewers for whom only one name is listed by the source, use interviewer or one of its aliases (e.g. |interviewer=Bono ). Aliases: interviewer-last1 , interviewer1-last , interviewer-surname , interviewer-surname1 , interviewer1-surname , interviewer , interviewer1 . Supports accept-this-as-written markup . interviewer-first : Given or first names of interviewer; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use interviewer-link instead. Aliases: interviewer-first1 , interviewer1-first , interviewer-given , interviewer-given1 , interviewer1-given . Requires interviewer-last ; interviewer first name will not display if interviewer-last is empty. interviewer : this parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single interviewer (first and last). This parameter should never hold the names of more than one interviewer. For multiple interviewers, use interviewer-last1 , interviewer-first1 through interviewer-last n , interviewer-first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of interviewer- (each interviewer-first n requires a corresponding interviewer-last n , but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many interviewers are displayed. Aliases of interviewer-last1 through interviewer-last n : interviewer1 through interviewer n . For an individual interviewer plus an interviewer with a single name, you can use |interviewer-first1=... |interviewer-last1=... |interviewer2=... . interviewer-first : Given or first names of interviewer; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use interviewer-link instead. Aliases: interviewer-first1 , interviewer1-first , interviewer-given , interviewer-given1 , interviewer1-given . Requires interviewer-last ; interviewer first name will not display if interviewer-last is empty. interviewer : this parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single interviewer (first and last). This parameter should never hold the names of more than one interviewer. For multiple interviewers, use interviewer-last1 , interviewer-first1 through interviewer-last n , interviewer-first n , where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of interviewer- (each interviewer-first n requires a corresponding interviewer-last n , but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many interviewers are displayed. Aliases of interviewer-last1 through interviewer-last n : interviewer1 through interviewer n . For an individual interviewer plus an interviewer with a single name, you can use |interviewer-first1=... |interviewer-last1=... |interviewer2=... . season [ edit subtemplate ] season : Season number, usually for US shows. OR: series-number : Series number, usually for British shows. Aliases: series-no . number : Many episodic shows are identified by separate season and episode numbers. Alternately, some shows prefer the format of a single episode number that includes the season within it; this format can be used by omitting the season field. network [ edit subtemplate ] network : The network the episode was aired on. (e.g. ABC, NBC, CBS, Fox, Disney, USA Network, BBC) station : Call letters of the local station (if any). station : Call letters of the local station (if any). transcript [ edit subtemplate ] transcript : Transcript of the original source. transcript-url : URL of the transcript. transcript-url : URL of the transcript. conference [ edit subtemplate ] conference : Name of the conference, may include location if different from location and date if different from date or year . conference-url : URL of conference proceedings, if different from url . conference-url : URL of conference proceedings, if different from url . Notes ^ The pipe trick does not work inside references , so be sure to insert a full wikilink. ^ Compare archived talk page . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Citation Style 1 v t e General templates {{ Cite book }} books {{ Cite conference }} conference papers {{ Cite document }} short, stand-alone, offline documents {{ Cite encyclopedia }} edited collections {{ Cite interview }} interviews {{ Cite journal }} academic journals {{ Cite magazine }} magazines {{ Cite mailing list }} public mailing lists {{ Cite map }} maps {{ Cite news }} news articles {{ Cite newsgroup }} online newsgroups {{ Cite press release }} press releases {{ Cite report }} unpublished reports {{ Cite sign }} signs, plaques {{ Cite speech }} speeches {{ Cite tech report }} technical reports {{ Cite thesis }} theses {{ Cite web }} web sources Preprint templates {{ Cite arXiv }} {{ Cite bioRxiv }} {{ Cite CiteSeerX }} {{ Cite medRxiv }} {{ Cite SSRN }} {{ Cite arXiv }} {{ Cite bioRxiv }} {{ Cite CiteSeerX }} {{ Cite medRxiv }} {{ Cite SSRN }} Audiovisual-related {{ Cite AV media }} {{ Cite AV media notes }} {{ Cite episode }} {{ Cite podcast }} {{ Cite serial }} {{ Cite AV media }} {{ Cite AV media notes }} {{ Cite episode }} {{ Cite podcast }} {{ Cite serial }} Categories Citation Style 1 templates Citation Style 1 specific-source templates Citation Style 1 templates Citation Style 1 specific-source templates Documentation {{ Citation Style documentation }} {{ Citation Style documentation }} Citation Style 1 noticeboard v t e Wikipedia referencing v t e Policies and guidelines Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations Verifiability No original research Biographies of living persons Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Citing sources Scientific citations General advice Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citation needed Combining sources Offline sources Referencing styles Citing sources Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Citation Style 1 Citation Style 2 Bluebook Comics Citation templates Inline citations Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Footnotes Punctuation and footnotes Shortened footnotes Nesting footnotes Help for beginners Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Reference-tags Citations quick reference Introduction to referencing Referencing with citation templates Referencing without using templates Referencing dos and don'ts Citing Wikipedia Advanced help Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Cite link labels Cite errors Citation merging (bundling) Cite messages Converting between references formats Reference display customization References and page numbers Guidance on source reviewing at FAC Cite extension documentation Footnote templates Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Citation Style documentation Multiple references {{ Reflist }} {{ Refbegin }} Find references How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources How to find sources Bibliographies Wikipedia Library Resource Exchange Reference Desk Book Sources Free newspaper sources Citation tools (External links) Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot MakeRef Refill WayBack OABot Documentation assistance templates Wikipedia semi-protected templates This page was last edited on 10 March 2025, at 06:05 (UTC) . 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Inwazja Rosji na Ukrainę • wojna Izraela z Hamasem • operacja „Absolute Resolve” Słoweniec Domen Prevc (na zdjęciu) zwyciężył w 74. Turnieju Czterech Skoczni ( 6 stycznia ) Delcy Rodríguez została zaprzysiężona na urząd p.o. prezydenta Wenezueli , przejmując obowiązki po aresztowanym Nicolásie Maduro ( 5 stycznia ) W wyniku pożaru w barze Le Constellation w szwajcarskim kurorcie Crans-Montana zginęło 40 osób ( 1 stycznia ) 6 miejscowości w Polsce uzyskało status miasta: Janów Podlaski , Stanisławów , Małkinia Górna , Staroźreby , Branice i Janów ( 1 stycznia ) Zmarli : Scott Adams • Jorgos Wasiliu • Ueli Kestenholz • Mucharbij Kirżynow • Erich von Däniken • Bob Weir • Louis Brus • Uļjana Semjonova • Terry Yorath • Béla Tarr • Ali Abu ar-Raghib • Nora Ikstena • Andrzej Paczkowski 16 stycznia : imieniny obchodzą m.in.: Otto , Włodzimira i Włodzimir Okrągłe, dziesięcioletnie rocznice: 1556 – abdykacja cesarza Karola V ( na portrecie ) 1806 – życie odebrał sobie francuski lekarz, chemik i fabrykant Nicolas Leblanc , który opracował metodę otrzymywania sody ze zwykłej soli 1826 – urodził się Romuald Traugutt , ceniony saper, oficer w wojsku carskim, uczestnik powstania węgierskiego i wojny krymskiej , przez Rząd Narodowy mianowany generałem, od października 1863 dyktator powstania styczniowego 1906 – rozpoczęła się konferencja w Algeciras , mająca na celu zażegnanie kryzysu marokańskiego 1946 – urodził się szkocki pisarz Graham Masterton , autor horrorów i thrillerów 1986 – urodziła się polska tenisistka Marta Domachowska 2006 – liberyjska ekonomistka Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf ( na fotografii ) (późniejsza laureatka Pokojowej Nagrody Nobla), jako pierwsza na kontynencie afrykańskim kobieta wybrana demokratycznie na głowę państwa, objęła urząd prezydenta Liberii 15 stycznia • Kalendarium dzień po dniu • 17 stycznia FIS Ladies Grand Prix 2008 – dziesiąta edycja FIS Ladies Winter Tournee , przeprowadzona w sezonie 2007/2008 na skoczniach w Niemczech . Początek turnieju nastąpił 16 lutego 2008 roku, podczas zawodów indywidualnych na skoczni w Breitenbergu . Następnego dnia na tym samym obiekcie odbył się drugi konkurs indywidualny. Trzy dni później rozegrano zawody indywidualne na skoczni w Baiersbronn . Turniej zakończył się 23 lutego konkursem na obiekcie w Schönwald im Schwarzwald . Pierwszy konkurs indywidualny wygrała Anette Sagen , a drugi – Maja Vtič . Trzecim konkursem miały być zawody drużynowe, które ostatecznie odwołano, a ich wyniki ustalono na podstawie osiągnięć indywidualnych. Zwycięstwo odniosła reprezentacja Niemiec w składzie: Magdalena Schnurr , Juliane Seyfarth , Ulrike Gräßler oraz Jenna Mohr . Trzecie zmagania indywidualne wygrała Atsuko Tanaka , a w ostatnim konkursie drugie zwycięstwo w cyklu odniosła Anette Sagen. Zwyciężczynią dziesiątej edycji turnieju została Anette Sagen, która zdobyła najwięcej punktów w klasyfikacji łącznej FIS Ladies Grand Prix. Było to czwarte zwycięstwo Norweżki w klasyfikacji końcowej cyklu. Czytaj więcej… Albatros B.I – niemiecki dwupłatowy samolot rozpoznawczy , a następnie szkolny z okresu I wojny światowej , zaprojektowany i zbudowany w wytwórni Albatros-Werke GmbH w Berlinie . Zbudowana w liczbie ponad 200 egzemplarzy maszyna używana była na początku wojny w jednostkach bojowych Fliegertruppe oraz K.u.k. Luftfahrtruppen , a następnie została wycofana do szkół lotniczych. Po odzyskaniu niepodległości w polskim lotnictwie służyły trzy B.I, a ostatni z nich został skasowany w listopadzie 1921 roku. Samolot oryginalnie nie był uzbrojony. W misjach bombardowania do kabiny zabierano lekkie bomby , które były wyrzucane ręcznie; później umieszczano je w pionowych wyrzutnikach. Część samolotów przeznaczonych do korygowania ognia artylerii wyposażonych było w prymitywne radiostacje . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Calendars 2 Applicable years Toggle Applicable years subsection 2.1 Gregorian Calendar 2.2 Julian Calendar 2.1 Gregorian Calendar 2.2 Julian Calendar 3 Holidays Toggle Holidays subsection 3.1 International 3.2 Roman Catholic Solemnities 3.3 Australia and New Zealand 3.4 British Isles 3.5 Canada 3.6 Denmark 3.7 Germany 3.8 United States 3.1 International 3.2 Roman Catholic Solemnities 3.3 Australia and New Zealand 3.4 British Isles 3.5 Canada 3.6 Denmark 3.7 Germany 3.8 United States 4 References Common year starting on Thursday العربية Български Català Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Limburgs Македонски مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Runa Simi සිංහල Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Žemaitėška 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item A common year starting on Thursday is any non- leap year (i.e. a year with 365 days) that begins on Thursday , 1 January , and ends on Thursday , 31 December . Its dominical letter hence is D . The current year, 2026 , is a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar , and the next such year will be 2037, [ 1 ] or, likewise, 2021 and 2027 in the obsolete Julian calendar , see below for more . This is the only common year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th : those three in this common year occur in February , March , and November . Leap years starting on Sunday share this characteristic, for the months January, April and July. From February until March in this type of year is also the shortest period (one month) that runs between two instances of Friday the 13th. Additionally, this is the one of only two types of years overall where a rectangular February is possible, in places where Sunday is considered to be the first day of the week. Common years starting on Friday share this characteristic, when Monday is considered to be the first day of the week. This year has four months (February, March, August and November) which begin on a weekend-day. Calendars Calendar for any common year starting on Thursday, presented as common in many English-speaking areas .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#d8e0ff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}} January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 January Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 February Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 April Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 May Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 June Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 July Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 September Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 October Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 November Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 December Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 ISO 8601 -conformant calendar with week numbers for any common year starting on Thursday (dominical letter D) January Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 01 01 02 03 04 02 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 03 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 04 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 05 26 27 28 29 30 31 January Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 01 01 02 03 04 02 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 03 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 04 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 05 26 27 28 29 30 31 February Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 05 01 06 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 07 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 08 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 09 23 24 25 26 27 28 February Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 05 01 06 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 07 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 08 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 09 23 24 25 26 27 28 March Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 09 01 10 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 11 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 12 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 13 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 14 30 31 March Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 09 01 10 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 11 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 12 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 13 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 14 30 31 April Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 14 01 02 03 04 05 15 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 16 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 18 27 28 29 30 April Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 14 01 02 03 04 05 15 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 16 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 18 27 28 29 30 May Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 18 01 02 03 19 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 May Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 18 01 02 03 19 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 23 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 24 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 25 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 26 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 27 29 30 June Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 23 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 24 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 25 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 26 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 27 29 30 July Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 27 01 02 03 04 05 28 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 29 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 30 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 31 27 28 29 30 31 July Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 27 01 02 03 04 05 28 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 29 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 30 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 31 27 28 29 30 31 August Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 31 01 02 32 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 33 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 34 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 35 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 36 31 August Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 31 01 02 32 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 33 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 34 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 35 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 36 31 September Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 36 01 02 03 04 05 06 37 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 38 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 39 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 40 28 29 30 September Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 36 01 02 03 04 05 06 37 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 38 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 39 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 40 28 29 30 October Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 40 01 02 03 04 41 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 42 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 43 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 44 26 27 28 29 30 31 October Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 40 01 02 03 04 41 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 42 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 43 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 44 26 27 28 29 30 31 November Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 44 01 45 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 46 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 47 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 48 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 49 30 November Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 44 01 45 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 46 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 47 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 48 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 49 30 December Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 49 01 02 03 04 05 06 50 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 51 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 52 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 53 28 29 30 31 December Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 49 01 02 03 04 05 06 50 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 51 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 52 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 53 28 29 30 31 Applicable years Gregorian Calendar In the (currently used) Gregorian calendar, alongside Tuesday , the fourteen types of year (seven common, seven leap) repeat in a 400-year cycle (20871 weeks). Forty-four common years per cycle or exactly 11% start on a Thursday. The 28-year sub-cycle only spans across century years divisible by 400, e.g. 1600, 2000, and 2400. For this kind of year, the corresponding ISO year has 53 weeks, and the ISO week 10 (which begins March 2) and all subsequent ISO weeks occur earlier than in all other common years. Decade 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 16th century prior to first adoption (proleptic) 1587 1598 17th century 1609 1615 1626 1637 1643 1654 1665 1671 1682 1693 1699 18th century 1705 1711 1722 1733 1739 1750 — 1761 1767 1778 1789 1795 19th century 1801 1807 1818 1829 1835 1846 1857 1863 1874 1885 1891 20th century 1903 1914 1925 1931 1942 1953 1959 — 1970 1981 1987 1998 21st century 2009 2015 2026 2037 2043 2054 2065 2071 2082 2093 2099 22nd century 2105 2111 2122 2133 2139 2150 — 2161 2167 2178 2189 2195 23rd century 2201 2207 2218 2229 2235 2246 2257 2263 2274 2285 2291 24th century 2303 2314 2325 2331 2342 2353 2359 — 2370 2381 2387 2398 25th century 2409 2415 2426 2437 2443 2454 2465 2471 2482 2493 2499 0–99 9 15 26 37 43 54 65 71 82 93 99 100–199 105 111 122 133 139 150 161 167 178 189 195 200–299 201 207 218 229 235 246 257 263 274 285 291 300–399 303 314 325 331 342 353 359 370 381 387 398 Julian Calendar In the now-obsolete Julian calendar, the fourteen types of year (seven common, seven leap) repeat in a 28-year cycle (1461 weeks). A leap year has two adjoining dominical letters (one for January and February and the other for March to December, as 29 February has no letter). This sequence occurs exactly once within a cycle, and every common letter thrice. As the Julian calendar repeats after 28 years that means it will also repeat after 700 years, i.e. 25 cycles. The year's position in the cycle is given by the formula ((year + 8) mod 28) + 1). Years 3, 14 and 20 of the cycle are common years beginning on Thursday. 2017 is year 10 of the cycle. Approximately 10.71% of all years are common years beginning on Thursday. Decade 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 15th century 1405 1411 1422 1433 1439 1450 — 1461 1467 1478 1489 1495 16th century 1506 1517 1523 1534 1545 1551 1562 1573 1579 1590 — 17th century 1601 1607 1618 1629 1635 1646 1657 1663 1674 1685 1691 18th century 1702 1713 1719 1730 — 1741 1747 1758 1769 1775 1786 1797 19th century 1803 1814 1825 1831 1842 1853 1859 1870 — 1881 1887 1898 20th century 1909 1915 1926 1937 1943 1954 1965 1971 1982 1993 1999 21st century 2010 — 2021 2027 2038 2049 2055 2066 2077 2083 2094 Holidays International Valentine's Day falls on a Saturday World Day for Grandparents and the Elderly falls on July 26 Halloween falls on a Saturday Christmas Day falls on a Friday Roman Catholic Solemnities Epiphany falls on a Tuesday Candlemas falls on a Monday Saint Joseph's Day falls on a Thursday The Annunciation of Jesus falls on a Wednesday The Nativity of John the Baptist falls on a Wednesday The Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul falls on a Monday The Transfiguration of Jesus falls on a Thursday The Assumption of Mary falls on a Saturday The Exaltation of the Holy Cross falls on a Monday All Saints' Day falls on a Sunday All Souls' Day falls on a Monday The Feast of Christ the King falls on November 22 (or on its earliest possible date of October 25 in versions of the calendar between 1925 and 1962) The First Sunday of Advent falls on November 29 The Immaculate Conception falls on a Tuesday Gaudete Sunday falls on December 13 Rorate Sunday falls on December 20 Australia and New Zealand Australia Day falls on a Monday Waitangi Day falls on a Friday Daylight saving ends on April 5 ANZAC Day falls on a Saturday Mother's Day falls on May 10 Father's Day falls on September 6 Daylight saving begins on September 27 in New Zealand and October 4 in Australia British Isles Saint David's Day falls on a Sunday Mother's Day falls on its earliest possible date of March 1 , or on March 8 , March 15 , March 22 or March 29 Saint Patrick's Day falls on a Tuesday Daylight saving begins on March 29 Saint George's Day falls on a Thursday Father's Day falls on its latest possible date, June 21 . This is only common year when Father's Day falls on ISO week 25. It falls on ISO week 24 in all of the common years. Orangeman's Day falls on a Sunday Daylight saving ends on its earliest possible date, October 25 Guy Fawkes Night falls on a Thursday Saint Andrew's Day falls on a Monday Canada Daylight saving begins on its earliest possible date, March 8 Mother's Day falls on May 10 Victoria Day falls on its earliest possible date, May 18 Father's Day falls on its latest possible date, June 21 Canada Day falls on a Wednesday Labour Day falls on its latest possible date, September 7 – this is the only common year when Victoria Day and Labour Day are sixteen weeks apart (they are fifteen weeks apart in all other common years) Thanksgiving Day falls on October 12 Daylight saving ends on its earliest possible date, November 1 Denmark The Constitution Day falls on a Friday Germany The reunification falls on a Saturday United States Martin Luther King Jr. Day falls on January 19 President's Day falls on February 16 Daylight saving begins on its earliest possible date, March 8 Mother's Day falls on May 10 Memorial Day falls on its earliest possible date, May 25 Juneteenth falls on a Friday Father's Day falls on its latest possible date, June 21 Independence Day falls on a Saturday Labor Day falls on its latest possible date, September 7 – this is the only common year when Memorial Day and Labor Day are fifteen weeks apart (they are fourteen weeks apart in all other common years) Grandparents' Day falls on its latest possible date, September 13 Columbus Day falls on October 12 Daylight saving ends on its earliest possible date, November 1 Thanksgiving Day falls on November 26 References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Robert van Gent (2017). "The Mathematics of the ISO 8601 Calendar" . Utrecht University, Department of Mathematics . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Gregorian year types per leap cycle by Dominical letter (DL) and Doomsday (DD) v t e Year starts Common years Leap years 1 Jan Count Ratio 31 Dec DL DD Count Ratio 31 Dec DL DD Count Ratio Sun 58 14.50 % Sun A Tue 43 10.75 % Mon AG Wed 15 0 3.75 % Mon 56 14.00 % Mon G Wed 43 10.75 % Tue GF Thu 13 0 3.25 % Tue 58 14.50 % Tue F Thu 44 11.00 % Wed FE Fri 14 0 3.50 % Wed 57 14.25 % Wed E Fri 43 10.75 % Thu ED Sat 14 0 3.50 % Thu 57 14.25 % Thu D Sat 44 11.00 % Fri DC Sun 13 0 3.25 % Fri 58 14.50 % Fri C Sun 43 10.75 % Sat CB Mon 15 0 3.75 % Sat 56 14.00 % Sat B Mon 43 10.75 % Sun BA Tue 13 0 3.25 % ∑ 400 100.0 % 303 75.75 % 97 24.25 % Year starts Common years Leap years 1 Jan Count Ratio 31 Dec DL DD Count Ratio 31 Dec DL DD Count Ratio Sun 58 14.50 % Sun A Tue 43 10.75 % Mon AG Wed 15 0 3.75 % Mon 56 14.00 % Mon G Wed 43 10.75 % Tue GF Thu 13 0 3.25 % Tue 58 14.50 % Tue F Thu 44 11.00 % Wed FE Fri 14 0 3.50 % Wed 57 14.25 % Wed E Fri 43 10.75 % Thu ED Sat 14 0 3.50 % Thu 57 14.25 % Thu D Sat 44 11.00 % Fri DC Sun 13 0 3.25 % Fri 58 14.50 % Fri C Sun 43 10.75 % Sat CB Mon 15 0 3.75 % Sat 56 14.00 % Sat B Mon 43 10.75 % Sun BA Tue 13 0 3.25 % ∑ 400 100.0 % 303 75.75 % 97 24.25 % Source: Robert van Gent (2017). "The Mathematics of the ISO 8601 Calendar" . Utrecht University, Department of Mathematics . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Gregorian calendar Julian calendar Thursday Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata This page was last edited on 3 January 2026, at 17:24 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 3.1 Caribbean 3.2 Florida 3.3 Southeast United States 3.4 Canada 3.1 Caribbean 3.2 Florida 3.3 Southeast United States 3.4 Canada 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Tropical Storm Alberto (2006) Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Português Svenska 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikidata item Tropical Storm Alberto at peak intensity on June 12 Meteorological history Formed June 10, 2006 Extratropical June 14, 2006 Dissipated June 19, 2006 Tropical storm 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 70 mph (110 km/h) Lowest pressure 995 mbar ( hPa ); 29.38 inHg Overall effects Fatalities 3 indirect Missing 4 Damage $420,000 (2006 USD ) Areas affected Northwest Caribbean, Southeastern United States , Atlantic Canada IBTrACS Part of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season Tropical Storm Alberto was the first tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season . Forming on June 10 in the northwestern Caribbean, the storm moved generally to the north, reaching a maximum intensity of 70 mph (110 km/h) before weakening and moving ashore in the Big Bend area of Florida on June 13. Alberto then moved through eastern Georgia , North Carolina , and Virginia as a tropical depression before becoming extratropical on June 14. Across the Western Caribbean, the storm produced heavy rainfall, causing some minor damage. In Florida, a moderate storm tide caused coastal damage and flooding, while Alberto's outer rainbands produced several tornadoes. The storm was indirectly responsible for two drownings off the coast of Tampa Bay . In North Carolina , heavy rainfall caused locally severe flooding, and one child drowned in a flooded storm drain near Raleigh . The remnants of Alberto produced strong winds and left four people missing in Atlantic Canada . Overall, damage was minor along Alberto's path. Meteorological history In early June 2006, an area of convection persisted across Central America and the western Caribbean in association with a broad, nearly stationary trough of low pressure . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Thunderstorms increased and became more concentrated on June 8 after a tropical wave moved into the western Caribbean, [ 1 ] and an upper-level low to its west increased outflow over the system. [ 3 ] The disturbance moved slowly north-northwestward, and development was initially inhibited by marginally favorable upper-level winds and land interaction. [ 4 ] The system gradually organized , [ 5 ] and by June 10 a circulation formed with sufficiently organized convection for the National Hurricane Center to classify it Tropical Depression One. At this point the storm was located about 140 miles (230 km) south of the western tip of Cuba . [ 1 ] The depression tracked to the northwest through the Yucatán Channel into an area of increased wind shear , which left the center exposed and elongated. [ 1 ] [ 6 ] Despite its poor structure, the system maintained strong winds in its eastern semicircle. The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Alberto early on June 11 about 260 miles (420 km) southwest of the Dry Tortugas , based on Hurricane Hunters ' reports of flight level winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) in a few convective bands . [ 1 ] Upon becoming a tropical storm, the low-level circulation had become better defined, though forecasts predicted the wind shear would increase, preventing significant strengthening of the storm. [ 7 ] One forecaster at the National Hurricane Center remarked the system resembled a subtropical cyclone . [ 8 ] However, deep convection developed and built westward against the wind shear as the overall organization improved. At the same time Alberto turned northeastward under the influence of an approaching trough. [ 9 ] On June 12, the circulation abruptly reformed under the area of deepest convection, which coincided with the storm's passage over the loop current ; consequentially, Alberto quickly strengthened to reach peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) about 220 miles (350 km) west-northwest of Tampa, Florida . [ 1 ] Though it was projected to track over cooler waters and stay in an area of increased shear, forecasters at the National Hurricane Center predicted Alberto would attain hurricane status and make landfall at that intensity. [ 10 ] The storm maintained peak intensity for about 18 hours, [ 1 ] and while accelerating northeastward, Alberto's convection diminished as the cloud pattern became elongated. [ 11 ] On June 13, dry air became entrained in the circulation, leaving the center exposed from the convection and the wind field greatly broadened. [ 12 ] A partial eyewall developed in the western semicircle of the center; however, winds were well below hurricane force. [ 13 ] Alberto continued to weaken, and made landfall at about 1630 UTC on June 13 with 45 mph (72 km/h) winds in Taylor County, Florida , about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Tallahassee . [ 1 ] The storm maintained a well-organized structure [ 14 ] and banding features over land, [ 15 ] while continuing to produce winds of tropical storm force as it moved into Georgia . Early on June 14, the storm weakened to tropical depression status while located near the city of Millen, Georgia . Alberto began to lose tropical characteristics soon thereafter, and about six hours after weakening to a tropical depression it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . [ 1 ] Late on June 14 it accelerated northeastward to emerge into the Atlantic Ocean, [ 16 ] and on June 15, it entered the area of responsibility of the Canadian Hurricane Centre . [ 17 ] While over open waters, Alberto's remnants began to re-intensify; later that day, the extratropical remnant low attained winds of 65 mph (105 km/h) and a pressure of 969 mbar while a short distance south of Nova Scotia . [ 1 ] At this time, the low presented a well-defined comma structure. [ 18 ] After passing near Sable Island , [ 18 ] the remnants of Alberto crossed the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland on June 16. [ 19 ] The extratropical storm turned to the east-northeast and later to the east as it continued its rapid forward motion, and on June 19 the remnants of Alberto merged with an approaching cold front near the British Isles . [ 1 ] Preparations By June 12, the Cuban government had evacuated over 25,000 people in the western portion of the country due to the threat of flooding. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] The National Hurricane Center recommended tropical storm warnings for the Isle of Youth and the Pinar del Río Province early on June 10, but they were not issued by the Cuban government. [ 22 ] In northwestern Florida, officials issued a mandatory evacuation order a day before the storm moved ashore for about 21,000 citizens in Levy County , Citrus County , and Taylor County . [ 23 ] Several schools were closed as well, and converted into shelters. [ 24 ] In all, about 350 coastal residents took refuge in emergency shelters. [ 25 ] Prior to the arrival of the storm, Florida governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency for the state. [ 26 ] A tropical storm watch was first issued for portions of the Florida Panhandle about 43 hours prior to landfall. As Alberto was predicted to continue intensifying, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning from Longboat Key to the mouth of the Ochlockonee River approximately 25 hours before landfall. A tropical storm warning extended southward to Englewood and westward to Indian Pass . A tropical storm warning was also issued from Flagler Beach, Florida to the mouth of the Santee River in South Carolina . [ 1 ] As the storm moved inland, local National Weather Service offices issued flood watches for portions of North Carolina , Virginia , and the Delmarva Peninsula . Additionally, flood and flash flood warnings were issued for some portions of the country from South Carolina through Virginia. [ 16 ] While Alberto was becoming extratropical over land, the Canadian Hurricane Centre issued gale warnings for offshore waters of Nova Scotia , [ 27 ] and later for Newfoundland . In addition, the Atlantic Storm Prediction Center issued inland wind warnings for coastal regions of Nova Scotia. [ 28 ] Due to the prediction for precipitation, the Atlantic Storm Prediction Center posted rainfall warnings for all Atlantic coastal regions of Nova Scotia. [ 29 ] Impact Caribbean In its early stages of development, the tropical depression which later became Alberto produced heavy rainfall across the western Caribbean. A station on Grand Cayman reported 22.72 inches (577 mm) of rain in one 24-hour period. [ 22 ] In Cuba , rainfall amounted to 17.52 inches (445 mm) in Pinar del Río province, [ 1 ] where one station recorded 4.06 inches (103 mm) in one hour. [ 20 ] On the Isle of Youth , precipitation accrued to 15.67 inches (398 mm) in Sumidero . [ 1 ] Air and marine travel was disrupted between the Cuban mainland and the Isle of Youth. [ 21 ] In Havana Province rainfall totaled 8.46 inches (215 mm) at Playa Baracoa . [ 1 ] Much of the precipitation fell over a fairly short period of time, and was beneficial, as the area had been suffering from severe drought conditions. [ 30 ] In Pinar del Río province, the precipitation flooded 50 mi 2 (130 km 2 ) of crop land. The storm damaged about 50 houses across the country, about half of which in Havana . [ 20 ] Alberto dropped light amounts of rainfall across Mexico , with a 24-hour total peaking at 4 inches (100 mm) in Peto, Yucatán . Light rain was also reported throughout Quintana Roo and in eastern Campeche . [ 31 ] Florida The large area of convection associated with Alberto dropped rainfall across Florida for several days. The statewide precipitation maximum reached 7.08 inches (180 mm) at a station 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Tarpon Springs . [ 32 ] The highest sustained winds from the storm were officially clocked at 40 mph (64 km/h) in St. Petersburg , which also saw reports of wind gusts of up to 56 mph (90 km/h). Upon making landfall on the Florida Panhandle , the storm produced a storm tide which unofficially peaked at 7.3 feet (2.2 m) at the Crystal River Power Plant . [ 1 ] The combination of high surf and the storm tide caused surge flooding along the Florida Panhandle . [ 33 ] Six tornadoes were spawned in the state from the outer rainbands of Alberto, none of which caused serious damage. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] Across coastal areas, the storm surge flooding caused minor damage to dozens of homes and closed several roads. Near Homosassa , two people who did not evacuate required water rescue. At Egmont Key State Park , a woman fell off of a boat when a band of showers and surging currents made navigation difficult; her husband and a friend drowned after jumping in to save her without life jackets, though the woman returned safely to the boat. [ 25 ] The rainfall caused some temporary road flooding, though precipitation was mostly beneficial in alleviating drought conditions. Moderate wind gusts caused scattered power outages and downed some trees across the northeast portion of the state. [ 34 ] Overall, property damage in the state rose to about $390,000 (2006 USD) in total. [ 25 ] [ 35 ] Southeast United States While the storm moved through the state of Georgia , moderate winds of up to 45 mph (72 km/h) occurred along the coastline. [ 1 ] Rainfall ranged from 3–5 inches (76–127 millimetres) across the southeast portion of the state, [ 36 ] with isolated higher maxima of up to 7.05 inches (179 mm) in Rincon . [ 16 ] Alberto produced a storm tide of 8.53 feet (2.60 m) at Fort Pulaski National Monument , causing some beach erosion along the coastline. [ 37 ] Alberto produced winds of tropical storm force along the South Carolina coastline; the highest official wind gust was 51 mph (82 km/h) at Edisto Beach . [ 1 ] The storm dropped precipitation across much of the state, including a state maximum of 4.42 inches (112 mm) at Pritchardville . Storm tides reached 7.81 feet (2.38 m) above the mean low-level water mark along Fripp Island , leading to some beach erosion along portions of the coastline. While in the process of becoming extratropical, the rainbands of Alberto spawned seven confirmed tornadoes in the state, most of which rated F0 ; [ 1 ] a National Weather Service report indicated additional tornadoes may have occurred in the state. The tornadoes caused some minor damage, though overall damage in the state was minimal. [ 37 ] The remnants of Alberto dropped heavy precipitation across North Carolina , including a nationwide high of 7.16 inches (182 mm) at the Raleigh National Weather Service Office. [ 3 ] Some totals broke previous rainfall records, [ 38 ] including the station at Raleigh-Durham International Airport which broke the all-time daily precipitation record for that station. The rainfall led to flooding across the central portion of the state, with 45 flash flood warnings issued by the Raleigh National Weather Service. Police and firefighters in Wake County performed 47 water rescues. Additionally, the Raleigh-Wake 9-1-1 center received more than 1,076 calls for help. Flash flooding occurred throughout the area, which caused the Crabtree Creek in Raleigh to crest at 23.77 feet (7.25 m); [ 39 ] this was the second highest flood stage on record for the creek. The overflown creek flooded a few cars to their rooftops, and resulted in the closure of the Crabtree Valley Mall . Major flooding was reported elsewhere throughout the region, which closed several roads and damaged some houses. [ 40 ] In Franklin County , an eight-year-old boy drowned after getting sucked into a flooded drainage system; the death is considered indirect because the boy was chasing a ball into the drainage system. [ 1 ] Near the coast, the storm produced several waterspouts , some of which moved ashore in Dare and Carteret counties . Isolated reports of 60 mph (97 km/h) wind gusts resulted in downed trees and minor damage. [ 41 ] Rainfall from the storm extended into Virginia , the Eastern Shore of Maryland , and extreme southeastern Delaware . [ 3 ] Precipitation totaled 5.8 inches (150 mm) in Virginia Beach , [ 42 ] which caused flash flooding in the Hampton Roads area. The flooding closed several roads, though no major damage was reported. [ 43 ] Canada The extratropical remnant of Alberto produced strong winds across the Canadian Maritimes , including gusts of 74 mph (119 km/h) in the Municipality of the District of Barrington of Nova Scotia . [ 18 ] Sustained winds reached 51 mph (82 km/h). [ 17 ] Rainfall from the storm was moderate, with some locations reporting 0.4 inches (10 mm) per hour; [ 44 ] totals exceeded 2 inches (51 mm) in numerous areas. Due to wet grounds, the winds knocked down some trees and several tree limbs, and also downed some power lines, [ 18 ] causing localized power outages. [ 17 ] Moderate winds and rainfall affected Newfoundland , as well. [ 19 ] According to a press report, the storm left four sailors missing about 230 miles (370 km) south of Nova Scotia. [ 1 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal Other storms of the same name Timeline of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present) List of North Carolina hurricanes (2000–present) Tropical Storm Barry (2007) Tropical Storm Andrea (2013) Tropical Storm Colin (2016) Tropical Storm Alex (2022) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lixion Avila & Daniel Brown (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF) . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Pasch (2006). "June 6 Tropical Weather Outlook" . National Hurricane Center ( FTP ) . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . [ dead ftp link ] (To view documents see Help:FTP ) ^ a b c David Roth (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto — June 2006" . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Stewart (2006). "June 8 Tropical Weather Outlook" . National Hurricane Center ( FTP ) . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . [ dead ftp link ] (To view documents see Help:FTP ) ^ Mainelli/Knabb (2006). "June 9 Tropical Weather Outlook" . National Hurricane Center ( FTP ) . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . [ dead ftp link ] (To view documents see Help:FTP ) ^ Beven (2006). "Tropical Depression One Special Discussion One" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Pasch (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Six" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Pasch (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Seven" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Franklin (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Nine" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Pasch (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Ten" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Pasch (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Eleven" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Franklin (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Thirteen" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Pasch (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Fourteen" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Pasch (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Fifteen" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Stewart (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Discussion Sixteen" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ a b c Fries & Petersen (2006). "Public Advisory 19 on Remnants of Alberto" . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ a b c Canadian Hurricane Center (2007). "2006 Tropical Cyclone Season Summary" . Archived from the original on July 26, 2007 . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ a b c d Bowyer & Roussel (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Information Statement for June 15, 2006 (2)" . Canadian Hurricane Centre. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006 . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ a b Roussel & Marshall (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Information Statement for June 16, 2006" . Canadian Hurricane Centre. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011 . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ a b c Dalia Acosta (June 15, 2006). "Tempestade tropical Alberto causa estragos; Cuba: Os estragos causados por Alberto" (in Portuguese). Inter Press Service. ^ a b Agence France-Presse (June 12, 2006). "25,000 Cubans move from 'life-threatening' storm Alberto" . Archived from the original on August 2, 2007 . Retrieved February 12, 2008 . ^ a b Knabb (2006). "Tropical Depression One Public Advisory Two" . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ "20,000 ordered to leave Florida's Gulf Coast" . Associated Press. June 12, 2006. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012 . Retrieved June 13, 2006 . ^ "Hernando County issues a recommended evacuation of Zone A/B" . WTSP . June 12, 2006 . Retrieved June 12, 2006 . ^ a b c d National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for Florida (3)" . Archived from the original on July 19, 2009 . Retrieved May 21, 2007 . ^ Bush, Jeb (2006). "Executive Order Number 06-130- Tropical Storm Alberto" (PDF) . Retrieved June 12, 2006 . ^ LaFortune (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Information Statement for June 14, 2006" . Canadian Hurricane Centre. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006 . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ LaFortune & Bowyer (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Information Statement for June 15, 2006" . Canadian Hurricane Centre. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006 . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ LaFortune & Bowyer (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Information Statement for June 14, 2006 (2)" . Canadian Hurricane Centre. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006 . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Cuban delegates to the World Meteorological Organization (2007). "Reports of hurricanes, tropical storms, tropical disturbances and related flooding during 2006 in Cuba" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009 . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . ^ Alberto Hernández Unzón (2006). "Resumen de la Tormenta Tropical "Alberto" del Océano Atlántico" (PDF) . Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 2, 2007 . Retrieved May 11, 2007 . ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for Florida" . Archived from the original on May 19, 2011 . Retrieved May 21, 2007 . ^ Tallahassee, Florida National Weather Service (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto 2006" . NOAA. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006 . Retrieved May 21, 2007 . ^ a b National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for Florida (2)" . Archived from the original on May 20, 2011 . Retrieved May 21, 2007 . ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for Florida (4)" . Archived from the original on March 8, 2008 . Retrieved May 21, 2007 . ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for Georgia" . Archived from the original on May 19, 2011 . Retrieved May 18, 2007 . ^ a b Charleston, South Carolina National Weather Service (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Post Tropical Cyclone Report" . NOAA . Retrieved May 18, 2007 . ^ Blaes (2006). "Remnants of Alberto Produced Record Rainfall Amounts Across Central North Carolina" . Raleigh, North Carolina National Weather Service . Retrieved May 20, 2007 . ^ Raleigh, North Carolina National Weather Service (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Event Summary" . Retrieved May 20, 2007 . ^ "Alberto Brings Worst Flooding Since Fran" . WTVD, ABC11 News . Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina. August 29, 2006. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011 . Retrieved May 22, 2025 . ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for North Carolina" . Archived from the original on May 20, 2011 . Retrieved February 12, 2008 . ^ Cullen (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Post-Storm Report" . Wakefield, Virginia National Weather Service . Retrieved May 20, 2007 . ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for Virginia" . Archived from the original on May 19, 2011 . Retrieved May 20, 2007 . ^ Bowyer (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Information Statement for June 14, 2006 (3)" . Canadian Hurricane Centre. Archived from the original on May 10, 2007 . Retrieved May 10, 2007 . External links First Tropical Depression of 2006 Forms Thousands of Floridians evacuate for Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Storm Alberto strikes Florida The NHC 's archive on Tropical Storm Alberto . The HPC 's rainfall page for Tropical Storm Alberto. The Canadian Hurricane Centre 's archive on Post-Tropical Storm Alberto .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Tropical cyclones of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season v t e Timeline Timeline TS Alberto TS Unnamed TS Beryl TS Chris TS Debby 1 Ernesto 1 Florence 3 Gordon 3 Helene 1 Isaac Category Category 2006 Atlantic hurricane season Atlantic tropical storms Atlantic hurricanes in Mexico Hurricanes in Cuba Hurricanes in Florida Hurricanes in Georgia (U.S. state) Hurricanes in South Carolina Hurricanes in North Carolina Hurricanes in Canada 2006 in Cuba 2006 in Mexico Hurricanes in Europe Tropical cyclones in 2006 Articles with dead FTP links CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from May 2025 Commons category link from Wikidata Featured articles This page was last edited on 6 January 2026, at 13:00 (UTC) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Alberto_(2006)
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Initial adaptations Toggle Initial adaptations subsection 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 2 Original film series Toggle Original film series subsection 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 3 Planned relaunch 4 The Dark Knight trilogy Toggle The Dark Knight trilogy subsection 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 5 DC Extended Universe Toggle DC Extended Universe subsection 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 6 The Batman Epic Crime Saga Toggle The Batman Epic Crime Saga subsection 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 7 DC Universe Toggle DC Universe subsection 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 8 Joker duology 9 Animated film 10 Recurring cast and characters 11 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Notes 15 References Toggle References subsection 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 16 External links Batman in film العربية Български Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Adaptations of Batman in other media Batman actors since 1943. Top to bottom, left to right: Lewis Wilson , Adam West , Michael Keaton , Val Kilmer , George Clooney , Christian Bale , Ben Affleck , Robert Pattinson . Created by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Original source Comics published by DC Comics First appearance Detective Comics #27 ( 1939 ) Films and television Film(s) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman , a superhero created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger for comic books published by DC Comics , has appeared in nearly every form of media , including film since the 1940s. Columbia Pictures supervised the first film adaptations with Batman (1943) and Batman and Robin (1949), deviating significantly from the source material. 20th Century Fox then released a theatrical spinoff of the American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) live-action television series about the character in the 1960s, starring Adam West . After several years in limbo, Warner Bros. Pictures purchased the copyrights and developed a succession of Batman films in the late twentieth century, two directed by Tim Burton and another pair by Joel Schumacher . Michael Keaton portrays Batman in the Burton films, while Val Kilmer and George Clooney feature as the titular hero in the Schumacher films. Warner Bros. spent the turn of the millennium in another protracted development period, leading to the production of a reboot trilogy featuring Christian Bale as Batman: Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). The creation of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), a media franchise bound by a shared universe , spawned additional works. Ben Affleck plays the character in the DCEU films, beginning with the Zack Snyder -directed entry Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Affleck, Keaton, and Clooney's Batmen have also appeared in crossover films within the DCEU. The Batman (2022) and The Brave and the Bold will revamp the established continuity of the live-action films with new incarnations of Batman portrayed by Robert Pattinson and another actor. Joker (2019) features a depiction of the character as a civilian, predating his transformation into a vigilante. Numerous actors voice Batman in animated film. The Batman films are generally successful and comprise one of the highest-grossing franchises of all time, grossing over $6.8 billion globally. Critical opinion of films vary substantially. For example, The Dark Knight trilogy was critically acclaimed, whereas other films, such as Batman & Robin (1997) and those of the DCEU, were not well reviewed in the media. Occasionally, Batman films attract Academy Award recognition for acting and technical achievement. Initial adaptations Early films Following the success of comic books featuring Batman in the early 1940s, three major Hollywood studios approached DC Comics [ b ] to purchase the film rights. [ 2 ] Columbia Pictures bought the rights shortly afterward, and, in 1943, released a fifteen-chapter serial film directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring Lewis Wilson as Batman. [ 3 ] The story follows Batman and Robin's attempts to sabotage a Japanese spy's plot to aid Axis conquest of the United States by producing a super weapon. [ 4 ] Elements of Batman deviate from the source material in significant respects, most notably the addition of a Japanese villain, underscoring the film's propaganda function . [ 5 ] Conceived eighteen months after the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor , Batman reflected a wider cultural shift to arouse mass support for US intervention in World War II . [ 6 ] Nevertheless, the serial introduced the Batcave and the Wayne Manor 's secret grandfather clock entrance in Batman mythology. [ 7 ] It was re-released in theaters in 1965 under the title An Evening with Batman and Robin . [ 8 ] In 1949, Columbia developed another fifteen-part serial, Batman and Robin , as the sequel to Batman , compelled by the success of Superman the previous year. [ 8 ] Robert Lowery was Wilson's replacement as Batman, leading a new ensemble of actors opposite Johnny Duncan as Robin. [ 9 ] Batman and Robin details the duo's retrieval of a stolen remote control machine from criminal mastermind Wizard , whose schemes threaten to disrupt Gotham City's transportation networks. [ 10 ] Producer Sam Katzman sought to keep the cost of filming low, and the diminished budget led to further changes to the onscreen world. [ 8 ] As a consequence, Batman and Robin fared poorly in reviews from the press. [ 11 ] The American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) creation of a live-action TV adaptation of Batman in the mid-1960s resurrected the character's popularity. [ 11 ] 20th Century Fox released a theatrical film intended to be a precursor to the show in 1966. [ 12 ] Featuring Adam West as the superhero, author Matthew J. Smith viewed the projects as campy , yet more faithful interpretations of the comics than the serials. [ 11 ] West stated he was hesitant to consider the part because he feared being typecast , but was convinced by his agent. [ 13 ] In the film, Batman and Robin ( Burt Ward ) confront the main antagonists of the series: the Joker ( Cesar Romero ), Penguin ( Burgess Meredith ), the Riddler ( Frank Gorshin ), and Catwoman ( Lee Meriwether ). [ 14 ] Limbo The cancellation of Batman decreased Hollywood interest in further film adaptations. [ 11 ] A concerted effort to produce another film did not begin until a year after the release of Superman (1978). [ 15 ] Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the rights with the aim of conceiving a more faithful adaptation of the comics. [ 16 ] Superman was another catalyst for Uslan and Melniker's vision of a Batman film. [ 17 ] Uslan pitched to multiple studios unsuccessfully, including Columbia and United Artists , prompting him to devise an outline, Return of the Batman , to better articulate his idea. [ 16 ] [ 18 ] By November 1979, Uslan and Melniker obtained funding through a joint venture with Peter Guber , chairman of the film division of Casablanca Records . [ 19 ] Under the arrangement, the producers were entitled to 40 percent of profits yielded by Casablanca. [ 20 ] They commissioned a Batman film with a $15 million budget in 1981, but a series of corporate acquisitions prolonged negotiations over the film's distribution, stalling development. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Casablanca's preexisting distribution agreement with Universal Pictures dissolved after the company was acquired by PolyGram Pictures . [ 20 ] By this point, PolyGram faced bankruptcy after investing $80 million to increase their rate of output, and Guber brokered an agreement to transfer ownership of the Batman film rights to him and associate Jon Peters . [ 23 ] Another associate pitched the project to Warner Bros. Pictures executive Frank Wells , and afterwards Peters signed a deal with studio president Terry Semel which overlapped with the Casablanca contract. [ 21 ] [ 23 ] However, because Uslan and Melniker were unaware of the dealings, they challenged Warner Bros. over the claim that it had breached the Casablanca agreement. [ 20 ] Screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz completed the project's first draft in June 1983, titled The Batman . [ 24 ] The draft focused on an origin story chronicling Bruce Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 24 ] Moreover, Mankiewicz developed the story to indicate a sequel following Batman and Dick Grayson as a crimefighting duo. [ 24 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from Batman: Strange Apparitions , a multi-issue limited series by Steve Englehart and Marshall Rogers . [ 25 ] Though The Batman was announced with a mid-1985 release date, revisions to the script impeded progress on the film. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] In total, the script underwent nine rewrites from nine separate screenwriters. [ 27 ] Original film series Batman (1989) Warner Bros. appointed Tim Burton as Batman director in 1988. [ 28 ] The studio approached Burton as early as 1985, but had no formalized deal until a week after Beetlejuice opened in theaters. [ 28 ] Burton discarded Mankiewicz's screenplay as he found the tone too similar to Superman . [ 26 ] Englehart and Julie Hickson prepared film treatments which Sam Hamm reworked into the script. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns (1986) guided Hamm's script, reflecting a darker approach than previous interpretations to that point. [ 30 ] When the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to resign, Warner Bros. engaged Warren Skaaren , Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems for additional rewrites to lighten the tone. [ 15 ] Burton chose Michael Keaton among a number of leading men as Batman / Bruce Wayne , despite resistance from studio executives. [ 26 ] [ 31 ] Keaton was a controversial casting choice; he had been mainly known as a comedic actor and was not perceived to fit the Batman archetype. [ 32 ] Jack Nicholson stars opposite Keaten as the Joker , earning as much as $50–$90 million for his work. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Principal photography occurred from October 1988 to January 1989 on constructed sets at the backlot of Pinewood Studios in London. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] After its June 1989 release, Batman received mostly positive reviews and finished the theatrical run as the year's second highest-grossing film , with a box office take of $400 million. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] At the 62nd Academy Awards , the film won Best Art Direction . [ 39 ] Batman Returns (1992) Studio executives prioritized a sequel to Batman beginning in late-1989. [ 40 ] Warner Bros. secured Burton's commitment as director for Batman Returns in 1991. [ 41 ] Burton was reluctant to return for another film because he was cynical about sequels. [ 40 ] He had also been frustrated with the authority Guber and Peters exerted over the original film, agreeing to Batman Returns only on the condition of greater independence. [ 42 ] Daniel Waters replaced Hamm as screenwriter based on Burton's preference for a writer that had no involvement with Batman . [ 43 ] Waters developed the script with greater emphasis on the villains—including Catwoman ( Michelle Pfeiffer ) and the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ). [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Burton brought on Wesley Strick for an uncredited rewrite before assigning Waters further script editing duties. [ 40 ] Keaton reprised his role for a $10 million salary. [ 40 ] [ 43 ] Filmmakers shot Batman Returns from September 1991 to February 1992, and the film was released in theaters that June. [ 40 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Batman Returns polarized critics and, to the dismay of Warner Bros., saw diminished returns at the box office. [ 40 ] [ 47 ] Batman Forever (1995) To improve their profit-making potential, Warner Bros. developed Batman Forever with a more family-friendly tone. [ 46 ] The studio did not want to continue the series with Burton and encouraged the filmmaker to seek other projects, though Burton remained involved as an executive producer. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] They hired Joel Schumacher as Burton's replacement, believing he could better realize a film conducive to advertising toys. [ 50 ] The screenplay was conceived by Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife writing team, and Akiva Goldsman . [ 51 ] Keaton at first supported the changes but in time dropped out, objecting to the script. [ 46 ] [ 52 ] Ethan Hawke , Daniel Day-Lewis , Ralph Fiennes , and Kurt Russell were among those considered to play Batman, which inevitably went to Val Kilmer . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Kilmer came to Schumacher's attention for his work in the Western film Tombstone (1993). [ 56 ] Shooting took place from September 1994 to March 1995, [ 49 ] [ 57 ] followed by the theatrical rollout in June 1995. [ 58 ] Batman Forever finished the year as the sixth highest-grossing film by amassing $350 million globally, but drew a tepid critical response. [ 59 ] Nonetheless, the film received three nominations at the 68th Academy Awards . [ 60 ] Batman & Robin (1997) Schumacher was signed as director of Batman & Robin while Batman Forever ran in theaters. [ 61 ] Goldman and Chris O'Donnell returned, the former as the film's sole screenwriter. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Kilmer did not reappear, and reports give conflicting accounts about the circumstance of the actor's departure. Schumacher maintained in a 1996 interview that producers "sort of fired" Kilmer because he was volatile on the set of Batman Forever . [ 64 ] On the other hand, Kilmer cited scheduling conflicts that arose as a result of prior commitments to Heat (1995) and The Saint (1997). [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In his documentary film Val (2021), the actor clarified further that the experience working in the Batsuit, which he found cumbersome, influenced his decision to leave. [ 65 ] Executive Bob Daly mentioned George Clooney in casting discussions, leading to Clooney's hiring based on his performance in From Dusk till Dawn (1996) and his likeness to Batman's comic book counterpart. [ 67 ] Filming for Batman & Robin began in September 1996 and finished two weeks ahead of schedule in January 1997, [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] and the theatrical release was scheduled in June 1997. [ 71 ] Batman & Robin was a critical and commercial failure and is cited as one the worst blockbuster films ever made. [ 59 ] [ 72 ] Unrealized proposals Warner Bros. initiated plans to expand the franchise with several films, including a third Schumacher Batman film commissioned as Batman & Robin was in production. The studio announced the project with Mark Protosevich as screenwriter. [ 61 ] Schumacher said he planned to revisit a darker storytelling approach, contradicting a Los Angeles Times piece that claimed he would continue the direction of his other Batman films. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Protosevich's treatment, a 150-page script named Batman Unchained , revolves around Wayne's efforts to confront figures of his turmoiled past, chiefly the Scarecrow , Harley Quinn , and, ultimately, the Joker through a drug-induced hallucination. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In the film's final scene, Wayne is besieged by a swarm of bats as a symbol of triumph over his fears. [ 73 ] Warner Bros. cast Coolio to play Scarecrow, introducing the character in a cameo in Batman & Robin . [ 75 ] Sequel development collapsed after the failure of Batman & Robin . [ 47 ] Around the same time, another project titled Batman: DarKnight was approved by Warner Bros., from a script conceived by novice writers Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Shapiro and Wise pitched to the studio on learning that they were contemplating a new direction for Batman. [ 73 ] Their story was inspired by The Dark Knight Returns , featuring Wayne, disillusioned by crimefighting, retreating from the public, and encouraging Grayson to pursue college. [ 76 ] Grayson has an adversarial relationship with professor Jonathan Crane, civilian persona of Scarecrow, who kidnaps and tortures Grayson in psychological experiments in Arkham Asylum . [ 73 ] Man-Bat features in DarKnight as a secondary villain whose crimes are erroneously blamed on Batman, luring Wayne out of hiding. [ 76 ] By 2001, Warner Bros. brought on Jeff Robinov to commence plans for a reboot, ending all active development of their original Batman series. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Planned relaunch At the turn of the millennium, Warner Bros. entered a protracted development period over a Batman film. [ 47 ] Three reboot proposals emerged during this time, the earliest being an adaptation of Miller's comic book story arc Batman: Year One (1987). [ 73 ] Schumacher made the suggestion to Warner Bros. in 1998, and within a year, the studio solicited the then-relatively unknown filmmaker Darren Aronofsky for ideas to approach a remake. [ 73 ] [ 77 ] According to Aronofsky, the studio was receptive after he quipped, "I'd cast Clint Eastwood as the Dark Knight, and shoot it in Tokyo, doubling for Gotham City." [ 78 ] He joined as director in 2000. [ 79 ] Aronofsky worked with Miller to write the Batman: Year One script in their second collaboration; their first work together was an undeveloped screenplay of Miller's multi-issue series Ronin . [ 80 ] Their script re-conceptualized Batman with working class origins and placed greater emphasis on the character's psychological profile. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Christian Bale and Freddie Prinze, Jr. were discussed to star, and Aronofsky campaigned to hire Joaquin Phoenix against studio intent, but Batman: Year One never went into production. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] Owing to creative disagreements with Aronofsky and Miller, Warner Bros. abandoned efforts on the project. [ 83 ] Alan Horn succeeded Terry Semel and Bob Daly as COO and president of Warner Bros. in 1999. There he implemented plans to relaunch the Batman and Superman franchises as part of a broader measure to increase the studio's output of blockbuster films. [ 47 ] The efforts may have been shaped in part by a corporate merger between parent company Time Warner and AOL in 2001. [ 84 ] Although the idea of a crossover film portraying Batman and Superman as foes long circulated in the press, it was screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker who first brought forward the concept in earnest in August 2001. [ 85 ] Warner Bros. engaged Wolfgang Petersen to direct Batman Vs. Superman , who then secured Walker's services to prepare a draft. [ 47 ] Goldman was brought on for a rewrite when the studio rejected Walker's draft, but the successive script drew mixed reactions. [ 85 ] Thereafter Petersen left to make another Warner project, the historical drama Troy (2004), and Horn clashed with producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura because they had competing visions for the franchises. [ 47 ] [ 85 ] Ultimately, the studio proceeded with plans for solo films and development of Batman Vs. Superman unraveled. [ 85 ] In 2000, Warner Bros. oversaw a live-action adaptation of their animated TV program Batman Beyond . [ 47 ] They commissioned Boaz Yakin and Batman Beyond creators Paul Dini and Alan Burnett to write a draft, but found the direction unsatisfactory and severed further commitment. [ 47 ] Little else is known about the project and filmmakers involved seldom discuss information in interviews with the media. [ 73 ] A younger Wayne played by Armie Hammer was a subject of a Justice League film known as Justice League: Mortal , which was meant to launch a franchise independent of the mainline Batman films in the late 2000s. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Several problems beset the production. Warner Bros. suspended filming in the wake of an industrywide labor strike by the Writers Guild of America and again over disputes concerning the studio's request for tax subsidies from the government of Australia, which was denied by the Australian Film Commission . [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In turn, Warner Bros. relocated the film's administrative operations to Canada, before cancelling production to mandate solo films of the DC characters, enacted after the release of The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] [ 92 ] The Dark Knight trilogy The Dark Knight trilogy was ranked as one of the greatest film trilogies by /Film , Time Out , and CBR . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Batman Begins (2005) Christopher Nolan was signed to a pay-or-play contract as director of Batman Begins in early 2003, [ 47 ] [ 96 ] after approaching Warner Bros. with the idea of making a Batman film centered on the character's origins. [ 97 ] What's more, the studio wanted to reconcile relations with the filmmaker after Petersen took his place as Troy director. [ 98 ] Nolan said he aimed to develop a more realistic, grittier film setting to differentiate Batman Begins from Warner's original Batman movies. [ 99 ] This encompassed the creation of an updated Batmobile and an all-black Batsuit designed for more agile movement. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Nolan and David S. Goyer produced the film's completed script. [ 102 ] Management cast Bale, at the time a largely-unknown actor, under Nolan's belief that he exuded "exactly the balance of darkness and light" they desired for the character. [ 47 ] [ 103 ] To prepare for the role, Bale was given martial arts training, regained the weight he lost for The Machinist (2004), and increased his muscle mass, weighing about 220 pounds (100 kg). [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The filmmaking crew spent 2004 shooting Batman Begins in Iceland, the United Kingdom and Chicago, the lattermost within a three-week period. [ 106 ] They relied on miniature effects and traditional stunts during the production, using computer-generated imagery (CGI) only sparingly. [ 107 ] Despite a poor box office prognosis, the film was released in June 2005 to improved results, grossing $375.4 million worldwide. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Reviews from critics were very positive, and Batman Begins became a candidate for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards . [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The Dark Knight (2008) Nolan did not plan to make a sequel, but nevertheless brainstormed ideas with Goyer during the filming of Batman Begins . [ 112 ] The men worked together to outline The Dark Knight 's essential plot points for three months. [ 113 ] Nolan next assisted his brother Jonathan with development of the script, starting with a draft screenplay finished in six months. [ 113 ] The brothers spent another six months collaborating on the final script. [ 113 ] Filmmakers again redesigned the Batsuit to make it more comfortable to wear. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Bale reprised his role as Batman, performing many of his own stunts. [ 116 ] The film story sees Batman battling his arch-nemesis the Joker ( Heath Ledger ), who obstructs efforts to control organized crime by his newly-forged alliance with district attorney Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) and police lieutenant James Gordon ( Gary Oldman ). The Dark Knight was shot on a 127-day schedule from April to November 2007, and opened to widespread critical acclaim in July 2008. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] It broke numerous box office records, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2008 and exceeding $1 billion by February 2009. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] Near the end of its global rollout, the film entered the 81st Academy Awards season as a frontrunner with eight nominations, winning two. [ 121 ] Ledger's posthumous win for Best Supporting Actor made The Dark Knight the first comic book film to win an Academy Award for acting. [ 122 ] In 2020, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry . [ 123 ] The Dark Knight Rises (2012) After initial hesitation, Nolan returned to direct The Dark Knight Rises , and, with his brother and Goyer, conceived a story he believed would conclude the trilogy on a satisfying note. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] He contemplated story and character ideas with Goyer before tasking Jonathan with the scriptwriting. [ 126 ] Warner Bros. proposed a character similar to Ledger's Joker as the film's primary villain, but Nolan picked Bane ( Tom Hardy ), favoring a physically imposing figure as antagonist. [ 102 ] [ 127 ] The director cited Metropolis (1927), Doctor Zhivago (1965), The Battle of Algiers (1966), Prince of the City (1981), and Blade Runner (1982) as major influences on The Dark Knight Rises 's artistic direction. [ 128 ] One of Nolan's main goals was to shoot the film with IMAX cameras as he wanted visual uniformity between The Dark Knight projects. [ 129 ] Production lasted from May to November 2011, and The Dark Knight Rises debuted in North American theaters in July 2012. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] The film eventually surpassed The Dark Knight 's box office gross and drew highly positive reviews from critics. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] DC Extended Universe Title roles Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Press speculation about a sequel to Man of Steel (2013) preceded the 46th San Diego Comic-Con . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] At that event, director Zack Snyder announced Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as Man of Steel 's follow-up, based on a narrative inspired by The Dark Knight Returns . [ 136 ] Goyer returned to develop a screenplay that was rewritten at least three times, including once by Chris Terrio , because he was working concurrently on other projects of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Terrio's script was influenced by The Dark Knight trilogy and "Musée des Beaux Arts", an allegorical poem by English poet W. H. Auden . [ 139 ] Nolan worked as an executive producer, albeit in an advisory role, but Warner Bros. did not approach Bale to reprise Batman. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Ben Affleck stars in said role in Dawn of Justice , news of which was confirmed in August 2013. [ 142 ] The casting choice was contingent on studio demands for an older Batman whose age could juxtapose the story. [ 142 ] Snyder and Affleck also had a strong professional relationship. [ 140 ] Filming occurred in 2014, and following multiples changes in the exhibition schedule, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2016. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Dawn of Justice was derided in professional reviews, while the film fared better with audiences. [ 146 ] At the box office, it emerged as the seventh highest-grossing film of 2016 with $874 million. [ 147 ] Ensemble roles Justice League (2017) Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against the estate of Joe Shuster over the execution of a termination clause barring the disposition of the estate's share of the copyrights to Superman. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of Warner Bros. in October 2012, and the studio immediately moved forward with plans to create a Justice League film. [ 150 ] They hired Will Beall to conceive the initial draft, which was replaced when Goyer took over as the scriptwriter the following year. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Goyer's work was discarded for a rewritten script completed by Terrio in July 2015. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Afterwards, Justice League fell into a drawn-out development phase involving a succession of rewrites and a dispute concerning the budget, delaying the film's production. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Affleck returned as Batman, and Snyder continued his duties as director until his departure due to his daughter's death in 2017. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] His replacement, Joss Whedon , made substantial changes to the script and supervised reshoots, though only Snyder is billed as Justice League director. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] The film was shot from April to October 2016, [ 162 ] [ 163 ] and was released in November 2017 to largely negative reviews. [ 164 ] It was also a box office disappointment by failing to recoup enough money to break-even . [ 165 ] After Justice League 's release, Whedon was criticized for his treatment of the actors, and Terrio disavowed the film, citing studio interference. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Given the negative reaction to Justice League , a fan campaign went viral on social media under the hashtag "#ReleaseTheSnyderCut", calling for the release of Snyder's version of the film. [ 160 ] [ 168 ] Snyder had an unedited cut of this film version saved on his laptop around the time of his departure, which was presented to Warner Bros. executives in February 2020 in an event he organized with his wife Deborah . [ 166 ] [ 169 ] That May, it was announced as an official project, a director's cut titled Zack Snyder's Justice League ; the film premiered on HBO Max in March 2021. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] Warner Bros. allocated a $70 million budget to complete work related mostly to visual effects. [ 172 ] The film does not share continuity with the DCEU. [ 173 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League features a newly filmed scene with Affleck's Batman. [ 174 ] Other DCEU films In Suicide Squad (2016), Affleck features in flashback scenes depicting the arrests of Floyd Lawton / Deadshot ( Will Smith ) and Harley Quinn ( Margot Robbie ). [ 175 ] Keaton and Clooney's Batmen appear in supporting roles in The Flash (2023). [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Both actors play alternate versions of DCEU's main-continuity Batman (Affleck). [ 177 ] West makes a posthumous cameo appearance in a multiverse sequence developed with a combination of archival footage, deepfake effects, and artificial intelligence . [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Keaton was set to return to the DCEU in an expanded capacity in Batgirl until the film's cancellation in August 2022. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman (2022) Work on a standalone Batman film was well underway once Warner Bros. cast Affleck in 2014. [ 182 ] He was signed as director, writer, and the film's starring actor, but stepped down amidst various personal and professional struggles. [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Matt Reeves replaced Affleck as director and writer, [ 185 ] creating the story anew with Mattson Tomlin and Peter Craig . [ 186 ] [ 187 ] [ 188 ] Reeves focused on a younger Batman, borrowing from the tradition of a detective story, [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] and expunged connections to the DCEU in the script. [ 192 ] To conceptualize the film world, and to bolster the plot, the director sought inspiration from an array of Batman comics and New Hollywood era films. [ c ] The Batman universe is separate from the DC Universe (DCU), and hence will exist simultaneously with a DCU Batman within the continuity of a multiverse. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] The search for an actor to play Batman was described as "intense", but unusually quick for a superhero film. [ 200 ] Speculation in the media favored Robert Pattinson , and Warner Bros. signed the actor in May 2019, prompting backlash from some fans. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] [ 202 ] Reeves said he wrote the character with Pattinson in mind, having been impressed with his performances in Good Time (2017) and High Life (2018). [ 200 ] [ 203 ] Pattinson received a $3 million salary for his work. [ 204 ] Filmmakers spent over a year shooting The Batman thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic , which halted production for five-and-a-half months. [ 205 ] Postponed twice, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2022. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The Batman: Part II (2027) A sequel, The Batman: Part II , was announced in April 2022; Reeves, Tomlin, and Pattinson will reprise their respective roles. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] The production was delayed to accommodate changes in the writing, and a completed script was submitted in June 2025. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Part II is slated to be released on October 1, 2027. [ 212 ] DC Universe The Brave and the Bold In October 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery formed DC Studios , with filmmakers James Gunn and Peter Safran as its co-chairmen and CEOs, to facilitate development of film and TV adaptations within the context of a new shared universe, the DCU. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] A Batman film gleaning comic books by Grant Morrison , titled The Brave and the Bold , was confirmed as one of the DCU projects in active development in January 2023. The story will concentrate on Wayne and his relationship with his teenage son Damian . [ 214 ] Warner Bros. enlisted Andy Muschietti as the film's director, with his sister Barbara set to produce through their production company Double Dream, alongside Gunn and Safran. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Joker duology Beginning in 2019, Warner Bros. distributed two standalone films based on the Joker, directed by Todd Phillips . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] Both films predate Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 219 ] Joker depicts an origin story about a failed comedian's (Phoenix) descent into madness, culminating in the murders of Wayne's parents by a masked rioter. [ 220 ] [ 221 ] The film portrays Wayne as a young child (played by Dante Pereira-Olson ). [ 222 ] Animated film Batman has appeared in a variety of animated film adaptations since the early 1990s. [ 223 ] His first appearance was in Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), voiced by Kevin Conroy . [ 224 ] It originated as a direct-to-video release, following the breakout success of Fox 's TV adaptation of the character, Batman: The Animated Series , itself influenced by the live-action Burton films. [ 225 ] Mask of Phantasm received notice for its subject matter, animation style, and music. [ 226 ] Conroy continued voicing the character in various productions up to his death in 2022. [ 227 ] Batman is the titular lead in 39 films and features in another 35 in a supporting capacity, generally as part of an ensemble for the Justice League. [ 223 ] Warner Bros. occasionally produces theatrical features, as is the case with Batman: The Killing Joke (2016) and films of The Lego Movie franchise , in which Will Arnett portrays the character. [ 228 ] [ 229 ] Numerous actors voice Batman in animation, including Jensen Ackles , Michael C. Hall , Roger Craig Smith , and Troy Baker . [ 230 ] [ 231 ] Further development of animated Batman films is ongoing as of 2025. [ 232 ] Recurring cast and characters This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in multiple Batman or Batman-centered films that received a wide theatrical release. An empty grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's official presence has not yet been confirmed. A indicates an appearance through archival footage or audio. C indicates a cameo role. P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs. S indicates an appearance through use of special effects. U indicates an uncredited appearance. V indicates a voice-only role. Y indicates a younger version of the character. L indicates the actor or actress lent only their likeness for the film. Character Serial films Batman Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm The Dark Knight trilogy Batman: The Killing Joke DC Extended Universe films The Lego Batman Movie Joker films The Batman films 1943, 1949 1966 1989–1997 1993 2005–2012 2016 2016–2023 2017 2019, 2024 2022, 2027 Batman Lewis Wilson Robert Lowery Adam West Michael Keaton Charles Roskilly Y Val Kilmer Ramsey Ellis Y George Clooney Eric Lloyd Y Kevin Conroy V Christian Bale Gus Lewis Y Kevin Conroy V Ben Affleck Brandon Spink Y Michael Keaton [ i ] George Clooney [ i ] Adam West L [ ii ] Will Arnett V Adam West [ ii ] A Dante Pereira-Olson [ iii ] Robert Pattinson Oscar Novak Y Alfred Pennyworth William Austin U Eric Wilton U Alan Napier Michael Gough Jon Simmons Y Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. V Michael Caine Brian George V Jeremy Irons Ralph Fiennes V Douglas Hodge Andy Serkis James "Jim" Gordon Lyle Talbot Neil Hamilton Pat Hingle Bob Hastings V Gary Oldman Ray Wise V J. K. Simmons Héctor Elizondo V Jeffrey Wright Robin Douglas Croft Johnny Duncan Burt Ward Chris O'Donnell Joseph Gordon-Levitt [ iv ] Burt Ward L Michael Cera V Vicki Vale Jane Adams Kim Basinger Appeared Joker Cesar Romero Jack Nicholson [ v ] Hugo E. Blick Y David U. Hodges U Y Mark Hamill V Heath Ledger Mark Hamill V Jared Leto Jack Nicholson L [ i ] Cesar Romero L [ ii ] Zach Galifianakis V Joaquin Phoenix [ vi ] Connor Storrie [ vii ] Barry Keoghan [ viii ] Catwoman Lee Meriwether Michelle Pfeiffer Anne Hathaway Eartha Kitt L [ ii ] Zoë Kravitz V Zoë Kravitz Penguin Burgess Meredith Danny DeVito John Venzon V Colin Farrell Riddler Frank Gorshin Jim Carrey Conan O'Brien V Paul Dano Joseph Walker Y Two-Face Billy Dee Williams [ ix ] Tommy Lee Jones Aaron Eckhart Billy Dee Williams V Harry Lawtey [ ix ] Thomas Wayne David Baxt Michael Scranton C Linus Roache Jeffrey Dean Morgan P Brett Cullen Luke Roberts Martha Wayne Sharon Holm Eileen Seeley C Sara Stewart Lauren Cohan P Carrie Louise Putrello Stella Stocker Joe Chill Clyde Gatell [ x ] Richard Brake Damon Caro U U Sal Maroni Dennis Paladino Eric Roberts Rick D. Wasserman V Mr. Freeze Arnold Schwarzenegger David Burrows V Poison Ivy Uma Thurman Riki Lindhome V Batgirl Alicia Silverstone [ xi ] Hannah Gunn [ xii ] Tara Strong V Rosario Dawson V Bane Robert Swenson Michael Reid MacKay [ xiii ] Tom Hardy Doug Benson V Harvey Bullock Robert Costanzo V Robin Atkin Downes V Scarecrow Cillian Murphy Jason Mantzoukas V Carmine Falcone Tom Wilkinson John Turturro Superman Henry Cavill Channing Tatum V The Flash Ezra Miller Adam Devine V Harley Quinn Margot Robbie Jenny Slate V Lady Gaga Killer Croc Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Matt Villa V Additionally, President pro tempore of the United States Senate Patrick Leahy has a brief role as himself in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , an unnamed Wayne Enterprise board member in The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises , and as Senator Purrington in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice . [ 234 ] Reception Box office performance Film Release date Box office revenue All-time ranking Budget Ref. North America Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Batman (1966) July 30, 1966 $1,700,000 — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a $1,700,000 — N/a — N/a $1.5 million [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Batman (1989) June 23, 1989 $251,409,241 $160,160,000 $411,569,241 #131 #308 $35 million [ 237 ] Batman Returns June 19, 1992 $162,924,631 $103,990,656 $266,915,287 #334 #592 $80 million [ 238 ] Batman: Mask of the Phantasm December 25, 1993 $5,635,204 — N/a $5,635,204 #6,208 #9,093 — N/a [ 239 ] Batman Forever June 16, 1995 $184,069,126 $152,498,032 $336,567,158 #253 #438 $100 million [ 240 ] Batman & Robin June 20, 1997 $107,353,792 $130,881,927 $238,235,719 #681 #685 $125 million [ 241 ] Batman Begins June 15, 2005 $206,863,479 $166,809,514 $373,672,993 #206 #363 $150 million [ 242 ] The Dark Knight July 18, 2008 $534,987,076 $471,115,201 $1,006,102,277 #13 #33 (A) #49 $185 million [ 243 ] The Dark Knight Rises July 20, 2012 $448,149,584 $633,003,513 $1,081,153,097 #22 #73 (A) #32 $250 million [ 244 ] Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice March 25, 2016 $330,360,194 $543,277,334 $873,637,528 #71 #212 (A) #73 $250 million [ 245 ] Batman: The Killing Joke July 25, 2016 $3,775,000 $687,034 $4,462,034 — N/a — N/a $3.5 million [ 246 ] The Lego Batman Movie February 10, 2017 $175,936,671 $136,200,000 $312,136,671 #287 #489 $80 million [ 247 ] Joker October 4, 2019 $335,477,657 $738,968,073 $1,074,445,730 #65 #33 $55 million [ 248 ] The Batman March 4, 2022 $369,313,618 $401,000,000 $770,313,618 #50 #106 $200 million [ 249 ] Total $ 3,117,955,273 $ 3,798,799,766 $ 6,756,546,557 #5 #4 (A) #10 $1.915 billion [ 250 ] List indicator (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. Critical and public response Film Critical Public Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore [ 251 ] Batman: The Movie 81% (36 reviews) [ 252 ] 71 (4 reviews) [ 253 ] — N/a Batman 77% (142 reviews) [ 254 ] 69 (21 reviews) [ 255 ] A Batman Returns 82% (93 reviews) [ 256 ] 68 (23 reviews) [ 257 ] B Batman: Mask of the Phantasm 81% (52 reviews) [ 258 ] — N/a — N/a Batman Forever 40% (70 reviews) [ 259 ] 51 (23 reviews) [ 260 ] A− Batman & Robin 12% (97 reviews) [ 261 ] 28 (21 reviews) [ 262 ] C+ Batman Begins 85% (285 reviews) [ 263 ] 70 (41 reviews) [ 264 ] A The Dark Knight 94% (341 reviews) [ 265 ] 84 (39 reviews) [ 266 ] A The Dark Knight Rises 87% (376 reviews) [ 267 ] 78 (45 reviews) [ 268 ] A Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice 29% (439 reviews) [ 269 ] 44 (51 reviews) [ 270 ] B Batman: The Killing Joke 36% (44 reviews) [ 271 ] — N/a — N/a The Lego Batman Movie 89% (313 reviews) [ 272 ] 75 (48 reviews) [ 273 ] A− Justice League 39% (411 reviews) [ 274 ] 45 (52 reviews) [ 275 ] B+ Joker 68% (603 reviews) [ 276 ] 59 (60 reviews) [ 277 ] B+ Zack Snyder's Justice League 71% (314 reviews) [ 278 ] 54 (45 reviews) [ 279 ] — N/a The Batman 85% (528 reviews) [ 280 ] 72 (68 reviews) [ 281 ] A– Accolades Academy Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Picture Nominated Director Nominated Actor Won Supporting Actor Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Film Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Score Won Production Design Won Nominated Sound [ d ] Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Editing [ d ] Nominated Won Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated British Academy Film Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Film Nominated Direction Nominated Actor in a Leading Role Won Supporting Actor Nominated Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Casting Won Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup and Hair Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Music Nominated Won Production Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Saturn Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Fantasy Film Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Won Nominated Comic-to-Film Motion Picture Nominated Won Nominated Director Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Actor Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Actress Nominated Supporting Actor Nominated Nominated Won [ e ] Nominated Nominated [ f ] Supporting Actress Nominated Nominated Won Nominated Writing Won Won Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Editing Nominated Make-up Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Music Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Production Design Nominated Nominated Special Effects Nominated Nominated Won See also Speculative fiction portal Film portal United States portal Batman franchise media Category:Fan films based on Batman Superman in film Catwoman (film) Footnotes ^ a b c Version from Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films continuity. ^ a b c d Version from 1966 film continuity. ^ This version of the character does not appear as Batman. ^ In The Dark Knight Rises , Gordon-Levitt portrays "Robin John Blake", a detective working for the GCPD whom Bruce Wayne deems an ally and entrusts the Batcave to. ^ In the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher continuity, the character's real name is Jack Napier. ^ In the Joker film continuity, the character's real name is Arthur Fleck. ^ Joker: Folie à Deux implies that Storrie’s character is the real Joker. [ 233 ] ^ Credited as "Unseen Arkham Prisoner". ^ a b Two-Face identity not used. ^ Credited as "Other Mugger". ^ This version of the character appears using the name Barbara Wilson. ^ Credited as "Gordon's daughter" ^ MacKay portrays Antonio Diego, an Arkham Asylum inmate who is transformed into Bane. Notes ^ Features different versions of the Bruce Wayne/Batman character: the DCEU version played by Ben Affleck , the 1989 series version played by Michael Keaton , the Batman & Robin version played by George Clooney , and the 1960s version in archival footage of Adam West ^ At the time, DC was known as Detective Comics, one of at least two imprints of National Comics Publications . [ 1 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 191 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 197 ] ^ a b Starting with the 93rd Academy Awards (2021), the Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing categories were consolidated into a single Best Sound category. ^ Received one award out of two nominations in this category. ^ Received two nominations in this category. 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Batman: The Complete History . Chronicle Books. pp. 57– 59. ISBN 0-8118-4232-0 . Smith, Matthew J. (2013). Duncan, Randy (ed.). Icons of the American Comic Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9798216100577 . Shubilla, Thom (2022). Primetime 1966-1967: The Full Spectrum of Television's First All-Color Season . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9781476683447 . West, Adam (1994). Back to the Batcave . Berkley Books . ISBN 9780425143704 . Reinhart, Mark (2013). The Batman Filmography, 2nd ed . Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company . p. 193. ISBN 9780786468911 . Uslan, Michael (2019). The Boy Who Loved Batman . Red Lightning Books. ISBN 9781684351060 . Hughes, David (2007). Comic Books Movies . Virgin Books . ISBN 9780753512630 . Hughes, David (2003). Tales from Development Hell: The Greatest Movies Never Made? . Titan Publishing Group . ISBN 9780857687234 . Hanke, Ken (1999). "Going Batty in Britain". Tim Burton: An Unauthorized Biography of the Filmmaker . Renaissance Books . pp. 75– 85. 1-58063-162-2. Kaveney, Roz (2007). Superheroes!: Capes and Crusaders in Comics and Films . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 9780857717160 . Schatz, Thomas (2018). "The New Hollywood: Three Case Studies". In Wexman, Virginia (ed.). Directing . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 9780813564319 . Griffin, Nancy; Masters, Kim (1997). "Hit Men" . Hit & Run: How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood . New York City: Simon & Schuster . pp. 114, 158–174 . ISBN 0-684-80931-1 . Burton, Tim (2000). Salisbury, Mark (ed.). Burton on Burton . Faber and Faber . ISBN 9780571248711 . Hull, Josh (2020). Underexposed!:The 50 Greatest Movies Never Made . Abrams . ISBN 9781683359180 . Darius, Julian (2011). Improving the Foundations: Batman Begins from Comics to Screen . Sequart Organization . ISBN 9781466214323 . Duncan Jesser, Jody; Pourroy, Janine (2012). The Art and Making of the Dark Knight Trilogy . Abrams Books . ISBN 978-1-4197-0369-0 . Nathan, Ian (2022). Christopher Nolan: the Iconic Filmmaker and His Work . Quarto Publishing . ISBN 978-0-7112-7713-7 . Proctor, William (2023). Reboot Culture: Comics, Film, Transmedia . Springer International Publishing . ISBN 9783031409127 . Brown, Jeffrey (2016). The Modern Superhero in Film and Television: Popular Genre and American Culture . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 9781317484516 . Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 9781556525919 . Solomon, Brian (2023). Superheroes!: The History of a Pop-Culture Phenomenon from Ant-Man to Zorro . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9781493064526 . External links Batman franchise overview at Box Office Mojo .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Batman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Bob Kane Bill Finger Other contributors Characters Supporting characters Enemies In other media Supporting characters Enemies In other media In other media Locations in Gotham City Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Arkham Asylum Batcave Gotham City Police Department S.T.A.R. Labs Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Technology Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit utility belt utility belt Bat-Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books In film In video games In amusement parks In children's books Ongoing publications ( history ) Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics – The Legend of Batman Miscellaneous Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Detective Comics #27 Origin of Batman Batman and Robin Homosexuality in the Batman franchise The Bat Whispers Batkid Begins Category Category Batman in other media Batman films Film series introduced in 1943 Lists of films by franchise Warner Bros. Pictures franchises IMDb ID (Cite Mojo) not in Wikidata Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2022 Comics infobox image less alt text IOM index pop Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 09:59 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Construction 2 End of World War II 3 Post-war events 4 See also 5 References Toggle References subsection 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 5.1 Informational notes 5.2 Citations 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Führerbunker العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Führerbunker Führer's bunker July 1947 photo of the rear entrance to the Führerbunker in the garden of the Reich Chancellery . The corpses of Hitler and Eva Braun were burned in a shell hole in front of the emergency exit at left; the conical structure in the centre served for ventilation, and as a bomb shelter for the guards. [ 1 ] .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Location within Central Berlin General information Location Berlin , Germany Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815 Construction started 1943 Completed 1944 Destroyed started 1947, completed 1980s Cost 1.35 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to €5 million in 2021) Design and construction Architects Albert Speer , Karl Piepenburg Architecture firm Hochtief AG The Führerbunker ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} German pronunciation: [ˈfyːʁɐˌbʊŋkɐ] ⓘ ) was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin , Germany . It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters ( Führerhauptquartiere ) used by Adolf Hitler during World War II . Hitler took up residence in the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945, and it became the centre of the Nazi regime until the last week of World War II in Europe. Hitler married Eva Braun there on 29 April 1945, less than 40 hours before they committed suicide . After the war, both the old and new Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviet Red Army . The underground complex remained largely undisturbed until 1988–89, despite some attempts at demolition. The excavated sections of the old bunker complex were mostly destroyed during reconstruction of that area of Berlin. The site remained unmarked until 2006, when a small plaque was installed with a schematic diagram. Some corridors of the bunker still exist, but are sealed off from the public. Construction The Reich Chancellery bunker was initially constructed as a temporary air-raid shelter for Hitler, who actually spent very little time in the capital during most of the war. Increased bombing of Berlin led to expansion of the complex as an improvised permanent shelter. The elaborate complex consisted of two separate shelters, the Vorbunker ("forward bunker"; the upper bunker), completed in 1936, and the Führerbunker , located 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) lower than the Vorbunker and to the west-southwest, completed in 1944. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They were connected by a stairway set at right angles and could be closed off from each other by a bulkhead and steel door. [ 4 ] The Vorbunker was located 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) beneath the cellar of a large reception hall behind the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstrasse 77. [ 5 ] The Führerbunker was located about 8.5 m (28 ft) beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery, 120 m (390 ft) north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6. [ 6 ] Besides being deeper under ground, the Führerbunker had significantly more reinforcement. Its roof was made of concrete almost 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick. [ 7 ] About 30 small rooms were protected by approximately 4 m (13 ft 1 in) of concrete; exits led into the main buildings, as well as an emergency exit up to the garden. The Führerbunker development was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive programme of subterranean construction in Berlin begun in 1940. [ 8 ] The construction cost for the Führerbunker totaled 1,349,899.29 Reichsmarks . [ 9 ] Hitler's accommodations were in this newer, lower section, and by February 1945 it had been decorated with high-quality furniture taken from the Chancellery, along with several framed oil paintings. [ 10 ] After descending the stairs into the lower section and passing through the steel door, there was a long corridor with a series of rooms on each side. [ 11 ] On the right side were a series of rooms which included generator/ventilation rooms and the telephone switchboard. [ 11 ] On the left side was Eva Braun 's bedroom/sitting room (also known as Hitler's private guest room), and an antechamber (also known as Hitler's sitting room), which led into Hitler's study/office. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] On the wall hung a large portrait of Frederick the Great , one of Hitler's heroes. [ 14 ] A door led into Hitler's modestly furnished bedroom. [ 13 ] Next to it was the conference/map room (also known as the briefing/situation room) which had a door that led out into the waiting room/anteroom. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The bunker complex was self-contained. [ 15 ] However, as the Führerbunker was below the water table , conditions were unpleasantly damp, with pumps running continuously to remove groundwater . A diesel generator provided electricity, and well water was pumped in as the water supply. [ 16 ] Communications systems included a telex , a telephone switchboard, and an army radio set with an outdoor antenna. As conditions deteriorated at the end of the war, Hitler received much of his war news from BBC radio broadcasts and via courier. [ 17 ] End of World War II Hitler moved into the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945. His senior staff, including Martin Bormann and Joseph Goebbels , as well as Braun, joined them in April, while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker . [ 18 ] Two or three dozen support, medical, and administrative staff were also sheltered there. These included Hitler's secretaries (including Traudl Junge ), a nurse named Erna Flegel , and Sergeant Rochus Misch , who was both bodyguard and telephone switchboard operator. Initially, Hitler continued to use the undamaged wing of the Reich Chancellery, where he held afternoon military conferences in his large study. [ 19 ] Afterwards, he would have tea with his secretaries before returning to the bunker complex for the night. After several weeks of this routine, Hitler seldom left the bunker except for short strolls in the chancellery garden with his dog Blondi . [ 19 ] The bunker was crowded, the atmosphere was oppressive, and air raids occurred daily. [ 20 ] Hitler mostly stayed on the lower level, where it was quieter and he could sleep. [ 21 ] Conferences took place for much of the night, [ 20 ] often until 05:00. [ 22 ] On 16 April, the Red Army started the Battle of Berlin , and they started to encircle the city by 19 April. [ 23 ] Hitler made his last trip to the surface on 20 April, his 56th birthday, going to the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery where he awarded the Iron Cross to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth . [ 24 ] That afternoon, Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time. [ 25 ] Hitler was in denial about the dire situation and placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen-SS General Felix Steiner , the Armeeabteilung Steiner (" Army Detachment Steiner "). On 21 April, Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the encircling Soviet salient and ordered the German Ninth Army , south-east of Berlin, to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] That evening, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of Berlin. [ 28 ] Hitler was told at his afternoon situation conference on 22 April that Steiner's forces had not moved, and he fell into a tearful rage when he realised that the attack was not going to be carried out. He openly declared for the first time the war was lost—and he blamed his generals. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 29 ] On 23 April, [ a ] Hitler appointed General of the Artillery Helmuth Weidling , commander of the LVI Panzer Corps , as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, replacing Lieutenant Colonel ( Oberstleutnant ) Ernst Kaether . [ 30 ] The Red Army had consolidated their investment of Berlin by 25 April, despite the commands being issued from the Führerbunker . There was no prospect that the German defence could do anything but delay the city's capture. [ 31 ] Hitler summoned Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring , and he arrived on 26 April along with his mistress, the test pilot Hanna Reitsch . [ 32 ] On 28 April, Hitler learned that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies through Count Folke Bernadotte , [ 33 ] and Hitler considered this treason. [ 34 ] Himmler's SS representative in Berlin, Hermann Fegelein , was shot after being court-martialed for desertion, and Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest. [ 35 ] [ 32 ] On the same day, General Hans Krebs made his last telephone call from the Führerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel , Chief of German Armed Forces High Command (OKW) in Fürstenberg . Krebs told him that all would be lost if relief did not arrive within 48 hours. Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on Generals Walther Wenck , commander of the Twelfth Army , and Theodor Busse , commander of the Ninth Army. Meanwhile, Bormann wired to German Admiral Karl Dönitz : "Reich Chancellery a heap of rubble." [ 32 ] He said that the foreign press was reporting fresh acts of treason and "that without exception Schörner , Wenck and the others must give evidence of their loyalty by the quickest relief of the Führer". [ 36 ] That evening, von Greim and Reitsch flew out from Berlin in an Arado Ar 96 trainer. Field Marshal von Greim was ordered to get the Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet forces that had just reached Potsdamer Platz , only a city block from the Führerbunker . [ b ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported to Keitel that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front and it was no longer possible for his army to relieve Berlin. [ 39 ] Keitel gave Wenck permission to break off the attempt. [ 36 ] Hitler married Eva Braun after midnight on 28–29 April in a small civil ceremony within the Führerbunker . He then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament . [ 40 ] [ c ] Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf , Goebbels, and Bormann witnessed and signed the documents at approximately 04:00. [ 40 ] Hitler then retired to bed. [ 41 ] Late in the evening of 29 April, Krebs contacted Jodl by radio: "Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the Ninth Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the Ninth Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste 's spearhead." [ 39 ] In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake . Secondly, Twelfth Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of Ninth Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive." [ 39 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ d ] SS- Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , commander of the centre government district of Berlin, informed Hitler during the morning of 30 April that he would be able to hold for less than two days. Later that morning, Weidling informed Hitler that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition that night and again asked him for permission to break out. Weidling finally received permission at about 13:00. [ 44 ] Hitler shot himself later that afternoon, at around 15:30, while Eva took cyanide . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In accordance with Hitler's instructions, his and Eva's lifeless bodies were wrapped in blankets, carried outside, and burned. [ 47 ] Goebbels became the new Head of Government and Chancellor of Germany ( Reichskanzler ) in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. Reichskanzler Goebbels and Bormann sent a radio message to Dönitz at 03:15, informing him of Hitler's death, and that he was the new Head of State and President of Germany ( Reichspräsident ), in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. [ 48 ] Krebs talked to General Vasily Chuikov , commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army , at about 04:00 on 1 May, [ e ] and Chuikov demanded unconditional surrender of the remaining German forces. Krebs did not have the authority to surrender, so he returned to the bunker. [ 49 ] In the late afternoon, Goebbels had his children poisoned , and he and his wife left the bunker at around 20:30. [ 50 ] There are several different accounts on what followed. According to one account, Goebbels shot his wife and then himself. Another account was that they each bit on a cyanide ampule and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterwards. [ 51 ] Goebbels' SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that the couple walked ahead of him up the stairs and out to the Chancellery garden. He waited in the stairwell and heard the shots, then walked up the remaining stairs and saw the lifeless bodies of the couple outside. He then followed Joseph Goebbels' order and had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels' body, which did not move. [ 50 ] The bodies were then doused with petrol and set alight, but the remains were only partially burned and not buried. [ 51 ] Weidling had given the order for the survivors to break out to the northwest, and the plan got underway at around 23:00. The first group from the Reich Chancellery was led by Mohnke; they tried unsuccessfully to break through the Soviet rings and were captured the next day. Mohnke was interrogated by SMERSH , like others who were captured from the Führerbunker . The third breakout attempt from the Reich Chancellery was made around 01:00 on 2 May, and Bormann managed to cross the Spree . Artur Axmann followed the same route and reported seeing Bormann's body a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge . [ 52 ] [ f ] At 01:00, the Soviet forces picked up a radio message from the LVI Panzer Corps requesting a cease-fire. Down in the Führerbunker , General Krebs and General Burgdorf committed suicide by gunshot to the head. [ 53 ] The last defenders in the area of the bunker complex were mainly made up of Frenchmen of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne , others being Waffen-SS from the remnants of the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland , Latvian SS and Spanish SS units. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] A group of French SS remained in the area of the bunker until the early morning of 2 May. [ 56 ] The Soviet forces then captured the Reich Chancellery. [ 57 ] General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 6:00, and his meeting with Chuikov ended at 8:23. [ 39 ] Johannes Hentschel , the master electro-mechanic for the bunker complex, stayed after everyone else had either left or committed suicide, as the field hospital in the Reich Chancellery above needed power and water. He surrendered to the Red Army as they entered the bunker complex at 09:00 on 2 May. [ 58 ] The bodies of Goebbels' six children were discovered on 3 May. They were found in their beds in the Vorbunker with the clear mark of cyanide shown on their faces. [ 59 ] Post-war events The first post-war photos of the interior of the Führerbunker were taken in July 1945. On 4 July, American writer James P. O'Donnell toured the bunker after giving the Soviet guard a pack of cigarettes. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Many soldiers, politicians, and diplomats visited the bunker complex in the following days and months. Winston Churchill visited the Chancellery and bunker on 14 July 1945. [ 62 ] That month, Life photojournalist William Vandivert photographed the bunker. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] During separate investigations by the Western allies, a bloodstain was noted on Hitler's bed frame. [ 65 ] According to historian Mark Felton , a British officer surmised that Hitler could have been shot in bed, with a less bloody death occurring on the sofa. [ 65 ] On 11 December 1945, the Soviet Union allowed a limited investigation of the bunker grounds by the other Allied powers. Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil, including the site where Hitler's remains had allegedly been exhumed that May. The representatives planned to continue the work, but when they arrived the next morning, an NKVD armed guard met them and accused them of removing documents from the Chancellery. This was denied and no further outside probes were allowed for years. [ 66 ] As part of a disinformation campaign, the Soviets alleged that Hitler escaped or died by poison [ 67 ] [ 68 ] while maintaining secrecy about their investigation. [ 69 ] In May 1946, the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs tasked forensicist Piotr Semenovsky with investigating the scene, although it had by then already been contaminated by numerous individuals. In the bunker study, Semenovsky observed blood stains on the sofa and possibly traces of blood on the wall. [ 70 ] He also found blood in some corridors and spurts of blood on the upper walls of the stairwell leading to the emergency exit. The forensicist concluded these were the result of Hitler's body, wrapped in a blanket, being carried outside for burning. Semenovsky surmised that the blanket became blood-soaked in the process. [ 70 ] The outer ruins of both Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 as part of an effort to destroy the landmarks of Nazi Germany. A detailed interior site investigation by the Soviets, including measurements, took place on 16 May 1946. [ 71 ] Thereafter, the bunker largely survived, although some areas were partially flooded. In December 1947, the Soviets tried to blow up the bunker, but only the separation walls were damaged. In 1959, the East German government began a series of demolitions of the Chancellery, including the bunker. [ 72 ] Because it was near the Berlin Wall , the site was undeveloped and neglected until 1988–89. [ 73 ] During extensive construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site, work crews uncovered several underground sections of the old bunker complex; for the most part these were destroyed. Other parts of the Chancellery underground complex were uncovered, but were filled in, resealed, or ignored. [ 74 ] Government authorities wanted to destroy the last vestiges of these Nazi landmarks. [ 75 ] The construction of the buildings in the area around the Führerbunker was a strategy for ensuring the surroundings remained anonymous and unremarkable. [ 76 ] The emergency exit point for the Führerbunker (which had been in the Chancellery gardens) was occupied by a car park . [ 77 ] On 8 June 2006, during the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup , an information board was installed to mark the location of the Führerbunker . The board, including a schematic diagram of the bunker, can be found at the corner of In den Ministergärten and Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße, two small streets about three minutes' walk from Potsdamer Platz . Rochus Misch , one of the last people living who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler's suicide, attended the ceremony. [ 78 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to a relative's DNA. [ 79 ] Ruins of the bunker after demolition in 1947 Site of Führerbunker and information board on Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße in October 2023 A side angle view of the site in July 2007 See also Berghof The Bunker – 1970 book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book The Bunker – 1981 film based on the book Downfall – 2004 film Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters Nazi architecture Presidential Emergency Operations Center Stalin's bunker Wolf's Lair Fahrerbunker References Informational notes ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 286 states the appointment was 23 April; Hamilton 2008 , p. 160 states "officially" it was the morning of 24 April; Dollinger 1997 , p. 228, gives 26 April for the appointment. ^ The Luftwaffe order differs in different sources. Beevor 2002 , p. 342 states it was to attack Potsdamerplatz , but Ziemke states it was to support Wenck's Twelfth Army attack. Both agree that von Greim was also ordered to make sure Himmler was punished. ^ " MI5 staff 2005 : Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Hugh Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, says Jodl replied, but Ziemke 1969 , p. 120, and Beevor 2002 , p. 537, say it was Keitel. ^ Dollinger 1997 , p. 239, states 03:00, and Beevor 2002 , p. 367, 04:00, for Krebs' meeting with Chuikov. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 126 says that Weidling gave no orders for a break-out. Citations ^ Arnold 2012 . ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 123. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 56. ^ Mollo 1988 , p. 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 117. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 123. ^ McNab 2014 , pp. 21, 28. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 117, 119, 121–123. ^ Lehrer 2006 , p. 124. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 97. ^ a b McNab 2014 , p. 28. ^ a b McNab 2011 , p. 109. ^ a b c McNab 2014 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 97, 901–902. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 901. ^ Lehrer 2006 , pp. 124–125. ^ Taylor 2007 , p. 184. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 278. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 902. ^ a b Bullock 1999 , p. 785. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 597. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 903. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 217–233. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 255. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 267–268. ^ Ziemke 1969 , pp. 87–88. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255, 256. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 934. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 111. ^ a b c Dollinger 1997 , p. 228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 943–946. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 946. ^ a b Ziemke 1969 , p. 119. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 342. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 118. ^ a b c d Dollinger 1997 , p. 239. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 950. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 120. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 357, last paragraph. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 358. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 956–957. ^ Williams 2005 , pp. 324, 325. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1135–1137. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 52. ^ a b Beevor 2002 , p. 381. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 383, 389. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 387. ^ Weale 2012 , p. 407. ^ Hamilton 2020 , pp. 349, 386. ^ Hamilton 2020 , p. 408. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 387, 388. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 287. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 398. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , pp. 9–12. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–99. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 98–101. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Hitler's Destroyed Bunker - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ "Hitler's Underground Shelter - William Vandivert" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 14 August 2024 . ^ a b Felton, Mark (2023). "Back in the Bunker". Find the Führer: The Secret Soviet Investigation . Episode 4. 7:00, 8:30 minutes in. ^ Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die . Garden City, NY: Doubleday . pp. 233– 34. ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005 , p. 288. ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 1037. ^ "Hitlers letzte Reise" . Der Spiegel (in German). 19 July 1992 . Retrieved 6 March 2021 . ^ a b Brisard & Parshina 2018 , pp. 257–259. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 101–102. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 48, 49. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 49, 50. ^ Mollo 1988 , pp. 46, 48, 50–53. ^ McNab 2014 , p. 21. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , pp. 27, 28. ^ Kellerhoff 2004 , p. 27. ^ Der Spiegel 2006 . ^ Oltermann 2025 . Bibliography Arnold, Dietmar (9 January 2012) [8 June 2010]. "Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker" . Berliner-unterwelten.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Brisard, Jean-Christophe and Parshina, Lana (2018). The Death of Hitler . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0306922589 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Dollinger, Hans (1997). Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . London: Chancellor. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9 . Eberle, Henrik ; Uhl, Matthias, eds. (2005). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides . New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-366-1 . Hamilton, Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Solihull: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5 . Hamilton, A. Stephan (2020) [2008]. Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945 . Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1912866137 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth . London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kellerhoff, Sven (2004). The Führer Bunker . Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag. ISBN 978-3-929829-23-5 . Kershaw, Ian (2001) [2000]. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-027239-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Lehrer, Steven (2006). The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex . An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime . Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2393-4 . Linge, Heinz (2009). With Hitler to the End . London; New York: Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich . Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962 . McNab, Chris (2014). Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45 . Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-828-6 . Mollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston (ed.). "The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole". After the Battle (61). London: Battle of Britain International. MI5 staff (2005). "Hitler's last days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Staff (9 June 2006). "Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker" . Spiegel Online . Spiegel-Verlag . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Taylor, Blaine (2007). Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945 . Dulles, Virginia: Potomac. ISBN 978-1-57488-928-4 . Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS . New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0 . Williams, Andrew (2005). D-Day to Berlin . Hodder . ISBN 978-0-340-83397-1 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich . London: MacDonald. OCLC 253711605 . Further reading Boldt, Gerhard (1973). Hitler: The Last Ten Days . New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10531-7 . C.I.U. General Staff, Geographical Section (1990). Ramsey, Winston G. (ed.). Berlin: Allied Intelligence Map of Key Buildings . After the Battle – Battle of Britain International. ISBN 978-1-870067-33-1 . de Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders . Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3 . Fest, Joachim (2005). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices from the Bunker . New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3 . Junge, Traudl (2004). Müller, Melissa (ed.). Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary . New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-728-2 . Neubauer, Christoph (2010). Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin (in German and English). Frankfurt on the Oder: Flashback Medienverlag. ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives . New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6 . Ryan, Cornelius (1966). The Last Battle . New York: Simon and Schuster. Tissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin . London; Portland, OR: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4929-0 . Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (paperback ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3 . External links Cosgrove, Ben. "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin" . Life Magazine . Latson, Jennifer (16 January 2015). "The Brief Luxurious Life of Adolf Hitler, 50 Feet Below Berlin" . Time Magazine . Shuger, Scott; Berger, Donald (21 June 2006). "Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place" . Slate Magazine . 3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery Hitler's Bunker , National Geographic UK. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Authority control databases Yale LUX Yale LUX Führer Headquarters Death of Adolf Hitler Battle of Berlin World War II sites in Germany Continuity of government Bunkers in Germany Air raid shelters 1944 establishments in Germany Buildings and structures completed in 1944 1947 disestablishments in Germany Buildings and structures demolished in 1947 Demolished buildings and structures in Berlin Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension Articles containing German-language text CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Good articles Use British English from June 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from September 2025 Use shortened footnotes from June 2021 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Commons category link is on Wikidata 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Coat of arms Nickname(s) : Las Islas Afortunadas (The Fortunate Isles) Anthem : " Anthem of the Canaries " Location of the Canary Islands (red) within Spain Country Spain Capital Santa Cruz de Tenerife (executive and legislative) and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (executive and judicial) .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 28°00′N 15°45′W / 28°N 15.75°W / 28; -15.75 Largest city Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Official language Spanish Ethnic groups (2025) [ 1 ] 76.3% Spaniards 23.7% foreign-born Religion (2019) [ 2 ] .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 76.6% Roman Catholicism 8.1% atheist 6.3% agnostic 5.8% indifferent or no religion 2.8% other religion 76.6% Roman Catholicism 8.1% atheist 6.3% agnostic 5.8% indifferent or no religion 2.8% other religion Demonym(s) Canarian canario/-a ( Spanish ) Government • President Fernando Clavijo Batlle Legislature Parliament of the Canary Islands Judiciary High Court of Justice of the Canary Islands Area • Total 7,445.58 [ 3 ] km 2 (2,874.75 sq mi) ( 13th ) Highest elevation 3,715 m (12,188 ft) • Rank 1st Population • 2025 estimate 2,268,035 [ 4 ] ( 7th ) • Density 305/km 2 (789.9/sq mi) ( 3rd ) GDP .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} (nominal) 2026 estimate • Total €64.123 billion [ 5 ] ( 8th ) • Per capita €28,272 ( 15th ) HDI (2023) 0.884 [ 6 ] @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}} very high · 15th Currency Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) Time zone UTC ( WET ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC+1 ( WEST ) Date format DD/MM/YYYY Driving side Right ISO 3166 code .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} IC ES-CN IC ES-CN Most populated island Tenerife [ 7 ] Statute of Autonomy 7 November 2018 Congress seats 15 (of 350) Senate seats 14 (of 265) Website www .gobiernodecanarias .org /principal / All rankings mentioned refer only to Spain's 17 autonomous communities. The Canary Islands ( / k ə ˈ n ɛər i / ⓘ ; Spanish : Canarias [kaˈnaɾjas] ⓘ ) or Canaries are an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean and the southernmost autonomous community of Spain , located about 100 kilometres (60 mi) off the northwest coast of Africa . The archipelago has a population of approximately 2.27 million inhabitants, making it the most populous overseas special territory of the European Union . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The seven main islands, listed from largest to smallest by area, are Tenerife , Fuerteventura , Gran Canaria , Lanzarote , La Palma , La Gomera , and El Hierro . The only other inhabited island is La Graciosa , which is administratively dependent on Lanzarote. The archipelago also includes numerous smaller islands and islets, such as Alegranza , Isla de Lobos , Montaña Clara , Roque del Oeste , and Roque del Este , as well as various rocks, including Garachico and Anaga . Historically, the island chain was referred to as "the Fortunate Isles". [ 11 ] The Canary Islands are the southernmost and westernmost region of Spain as well as the largest and most populous archipelago of Macaronesia . [ 12 ] They are also the largest and most populated archipelago in Spain. Owing to their strategic location, the Canary Islands have long been considered a link between Africa , Europe , and the Americas . [ 13 ] In October 2025, the Canary Islands had a population of 2,268,035, [ 14 ] with a density of 305 inhabitants per km 2 , making them the seventh most populous autonomous community in Spain and the third-highest in population density, behind only Madrid and the Basque Country . The population is mostly concentrated on the two capital islands, with around 43% on Tenerife and 39% on Gran Canaria. In 2026, the Canary Islands are expected to have a nominal GDP of €64.123 billion, resulting in a GDP per capita of €28,272. [ 15 ] The Canary Islands, especially Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote, are a major tourist destination, with over 14.1 million visitors in 2023. [ 16 ] This is due to their beaches, subtropical climate , and important natural attractions, especially Maspalomas in Gran Canaria and Mount Teide , a World Heritage Site in Tenerife . Mount Teide is the highest peak in Spain and the 3rd tallest volcano in the world , measured from its base on the ocean floor. [ 17 ] The islands have warm summers and winters warm enough for the climate to be technically tropical at sea level. [ 18 ] The amount of precipitation and the level of maritime moderation vary depending on location and elevation. The archipelago includes green areas as well as semi-desert. The islands' high mountains are ideal for astronomical observation, because they lie above the temperature inversion layer. As a result, the archipelago has two professional astronomical observatories: the Teide Observatory on Tenerife, and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma. [ 19 ] In 1927, the Province of Canary Islands was split into two provinces, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas . In 1982, the autonomous community of the Canary Islands was established. The cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria are, jointly, the capitals of the islands. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Those cities are also, respectively, the capitals of the provinces of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas . Las Palmas de Gran Canaria has been the largest city in the Canaries since 1768, except for a brief period in the 1910s. [ 23 ] Between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927, Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands. In 1927, it was ordered by decree that the capital of the Canary Islands would be shared between two cities, and this arrangement persists to the present day. [ 21 ] [ 24 ] The third largest city in the Canary Islands is San Cristóbal de La Laguna , another World Heritage Site on Tenerife. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] During the Age of Sail , the islands were the main stopover for Spanish galleons during the Spanish colonisation of the Americas , which sailed that far south in order to catch the prevailing northeasterly trade winds . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Etymology The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae , meaning 'Islands of the Dogs', perhaps because monk seals or sea dogs were abundant, a name that was evidently generalized from the ancient name of one of these islands, Canaria – presumably Gran Canaria. According to the historian Pliny the Elder , the island Canaria contained "vast multitudes of dogs of very large size". [ 30 ] The connection to dogs is retained in their depiction on the islands' coat-of-arms. Other theories speculate that the name comes from the Nukkari Berber tribe living in the Moroccan Atlas, named in Roman sources as Canarii , though Pliny again mentions the relation of this term with dogs. [ 31 ] The name of the islands is not derived from the canary bird ; rather, the birds are named after the islands. [ 32 ] History Ancient and pre-Hispanic times Before the arrival of humans, the Canaries were inhabited by prehistoric animals including the giant lizard ( Gallotia goliath ), the Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats , [ 33 ] and giant tortoises, Geochelone burchardi and Geochelone vulcanica . Although the original settlement of what are now called the Canary Islands is not entirely clear, linguistic, genetic, and archaeological analyses indicate that indigenous peoples were living on the Canary Islands at least 2,000 years ago, possibly 3,000, and that they shared a common origin with the Amazighs on the nearby North African coast. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Reaching the islands may have taken place using several small boats, landing on the easternmost islands Lanzarote and Fuerteventura. These groups came to be known collectively as the Guanches , although Guanches had been the name for only the indigenous inhabitants of Tenerife. [ 37 ] According to a 2024 study by the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, there is archaeological evidence that the Romans were the first to establish contact with the islands, during the period from the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE. There was no overlap with the occupation by the people who were inhabiting the islands at the time of the Spanish conquest, who had first arrived sometime between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] As José Farrujia describes, 'The indigenous Canarians lived mainly in natural caves, usually near the coast, 300 to 500 metres (1,000 to 1,600 ft) above sea level. These caves were sometimes isolated but more commonly formed settlements, with burial caves nearby'. [ 40 ] Archaeological work has uncovered a rich culture visible through artefacts of ceramics , human figures, fishing, hunting and farming tools, plant fibre clothing and vessels, as well as cave paintings. At Lomo de los Gatos on Gran Canaria, a site occupied from 1,600 years ago up until the 1960s, round stone houses, complex burial sites, and associated artefacts have been found. [ 41 ] Across the islands are thousands of Libyco-Berber alphabet inscriptions that have been extensively documented by many linguists. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] The social structure of indigenous Canarians encompassed "a system of matrilineal descent in most of the islands, in which inheritance was passed on via the female line. Social status and wealth were hereditary and determined the individual's position in the social pyramid, which consisted of the king, the relatives of the king, the lower nobility, villeins, plebeians, and finally executioners, butchers, embalmers, and prisoners". Their religion was animist , centring on the sun and moon, as well as natural features such as mountains. [ 40 ] Exploration The islands may have been visited by the Phoenicians , the Greeks , and the Carthaginians . King Juba II , Caesar Augustus 's Numidian protégé, is credited with discovering the islands for the Western world. According to Pliny the Elder , Juba found the islands uninhabited, but found "a small temple of stone" and "some traces of buildings". [ 44 ] Juba dispatched a naval contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador in what is now western Morocco in the early first century AD . [ 45 ] That same naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, using Mogador as their mission base. [ citation needed ] The names given by Romans to the individual islands were Ninguaria or Nivaria (Tenerife), Canaria (Gran Canaria), Pluvialia or Invale (Lanzarote), Ombrion (La Palma), Planasia (Fuerteventura), Iunonia or Junonia (El Hierro) and Capraria (La Gomera). [ 46 ] From the 14th century onward, numerous visits were made by sailors from Mallorca , Portugal , and Genoa . Lancelotto Malocello settled on Lanzarote in 1312. The Mallorcans established a mission with a bishop in the islands that lasted from 1350 to 1400. Castilian conquest In 1402, the Castilian colonisation of the islands began with the expedition of the French explorers Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle , nobles and vassals of Henry III of Castile , to Lanzarote. From there, they went on to conquer Fuerteventura (1405) and El Hierro. These invasions were "brutal cultural and military clashes between the indigenous population and the Castilians" lasting over a century due to formidable resistance by indigenous Canarians. [ 35 ] A professor of history has branded the conquest of the islands as a genocide of the Guanches . [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Béthencourt received the title King of the Canary Islands, but still recognised King Henry III as his overlord. It was not a simple military enterprise, given the aboriginal resistance on some islands. Neither was it politically, since the particular interests of the nobility (determined to strengthen their economic and political power through the acquisition of the islands) conflicted with those of the states, particularly Castile, which were in the midst of territorial expansion and in a process of strengthening of the crown against the nobility. [ 49 ] [ page needed ] Historians distinguish two periods in the conquest of the Canary Islands: Aristocratic conquest ( conquista señorial ): This refers to the early conquests carried out by the nobility, for their own benefit and without the direct participation of the Crown of Castile, which merely granted rights of conquest in exchange for pacts of vassalage between the noble conqueror and the Crown. One can identify within this period an early phase known as the Betancurian or Norman conquest, carried out by Jean de Bethencourt (who was originally from Normandy) and Gadifer de la Salle between 1402 and 1405, which involved the islands of Lanzarote , El Hierro , and Fuerteventura . The subsequent phase is known as the Castilian conquest, carried out by Castilian nobles who acquired, through purchases, assignments and marriages, the previously conquered islands and also incorporated the island of La Gomera around 1450. Royal conquest ( conquista realenga ): This defines the conquest between 1478 and 1496, carried out directly by the Crown of Castile, during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs , who armed and partly financed the conquest of those islands which were still unconquered: Gran Canaria , La Palma and Tenerife . This phase of the conquest came to an end in the year 1496, with the dominion of the island of Tenerife, bringing the entire Canarian Archipelago under the control of the Crown of Castile. Béthencourt also established a base on the island of La Gomera, but it would be many years before the island was fully conquered. The natives of La Gomera, and of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, and La Palma, resisted the Castilian invaders for almost a century. In 1448, Maciot de Béthencourt sold the lordship of Lanzarote to Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator , an action that was accepted by neither the natives nor the Castilians. Despite Pope Nicholas V ruling that the Canary Islands were under Portuguese control, the crisis swelled to a revolt which lasted until 1459 with the final expulsion of the Portuguese. In 1479, Portugal and Castile signed the Treaty of Alcáçovas , which settled disputes between Castile and Portugal over the control of the Atlantic. This treaty recognized Castilian control of the Canary Islands but also confirmed Portuguese possession of the Azores , Madeira , and the Cape Verde islands , and gave the Portuguese rights to any further islands or lands in the Atlantic that might be discovered. The Castilians continued to dominate the islands, but due to the topography and the resistance of the native Guanches, they did not achieve complete control until 1496, when Tenerife and La Palma were finally subdued by Alonso Fernández de Lugo . As a result of this "the native pre-Hispanic population declined quickly due to war, epidemics, and slavery". [ 50 ] The Canaries were incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile . After the conquest and the introduction of slavery After the conquest, the Castilians imposed a new economic model, based on single-crop cultivation: first sugarcane ; then wine, an important item of trade with England . Gran Canaria was conquered by the Crown of Castile on 6 March 1480, and Tenerife was conquered in 1496, and each had its own governor. There has been speculation that the abundance of Roccella tinctoria on the Canary Islands offered a profit motive for Jean de Béthencourt during his conquest of the islands. Lichen has been used for centuries to make dyes. This includes royal purple colors derived from R. tinctoria , also known as orseille. [ 51 ] The objective of the Spanish Crown to convert the islands into a powerhouse of cultivation required a much larger labour force. [ 52 ] This was attained through a practice of enslavement, not only of indigenous Canarians, but large numbers of Africans who were taken from North and Sub-Saharan Africa. [ 53 ] Whilst the first slave plantations in the Atlantic region were across Madeira , Cape Verde , and the Canary Islands, it was only the Canary Islands which had an indigenous population and were therefore invaded rather than newly occupied. [ 54 ] Because this agriculture industry was largely based on sugarcane, the Castilians converted large swaths of the landscape for sugarcane production and the processing and manufacturing of sugar, largely enabled by slave labour. [ 55 ] The cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria became a stopping point for the Spanish traders, as well as conquistadors , and missionaries on their way to the New World . This trade route brought great wealth to the Castilian social sectors of the islands and soon were attracting merchants and adventurers from all over Europe. As wealth increased, enslaved Africans were also forced into more domestic roles for the richer Castilians on the islands. [ 56 ] Research on the skeletons of some of the enslaved from the burial site of Finca Clavijo on Gran Canaria has shown that "all of the adults buried in Finca Clavijo undertook extensive physical activity that involved significant stress on the spine and appendicular skeleton", a result of relentless hard labour, akin to the physical abnormalities found within other enslaved groups from sugarcane plantations around the world. [ 50 ] As a result of the huge wealth generated [ citation needed ] , magnificent palaces and churches were built on La Palma during this busy, prosperous period. The Church of El Salvador survives as one of the island's finest examples of the architecture of the 16th century. Civilian architecture survives in forms such as Casas de los Sánchez-Ochando or Casa Quintana . The Canaries' wealth invited attacks by pirates and privateers . Ottoman Turkish admiral and privateer Kemal Reis ventured into the Canaries in 1501, while Murat Reis the Elder captured Lanzarote in 1585. The most severe attack took place in 1599, during the Dutch Revolt . A Dutch fleet of 74 ships and 12,000 men, commanded by Pieter van der Does , attacked the capital Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (the city had 3,500 of Gran Canaria's 8,545 inhabitants). The Dutch attacked the Castillo de la Luz, which guarded the harbor. The Canarians evacuated civilians from the city, and the Castillo surrendered (but not the city). The Dutch moved inland, but Canarian cavalry drove them back to Tamaraceite, near the city. The Dutch then laid siege to the city, demanding the surrender of all its wealth. They received 12 sheep and 3 calves. Furious, the Dutch sent 4,000 soldiers to attack the Council of the Canaries, who were sheltering in the village of Santa Brígida. Three hundred Canarian soldiers ambushed the Dutch in the village of Monte Lentiscal, killing 150 and forcing the rest to retreat. The Dutch concentrated on Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, attempting to burn it down. The Dutch pillaged Maspalomas , on the southern coast of Gran Canaria, San Sebastián on La Gomera, and Santa Cruz on La Palma, but eventually gave up the siege of Las Palmas and withdrew. In 1618 the Barbary pirates from North Africa attacked Lanzarote and La Gomera taking 1000 captives to be sold as slaves . [ 57 ] Another noteworthy attack occurred in 1797, when Santa Cruz de Tenerife was attacked by a British fleet under Horatio Nelson on 25 July. The British were repulsed, losing almost 400 men. It was during this battle that Nelson lost his right arm. Apart from the passage of Christopher Columbus , the Canary Islands were the site of some of the most important fleets in Western history. Such as the fleet of the Virginia Company in 1606, which marked the foundation of Fort Jamestown -the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States - [ 58 ] [ 59 ] and the passage of the First Fleet through Tenerife, which marked the first European settlement in Australia in Botany Bay . [ 60 ] 18th to 19th century The sugar-based economy of the islands faced stiff competition from Spain's Caribbean colonies. Low sugar prices in the 19th century caused severe recessions on the islands. A new cash crop, cochineal ( cochinilla ), came into cultivation during this time, reinvigorating the islands' economy. During this time the Canarian-American trade was developed, in which Canarian products such as cochineal, sugarcane and rum were sold in American ports such as Veracruz , Campeche , La Guaira and Havana , among others. [ 61 ] By the end of the 18th century, Canary Islanders had already emigrated to Spanish American territories, such as Havana , Veracruz , and Santo Domingo , [ 62 ] San Antonio, Texas [ 63 ] and St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana . [ 64 ] [ 65 ] These economic difficulties spurred mass emigration during the 19th and first half of the 20th century, primarily to the Americas. Between 1840 and 1890 as many as 40,000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela . Also, thousands of Canarians moved to Puerto Rico where the Spanish monarchy felt that Canarians would adapt to island life better than other immigrants from the mainland of Spain. Deeply entrenched traditions, such as the Mascaras Festival in the town of Hatillo, Puerto Rico , are an example of Canarian culture still preserved in Puerto Rico. Similarly, many thousands of Canarians emigrated to the shores of Cuba . [ 66 ] During the Spanish–American War of 1898, the Spanish fortified the islands against a possible American attack, but no such event took place. Romantic period and scientific expeditions Sirera and Renn (2004) [ 67 ] distinguish two different types of expeditions, or voyages, during the period 1770–1830, which they term "the Romantic period": First are "expeditions financed by the States, closely related with the official scientific Institutions. characterised by having strict scientific objectives (and inspired by) the spirit of Illustration and progress". In this type of expedition, Sirera and Renn include the following travellers: J. Edens, whose 1715 ascent and observations of Mt. Teide influenced many subsequent expeditions. Louis Feuillée (1724), who was sent to measure the meridian of El Hierro and to map the islands. Jean-Charles de Borda (1771, 1776) who more accurately measured the longitudes of the islands and the height of Mount Teide the Baudin -Ledru expedition (1796) which aimed to recover a valuable collection of natural history objects. The second type of expedition identified by Sirera and Renn is one that took place starting from more or less private initiatives. Among these, the key exponents were the following: Alexander von Humboldt (1799) Buch and Smith (1815) Broussonet Webb Sabin Berthelot . Sirera and Renn identify the period 1770–1830 as one in which "In a panorama dominated until that moment by France and England enters with strength and brio Germany of the Romantic period whose presence in the islands will increase". Early 20th century At the beginning of the 20th century, the British introduced a new cash-crop , the banana , the export of which was controlled by companies such as Fyffes . 30 November 1833 the Province of Canary Islands had been created with the capital being declared as Santa Cruz de Tenerife. [ 68 ] The rivalry between the cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the capital of the islands led to the division of the archipelago into two provinces on 23 September 1927. [ 69 ] During the time of the Second Spanish Republic , Marxist and anarchist workers' movements began to develop, led by figures such as Jose Miguel Perez and Guillermo Ascanio . However, outside of a few municipalities, these organisations were a minority and fell easily to Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War . Franco regime In 1936, Francisco Franco was appointed General Commandant of the Canaries. He joined the military revolt of 17 July which began the Spanish Civil War . Franco quickly took control of the archipelago, except for a few points of resistance on La Palma and in the town of Vallehermoso , on La Gomera. Though there was never a war in the islands, the post-war suppression of political dissent on the Canaries was most severe. [ 70 ] During the Second World War, Winston Churchill prepared plans for the British seizure of the Canary Islands as a naval base , in the event of Gibraltar being invaded from the Spanish mainland. [ 71 ] [ Note 1 ] The planned operation was known as Operation Pilgrim . [ 72 ] Opposition to Franco's regime did not begin to organise until the late 1950s, which experienced an upheaval of parties such as the Communist Party of Spain and the formation of various nationalist, leftist parties. During the Ifni War , the Franco regime set up concentration camps on the islands to extrajudicially imprison those in Western Sahara suspected of disloyalty to Spain, many of whom were colonial troops recruited on the spot but were later deemed to be potential fifth columnists and deported to the Canary Islands. These camps were characterised by the use of forced labour for infrastructure projects and highly unsanitary conditions resulting in the widespread occurrence of tuberculosis . [ 73 ] Self-governance This section is missing information about the ruling junta in the period 1978–1982. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page . ( July 2023 ) After the death of Franco, there was a pro-independence armed movement based in Algeria , the Movement for the Independence and Self-determination of the Canaries Archipelago (MAIAC). In 1968, the Organisation of African Unity recognized the MAIAC as a legitimate African independence movement , and declared the Canary Islands as an African territory still under foreign rule. [ 74 ] Islands From west to east, the Canary Islands are El Hierro , La Palma , La Gomera , Tenerife , Gran Canaria , Fuerteventura , Lanzarote , and La Graciosa . North of Lanzarote are the islets of Montaña Clara , Alegranza , Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste , belonging to the Chinijo Archipelago . Northeast of Fuerteventura is the islet of Lobos . There are a series of small adjacent rocks in the Canary Islands: the Roques de Anaga , Garachico and Fasnia in Tenerife, and Salmor and Bonanza in El Hierro. The Canary Islands El Hierro La Palma La Gomera Tenerife Gran Canaria Fuerteventura Lanzarote El Hierro El Hierro, the westernmost island, covers 268.71 km 2 (103.75 sq mi). It is the second smallest of the major islands, and the least populous with 10,798 inhabitants. The whole island was declared a Reserve of the Biosphere in 2000. Its capital is Valverde . Also known as Ferro, it was once the westernmost known land in the world. Ancient European geographers such as Ptolemy recognised the island as the prime meridian of longitude with the Ferro meridian . That remained so until the 19th century, when it was displaced by the one passing through Greenwich . [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Fuerteventura Fuerteventura, with a surface of 1,660 km 2 (640 sq mi), is the second largest island of the archipelago. It has been declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO . It is the oldest of the islands being more eroded. Its highest point is the Pico de la Zarza, at a height of 807 metres (2,648 feet). Its capital is Puerto del Rosario . Gran Canaria Gran Canaria has 846,717 inhabitants. The capital, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , with 377,203 inhabitants, is the most populous city and shares the status of capital of the Canaries with Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Gran Canaria's surface area is 1,560 km 2 (600 sq mi). Roque Nublo 1,813 metres (5,948 feet) and Pico de las Nieves ("Peak of Snow") 1,949 metres (6,394 feet) are located in the center of the island. On the south of the island are the Maspalomas Dunes (Gran Canaria). La Gomera La Gomera (informally known as 'Isla Colombina') has an area of 369.76 km 2 (142.77 sq mi) and is the second least populous island with 21,136 inhabitants. It has been declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO . Geologically it is one of the oldest of the archipelago. The insular capital is San Sebastian de La Gomera . Garajonay National Park is located on the island. Lanzarote Lanzarote is the easternmost island and one of the oldest of the archipelago, and it has shown evidence of recent volcanic activity. It has a surface of 845.94 km 2 (326.62 sq mi), and a population of 149,183 inhabitants, including the adjacent islets of the Chinijo Archipelago. The capital is Arrecife , with 56,834 inhabitants. Chinijo Archipelago The Chinijo Archipelago includes the islands La Graciosa , Alegranza , Montaña Clara , Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste . It has a surface of 40.8 km 2 (15.8 sq mi), and only La Graciosa is populated, with 658 inhabitants. With 29 km 2 (11 sq mi), La Graciosa is the largest island of the Chinijo Archipelago and the smallest inhabited island of the Canaries. La Graciosa Graciosa Island or commonly La Graciosa is a volcanic island in the Canary Islands of Spain, located 2 km (1.2 mi) north of the island of Lanzarote across the Strait of El Río. It was formed by the Canary hotspot. The island is part of the Chinijo Archipelago and the Chinijo Archipelago Natural Park (Parque Natural del Archipiélago Chinijo). It is administered by the municipality of Teguise. In 2018, La Graciosa was declared as the eighth Canary Island by the Spanish Senate , [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] though it is not recognized as such by the Canarian administration. It is administratively dependent on the island of Lanzarote. It is the smallest and least populated of the main islands, with about 700 people. La Palma La Palma, with 81,863 inhabitants covering an area of 708.32 km 2 (273.48 sq mi), is in its entirety a biosphere reserve. For long it showed no signs of volcanic activity, even though the volcano Teneguía entered into eruption last in 1971. On 19 September 2021, the volcanic Cumbre Vieja on the island erupted . [ 80 ] It is the second-highest island of the Canaries, with the Roque de los Muchachos at 2,423 metres (7,949 feet) as its highest point. Santa Cruz de La Palma , known to those on the island as simply "Santa Cruz", is its capital. Tenerife Tenerife is, with its area of 2,034 km 2 (785 sq mi), the most extensive island of the Canary Islands. With 904,713 inhabitants, it is the most populated island of the archipelago and Spain. Two of the islands' principal cities are located on it: the capital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna , a World Heritage Site. San Cristóbal de La Laguna , the second city of the island, is home to the oldest university in the Canary Islands, the University of La Laguna . Teide , with its 3,715 metres (12,188 feet) is the highest peak of Spain and a World Heritage Site . Tenerife is the site of the worst air disaster in the history of aviation, in which 583 people were killed in the collision of two Boeing 747s on 27 March 1977. List Flag Coat of arms Island Capital Area (km 2 ) Population (2010) Population Density (people/km 2 ) El Hierro Valverde 268.71 10,960 40.79 Fuerteventura Puerto del Rosario 1,660 103,492 62.34 Gran Canaria Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 1,560.1 845,676 542.07 La Gomera San Sebastián 369.76 22,776 61.6 Lanzarote Arrecife 845.94 141,437 167.2 La Palma Santa Cruz de La Palma 708.32 86,324 121.87 Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife 2,034.38 906,854 445.76 – – La Graciosa Caleta de Sebo 29.05 658 22.65 – – Alegranza – 10.3 – – – – Isla de Lobos – 4.5 – – – – Montaña Clara – 1.48 – – – – Roque del Este – 0.06 – – – – Roque del Oeste – 0.015 – – Geography Tenerife is the largest and most populous island of the archipelago. Gran Canaria , with 865,070 inhabitants, is both the Canary Islands' second most populous island, and the third most populous one in Spain after Tenerife (966,354 inhabitants) and Mallorca (896,038 inhabitants). [ 81 ] The island of Fuerteventura is the second largest in the archipelago and located 100 km (62 mi) from the African coast. The islands form the Macaronesia ecoregion with the Azores , Cape Verde , Madeira , and the Savage Isles . [ 82 ] The Canary Islands constitute the largest and most populated archipelago of the Macaronesia region. [ 12 ] The archipelago has seven large and several smaller islands, all of which are volcanic in origin. [ 83 ] According to the position of the islands with respect to the north-east trade winds , the climate can be mild and wet or very dry. Several native species form laurisilva forests. The individual islands in the Canary archipelago tend to have distinct microclimates . Those islands such as El Hierro , La Palma and La Gomera lying to the west of the archipelago have a climate which is influenced by the moist Canary Current . They are well vegetated even at low levels and have extensive tracts of sub-tropical laurisilva forest. Travelling east toward the African coast, the influence of the current diminishes, and the islands become increasingly arid. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote , the islands which are closest to the African mainland, are effectively desert or semi-desert. Gran Canaria is known as a "continent in miniature" for its diverse landscapes like Maspalomas and Roque Nublo . The north of Tenerife lies under the influence of the moist Atlantic winds and is well vegetated. The south of the island around the tourist resorts of Playa de las Américas and Los Cristianos is arid. The island rises to almost 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level. At altitude, in the cool relatively wet climate, forests of the endemic pine Pinus canariensis thrive. Many of the plant species in the Canary Islands, like the Canary Island pine and the dragon tree , Dracaena draco are endemic, as noted by Sabin Berthelot and Philip Barker Webb in their work, L'Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries (1835–50). [ 84 ] Climate The climate is warm subtropical / tropical and generally arid , moderated by the sea and in summer by the trade winds . [ 85 ] There are a number of microclimates and the classifications range mainly from semi-desert to desert . The majority of the Canary Islands have a hot desert climate ( BWh ) and a hot semi-desert climate ( BSh ) within the Köppen system, caused partly due to the cool Canary Current . [ 86 ] A subtropical humid climate, which is very influenced by the ocean, is in the middle of the islands of La Gomera , Tenerife and La Palma , where laurisilva cloud forests grow. [ 87 ] Climate data for Santa Cruz de Tenerife 35m (1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 21.0 (69.8) 21.2 (70.2) 22.1 (71.8) 22.7 (72.9) 24.1 (75.4) 26.2 (79.2) 28.7 (83.7) 29.0 (84.2) 28.1 (82.6) 26.3 (79.3) 24.1 (75.4) 22.1 (71.8) 24.6 (76.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 18.2 (64.8) 18.3 (64.9) 19.0 (66.2) 19.7 (67.5) 21.0 (69.8) 22.9 (73.2) 25.0 (77.0) 25.5 (77.9) 24.9 (76.8) 23.4 (74.1) 21.3 (70.3) 19.4 (66.9) 21.5 (70.7) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.4 (59.7) 15.3 (59.5) 15.9 (60.6) 16.5 (61.7) 17.8 (64.0) 19.5 (67.1) 21.2 (70.2) 21.9 (71.4) 21.7 (71.1) 20.3 (68.5) 18.4 (65.1) 16.6 (61.9) 18.4 (65.1) Average rainfall mm (inches) 31.5 (1.24) 35.4 (1.39) 37.8 (1.49) 11.6 (0.46) 3.6 (0.14) 0.9 (0.04) 0.1 (0.00) 2.0 (0.08) 6.8 (0.27) 18.7 (0.74) 34.1 (1.34) 43.2 (1.70) 225.7 (8.89) Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.0 7.2 6.9 5.5 2.9 0.9 0.2 0.8 2.7 6.1 8.8 9.4 59.4 Mean monthly sunshine hours 178 186 221 237 282 306 337 319 253 222 178 168 2,887 Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología [ 88 ] Climate data for Gran Canaria Airport 24m (1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.8 (69.4) 21.2 (70.2) 22.3 (72.1) 22.6 (72.7) 23.6 (74.5) 25.3 (77.5) 26.9 (80.4) 27.5 (81.5) 27.2 (81.0) 26.2 (79.2) 24.2 (75.6) 22.2 (72.0) 24.2 (75.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 18.1 (64.6) 18.4 (65.1) 19.3 (66.7) 19.5 (67.1) 20.5 (68.9) 22.2 (72.0) 23.8 (74.8) 24.6 (76.3) 24.3 (75.7) 23.1 (73.6) 21.2 (70.2) 19.3 (66.7) 21.2 (70.2) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.3 (59.5) 15.6 (60.1) 16.2 (61.2) 16.3 (61.3) 17.3 (63.1) 19.2 (66.6) 20.8 (69.4) 21.6 (70.9) 21.4 (70.5) 20.1 (68.2) 18.1 (64.6) 16.5 (61.7) 18.2 (64.8) Average precipitation mm (inches) 25 (1.0) 24 (0.9) 13 (0.5) 6 (0.2) 1 (0.0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 9 (0.4) 16 (0.6) 22 (0.9) 31 (1.2) 151 (5.9) Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 3 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 5 22 Mean monthly sunshine hours 184 191 229 228 272 284 308 300 241 220 185 179 2,821 Source: World Meteorological Organization ( UN ), [ 89 ] Agencia Estatal de Meteorología [ 90 ] Climate data for San Cristóbal de La Laguna (1981–2010) 632 m – Tenerife North Airport Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.0 (60.8) 16.7 (62.1) 18.2 (64.8) 18.5 (65.3) 20.1 (68.2) 22.2 (72.0) 24.7 (76.5) 25.7 (78.3) 24.9 (76.8) 22.5 (72.5) 19.7 (67.5) 17.1 (62.8) 20.5 (68.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 13.1 (55.6) 13.4 (56.1) 14.5 (58.1) 14.7 (58.5) 16.1 (61.0) 18.1 (64.6) 20.2 (68.4) 21.2 (70.2) 20.7 (69.3) 18.9 (66.0) 16.5 (61.7) 14.3 (57.7) 16.8 (62.2) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.2 (50.4) 10.0 (50.0) 10.7 (51.3) 10.9 (51.6) 12.0 (53.6) 14.0 (57.2) 15.7 (60.3) 16.6 (61.9) 16.5 (61.7) 15.2 (59.4) 13.3 (55.9) 11.5 (52.7) 13.0 (55.4) Average rainfall mm (inches) 80 (3.1) 70 (2.8) 61 (2.4) 39 (1.5) 19 (0.7) 11 (0.4) 6 (0.2) 5 (0.2) 16 (0.6) 47 (1.9) 81 (3.2) 82 (3.2) 517 (20.2) Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11 10 10 10 7 4 3 3 5 10 10 12 95 Mean monthly sunshine hours 150 168 188 203 234 237 262 269 213 194 155 137 2,410 Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología [ 91 ] Climate data for Tenerife South Airport 64m (1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 21.7 (71.1) 22.0 (71.6) 23.1 (73.6) 23.1 (73.6) 23.9 (75.0) 25.4 (77.7) 27.7 (81.9) 28.4 (83.1) 27.9 (82.2) 26.8 (80.2) 24.8 (76.6) 22.8 (73.0) 24.8 (76.6) Daily mean °C (°F) 18.4 (65.1) 18.5 (65.3) 19.3 (66.7) 19.5 (67.1) 20.4 (68.7) 22.1 (71.8) 24.0 (75.2) 24.7 (76.5) 24.5 (76.1) 23.4 (74.1) 21.5 (70.7) 19.7 (67.5) 21.4 (70.5) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.2 (59.4) 15.0 (59.0) 15.6 (60.1) 16.0 (60.8) 17.0 (62.6) 18.8 (65.8) 20.2 (68.4) 21.1 (70.0) 21.1 (70.0) 20.0 (68.0) 18.2 (64.8) 16.5 (61.7) 17.9 (64.2) Average rainfall mm (inches) 16.6 (0.65) 19.9 (0.78) 14.7 (0.58) 7.4 (0.29) 1.1 (0.04) 0.1 (0.00) 0.1 (0.00) 1.3 (0.05) 3.6 (0.14) 11.9 (0.47) 26.3 (1.04) 30.3 (1.19) 133.3 (5.23) Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 1.6 1.9 3.5 15.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 193 195 226 219 246 259 295 277 213 214 193 195 2,725 Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología [ 90 ] Climate data for La Palma Airport 33m (1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.6 (69.1) 20.7 (69.3) 21.2 (70.2) 21.6 (70.9) 22.6 (72.7) 24.1 (75.4) 25.5 (77.9) 26.3 (79.3) 26.6 (79.9) 25.5 (77.9) 23.5 (74.3) 21.8 (71.2) 23.3 (74.0) Daily mean °C (°F) 18.1 (64.6) 18.0 (64.4) 18.5 (65.3) 18.9 (66.0) 20.0 (68.0) 21.7 (71.1) 23.1 (73.6) 23.9 (75.0) 24.0 (75.2) 22.8 (73.0) 20.9 (69.6) 19.3 (66.7) 20.8 (69.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.5 (59.9) 15.3 (59.5) 15.7 (60.3) 16.2 (61.2) 17.4 (63.3) 19.2 (66.6) 20.7 (69.3) 21.4 (70.5) 21.3 (70.3) 20.2 (68.4) 18.3 (64.9) 16.7 (62.1) 18.2 (64.7) Average rainfall mm (inches) 49 (1.9) 57 (2.2) 33 (1.3) 19 (0.7) 7 (0.3) 2 (0.1) 1 (0.0) 1 (0.0) 12 (0.5) 41 (1.6) 70 (2.8) 80 (3.1) 372 (14.5) Average rainy days 5 4 4 3 1 0 0 0 2 5 7 8 40 Mean monthly sunshine hours 141 146 177 174 192 188 222 209 187 175 140 138 2,106 Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología [ 92 ] Geology The seven major islands, one minor island, and several small islets were originally volcanic islands, formed by the Canary hotspot . [ 93 ] The Canary Islands is the only place in Spain where volcanic eruptions have been recorded during the Modern Era , with some volcanoes still active (El Hierro, 2011). [ 94 ] Volcanic islands such as those in the Canary chain often have steep ocean cliffs caused by catastrophic debris avalanches and landslides . [ 95 ] The island chain's most recent eruption occurred at Cumbre Vieja , a volcanic ridge on La Palma, in 2021 . [ 96 ] The Teide volcano on Tenerife is the highest mountain in Spain, and the third tallest volcano on Earth on a volcanic ocean island. [ 97 ] All the islands except La Gomera have been active in the last million years. Four of them, Lanzarote, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro, have historical records of eruptions since European discovery. [ 98 ] The islands rise from Jurassic oceanic crust associated with the opening of the Atlantic. Underwater magmatism began during the Cretaceous , and has continued to the present day. The islands were once considered as a distinct physiographic section of the Atlas Mountains province, which is part of the larger African Alpine System division, but are now recognized as being related to a magmatic hot spot . [ 99 ] In the summer of 2011, a series of low-magnitude earthquakes occurred beneath El Hierro. These had a linear trend of northeast–southwest. In October a submarine eruption occurred about .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 2 km ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 mi) south of Restinga. This eruption produced gases and pumice, but no explosive activity was reported. [ 100 ] The following table shows the highest mountains in each of the islands: Mountain Elevation Island m ft Teide 3,715 12,188 Tenerife Roque de los Muchachos 2,426 7,959 La Palma Pico de las Nieves 1,949 6,394 Gran Canaria Pico de Malpaso 1,501 4,925 El Hierro Garajonay 1,487 4,879 La Gomera Pico de la Zarza 812 2,664 Fuerteventura Peñas del Chache 670 2,200 Lanzarote Aguja Grande 266 873 La Graciosa Caldera de Alegranza 289 948 Alegranza Caldera de Lobos 126 413 Lobos La Mariana 256 840 Montaña Clara Natural symbols The official natural symbols associated with Canary Islands are the bird Serinus canaria (canary) and the Phoenix canariensis palm. [ 105 ] Canary Island date palm, Phoenix canariensis Atlantic canary, Serinus canaria National parks Four of Spain's thirteen national parks are located in the Canary Islands, more than any other autonomous community. Two of these have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites and the other two are part of Biosphere Reserves . The parks are: [ 106 ] Park Island Area Year of designation UNESCO Status Caldera de Taburiente National Park La Palma 46.9 km 2 (18.1 sq mi) 1954 Part of the La Palma Biosphere Reserve since 2002 Garajonay National Park La Gomera 39.86 km 2 (15.39 sq mi) 1981 World Heritage Site since 1986 Teide National Park Tenerife 189.9 km 2 (73.3 sq mi) 1954 World Heritage Site since 2007 Timanfaya National Park Lanzarote 51.07 km 2 (19.72 sq mi) 1974 Part of the Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve since 1993 Teide National Park is the oldest and largest national park in the Canary Islands and one of the oldest in Spain. Located in the geographic centre of the island of Tenerife, it is the most visited national park in Spain. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] The park's highlight is the Teide volcano. Standing at an altitude of 3,715 metres (12,188 ft), [ 107 ] it is the highest elevation in Spain and the third largest volcano on Earth from its base. In 2007, the Teide National Park was declared one of the 12 Treasures of Spain . Politics Governance The regional executive body, the Parliament of the Canary Islands , is presided over by Fernando Clavijo Batlle ( Canarian Coalition ), the current President of the Canary Islands . The members of the regional legislature, the Parliament of the Canary Islands , has 70 elected legislators. The last regional election took place in May 2023. The islands have 14 seats in the Spanish Senate . Of these, 11 seats are directly elected, 3 for Gran Canaria, 3 for Tenerife, and 1 each for Lanzarote (including La Graciosa), Fuerteventura, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. The other 3 are appointed by the regional legislature. [ 108 ] Political geography The Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands has two provinces ( provincias ), Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife , whose capitals, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife , are capitals of the autonomous community. Each of the seven major islands are ruled by an island council named a Cabildo Insular . Each island is subdivided into smaller municipalities ( municipios ). Las Palmas is divided into 34 municipalities , and Santa Cruz de Tenerife is divided into 54 municipalities . [ 109 ] The international boundary of the Canaries is disputed in Morocco–Spain relations . In 2022 the UN declared the Canary Island's territorial waters as being Moroccan coast and Morocco has authorised gas and oil exploration in what the Canary Islands states to be Canarian territorial waters and Western Sahara waters. [ 110 ] Morocco's official position is that international laws regarding territorial limits do not authorise Spain to claim seabed boundaries based on the territory of the Canaries, since the Canary Islands enjoy a large degree of autonomy. In fact, the islands do not enjoy any special degree of autonomy, as each one of the Spanish regions is considered an autonomous community , with equal status to the European ones. Under the Law of the Sea , the only islands not granted territorial waters or an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) are those that are not fit for human habitation, or do not have an economic life of their own, which is not the case of the Canary Islands. [ 111 ] Canarian nationalism There are some pro-independence political parties, like the National Congress of the Canaries (CNC) and the Popular Front of the Canary Islands . Their popular support is almost insignificant, with no presence in either the autonomous parliament or the cabildos insulares . [ citation needed ] In a 2012 study by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas , when asked about national identity, the majority of respondents from the Canary Islands (53.8%) considered themselves Spanish and Canarian in equal measures, followed by 24% who consider themselves more Canarian than Spanish. 6.1% of the respondents considered themselves only Canarian, and 7% considered themselves only Spanish. [ 112 ] Defense The defense of the territory is the responsibility of the Spanish Armed Forces . Components of the Army , Navy , Air Force and the Civil Guard are based in the territory. After the establishment of a democratic constitutional monarchy in Spain, autonomy was granted to the Canaries via a law passed in 1982, with a newly established autonomous devolved government and parliament. In 1983, the first autonomous elections were held. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) won. [ 113 ] Capitals At present, the Canary Islands is the only autonomous community in Spain that has two capitals: Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , since the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands [ es ] was created in 1982. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The political capital of the archipelago did not exist as such until the nineteenth century. The first cities founded by the Europeans at the time of the conquest of the Canary Islands in the 15th century were: Telde (in Gran Canaria ), San Marcial del Rubicón (in Lanzarote ) and Betancuria (in Fuerteventura ). These cities boasted the first European institutions present in the archipelago, including Catholic bishoprics . [ 114 ] Although, because the period of splendor of these cities developed before the total conquest of the archipelago and its incorporation into the Crown of Castile never had a political and real control of the entire Canary archipelago. The function of a Canarian city with full jurisdiction for the entire archipelago only exists after the conquest of the Canary Islands, although originally de facto , that is, without legal and real meaning and linked to the headquarters of the Canary Islands General Captaincy . Las Palmas de Gran Canaria was the first city that exercised this function. This is because the residence of the Captain General of the Canary Islands was in this city during part of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. [ 115 ] In May 1661, the Captain General of the Canary Islands, Jerónimo de Benavente y Quiñones , moved the headquarters of the captaincy to the city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna on the island of Tenerife . [ 116 ] This was due to the fact that this island since the conquest was the most populated, productive and with the highest economic expectations. [ 117 ] La Laguna would be considered the de facto capital of the archipelago [ 118 ] until the official status of the capital of Canary Islands in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife was confirmed in the 19th century, due in part to the constant controversies and rivalries between the bourgeoisies of San Cristóbal de La Laguna and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria for the economic, political and institutional hegemony of the archipelago. [ 119 ] Already in 1723, the Captain General of the Canary Islands Lorenzo Fernandez de Villavicencio had moved the headquarters of the General Captaincy of the Canary Islands from San Cristóbal de La Laguna to Santa Cruz de Tenerife. This decision continued without pleasing the society of the island of Gran Canaria. [ 120 ] It would be after the creation of the Province of Canary Islands in November 1833 in which Santa Cruz would become the first fully official capital of the Canary Islands ( De jure and not of de facto as happened previously). [ 21 ] [ 24 ] Santa Cruz de Tenerife would be the capital of the Canary archipelago until during the Government of General Primo de Rivera in 1927 the province of Canary Islands was split in two provinces: Las Palmas with capital in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Santa Cruz de Tenerife with capital in the homonymous city. Finally, with the Statute of Autonomy of the Canary Islands in 1982 and the creation of the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands, the capital of the archipelago between Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife is fixed, which is how it remains today. Demographics Year Pop. ±% 1768 155,763 — 1787 168,928 +8.5% 1797 173,865 +2.9% 1842 241,266 +38.8% 1857 234,046 −3.0% 1877 284,857 +21.7% 1887 301,983 +6.0% 1900 364,408 +20.7% 1910 458,719 +25.9% 1920 488,483 +6.5% 1930 572,273 +17.2% 1940 687,937 +20.2% 1950 807,773 +17.4% 1960 966,177 +19.6% 1970 1,125,442 +16.5% 1981 1,367,646 +21.5% 1991 1,493,784 +9.2% 2001 1,694,477 +13.4% 2011 2,082,654 +22.9% 2021 2,178,924 +4.6% Source: [ 121 ] [ 122 ] As of 2024, the Canary Islands have a population of 2,238,754, making them the 7th-most populous of Spain's autonomous communities . [ 123 ] The total area of the archipelago is 7,445.58 km 2 (2,874.75 sq mi), resulting in a population density of 303.9 inhabitants per square kilometre. [ 123 ] [ 3 ] The population of the islands as of 2024 is: [ 123 ] Tenerife – 959,189 Gran Canaria – 869,984 Lanzarote – 163,230 (including the population of La Graciosa ) Fuerteventura – 126,676 La Palma – 85,382 La Gomera – 22,507 El Hierro – 11,786 The Canary Islands have become home to many European residents, mainly coming from Italy, Germany and the UK. Because of the vast immigration to Venezuela and Cuba during the second half of the 20th century and the later return to the Canary Islands of these people along with their families, there are many residents whose country of origin was Venezuela (66,593) or Cuba (41,807). Since the 1990s, many illegal migrants have reached the Canary Islands, Melilla and Ceuta , using them as entry points to the EU. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] [ 126 ] A record number of 46,843 migrants, mostly from Senegal , Mali and Morocco , arrived illegally in the Canary Islands in 2024, up from 39,910 in 2023. [ 127 ] Population of the Canary Islands 2019 Birthplace Population Percent Canary Islands 1,553,517 72.1 Rest of Spain 176,302 8.2 Total, Spain 1,735,457 80.6 Foreign-born 417,932 19.4 Americas 201,257 9.3 Venezuela 66,573 – Cuba 41,792 – Colombia 31,361 – Argentina 17,429 – Uruguay 8,687 – Rest of Europe 154,511 7.2 Italy 39,469 – Germany 25,921 – United Kingdom 25,339 – Africa 38,768 1.8 Morocco 24,268 – Asia 23,082 1.1 China 9,848 – India 5,766 – Oceania 314 0.0 Total 2,153,389 100.0 Source [ 125 ] [ 128 ] Religion The Catholic Church has been the majority religion in the archipelago for more than five centuries, ever since the Conquest of the Canary Islands . There are also several other religious communities. Roman Catholic Church The overwhelming majority of native Canarians are Roman Catholic (76.7%) [ 129 ] with various smaller foreign-born populations of other Christian beliefs such as Protestants . The appearance of the Virgin of Candelaria (Patron of Canary Islands) was credited with moving the Canary Islands toward Christianity. Two Catholic saints were born in the Canary Islands: Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur [ 130 ] and José de Anchieta . [ 131 ] Both born on the island of Tenerife, they were respectively missionaries in Guatemala and Brazil . The Canary Islands are divided into two Catholic dioceses, each governed by a bishop: Diócesis Canariense : Includes the islands of the Eastern Province : Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. Its capital was San Marcial El Rubicón (1404) and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (1483–present). There was a previous bishopric which was based in Telde , but it was later abolished. Diócesis Nivariense : Includes the islands of the western province : Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera and El Hierro. Its capital is San Cristóbal de La Laguna (1819–present). Other religions Separate from the overwhelming Catholic majority are a minority of Muslims . [ 132 ] Among the followers of Islam , the Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands exists to represent the Islamic community in the Canary Islands as well as to provide practical support to members of the Islamic community. [ 133 ] For its part, there is also the Evangelical Council of the Canary Islands in the archipelago. Other religious faiths represented include Jehovah's Witnesses , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as well as Hinduism . [ 132 ] Minority religions are also present such as the Church of the Guanche People which is classified as a neo-pagan native religion. [ 132 ] Also present are Buddhism , [ 132 ] Judaism , [ 132 ] Baháʼí , [ 132 ] African religion , [ 132 ] and Chinese religions . [ 132 ] Statistics The distribution of beliefs in 2012 according to the CIS Barometer Autonomy was as follows: [ 134 ] Catholic 84.9% Atheist/Agnostic/Unbeliever 12.3% Other religions 1.7% Population genetics The native inhabitants of the Canary Islands hold a gene pool that is predominantly European and native Guanche. It was found that Guanche males contributed less to the gene pool of modern Canary Islanders than Guanche females. Haplogroups typical among the Guanche have been found at high frequencies in Latin America , suggesting that descendants of the Guanche played an active role in the Spanish colonization of the Americas . [ 135 ] In 2017, the first genome-wide data from the Guanches confirmed a North African origin and that they were genetically most similar to ancient North African Berber peoples of the nearby North African mainland. It also showed that modern inhabitants of Gran Canaria carry an estimated 16%–31% Guanche autosomal ancestry. [ 136 ] A 2018 genetic study found that the Canarian population is, on average at an autosomal level, 75–83% European, 17–23% North African and 3% Sub-saharan. [ 137 ] Economy and environment Year Visitors 2024 17,767,834 2023 16,210,910 2010 10,432,047 2008 9,210,509 2007 9,326,116 2006 9,530,039 2005 9,276,963 2004 9,427,265 2003 9,836,785 2002 9,778,512 2001 10,137,205 2000 9,975,977 1993 6,545,396 Largest by Country (2008) Population Germany 2,498,847 United Kingdom 3,355,942 The economy is based primarily on tourism , which makes up 32% of the GDP. The Canaries receive about 12 million tourists per year. Construction makes up nearly 20% of the GDP and tropical agriculture, primarily bananas and tobacco, are grown for export to Europe and the Americas. Ecologists are concerned that the resources, especially in the more arid islands, are being overexploited but there are still many agricultural resources like tomatoes , potatoes , onions , cochineal , sugarcane , grapes , vines , dates , oranges , lemons , figs , wheat , barley , maize , apricots , peaches and almonds . Water resources are also being overexploited, due to the high water usage by tourists. [ 140 ] Also, some islands (such as Gran Canaria and Tenerife) overexploit the ground water . This is done in such degree that, according to European and Spanish legal regulations, the current situation is not acceptable. To address the problems, good governance and a change in the water use paradigm have been proposed. These solutions depend largely on controlling water use and on demand management. As this is administratively difficult and politically unpalatable, most action is currently directed at increasing the public offer of water through import from outside; a decision which is economically, politically and environmentally questionable. [ 141 ] To bring in revenue for environmental protection, innovation, training and water sanitation a tourist tax was considered in 2018, along with a doubling of the ecotax and restrictions on holiday rents in the zones with the greatest pressure of demand. [ 142 ] The economy is € 25 billion (2001 GDP figures). The islands experienced continuous growth during a 20-year period, up until 2001, at a rate of approximately 5% annually. This growth was fueled mainly by huge amounts of foreign direct investment , mostly to develop tourism real estate (hotels and apartments), and European Funds (near €11 billion in the period from 2000 to 2007), since the Canary Islands are labelled Region Objective 1 (eligible for euro structural funds). [ 143 ] [ 144 ] Additionally, the EU allows the Canary Islands Government to offer special tax concessions for investors who incorporate under the Zona Especial Canaria (ZEC) regime and create more than five jobs. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Spain gave permission in August 2014 for Repsol and its partners to explore oil and natural gas prospects off the Canary Islands, involving an investment of €7.5 billion over four years, to commence at the end of 2016. Repsol at the time said the area could ultimately produce 100,000 barrels of oil a day, which would meet 10 percent of Spain's energy needs. [ 147 ] However, the analysis of samples obtained did not show the necessary volume nor quality to consider future extraction, and the project was scrapped. [ 148 ] Despite currently having very high dependence on fossil fuels, research on the renewable energy potential concluded that a high potential for renewable energy technologies exists on the archipelago. This, in such extent even that a scenario pathway to 100% renewable energy supply by 2050 has been put forward. [ 149 ] The Canary Islands have great natural attractions, climate and beaches make the islands a major tourist destination, being visited each year by about 12 million people (11,986,059 in 2007, noting 29% of Britons , 22% of Spanish (from outside the Canaries), and 21% of Germans ). Among the islands, Tenerife has the largest number of tourists received annually, followed by Gran Canaria and Lanzarote. [ 17 ] The archipelago's principal tourist attraction is the Teide National Park (in Tenerife) where the highest mountain in Spain and third largest volcano in the world (Mount Teide ), receives over 2.8 million visitors annually. [ 150 ] The combination of high mountains, proximity to Europe, and clean air has made the Roque de los Muchachos peak (on La Palma island) a leading location for telescopes like the Grantecan . The islands, as an autonomous region of Spain, are in the European Union and the Schengen Area . They are in the European Union Customs Union but outside the VAT area. [ 151 ] Instead of VAT there is a local Sales Tax ( IGIC ) which has a general rate of 7%, an increased tax rate of 13.5%, a reduced tax rate of 3% and a zero tax rate for certain basic need products and services. Consequently, some products are subject to additional VAT if being exported from the islands into mainland Spain or the rest of the EU. This VAT plus transportation costs make very difficult that small Canarian shops sell to the rest of Spain. The transportation costs are even higher outside of Tenerife and Gran Canaria. [ 152 ] Canarian time is Western European Time (WET), or GMT . In summer, one hour ahead of GMT. Canarian time is one hour behind mainland Spain, and the same time as the UK, Ireland and mainland Portugal all year round. Tourism statistics The number of tourists who visited the Canary Islands in 2022 was 14,617,383. In 2023, there were 16,210,911 arrivals. [ 153 ] Rank Island Number of Visitors 1 Tenerife 6,449,359 2 Gran Canaria 4,235,141 3 Lanzarote 3,049,188 4 Fuerteventura 2,274,859 5 La Palma 148,720 6 La Gomera and El Hierro 53,644 Month Lanzarote Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Tenerife La Palma 2020 May 0 0 0 0 0 2020 April 0 0 0 0 0 2020 March 99,407 71,988 141,692 208,696 11,531 2020 February 215,054 175,618 387,432 528,873 31,996 2020 January 209,769 149,140 405,208 512,153 36,618 2020 524,230 396,746 934,332 1,249,722 80,145 2019 December 256,733 168,717 416,723 526,258 35,515 2019 November 231,995 159,352 405,715 487,576 29,614 2019 October 258,722 175,472 354,718 484,905 24,506 2019 September 235,534 154,056 291,855 432,241 21,106 2019 August 273,783 175,153 328,921 501,712 26,465 2019 July 270,438 171,819 333,530 481,976 22,059 2019 June 242,901 159,945 274,881 451,244 18,266 2019 May 230,821 140,370 261,250 423,740 19,447 2019 April 256,776 179,318 324,647 484,097 32,927 2019 March 295,614 201,556 447,905 579,224 39,570 2019 February 272,428 164,970 403,123 513,880 32,162 2019 January 239,830 172,468 424,117 522,601 42,043 2019 3,065,575 2,023,196 4,267,385 5,889,454 343,680 2018 December 258,185 171,248 420,041 519,566 34,266 2018 November 256,755 163,189 410,456 513,953 40,401 2018 October 265,950 207,176 397,411 541,492 27,865 2018 September 249,877 181,272 326,673 451,957 22,094 2018 August 260,216 206,718 370,232 516,048 28,054 2018 July 258,746 208,723 374,844 485,961 23,453 2018 June 233,824 181,406 301,068 448,667 19,384 2018 May 245,563 159,808 285,178 421,763 22,702 2018 April 266,433 184,772 347,043 488,679 30,675 2018 March 299,270 223,478 441,620 572,515 35,369 2018 February 246,215 181,218 396,707 484,485 40,282 2018 January 222,283 184,199 438,555 503,856 50,215 2018 3,063,317 2,253,207 4,509,828 5,948,942 374,760 Source (05/2020): [ 153 ] GDP statistics The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Canary Islands in 2015 was €40,923 million, €19,222 per capita. The figures by island are as follows: [ 154 ] Island GDP Tenerife 17,615 Gran Canaria 15,812 Lanzarote 3,203 Fuerteventura 2,298 La Palma 1,423 La Gomera 394 El Hierro 178 Transport The Canary Islands have eight airports altogether, two of the main ports of Spain, and an extensive network of autopistas (highways) and other roads. For a road map see multimap. [ 155 ] Traffic congestion is sometimes a problem in Tenerife and on Gran Canaria. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Large ferry boats and fast ferries link most of the islands. Both types can transport large numbers of passengers, cargo, and vehicles. Fast ferries are made of aluminium and powered by modern and efficient diesel engines, while conventional ferries have a steel hull and are powered by heavy oil. Fast ferries travel in excess of 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph); conventional ferries travel in excess of 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph), but are slower than fast ferries. [ citation needed ] A typical ferry ride between La Palma and Tenerife may take up to eight hours or more while a fast ferry takes about two and a half hours and between Tenerife and Gran Canaria can be about one hour. [ 159 ] The largest airport is the Gran Canaria Airport . Tenerife has two airports, Tenerife North Airport and Tenerife South Airport . [ 160 ] The island of Tenerife gathers the highest passenger movement of all the Canary Islands through its two airports. [ 161 ] The two main islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria) receive the greatest number of passengers. [ 162 ] Tenerife 6,204,499 passengers and Gran Canaria 5,011,176 passengers. [ 163 ] The port of Las Palmas is first in freight traffic in the islands, [ 164 ] while the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife is the first fishing port with approximately 7,500 tons of fish caught, according to the Spanish government publication Statistical Yearbook of State Ports. Similarly, it is the second port in Spain as regards ship traffic, only surpassed by the Port of Algeciras Bay. [ 165 ] The port's facilities include a border inspection post (BIP) approved by the European Union, which is responsible for inspecting all types of imports from third countries or exports to countries outside the European Economic Area. The port of Los Cristianos (Tenerife) has the greatest number of passengers recorded in the Canary Islands, followed by the port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife. [ 166 ] The Port of Las Palmas is the third port in the islands in passengers and first in number of vehicles transported. [ 166 ] The SS America was beached at the Canary islands on 18 January 1994. However, the ocean liner broke apart after the course of several years and eventually sank beneath the surface. Rail transport The Tenerife Tram opened in 2007 and is currently the only one in the Canary Islands, travelling between the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna . Three more railway lines are being planned for the Canary Islands: Line Island Terminus A Terminus B Tren de Gran Canaria [ 167 ] Gran Canaria Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Maspalomas Tren del Sur Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Los Cristianos Tren del Norte [ 168 ] Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Los Realejos Airports Tenerife South Airport – Tenerife Tenerife North Airport – Tenerife César Manrique-Lanzarote Airport – Lanzarote Fuerteventura Airport – Fuerteventura Gran Canaria Airport – Gran Canaria La Palma Airport – La Palma La Gomera Airport – La Gomera El Hierro Airport – El Hierro [ 169 ] Ports Port of Puerto del Rosario – Fuerteventura Port of Arrecife – Lanzarote Port of Playa Blanca—Lanzarote Port of Santa Cruz de La Palma – La Palma Port of San Sebastián de La Gomera – La Gomera Port of La Estaca – El Hierro Port of Las Palmas – Gran Canaria Port of Arinaga – Gran Canaria Port of Agaete – Gran Canaria Port of Los Cristianos – Tenerife Port of Santa Cruz de Tenerife – Tenerife Port of Garachico – Tenerife Port of Granadilla – Tenerife Health The Servicio Canario de Salud is an autonomous body of administrative nature attached to the Ministry responsible for Health of the Government of the Canary Islands. [ 171 ] Hospital Nuestra Señora de los Reyes – El Hierro Hospital General de La Palma – La Palma Hospital Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe – La Gomera Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria – Tenerife Hospital Universitario de Canarias – Tenerife Hospital del Sur de Tenerife – Tenerife Hospital del Norte de Tenerife – Tenerife Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín – Gran Canaria Hospital Universitario Insular de Gran Canaria – Gran Canaria Hospital General de Lanzarote Doctor José Molina Orosa – Lanzarote Hospital General de Fuerteventura – Fuerteventura Wildlife Fauna The bird life includes European and African species, such as the black-bellied sandgrouse , canary , graja – a subspecies of red-billed chough endemic to La Palma, Gran Canaria blue chaffinch , Tenerife blue chaffinch , Canary Islands chaffinch , Canary Islands chiffchaff , Fuerteventura chat , Tenerife goldcrest , Canarian Egyptian vulture , Bolle's pigeon , laurel pigeon , plain swift , and houbara bustard . Terrestrial fauna includes the El Hierro giant lizard , Tachina canariensis , La Gomera giant lizard , and the (possibly extinct) La Palma giant lizard . Mammals include the Canarian shrew , Canary big-eared bat , the Algerian hedgehog , and the more recently introduced mouflon . Extinct fauna The Canary Islands were previously inhabited by a variety of endemic animals, such as extinct giant lizards ( Gallotia goliath ), giant tortoises ( Centrochelys burchardi and C. vulcanica ), [ 172 ] Tenerife and Gran Canaria giant rats ( Canariomys bravoi and C. tamarani ), [ 173 ] and the lava mouse Malpaisomys insularis . The Canary Islands oystercatcher went extinct in the 20th century, and extinct birds known only from Pleistocene and Holocene age bones include the Canary Islands quail ( Coturnix gomerae ), dune shearwater ( Puffinus holeae ), lava shearwater ( P. olsoni ), Trias greenfinch ( Chloris triasi ), slender-billed greenfinch ( C. aurelioi ) and the long-legged bunting ( Emberiza alcoveri ). [ 174 ] Marine life The marine life found in the Canary Islands is also varied, being a combination of North Atlantic , Mediterranean and endemic species. In recent years, the increasing popularity of both scuba diving and underwater photography have provided biologists with much new information on the marine life of the islands. Fish species found in the islands include many species of shark , ray , moray eel , bream , jack , grunt , scorpionfish , triggerfish , grouper , goby , and blenny . In addition, there are many invertebrate species, including sponge , jellyfish , anemone , crab , mollusc , sea urchin , starfish , sea cucumber and coral . There are five species of marine turtle that are sighted periodically in the islands, the most common of these being the endangered loggerhead sea turtle . [ 175 ] The other four are the green , hawksbill , leatherback and Kemp's ridley sea turtles. Currently, there are no signs that any of these species breed in the islands, and so those seen in the water are usually migrating . However, it is believed that some of these species may have bred in the islands in the past, and there are records of several sightings of leatherback sea turtle on beaches in Fuerteventura, adding credibility to the theory. Marine mammals include the large varieties of cetaceans including rare and not well-known species (see more details in the Marine life of the Canary Islands ). Hooded seals [ 176 ] have also been known to be vagrant in the Canary Islands every now and then. The Canary Islands were also formerly home to a population of the rarest pinniped in the world, the Mediterranean monk seal . Native flora gallery Arbutus canariensis Argyranthemum frutescens Bosea yervamora Canarina canariensis Digitalis canariensis Echium wildpretii Euphorbia canariensis Gonospermum elegans Lavatera acerifolia var. acerifolia Lavatera phoenicea Lotus berthelotii Pericallis webbii Persea indica Phoenix canariensis Sonchus palmensis Cytisus supranubius Holidays Some holidays of those celebrated in the Canary Islands are international and national, others are regional holidays and others are of insular character. The official day of the autonomous community is Canary Islands Day on 30 May. The anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands , based in the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife , held on 30 May 1983, is commemorated with this day. The common festive calendar throughout the Canary Islands is as follows: [ 177 ] Date Name Data 1 January New Year International festival. 6 January Epiphany Catholic festival. March or April Holy Thursday and Holy Friday Christian festival. 1 May International Workers' Day International festival. 30 May Canary Islands Day Day of the autonomous community. Anniversary of the first session of the Parliament of the Canary Islands . 15 August Assumption of Mary Catholic festival. This day is festive in the archipelago as in all of Spain. Popularly, in the Canary Islands it is known as the day on which the Virgin of Candelaria (Saint Patron of Canary Islands) is celebrated. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] 12 October Fiesta Nacional de España ( Día de la Hispanidad ) National Holiday of Spain. Commemoration of discovery of the Americas . 1 November All Saints' Day Catholic festival. 6 December Constitution Day Commemoration of the Spanish constitutional referendum, 1978 . 8 December Immaculate Conception Catholic festival. The Immaculate Conception is the Saint Patron of Spain. 25 December Christmas Christian festival. Commemoration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth . In addition, each of the islands has an island festival, in which it is a holiday only on that specific island. These are the festivities of island patrons saints of each island. Organized chronologically are: [ 180 ] Date Island Saint/Virgin 2 February Tenerife Our Lady of Candelaria 5 August La Palma Our Lady of the Snows 8 September Gran Canaria Our Lady of the Pine 15 September Lanzarote Our Lady of Dolours Third Saturday of the month of September Fuerteventura Our Lady of the Peña 24 September El Hierro Our Lady of the Kings Monday following the first Saturday of October La Gomera Our Lady of Guadalupe The most famous festivals of the Canary Islands is the carnival. It is the most famous and international festival of the archipelago. The carnival is celebrated in all the islands and all its municipalities, perhaps the two busiest are those of the two Canarian capitals; the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife ( Tourist Festival of International Interest ) and the Carnival of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria . It is celebrated on the streets between the months of February and March. But the rest of the islands of the archipelago have their carnivals with their own traditions among which stand out: The Festival of the Carneros of El Hierro , the Festival of the Diabletes of Teguise in Lanzarote , Los Indianos de La Palma , the Carnival of San Sebastián de La Gomera and the Carnival of Puerto del Rosario in Fuerteventura . Science and technology In the 1960s, Gran Canaria was selected as the location for one of the 14 ground stations in the Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) to support the NASA space program. Maspalomas Station , located in the south of the island, took part in a number of space missions including the Apollo 11 Moon landings and Skylab . Today it continues to support satellite communications as part of the ESA network. [ 181 ] Because of the remote location, a number of astronomical observatories are located in the archipelago, including the Teide Observatory on Tenerife, the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma, and the Temisas Astronomical Observatory on Gran Canaria. Tenerife is the home of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (Astrophysical Institute of the Canaries). There is also an Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González (Antonio González Bio-Organic Institute) at the University of La Laguna . Also at that university are the Instituto de Lingüística Andrés Bello (Andrés Bello Institute of Linguistics), the Centro de Estudios Medievales y Renacentistas (Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies), the Instituto Universitario de la Empresa (University Institute of Business), the Instituto de Derecho Regional (Regional Institute of Law), the Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales (University Institute of Political and Social Sciences) and the Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales (Institute of Tropical Diseases). The latter is one of the seven institutions of the Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales (RICET, "Network of Research of Centers of Tropical Diseases"), located in various parts of Spain. The Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (Volcanological Institute of the Canary Islands) is based in Tenerife. [ citation needed ] Sports A unique form of wrestling known as Canarian wrestling ( lucha canaria ) has opponents stand in a special area called a "terrero" and try to throw each other to the ground using strength and quick movements. [ 185 ] Another sport is the "game of the sticks" (palo canario) where opponents fence with long sticks. This may have come about from the shepherds of the islands who would challenge each other using their long walking sticks. [ 185 ] Furthermore, there is the shepherd's jump ( salto del pastor ). This involves using a long stick to vault over an open area. This sport possibly evolved from the shepherd's need to occasionally get over an open area in the hills as they were tending their sheep. [ 185 ] The two main football teams in the archipelago are: the CD Tenerife (founded in 1912) and UD Las Palmas (founded in 1949). As of the 2025/2026 season, UD Las Palmas plays in the Segunda División, the second tier of Spanish football. CD Tenerife however plays in The Primera Federación. When in the same division, the clubs contest the Canary Islands derby . There are smaller clubs also playing in the mainland Spanish football league system , most notably UD Lanzarote and CD Laguna , although no other Canarian clubs have played in the top flight. The mountainous terrain of the Canary Islands also caters to the growing popularity of ultra running and ultramarathons as host of annual competitive long-distance events including CajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail on Tenerife , Transvulcania on La Palma , Transgrancanaria [ 186 ] on Gran Canaria , and the Half Marathon des Sables on Fuerteventura . A yearly Ironman Triathlon has been taking place on Lanzarote since 1992. [ 187 ] [ 188 ] Notable athletes Paco Campos , (1916–1995); a footballer who played as a forward. With 127 goals, 120 of which were for Atlético Madrid , he is the highest scoring player from the Canary Islands in La Liga . Nicolás García Hemme, born 20 June 1988 in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Canary Islands, 2012 London Olympics , Taekwondo Silver Medalist in Men's Welterweight category (−80 kg). Alfredo Cabrera , (1881–1964); shortstop for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1913 Sergio Rodríguez , born in San Cristóbal de La Laguna in 1986, played point guard for the Portland Trail Blazers , Sacramento Kings , and New York Knicks . David Silva , born in Arguineguín in 1986, plays association football for Real Sociedad , member of the 2010 FIFA World Cup champion Spain national football team Juan Carlos Valerón , born in Arguineguín in 1975, played association football for Deportivo la Coruna and Las Palmas . Pedro , born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 1987, plays association football for Lazio , member of the 2010 FIFA World Cup champion Spain national football team Carla Suárez Navarro , born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1988, professional tennis player Paola Tirados , born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1980, synchronized swimmer, who participated in the Olympic Games of 2000, 2004 and 2008. She won the silver medal in Beijing in 2008 in the team competition category. Jesé , born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1993, plays association football for Las Palmas . Christo Bezuidenhout , born in Tenerife in 1970, played rugby union for Gloucester and South Africa . Pedri , born in Tegueste in 2002, plays association football for Barcelona . Misa Rodríguez , born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in 1999, plays association football for Real Madrid Femenino . Member of the 2023 Women's World Cup winning Spain women's national football team . Nico Paz , born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife in 2004, plays association football for Como . See also Islands portal Spain portal History Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) First Battle of Acentejo Pyramids of Güímar Second Battle of Acentejo Tanausu Tenerife airport disaster ; the deadliest commercial aviation disaster in history. Geography Cumbre Vieja , a volcano on La Palma Guatiza (Lanzarote) La Matanza de Acentejo Los Llanos de Aridane Orotava Valley San Andrés Islands of Macaronesia Azores Madeira Cabo Verde Azores Madeira Cabo Verde Culture Canarian cuisine Canarian Spanish Religion in Canary Islands Isleños Military of the Canary Islands Music of the Canary Islands Silbo Gomero , a whistled language , is an indigenous variant of Spanish Tortilla canaria Virgin of Candelaria (Patron saint of Canary Islands) References Notes ^ "So great was the danger that for nearly two years we kept constantly at a few days' notice an expedition of over five thousand men and their ships, ready to seize the Canary Islands, by which we could maintain air and sea control over the U-boats, and contact with Australasia round the Cape, if ever the harbour of Gibraltar were denied to us by the Spaniards." Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Instituto Nacional de Estadística (1 October 2025). 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Archived from the original on 16 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ "La Paleontología de vertebrados en Canarias." Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Spanish Journal of Palaeontology (antes Revista Española de Paleontología ). Retrieved 17 June 2016. ^ Algunas extinciones en Canarias Archived 28 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación Territorial del Gobierno de Canarias ^ Illera, Juan Carlos; Spurgin, Lewis G.; Rodriguez-Exposito, E.; Nogales, Manuel; Rando, Juan Carlos (2016). "What are we learning about Speciation and Extinction from the Canary Islands?" . Ardeola . 63 (1): 15– 33. doi : 10.13157/arla.63.1.2016.rp1 . S2CID 55386208 . ^ Lissie Wright; Brian Groombridge (1982). The IUCN Amphibia-reptilia Red Data Book . IUCN. p. 140 . ISBN 978-2-88032-601-2 . ^ Kovacs, K.M. (2016). " Cystophora cristata " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 e.T6204A45225150. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T6204A45225150.en . Retrieved 29 October 2018 . ^ "Calendario oficial en Canarias" . Sede.gobcan.es . Archived from the original on 9 October 2020 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . ^ "Programa de las Fiestas de la Virgen de Candelaria. Agosto de 2017" (PDF) . Webtenerfife.ru . Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2020 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . ^ "Candelaria se prepara para recibir en agosto a 150.000 devotos de la Virgen" . Diariodeavisos.elespanol.com . 20 July 2017. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . ^ "Fiestas insulares de Canarias" (PDF) . Ccooendesa.com . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . ^ "Maspalomas station" . European Space Agency . Archived from the original on 8 February 2019 . Retrieved 8 February 2019 . ^ Alonso, Javier (25 July 2015). "El Heliodoro Rodríguez López cumple 90 años" . Vavel.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . ^ "Estadio Heliodoro Rodríguez López" . Lovecanarias.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . ^ "Canary Islands Stadiums" . WorldStadiums.com . Archived from the original on 27 March 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2010 . ^ a b c "The Canary Islands" . Ctspanish.com . 21 October 1971. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . ^ "Transgrancanaria (English website)" . Archived from the original on 30 October 2020 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . ^ "IMLanzarote" . www.ironman.com . Archived from the original on 28 October 2020 . Retrieved 31 January 2020 . ^ "Ironman Lanzarote" . Web de Lanzarote (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 August 2019 . Retrieved 27 August 2019 . Sources Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900 (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 0-521-45690-8 Felipe Fernández-Armesto, The Canary Islands after the Conquest: The Making of a Colonial Society in the Early-Sixteenth Century , Oxford U. Press, 1982. ISBN 978-0-19-821888-3 ; ISBN 0-19-821888-5 Sergio Hanquet, Diving in Canaries , Litografía A. ROMERO, 2001. ISBN 84-932195-0-9 Martin Wiemers: The butterflies of the Canary Islands. – A survey on their distribution, biology and ecology (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) – Linneana Belgica 15 (1995): 63–84 & 87–118 Further reading Borgesen, F. (1973). "Marine Algae from the Canary Islands". Taxon . 22 (1): 150. Bibcode : 1973Taxon..22..150B . doi : 10.2307/1218064 . ISSN 0040-0262 . JSTOR 1218064 . Børgesen, Frederik; Frémy, Pierre (1925). Marine algae from the Canary Islands, especially from Teneriffe and Gran Canaria . Høst in Komm. OCLC 1070942615 . Gill, Robin (1994). J.T., Greensmith (ed.). Tenerife, Canary Islands . [London]: Geologists' Association. ISBN 0-900717-62-9 . OCLC 31214272 . * Greensmith, Trevor (2000). Lanzarote, Canary Islands . [London]: Geologists' Association. ISBN 0-900717-74-2 . Paegelow, Claus (2009). Bibliografie Kanarische Inseln = Canary Islands bibliography . Bremen: Paegelow. ISBN 978-3-00-028676-6 . OCLC 551948019 . External links Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel information from Wikivoyage Canary Islands Government Official tourism website of the Canary Islands . Archived 6 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Cloud vortices near the Canaries, March 2023 . NASA Earth Observatory POTD for 15 April 2023. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Cultural domain of the Canary Islands v t e Category Commons Category Commons History Guanches Bimbache Pre-colonial times Conquest Treaty of Alcáçovas First Battle of Acentejo Lordship of the Canary Islands Battle of Aguere Second Battle of Acentejo Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) Spanish transition Autonomous community Canarian Parliament Guanches Bimbache Pre-colonial times Conquest Treaty of Alcáçovas First Battle of Acentejo Lordship of the Canary Islands Battle of Aguere Second Battle of Acentejo Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1657) Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797) Spanish transition Autonomous community Canarian Parliament G-clef Languages Guanche † Canarian ( Spanish ) Gomeran Whistle Guanche † Canarian ( Spanish ) Gomeran Whistle Mythology Gara and Jonay Achamán Achuguayo Achuhucanac Chaxiraxi Chijoraji Guayota Magec Maxios Tibicena Gara and Jonay Achamán Achuguayo Achuhucanac Chaxiraxi Chijoraji Guayota Magec Maxios Tibicena Historic sites Bienes de Interés Cultural (Las Palmas) Bienes de Interés Cultural (Tenerife) Castillo de San José Caves of Valeron Four Doors cave Guayadeque ravine Las Palmas Cathedral El Maipés Necropolis Museo Canario Painted Cave, Galdar Church of San Juan Bautista Bienes de Interés Cultural (Las Palmas) Bienes de Interés Cultural (Tenerife) Castillo de San José Caves of Valeron Four Doors cave Guayadeque ravine Las Palmas Cathedral El Maipés Necropolis Museo Canario Painted Cave, Galdar Church of San Juan Bautista Museums and galleries Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz Atlantic Center of Modern Art Castle of San Cristóbal (Santa Cruz de Tenerife) Centro de Fotografía Isla de Tenerife Castillo de San José Elder Museum of Science and Technology Museo Canario Museum of the History of Tenerife Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife Museum of Science and the Cosmos Tenerife Espacio de las Artes Archaeological Museum of Puerto de la Cruz Atlantic Center of Modern Art Castle of San Cristóbal (Santa Cruz de Tenerife) Centro de Fotografía Isla de Tenerife Castillo de San José Elder Museum of Science and Technology Museo Canario Museum of the History of Tenerife Museo de la Naturaleza y Arqueología Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santa Cruz de Tenerife Museum of Science and the Cosmos Tenerife Espacio de las Artes Cuisine Almogrote Canarian arepa Canarian wrinkly potatoes Gofio Malvasia Majorero Miel de palma Mojo Pasteles Ropa vieja Sancocho Sangria Tropical beer Wines Almogrote Canarian arepa Canarian wrinkly potatoes Gofio Malvasia Majorero Miel de palma Mojo Pasteles Ropa vieja Sancocho Sangria Tropical beer Wines Musical instruments Chácaras Timple Chácaras Timple Traditions Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Carnival of Las Palmas Bajada (festival) Cavalcade of Magi Holy Week Virgin of Candelaria Cristo de La Laguna Akelarre Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Carnival of Las Palmas Bajada (festival) Cavalcade of Magi Holy Week Virgin of Candelaria Cristo de La Laguna Akelarre Sports Bola canaria Canarian wrestling Juego del Palo Salto del pastor Open Lanzarote Island Open Costa Adeje Bola canaria Canarian wrestling Juego del Palo Salto del pastor Open Lanzarote Island Open Costa Adeje Symbols places of the Canary Islands Teide Auditorio de Tenerife Garajonay Caldera de Taburiente Teide Auditorio de Tenerife Garajonay Caldera de Taburiente Spain portal Islands portal v t e Autonomous communities of Spain v t e Autonomous communities Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Islands Basque Country Canary Islands Cantabria Castilla–La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Community of Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencian Community Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Islands Basque Country Canary Islands Cantabria Castilla–La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Community of Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencian Community Autonomous cities Ceuta Melilla Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Alhucemas Chafarinas Vélez de la Gomera Alhucemas Chafarinas Vélez de la Gomera v t e Outermost regions of European Union states v t e Portugal Azores Madeira Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Canary Islands France French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Saint-Martin French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Saint-Martin v t e Islands and provinces of the Canary Islands v t e Main islands Fuerteventura Gran Canaria La Gomera El Hierro Lanzarote La Palma Tenerife Fuerteventura Gran Canaria La Gomera El Hierro Lanzarote La Palma Tenerife Other islands Chinijo Archipelago Alegranza Graciosa Montaña Clara Roque del Este Roque del Oeste Lobos Chinijo Archipelago Alegranza Graciosa Montaña Clara Roque del Este Roque del Oeste Alegranza Graciosa Montaña Clara Roque del Este Roque del Oeste Lobos Provinces Las Palmas Santa Cruz de Tenerife Las Palmas Santa Cruz de Tenerife v t e Outlying territories of European countries v t e Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information). Denmark Greenland Faroe Islands Greenland Faroe Islands France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Adélie Land Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores Madeira Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de Soberanía Alboran Island Alhucemas Islands Chafarinas Islands Velez Islands Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de Soberanía Alboran Island Alhucemas Islands Chafarinas Islands Velez Islands Alboran Island Alhucemas Islands Chafarinas Islands Velez Islands United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands v t e History of Africa v t e Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara v t e Climate of Africa v t e Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Latvia Chile Greece Sweden Israel 2 Catalonia United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Latvia Chile Greece Sweden Israel 2 2 Catalonia Geographic MusicBrainz area MusicBrainz area Other IdRef NARA Yale LUX IdRef NARA Yale LUX Canary Islands Archipelagoes of Spain Autonomous communities of Spain NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union Outermost regions of the European Union Physiographic sections Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es) Webarchive template wayback links CS1: long volume value CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2021 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1: unfit URL Articles with dead external links from September 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–1 of 1 results for author: Vetaw, G D Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10524 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Diagnosing Generalization Failures in Fine-Tuned LLMs: A Cross-Architectural Study on Phishing Detection Authors: Frank Bobe III , Gregory D. Vetaw , Chase Pavlick , Darshan Bryner , Matthew Cook , Jose Salas-Vernis Abstract : The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high… ▽ More The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high-stakes phishing detection task and use SHAP analysis and mechanistic interpretability to uncover the root causes of their generalization failures. Our investigation reveals three critical findings: (1) Generalization is driven by a powerful synergy between architecture and data diversity. The Gemma 2 9B model achieves state-of-the-art performance (>91\% F1), but only when trained on a stylistically diverse ``generalist'' dataset. (2) Generalization is highly architecture-dependent. We diagnose a specific failure mode in Llama 3.1 8B, which performs well on a narrow domain but cannot integrate diverse data, leading to a significant performance drop. (3) Some architectures are inherently more generalizable. The Mistral model proves to be a consistent and resilient performer across multiple training paradigms. By pinpointing the flawed heuristics responsible for these failures, our work provides a concrete methodology for diagnosing and understanding generalization failures, underscoring that reliable AI requires deep validation of the interplay between architecture, data, and training strategy. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.10524 [ pdf , ps , other ] Diagnosing Generalization Failures in Fine-Tuned LLMs: A Cross-Architectural Study on Phishing Detection Authors: Frank Bobe III , Gregory D. Vetaw , Chase Pavlick , Darshan Bryner , Matthew Cook , Jose Salas-Vernis Abstract : The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high… ▽ More The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high-stakes phishing detection task and use SHAP analysis and mechanistic interpretability to uncover the root causes of their generalization failures. Our investigation reveals three critical findings: (1) Generalization is driven by a powerful synergy between architecture and data diversity. The Gemma 2 9B model achieves state-of-the-art performance (>91\% F1), but only when trained on a stylistically diverse ``generalist'' dataset. (2) Generalization is highly architecture-dependent. We diagnose a specific failure mode in Llama 3.1 8B, which performs well on a narrow domain but cannot integrate diverse data, leading to a significant performance drop. (3) Some architectures are inherently more generalizable. The Mistral model proves to be a consistent and resilient performer across multiple training paradigms. By pinpointing the flawed heuristics responsible for these failures, our work provides a concrete methodology for diagnosing and understanding generalization failures, underscoring that reliable AI requires deep validation of the interplay between architecture, data, and training strategy. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Recording and production Toggle Recording and production subsection 2.1 Albini's recording techniques 2.2 Studio banter 2.1 Albini's recording techniques 2.2 Studio banter 3 Music 4 Release 5 Packaging 6 Critical reception 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Accolades 7.1 Accolades 8 Track listing Toggle Track listing subsection 8.1 Notes 8.1 Notes 9 Personnel 10 Charts 11 Certifications 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources 13 External links Surfer Rosa Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Surfer Rosa Studio album by Pixies Released March 21, 1988 ( 1988-03-21 ) [ 1 ] Recorded November & December 1987 Studio Downtown Recorders (Boston) Q Division ( Somerville ) [ 2 ] Downtown Recorders (Boston) Q Division ( Somerville ) [ 2 ] Genre Alternative rock indie rock art punk [ 3 ] grunge [ 4 ] Alternative rock indie rock art punk [ 3 ] grunge [ 4 ] Length 33 : 21 Label 4AD Producer Steve Albini Pixies chronology Come On Pilgrim (1987) Surfer Rosa (1988) Doolittle (1989) Come On Pilgrim (1987) Surfer Rosa (1988) Doolittle (1989) Singles from Surfer Rosa " Gigantic " / "River Euphrates" Released: August 22, 1988 " Gigantic " / "River Euphrates" Released: August 22, 1988 Surfer Rosa is the debut studio album by the American alternative rock band Pixies , released in March 1988 on the British label 4AD . [ 5 ] It was produced by Steve Albini . Surfer Rosa contains many of the elements of Pixies' earlier output, including Spanish lyrics and references to Puerto Rico . It includes references to mutilation and voyeurism alongside experimental recording techniques and a distinctive drum sound. As 4AD was an independent label , distribution in the United States was handled by British label Rough Trade Records ; however, it failed to chart in either country. Only one single was released, a rerecorded version of " Gigantic ", and reached number 93 on the UK Singles Chart . Surfer Rosa was rereleased in the US by Elektra Records in 1992, and in 2005 was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . [ 6 ] Surfer Rosa is often included on critics' lists of the best rock albums. Alternative rock artists including Billy Corgan and PJ Harvey have cited it as an inspiration; it was an influence on Nirvana 's 1993 album In Utero , which Albini also produced. Background Before the release of Pixies' debut mini-album Come On Pilgrim in October 1987, Ivo Watts-Russell , head of 4AD , suggested they return to the studio to record a full-length album. The original plan was to record new material at Fort Apache Studios , where the band had produced The Purple Tape and Come On Pilgrim . However, due to differences between the band's manager Ken Goes and The Purple Tape producer Gary Smith , Pixies ended up looking for a new producer and recording studio. On the advice of a 4AD colleague, Watts-Russell looked to hire Steve Albini as the record's engineer and producer. Having sent a pre-release tape of Come On Pilgrim to Albini, Goes invited him to a Boston dinner party at drummer David Lovering 's house a few weeks after Come On Pilgrim 's release. Albini met the band that evening, and they discussed how the next record should sound and be recorded. Albini said that, "[the band and I] were in the studio the next day." [ 7 ] Paul Q. Kolderie , who had worked at Fort Apache Studios with Smith, recommended the Boston recording studio Q Division to Albini. [ 8 ] This created tension between Smith and Kolderie, and Kolderie later remarked that "Gary almost killed me for the suggestion, he thought I was scheming to get the project." [ 9 ] Recording and production Pixies entered Q Division in December 1987, [ 10 ] booking ten working days of studio time in which to record the album. [ 7 ] 4AD allocated Pixies a budget of US$10,000, with the total costs amounting to about $18,000. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Albini's producer's fee was US$1,500, and he received no royalties; [ 13 ] Albini had a practice of refusing royalties from records he produced, viewing it as "an insult to the band." [ 14 ] Along with Albini in the studio, Q Division's Jon Lupfer acted as studio assistant. [ 9 ] The recording process took the entire booked period of ten working days to complete, with extra vocal mixes subsequently added in the studio. [ 15 ] Albini planned to mix the record "somewhere else", but according to Lupfer, "He was unhappy there with it." [ 16 ] Albini's recording techniques During Kim Deal 's vocals takes during " Where Is My Mind? " and "Gigantic", Albini moved the equipment to record into a studio bathroom to achieve more "roomy" echo. John Murphy, Deal's then husband, said, "Albini didn't like the studio sound". [ 17 ] Albini later said that the record could have been completed in a week, but "we ended up trying more experimental stuff basically to kill time and see if anything good materialized." [ 8 ] An example was "Something Against You", where Albini filtered Black Francis ' voice through a guitar amp for "a totally ragged, vicious texture." [ 18 ] Studio banter The recording of a conversation held between Francis and Albini can be heard at the end of "Oh My Golly!". Lupfer writes that "it was a concept he [Albini] was going for to get some studio banter." As Deal was leaving the studio to smoke a cigarette, she exclaimed "If anybody touches my stuff, I'll kill ya." Francis replied with "I'll kill you, you fucking die, if anybody touches my stuff". The track begins at this point, with Francis explaining the conversation to Albini, whose voice is not heard on the track. [ 19 ] Lupfer later admitted that Albini knew "perfectly well what was going on." [ 20 ] "I'm Amazed" begins with Deal recounting a story in which one of her former teachers who was "into field hockey players" was discreetly fired. Francis finishes Deal's sentences, joking that her response to hearing of the teacher's activities was to try to join the team. [ 21 ] Albini later observed the use of studio banter on Surfer Rosa : "It's on their record forever so I think now they are obliged to say that they're ok with it, but I honestly don't know that that idea would've ever come up if I hadn't done it. There are times when things like that are revealing and entertaining and I kind of felt it was a bit gimmicky on this record." [ 22 ] Music Like Come On Pilgrim , Surfer Rosa displays a mix of musical styles; pop guitar songs such as "Broken Face", "Break My Body", and "Brick Is Red" are featured alongside slower, more melodic tracks exemplified by " Where Is My Mind? ". The album includes heavier material, and prominently features the band's trademark quiet-loud dynamic. Frontman and principal songwriter Black Francis wrote the material, the only exception being "Gigantic," which was co-written with Kim Deal. "Gigantic" is one of only two Pixies album tracks on which Deal sang lead vocals. Surfer Rosa 's lyrical content includes examinations of mutilation and incest in "Break My Body" and "Broken Face", while references to superheroes appear on "Tony's Theme". Voyeurism appears in "Gigantic", and surrealistic lyrics are featured on "Bone Machine" and "Where Is My Mind?". Spanish lyrics and references to Puerto Rico are found on the tracks "Oh My Golly!" and "Vamos." The latter track was previously featured on Come On Pilgrim , and appears on Surfer Rosa as a rerecorded version of the original song. Many of the themes explored on previous recordings are revisited on Surfer Rosa ; however, unlike on the band's later albums, the songs in Surfer Rosa are not preoccupied with one overarching topic. Other unusual and offbeat subject matter is raised on the album. " Cactus " is narrated by a prison inmate who requests his girlfriend smear her dress with blood and mail it to him. [ 15 ] "Gigantic" is about an illicit love affair [ 23 ] and borrows from the 1986 film Crimes of the Heart , in which a married woman falls in love with a teenager. Francis was inspired to write "Where Is My Mind?" after scuba diving in the Caribbean . He later said he had "this very small fish trying to chase me. I don't know why—I don't know too much about fish behavior." [ 24 ] Release Surfer Rosa was released in the UK by 4AD on March 21, 1988, entering the UK Indie Chart the following week. It spent 60 weeks in the chart, peaking at number 2. [ 25 ] Until August of that year it was only available in the U.S. as an import. Although the label held worldwide distribution rights to Pixies, they did not have access to a distributor outside the UK. When 4AD signed a distribution deal with Rough Trade 's U.S. branch, the album was released on vinyl and cassette as part of the Surfer Rosa/Come On Pilgrim release. While Surfer Rosa/Come On Pilgrim has remained in print on CD in the UK, subsequent U.S. releases have seen the two released on separate CDs. These separate releases first appeared in January 1992, when Elektra Records first reissued the band's first two albums. After 4AD reacquired rights to the band's U.S. distribution, they released both as separate CDs. [ 26 ] Surfer Rosa was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2005, 17 years after its original release. [ 6 ] " Gigantic " was the only single taken from Surfer Rosa . The track and its B-side , "River Euphrates", were rerecorded by Gil Norton at Blackwing Studios in London, early in May 1988. [ 27 ] The remixed single was well met by critics. [ 28 ] The single failed to sell, and spent just one week at number 93 on the UK Singles Chart . [ 29 ] Despite the poor commercial performance of both Surfer Rosa and "Gigantic", Ivo Watts-Russell has said that the response to the album was "times five" compared with Come On Pilgrim . [ 30 ] Packaging Surfer Rosa ' s cover artwork features a photograph of Isabel Tamen, a Portuguese dancer and friend of photographer Simon Larbalestier , posing topless as a flamenco dancer against a wall displaying a crucifix and a torn poster. [ 31 ] Larbalestier, who contributed pictures to all Pixies album sleeves , decided to build the set because "we couldn't find the atmosphere we wanted naturally." According to Larbalestier, Black Francis came up with the idea for the cover as he wrote songs in his father's "topless Spanish bar"; Larbalestier added the crucifix and torn poster, and they "sort of loaded that with all the Catholicism." [ 32 ] Commenting on the cover in 2005, Francis said, "I just hope people find it tasteful." [ 33 ] The cover booklet expands on the theme, and features photographs of the flamenco dancer in several other poses; there are no song lyrics or written content, apart from album credits, in the booklet. The booklet's photographs were taken in one day at a pub opposite the 4AD offices, because, according to Larbalestier, "it was one of the few places that had a raised stage". [ 32 ] In a 1988 interview with Joy Press , Black Francis described the concept as referring to "a surfer girl," who "walks along the beach of Piñones , has a surfboard, very beautiful." When questioned about the topless element, he replied, "For the first record, I told them I liked nudity. I like body lines—not necessarily something in bad taste, didn't even have to be female, just body lines ... like that Obsession ad, you know?" [ 18 ] According to Melody Maker , the album was originally entitled "Gigantic" after Deal's song, but the band feared misinterpretation of the cover and changed it to "Surfer Rosa." [ 34 ] The "name" of the cover woman, and the album title, comes from the "Oh My Golly!" lyric "Besando chichando con surfer rosa", which roughly translates to "Kissing, making love with Surfer Rosa". Critical reception Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [ 26 ] Blender [ 35 ] Mojo [ 36 ] NME 9.5/10 [ 37 ] Pitchfork 10/10 [ 38 ] The Rolling Stone Album Guide [ 39 ] Sounds [ 40 ] Spin A+ [ 41 ] Spin Alternative Record Guide 10/10 [ 42 ] The Village Voice B [ 43 ] UK music press reviews of Surfer Rosa were generally positive. Q 's Ian Cranna wrote that "what sets the Pixies apart are their sudden bursts of memorable pop melody," and noted that "they could have a bright future ahead of them." NME ' s Mark Sinker, reviewing the album in March 1988, said "they force the past to sound like them", [ 37 ] while Dave Henderson from Underground magazine found the songs "well crafted, well delivered sketches which embrace commercial ideals as well as bizarre left-field out of control moments". [ 44 ] John Dougan of American music magazine Spin described it as "beautifully brutal", [ 45 ] and the magazine later named Pixies their musicians of the year. [ 46 ] In a less enthusiastic contemporary review for The Village Voice , Robert Christgau found the band's guitar riffs recognizable and their strong rhythms unique, but felt they had been overrated by critics who hailed them as "the Amerindie find of the year". [ 43 ] In a 2003 review of the Pixies' 2002 self-titled EP , Christgau wrote that while he initially found Francis' fey and philosophically limited lyrics somewhat annoying, Surfer Rosa now seemed "audaciously funny and musically prophetic". [ 47 ] At the end of 1988, Surfer Rosa was named one of the year's best albums on English critics' year-end lists. Independent music magazines Melody Maker and Sounds named Surfer Rosa as their album of the year; NME and Record Mirror placed the album 10th and 14th, respectively. [ 23 ] As of 2015, sales in the United States have exceeded 705,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan . [ 48 ] Legacy Both Surfer Rosa and Steve Albini's production of the album have been influential on alternative rock , and on grunge in particular. Nirvana 's Kurt Cobain cited Surfer Rosa as the basis for Nevermind 's songwriting. [ 49 ] When he first heard the album, Cobain discovered a template for the mix of heavy noise and pop he was aiming to achieve. He remarked in 1992 that he "heard songs off of Surfer Rosa that I'd written but threw out because I was too afraid to play them for anybody." [ 50 ] Cobain listed Surfer Rosa as one of the top 50 albums he thought were most influential to Nirvana's sound in his journal in 1993. [ 51 ] Cobain hired Albini to produce Nirvana's 1993 album In Utero , primarily due to his contribution to Surfer Rosa . [ 52 ] The Smashing Pumpkins ' Billy Corgan described Surfer Rosa as "the one that made me go, 'holy shit'. It was so fresh. It rocked without being lame." Corgan was impressed by the album's drum sound, and acknowledged that The Smashing Pumpkins used to study the record for its technical elements. [ 30 ] Nada Surf have also cited the album as an influence. [ 53 ] Musician PJ Harvey said that Surfer Rosa "blew my mind," and that she "immediately went to track down Steve Albini." [ 54 ] Dinosaur Jr. 's J Mascis , comparing the record to the later Pixies albums Bossanova and Trompe le Monde , said he thought that Albini's production "sounded way better than the other ones". [ 55 ] Ivo Watts-Russell recalled: "I remember when I first heard Surfer Rosa thinking, 'I didn't know the Pixies could sound like The Fall .' That was my immediate reaction, in other words, incredibly raw." Gary Smith, who at the time was in a disagreement with the band, admitted he "was really happy that they had made such a forceful, aggressive, record." In 1991, as Pixies were recording Trompe le Monde , Albini told the fan magazine Forced Exposure that Surfer Rosa was "a patchwork pinch loaf from a band who at their top dollar best are blandly entertaining college rock", and said of the band: "Their willingness to be 'guided' by their manager, their record company and their producers is unparalleled. Never have I seen four cows more anxious to be led around by their nose rings." [ 13 ] In 2005, Albini apologized for the remarks, saying: "To this day I regret having done it. I don't think that I regarded the band as significantly as I should have." [ 56 ] In 2023, he said Surfer Rosa was "a better record than I thought it was at the time". [ 57 ] In an interview for the Life of the Record podcast, Albini went on to say, "I wrote some rather glib and unflattering things about [the Pixies taking all of his suggestions without question] in a fanzine in the immediate aftermath of that record, and I'm ashamed of the way I treated them. They didn't deserve that." [ 58 ] Accolades Publication Country Accolade Year Rank Mojo UK Mojo 1000, the Ultimate CD Buyers guide [ 59 ] 2001 * Musik Express Germany The 50 Best Albums from the 80s [ 60 ] 2003 2 Pitchfork US Top 100 Albums of the 1980s [ 61 ] 2002 7 Q UK The 50 Heaviest Albums of All Time [ 62 ] 2001 * Rolling Stone US The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time 2003 315 [ 63 ] 2012 317 [ 64 ] 2020 390 [ 65 ] Spin US Top 100 Albums of the Last 20 Years [ 66 ] 2005 6 Treble US The Best Albums of the 80s, by Year [ 67 ] 2006 1 Slant Magazine US Best Albums of the 1980s [ 68 ] 2012 36 (*) designates unordered lists. Track listing All tracks written by Black Francis , except " Gigantic ", written by Black Francis and Kim Deal . No. Title Length 1. "Bone Machine" 3:02 2. "Break My Body" 2:04 3. "Something Against You" 1:47 4. "Broken Face" 1:29 5. " Gigantic " 3:54 6. "River Euphrates" 2:31 7. " Where Is My Mind? " 3:53 8. " Cactus " 2:15 9. "Tony's Theme" 1:51 10. "Oh My Golly!" 2:32 11. "Vamos" 4:21 12. "I'm Amazed" 1:41 13. "Brick Is Red" 2:00 Total length: 33:21 Notes For the Surfer Rosa / Come On Pilgrim release, the eight tracks of Come On Pilgrim appear after "Brick is Red". The untitled eleventh track consists of a quiet recording of conversation in the studio. It exists as a separate track on some CD releases but is not listed on the artwork. As such, after track 10, the track listing numbering on the artwork does not match actual tracks on those CDs. The album was re-mastered and released in 2007 as a Hybrid Super Audio CD disc by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab from recently discovered, first-generation analog original master tapes . The studio banter that makes up the untitled track on other releases is on the same track as "Oh My Golly!". Personnel All information taken from the CD release of Surfer Rosa . Black Francis – vocals, rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar Kim Deal – bass, vocals, lead vocals on "Gigantic" (credited as Mrs. John Murphy) Joey Santiago – lead guitar David Lovering – drums Steve Albini – production, audio engineering Simon Larbalestier , Vaughan Oliver – cover image, album booklet imagery Published by Rice 'n' Beans Music BMI Charts Chart (2025) Peak position Croatian International Albums ( HDU ) [ 69 ] 4 Certifications Region Certification Certified units /sales Canada ( Music Canada ) [ 70 ] Gold 50,000 ^ New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [ 71 ] Gold 7,500 ‡ United Kingdom ( BPI ) [ 72 ] .mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal} for Surfer Rosa/Come On Pilgrim 1993 release Gold 100,000 ^ United States ( RIAA ) [ 6 ] Gold 500,000 ^ / 705,000 [ 73 ] ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Music Week" (PDF) . Music Week . March 19, 1988. p. 38 . Retrieved January 4, 2024 . ^ Sisario 2006 , p. 18. ^ Mervis, Scott (June 8, 2021). "Pixies Will Play Stage AE in September" . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 6, 2021 . The Boston band debuted in 1988 with "Surfer Rosa," introducing its unique form of quiet-to-loud art-punk and, over the course of a few years, hit the college airwaves with such songs as "Gigantic," "Monkey Gone to Heaven" and "Here Comes Your Man." ^ Staunton, Terry (August 11, 1990). "Pixies – Bossanova" . NME . Archived from the original on October 12, 2000 . Retrieved August 29, 2015 . Gil Norton's production leans towards the harsh garage grunge of 'Surfer Rosa', although the songs retain the strong melodies of 'Doolittle'. In many ways, 'Bossanova' is the composite Pixies LP, the most positive elements of its two predecessors blended together to make one of the most intriguing and listenable albums of the year. ^ The Pixies' previous release, Come On Pilgrim , was an EP rather than a full album. ^ a b c "American album certifications – Pixies – Surfer Rosa" . Recording Industry Association of America . ^ a b Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 75. ^ a b Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 76. ^ a b Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 77. ^ The exact date that the recording of Surfer Rosa began is uncertain. ^ Sisario 2006 , p. 46. ^ Britt, Bruce (September 6, 1989). "Bands Bring Fresh Sound to the Big Time". Los Angeles Daily News . p. L9. ^ a b Albini, Steve (1991). "They Don't Call Him the Martin Hannett of the '90s for Nothing" . Forced Exposure . No. 17. Archived from the original on January 9, 2005. ^ Azerrad, Michael (2001). Our Band Could Be Your Life: Scenes from the American Indie Underground, 1981–1991 . Little Brown and Company. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-316-78753-6 . ^ a b "Pixies Profile — Page 2" . 4AD. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011 . Retrieved April 6, 2007 . ^ Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 83. ^ Frank & Ganz 2005 , pp. 80–81. ^ a b Press, Joy. "Pixies, by Joy Press" . Option. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011 . Retrieved April 15, 2007 . ^ Francis, Black (1988). Surfer Rosa (LP). 4AD . Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. ^ Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 79. ^ Francis, Black (1988). Surfer Rosa (LP). 4AD . Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. ^ Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 80. ^ a b Sisario 2006 , p. 19. ^ Biel, Jean-Michel; Gourraud, Christophe. "Pixies Titles/Names" . Alec Eiffel. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019 . Retrieved April 7, 2007 . ^ Lazell, Barry (1997). Indie Hits 1980–1999 . Cherry Red Books. ISBN 978-0-9517206-9-1 . ^ a b Phares, Heather. "Surfer Rosa – Pixies" . AllMusic . Archived from the original on March 12, 2022 . Retrieved March 31, 2007 . ^ Sisario 2006 , p. 43. ^ Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 88. ^ "UK Singles Chart" . PolyHex. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008 . Retrieved March 31, 2007 . ^ a b Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 87. ^ Valiño, Xavier (January 23, 2013). "Las mejores portadas del rock: Pixies, 'Surfer rosa' " [The Best Rock Album Covers: Pixies, 'Surfer Rosa']. Efeeme (in Spanish) . Retrieved November 20, 2024 . ^ a b Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 84. ^ Wolk, Douglas (July 2005). "Pixies – Surfer Rosa ". Spin . ^ "Pixies Titles/Names" . Alec Eiffel. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019 . Retrieved April 15, 2007 . ^ Dolan, Jon (December 2008 – January 2009). "Pixies: Surfer Rosa" . Blender . Vol. 7, no. 11. New York. p. 86. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009 . Retrieved September 5, 2015 . ^ Cameron, Keith (September 2019). "Perfectly Frank". Mojo . No. 310. London. p. 39. ^ a b Sinker, Mark (March 19, 1988). "Surf Pixies: Must Buy!" . NME . London. p. 31. Archived from the original on September 30, 2000 . Retrieved May 26, 2016 . ^ Powell, Mike (April 25, 2014). "Pixies: Catalog" . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on April 10, 2022 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ Wolk, Douglas (2004). "The Pixies". In Brackett, Nathan ; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster . pp. 639–640 . ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8 . ^ Wilkinson, Roy (March 19, 1988). "Catch This Wave!". Sounds . London. ^ Milner, Greg (September 2004). "Rock Music: A Pixies Discography" . Spin . Vol. 20, no. 9. New York. p. 73 . Retrieved April 14, 2022 . ^ Weisbard, Eric (1995). "Pixies". In Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (eds.). Spin Alternative Record Guide . New York: Vintage Books . pp. 301– 302. ISBN 978-0-679-75574-6 . ^ a b Christgau, Robert (September 27, 1988). "Christgau's Consumer Guide" . The Village Voice . New York. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015 . Retrieved September 5, 2015 . ^ Henderson, Dave (April 1988). "Pixies: Surfer Rosa". Underground . No. 13. p. 18. ^ Dougan, John (July 1988). "The Pixies: Surfer Rosa" . Spin . Vol. 4, no. 4. New York. p. 93 . Retrieved April 14, 2022 . ^ Sisario 2006 , p. 20. ^ Christgau, Robert (February 1, 2003). "Consumer Guide: The Prelude" . The Village Voice . New York. Archived from the original on April 25, 2003 . Retrieved September 5, 2015 . ^ "The Record: Unfinished Business" . Archived from the original on August 20, 2017 . Retrieved August 20, 2017 . ^ Melody Maker. "Pixies — Ephemera — Kurt Cobain on Pixies and The Breeders" . 4AD. Archived from the original on April 21, 2007 . Retrieved April 1, 2007 . ^ Azerrad, Michael (1994). Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana . Doubleday. pp. 103– 104. ISBN 978-0-385-47199-2 . ^ "Top 50 by Nirvana" [MIXTAPE]" . Archived from the original on October 18, 2014 . Retrieved May 8, 2013 . ^ Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 220. ^ Ploeg, Theo (October 23, 2002). "Nada Surf: It Is Hard to Not Get Cynical" . kindamuzik.net . Archived from the original on August 15, 2022 . Retrieved October 6, 2024 . We are influenced by Surfer Rosa [the Pixies' first full-length], Kinks , Byrds , and melodic guitar bands like Grandaddy , Built To Spill , and Guided By Voices ." ^ Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 120. ^ Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 85. ^ Frank & Ganz 2005 , p. 86. ^ Starkey, Arun (May 20, 2024). "Steve Albini Said He Was "Ashamed" of Pixies Backlash" . Far Out . Retrieved May 28, 2024 . ^ "Life of the Record" . lifeoftherecord.com . Retrieved August 29, 2025 . ^ Mojo. "Mojo Ultimate Albums" . RockListMusic.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 21, 2018 . Retrieved April 8, 2007 . ^ Musik Express. "Musik Express/Sounds — Popular Music Best-Of-Lists lists" . Archived from the original on October 9, 2011 . Retrieved April 8, 2007 . ^ Pitchfork (November 21, 2002). "Pitchfork: Staff Lists: Top 100 Albums of the 1980s" . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on May 23, 2010 . Retrieved May 30, 2010 . ^ Q. "A Selection of Lists from Q Magazine" . RockList.net. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018 . Retrieved March 27, 2007 . ^ "Rolling Stone – the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (2003)" . Archived from the original on September 23, 2020 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ "Rolling Stone – the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (2012)" . Archived from the original on February 1, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" . Rolling Stone . September 22, 2020. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ Spin. "Spin Lists" . RockList.net. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013 . Retrieved April 7, 2007 . ^ "Treble's Best Albums of the '80s" . Treble. Archived from the original on April 28, 2007 . Retrieved April 8, 2007 . ^ "Best Albums of the 1980s | Music" . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on May 29, 2012 . Retrieved September 14, 2012 . ^ "Lista prodaje 40. tjedan 2025" [Sales list Week 40 2025] (in Croatian). HDU . October 5, 2025. Archived from the original on October 16, 2025 . Retrieved October 16, 2025 . ^ "Canadian album certifications – Pixies – Surfer Rosa" . Music Canada . ^ "New Zealand album certifications – Pixies – Surfer Rosa" . Radioscope . Retrieved January 20, 2025 . Type Surfer Rosa in the "Search:" field and press Enter. ^ "British album certifications – Pixies – Surfer Rosa" . British Phonographic Industry . ^ "The Record: Unfinished Business" . Capital Public Radio. February 3, 2015. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019 . Retrieved April 16, 2019 . Sources Frank, Josh; Ganz, Caryn (2005). Fool the World: The Oral History of a Band Called Pixies . Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-312-34007-0 . Sisario, Ben (2006). Doolittle 33⅓ . Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1774-9 . External links Surfer Rosa ( Adobe Flash ) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed) Surfer Rosa at Last.fm .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Pixies v t e Black Francis David Lovering Joey Santiago Emma Richardson Kim Deal Kim Shattuck Paz Lenchantin Black Francis David Lovering Joey Santiago Emma Richardson Kim Deal Kim Shattuck Paz Lenchantin Studio albums Surfer Rosa Doolittle Bossanova Trompe le Monde Indie Cindy Head Carrier Beneath the Eyrie Doggerel The Night the Zombies Came Surfer Rosa Doolittle Bossanova Trompe le Monde Indie Cindy Head Carrier Beneath the Eyrie Doggerel The Night the Zombies Came Mini-albums Come On Pilgrim Come On Pilgrim Extended plays Pixies EP1 EP2 EP3 Pixies EP1 EP2 EP3 Compilations Death to the Pixies Pixies at the BBC Complete 'B' Sides Wave of Mutilation: Best of Pixies Minotaur Death to the Pixies Pixies at the BBC Complete 'B' Sides Wave of Mutilation: Best of Pixies Minotaur Singles " Gigantic " " Monkey Gone to Heaven " " Here Comes Your Man " " Velouria " " Dig for Fire " " Planet of Sound " " Alec Eiffel " " Letter to Memphis " " Head On " " Debaser " " Bam Thwok " " Gigantic " " Monkey Gone to Heaven " " Here Comes Your Man " " Velouria " " Dig for Fire " " Planet of Sound " " Alec Eiffel " " Letter to Memphis " " Head On " " Debaser " " Bam Thwok " Other songs " Cactus " " Where Is My Mind? " " Wave of Mutilation " " Crackity Jones " " In Heaven (Lady in the Radiator Song) " " Cactus " " Where Is My Mind? " " Wave of Mutilation " " Crackity Jones " " In Heaven (Lady in the Radiator Song) " Related articles Discography Songs Tributes Frank Black Francis Fool the World The Breeders The Amps The Martinis Grand Duchy Discography Songs Tributes Frank Black Francis Fool the World The Breeders The Amps The Martinis Grand Duchy Category Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz release group 1988 debut albums 4AD albums Albums produced by Steve Albini Art punk albums Elektra Records albums Grunge albums Pixies (band) albums Rough Trade Records albums 1980s Spanish-language albums CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1: unfit URL CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from July 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from July 2024 Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Pages using certification Table Entry with shipments figures Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using certification Table Entry with streaming figures Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using certification Table Entry with shipments footnote Pages using certification Table Entry with streaming footnote Featured articles This page was last edited on 2 December 2025, at 21:54 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Marriage 3 Duchess of York 4 Queen consort Toggle Queen consort subsection 4.1 Overseas visits 4.2 Second World War 4.3 Post-war years 4.1 Overseas visits 4.2 Second World War 4.3 Post-war years 5 Queen mother Toggle Queen mother subsection 5.1 Widowhood 5.2 Centenarian 5.1 Widowhood 5.2 Centenarian 6 Death 7 Legacy 8 Titles, honours and arms Toggle Titles, honours and arms subsection 8.1 Titles and styles 8.2 Arms 8.1 Titles and styles 8.2 Arms 9 Issue 10 Ancestry 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 Further reading 16 External links Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский سرائیکی Scots Sesotho Setswana සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 Kadazandusun Ghanaian Pidgin Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother , 1986 Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions Tenure 11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952 Coronation 12 May 1937 Empress consort of India Tenure 11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947 [ a ] Born Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon [ b ] ( 1900-08-04 ) 4 August 1900 Hitchin or London , England Died 30 March 2002 (2002-03-30) (aged 101) Royal Lodge , Windsor, Berkshire, England Burial 9 April 2002 King George VI Memorial Chapel , St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} George VI ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1923 ; died 1952 ) Issue .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Elizabeth II Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon Noble family Bowes-Lyon Father Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne Mother Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck Signature Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon [ b ] (4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002) was Queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 to 6 February 1952 as the wife of King George VI . She was also the last Empress of India from 1936 until the British Raj was dissolved on 15 August 1947. After her husband died , she was officially known as Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother to avoid confusion with her daughter Queen Elizabeth II . Born into a family of British nobility , Elizabeth came to prominence in 1923 when she married Prince Albert, Duke of York , the second son of King George V and Queen Mary . The couple and their daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret , embodied traditional ideas of family and public service. [ 2 ] As Duchess of York, Elizabeth undertook a variety of public engagements and became known for her consistently cheerful countenance. [ 3 ] In 1936, Elizabeth's husband unexpectedly ascended the throne as George VI when his older brother, Edward VIII , abdicated in order to marry American divorcée Wallis Simpson . Elizabeth then became queen consort . She accompanied her husband on diplomatic tours to France and North America before the start of the Second World War . During the war, her seemingly indomitable spirit provided moral support to the British public. After the war, her husband's health deteriorated, and she was widowed at the age of 51. Her elder daughter, aged 25, became the new monarch. After the death of Queen Mary in 1953, Elizabeth was viewed as the matriarch of the British royal family . In her later years, she was a consistently popular member of the family, even at times when other royals were suffering from low levels of public approval. [ 4 ] She continued an active public life until just a few months before her death at the age of 101, seven weeks after the death of her younger daughter, Princess Margaret. Early life Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon was born on 4 August 1900, the youngest daughter and the ninth of ten children of Claude Bowes-Lyon , Lord Glamis (later the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne in the Peerage of Scotland ), and his wife, Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck . Her mother was descended from British prime minister William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland , and Governor-General of India Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley , who was the elder brother of another prime minister, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington . [ c ] The location of Elizabeth's birth remains uncertain, but reputedly she was born either in her parents' Westminster home at Belgrave Mansions , Grosvenor Gardens , or in a horse-drawn ambulance on the way to a hospital. [ 7 ] Other possible locations include Forbes House in Ham, London , the home of her maternal grandmother, Louisa Scott . [ 8 ] Her birth was registered at Hitchin , Hertfordshire, [ 9 ] near the Strathmores' English country house , St Paul's Walden Bury , which was also given as her birthplace in the 1901 and 1911 censuses. [ 10 ] She was christened there on 23 September, in the local parish church, All Saints. Elizabeth spent much of her childhood at St Paul's Walden and at Glamis Castle , the Earl's ancestral home in Scotland . She was educated at home by a governess until the age of eight, and was fond of field sports, ponies and dogs. [ 11 ] When she started school in London, she astonished her teachers by precociously beginning an essay with two Greek words from Xenophon 's Anabasis . Her best subjects were literature and scripture. After returning to private education under a German Jewish governess, Käthe Kübler, she passed the Oxford Local Examination with distinction at age thirteen. [ 12 ] On Elizabeth's fourteenth birthday, Britain declared war on Germany . Four of her brothers served in the army. Her elder brother Fergus , an officer in the Black Watch Regiment , was killed in action at the Battle of Loos in 1915. Another brother, Michael , was reported missing in action on 28 April 1917. [ 13 ] Three weeks later, the family discovered he had been captured after being wounded. He remained in a prisoner of war camp for the rest of the war. Glamis was turned into a convalescent home for wounded soldiers, which Elizabeth helped to run. She was particularly instrumental in organising the rescue of the castle's contents during a serious fire on 16 September 1916. [ 14 ] One of the soldiers she treated wrote in her autograph book that she was to be "Hung, drawn, & quartered ... Hung in diamonds, drawn in a coach and four, and quartered in the best house in the land." [ 15 ] On 5 November 1916, she was confirmed at St John's Scottish Episcopal Church in Forfar . [ 16 ] The first love of Elizabeth was considered to be Charles Gordon-Lennox, Lord Settrington , whose sister, Lady Doris, was a close friend of hers. Upon his death, Elizabeth called him "my only true friend", writing: "I was not shy about him and he was so delightful. It's terrible, and his family just adored him.[...] Charlie was the only one I could talk to in a completely natural and simple way – he was dear to me, and I miss him very much". [ 17 ] Settrington died of wounds received in action while serving as an officer with the Royal Fusiliers in the North Russia Relief Force on 24 August 1919. [ 18 ] Marriage Prince Albert, Duke of York —"Bertie" to the family—was the second son of King George V and Queen Mary . He initially proposed to Elizabeth in 1921, but she turned him down, being "afraid never, never again to be free to think, speak and act as I feel I really ought to". [ 19 ] When he declared he would marry no other, Queen Mary visited Glamis to see for herself the young woman who had won her son's love. She became convinced that Elizabeth was "the one girl who could make Bertie happy", but refused to interfere. [ 20 ] At the same time, Elizabeth was courted by James Stuart , Albert's equerry , until he left the prince's service for a better-paid job in the American oil business. [ 21 ] In February 1922, Elizabeth was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Albert's sister, Princess Mary , to Viscount Lascelles . [ 22 ] The following month, Albert proposed again, but she refused him once more. [ 23 ] Eventually in January 1923, Elizabeth agreed to marry Albert, despite her misgivings about royal life. [ 24 ] Albert's freedom in choosing Elizabeth, not a member of a royal family, though the daughter of a peer, was considered a gesture in favour of political modernisation; previously, princes were expected to marry princesses from other royal families. [ 25 ] They selected a platinum engagement ring featuring a Kashmir sapphire with two diamonds adorning its sides. [ 26 ] The couple married on 26 April 1923, at Westminster Abbey . Unexpectedly, [ 27 ] Elizabeth laid her bouquet at the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior on her way into the abbey, [ 28 ] in memory of her brother Fergus. [ 29 ] Elizabeth became styled Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York . [ 30 ] Following a wedding breakfast at Buckingham Palace prepared by chef Gabriel Tschumi , Elizabeth and Albert honeymooned at Polesden Lacey , a manor house in Surrey owned by the wealthy socialite and friend Margaret Greville . They then went to Scotland, where she caught "unromantic" whooping cough . [ 31 ] Duchess of York After a successful royal visit to Northern Ireland in July 1924, the Labour government agreed that Albert and Elizabeth could tour East Africa from December 1924 to April 1925. [ 32 ] The Labour government was defeated by the Conservatives in a general election in November (which Elizabeth described as "marvellous" to her mother) [ 33 ] and the Governor-General of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan , Sir Lee Stack , was assassinated three weeks later. Despite this, the tour went ahead, and they visited Aden , Kenya , Uganda , and Sudan, but Egypt was avoided because of political tensions. [ 34 ] Albert had a stammer, which affected his ability to deliver speeches, and after October 1925, Elizabeth assisted in helping him through the therapy devised by Lionel Logue , an episode portrayed in the 2010 film The King's Speech . In 1926, Elizabeth gave birth to their first child, Princess Elizabeth—known as "Lilibet" to the family—who would later become Queen Elizabeth II . Albert and Elizabeth, without their child, travelled to Australia to open Parliament House in Canberra in 1927. [ 35 ] She was, in her own words, "very miserable at leaving the baby". [ 36 ] Their journey by sea took them via Jamaica, the Panama Canal and the Pacific; Elizabeth fretted constantly over her baby back in Britain, but their journey was a public relations success. [ 37 ] She charmed the public in Fiji when, as she was shaking hands with a long line of official guests, a stray dog walked in on the ceremony and she shook its paw as well. [ 38 ] In New Zealand she fell ill with a cold and missed some engagements, but enjoyed the local fishing [ 39 ] in the Bay of Islands accompanied by Australian sports fisherman Harry Andreas . [ 40 ] On the return journey, via Mauritius, the Suez Canal, Malta and Gibraltar, their transport, HMS Renown , caught fire and they prepared to abandon ship before the fire was brought under control. [ 41 ] The couple's second daughter, Princess Margaret , was born at Glamis Castle in 1930. [ 42 ] The couple initially lived at White Lodge, Richmond Park , before moving to 145 Piccadilly . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Queen consort On 20 January 1936, George V died and his eldest son, Edward, Prince of Wales, became King Edward VIII . Elizabeth's husband, Albert, became heir presumptive . Just months into Edward's reign, the King's decision to marry the American divorcée Wallis Simpson caused a constitutional crisis that resulted in his abdication . Albert reluctantly became king of the United Kingdom and emperor of India on 11 December 1936 under the regnal name of George VI. Elizabeth became queen and empress. Their coronation took place in Westminster Abbey on 12 May 1937, the date previously scheduled for Edward VIII's coronation . Elizabeth's crown was made of platinum and was set with the Koh-i-Noor diamond. [ 45 ] Edward married Wallis Simpson, and they became the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, but while Edward was a Royal Highness, George VI withheld the style from Wallis, a decision that Elizabeth supported. [ 46 ] Elizabeth was later quoted as referring to Wallis as "that woman", [ 47 ] and Wallis referred to Elizabeth as "Cookie", because of her supposed resemblance to a fat Scots cook. [ 4 ] Claims that Elizabeth remained embittered towards Wallis were denied by her close friends; the Duke of Grafton wrote that she "never said anything nasty about the Duchess of Windsor, except to say she really hadn't got a clue what she was dealing with". [ 48 ] Overseas visits In summer 1938, a state visit to France by the King and Queen was postponed for three weeks because of the death of Elizabeth's mother. In two weeks, Norman Hartnell created an all-white trousseau for Elizabeth, who could not wear colours as she was still in mourning . [ 49 ] The visit was designed to bolster Anglo-French solidarity in the face of aggression from Nazi Germany . [ 50 ] The French press praised the demeanour and charm of the royal couple during the delayed but successful visit, augmented by Hartnell's wardrobe. [ 51 ] Nevertheless, Nazi aggression continued, and the government prepared for war. After the Munich Agreement of 1938 appeared to forestall the advent of armed conflict, the British prime minister Neville Chamberlain was invited onto the balcony of Buckingham Palace with the King and Queen to receive acclamation from a crowd of well-wishers. [ 52 ] While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons , which led historian John Grigg to describe George VI's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century". [ 53 ] However, historians argue that the King only ever followed ministerial advice and acted as he was constitutionally bound to do. [ 54 ] In May and June 1939, Elizabeth and her husband toured Canada from coast to coast and back, the first time a reigning monarch had toured Canada. [ 55 ] They also visited the United States, spending time with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and his Hudson Valley estate . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt said that Elizabeth was "perfect as a Queen, gracious, informed, saying the right thing & kind but a little self-consciously regal". [ 60 ] The tour was designed to bolster trans-Atlantic support in the event of war, and to affirm Canada's status as an independent kingdom sharing with Britain the same person as monarch . [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] According to an often-told story, during one of the earliest of the royal couple's repeated encounters with the crowds, a Boer War veteran asked Elizabeth, "Are you Scots or are you English?" She replied, "I am a Canadian!" [ 65 ] Their reception by the Canadian and U.S. public was extremely enthusiastic, [ 66 ] and largely dissipated any residual feeling that they were a lesser substitute for Edward VIII. [ 67 ] Elizabeth told Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , "that tour made us", [ 68 ] and she returned to Canada frequently both on official tours and privately. [ 69 ] Second World War During the Second World War , the royal couple became symbols of the fight against fascism. [ 70 ] Shortly after the declaration of war, The Queen's Book of the Red Cross was conceived. Fifty authors and artists contributed to the book, which was fronted by Cecil Beaton 's portrait of Elizabeth and was sold in aid of the Red Cross . [ 71 ] She also broadcast to the nation in an attempt to comfort families during the evacuation of children and the mobilisation of fighting-age men. [ 72 ] Elizabeth publicly refused to leave London or send the children to Canada, even during the Blitz , when the British Cabinet advised her to do so. She declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave the King. And the King will never leave." [ 73 ] Elizabeth visited troops, hospitals, factories, and parts of Britain that were targeted by the German Luftwaffe , in particular the East End near London's docks . Her visits initially provoked hostility; rubbish was thrown at her and the crowds jeered, in part because she wore expensive clothes that served to alienate her from people suffering the deprivations of war. [ 4 ] She explained that if the public came to see her they would wear their best clothes, so she should reciprocate in kind; Norman Hartnell dressed her in gentle colours and avoided black to represent "the rainbow of hope". [ 74 ] When Buckingham Palace itself took several hits during the height of the bombing, Elizabeth said, "I'm glad we've been bombed. It makes me feel I can look the East End in the face." [ 75 ] Though the King and Queen spent the working day at Buckingham Palace, partly for security and family reasons they stayed at night at Windsor Castle about 20 miles (32 km) west of central London with their daughters. The palace had lost much of its staff to the army , and most of the rooms were shut. [ 76 ] The windows were shattered by bomb blasts, and had to be boarded up. [ 77 ] During the " Phoney War " the Queen was given revolver training because of fears of imminent invasion. [ 78 ] French prime minister Édouard Daladier characterised Elizabeth as "an excessively ambitious young woman who would be ready to sacrifice every other country in the world so that she may remain Queen." [ 4 ] Adolf Hitler is said to have called her "the most dangerous woman in Europe" because he viewed her popularity as a threat to German interests. [ 79 ] However, before the war both she and her husband, like most of Parliament and the British public, had supported appeasement and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, believing after the experience of the First World War that war had to be avoided at all costs. After the resignation of Chamberlain, the King asked Winston Churchill to form a government. Although the King was initially suspicious of Churchill's character and motives, in due course the royal couple came to respect and admire him. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Post-war years In the 1945 British general election , Churchill's Conservative Party was soundly defeated by the Labour Party of Clement Attlee . Elizabeth's political views were rarely disclosed, [ 82 ] but a letter she wrote in 1947 described Attlee's "high hopes of a socialist heaven on earth" as fading and presumably describes those who voted for him as "poor people, so many half-educated and bemused. I do love them." [ 83 ] Woodrow Wyatt thought her "much more pro-Conservative" than other members of the royal family, [ 84 ] but she later told him, "I like the dear old Labour Party." [ 85 ] She also told the Duchess of Grafton , "I love communists." [ 86 ] During the 1947 royal tour of South Africa , Elizabeth's serene public behaviour was broken, exceptionally, when she rose from the royal car to strike an admirer with her umbrella because she had mistaken his enthusiasm for hostility. [ 87 ] The 1948 royal tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed because of the King's declining health. In March 1949, he had a successful operation to improve the circulation in his right leg. [ 88 ] In summer 1951, Elizabeth and her daughters fulfilled the King's public engagements in his place. In September, he was diagnosed with lung cancer. [ 89 ] After a lung resection, he appeared to recover, but the delayed trip to Australia and New Zealand was altered so that Princess Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh , went in the King and Queen's place in January 1952. [ 90 ] George VI died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 while Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh were in Kenya on a Commonwealth tour, and with George's death his daughter immediately became Queen Elizabeth II. [ 91 ] Queen mother Widowhood Shortly after George VI's death, Elizabeth began to be styled as Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother because the normal style for the widow of a king, "Queen Elizabeth", would have been too similar to the style of her elder daughter, Queen Elizabeth II. [ 92 ] Popularly, she became the "Queen Mother" or the "Queen Mum". [ 93 ] She was devastated by her husband's death and retired to Scotland. However, after a meeting with Prime Minister Winston Churchill, she broke her retirement and resumed her public duties. [ 94 ] Eventually, she became just as busy as queen mother as she had been as queen consort. In July 1953, she undertook her first overseas visit since the funeral when she visited the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland with Princess Margaret. She laid the foundation stone of the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland—the current University of Zimbabwe . [ 95 ] Upon her return to the region in 1957, Elizabeth was inaugurated as the college's president, and attended other events that were deliberately designed to be multi-racial. [ 96 ] During her daughter's extensive tour of the Commonwealth over 1953–54, Elizabeth acted as a counsellor of state and looked after her grandchildren, Charles and Anne . [ 97 ] In February 1959, she visited Kenya and Uganda. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] Elizabeth oversaw the restoration of the remote Castle of Mey , on the north coast of Scotland, which she used to "get away from everything" [ 100 ] for three weeks in August and ten days in October each year. [ 101 ] She developed her interest in horse racing, particularly steeplechasing , which had been inspired by the amateur jockey Lord Mildmay of Flete in 1949. [ 102 ] She owned the winners of approximately 500 races. Although (contrary to rumour) she never placed bets, she did have the racing commentaries piped direct to her London residence, Clarence House , so she could follow the races. [ 103 ] As an art collector, she purchased works by Claude Monet , Augustus John and Peter Carl Fabergé , among others. [ 104 ] In February 1964, Elizabeth had an emergency appendectomy, which led to the postponement of a planned tour of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji until 1966. [ 105 ] She recuperated during a Caribbean cruise aboard the royal yacht, Britannia . [ 106 ] In December 1966, she underwent an operation to remove a tumour, after she was diagnosed with colon cancer . Contrary to rumours which subsequently spread, she did not have a colostomy . [ 107 ] [ 108 ] She was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1984 and a lump was removed from her breast. Her bouts with cancer were never made public during her lifetime. [ 109 ] During her widowhood, Elizabeth continued to travel extensively, including on over forty official visits overseas. [ 110 ] In 1975, she visited Iran at the invitation of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . The British ambassador and his wife, Anthony and Sheila Parsons, noted how the Iranians were bemused by her habit of speaking to everyone regardless of status or importance, and hoped the Shah's entourage would learn from the visit to pay more attention to ordinary people. [ 111 ] Between 1976 and 1984, she made annual summer visits to France, [ 112 ] which were among 22 private trips to continental Europe between 1963 and 1992. [ 113 ] In 1982, Elizabeth was rushed to hospital when a fish bone became stuck in her throat, and had an operation to remove it. Being a keen angler , she calmly joked afterwards, "The salmon have got their own back." [ 114 ] Similar incidents occurred at Balmoral in August 1986, when she was hospitalised at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary overnight but no operation was needed, [ 115 ] and in May 1993, when she was admitted to the Infirmary for surgery under general anaesthetic . [ 116 ] In 1987, Elizabeth was criticised when it emerged that two of her nieces, Nerissa and Katherine Bowes-Lyon , had been committed to a psychiatric hospital in Redhill, Surrey , in 1941 because they had severe learning disabilities. [ 117 ] However, Burke's Peerage had listed the sisters as dead, apparently because their mother, Fenella (Elizabeth's sister-in-law), "was 'extremely vague' when it came to filling in forms and might not have completed the paperwork for the family entry correctly". [ 118 ] When Nerissa died in 1986, her grave was originally marked with a plastic tag and a serial number. Elizabeth said that the news of their institutionalisation came as a surprise to her. [ 119 ] Centenarian In her later years, Elizabeth became known for her longevity. Her 90th birthday—4 August 1990—was celebrated by a parade on 27 June that involved many of the 300 organisations of which she was a patron. [ 120 ] In 1995, she attended events commemorating the end of the war fifty years before and had two operations: one to remove a cataract in her left eye and one to replace her right hip. [ 121 ] In 1998, her left hip was replaced after it was broken when she slipped and fell during a visit to Sandringham stables. [ 122 ] Elizabeth's 100th birthday was celebrated in a number of ways: a parade, with contributions from Sir Norman Wisdom and Sir John Mills , celebrated highlights of her life; [ 123 ] the Royal Bank of Scotland issued a commemorative £20 note with her image; [ 124 ] and she attended a lunch at the Guildhall, London , at which George Carey , the Archbishop of Canterbury , accidentally attempted to drink her glass of wine. Her quick admonition of "That's mine!" caused widespread amusement. [ 125 ] In November 2000, she broke her collarbone in a fall that kept her recuperating at home over Christmas and the New Year holiday. [ 126 ] On 1 August 2001, Elizabeth had a blood transfusion for anaemia after suffering from mild heat exhaustion, though she was well enough to make her traditional appearance outside Clarence House three days later to celebrate her 101st birthday. [ 127 ] [ 128 ] Her final public engagements included planting a cross at the Field of Remembrance on 8 November 2001; [ 129 ] a reception at the Guildhall, London, for the reformation of the 600 Squadron, Royal Auxiliary Air Force on 15 November; [ 130 ] and attending the re-commissioning of HMS Ark Royal on 22 November. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] [ 133 ] In December 2001, aged 101, Elizabeth fractured her pelvis in a fall. Even so, she insisted on standing for the national anthem during the memorial service for her husband on 6 February the following year. [ 134 ] Just three days later, their second daughter, Princess Margaret, died. On 13 February 2002, Elizabeth fell and cut her arm in her sitting room at Sandringham House; an ambulance and doctor were called, and the wound was dressed. [ 135 ] She was still determined to attend Margaret's funeral at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle , two days later on the Friday of that week, [ 136 ] even though the Queen and the rest of the royal family were concerned about the journey the Queen Mother would face to get from Norfolk to Windsor; [ 137 ] she was also rumoured to be hardly eating. Nevertheless, she flew to Windsor by helicopter, and so that no photographs of her in a wheelchair (which she hated being seen in) could be taken—she insisted that she be shielded from the press [ 137 ] —she travelled to the service in a people carrier with blacked-out windows, [ 138 ] [ 139 ] which had been previously used by Margaret. [ 137 ] [ 140 ] On 5 March 2002, Elizabeth attended the luncheon of the annual lawn party of the Eton Beagles and watched the Cheltenham Races on television; however, her health began to deteriorate precipitously during her last weeks, after she retreated to Royal Lodge for the final time. [ 141 ] Death Elizabeth died at 3:15 pm on 30 March 2002 at Royal Lodge, Windsor, aged 101. Her surviving daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, was by her side. [ 133 ] The Queen Mother had been suffering from a chest cold since Christmas 2001. [ 135 ] At 101 years and 238 days old she was the longest-living member of the British royal family at the time of her death, and the first member of the family to live past the age of 100 . Her surviving sister-in-law, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester , [ 142 ] exceeded that, dying at the age of 102 on 29 October 2004. [ 143 ] She was one of the longest-lived members of any royal family. [ 144 ] Elizabeth grew camellias in each of her gardens, and before her flag-draped coffin was taken from Windsor to lie in state at Westminster Hall , an arrangement of camellias from her own gardens was placed on top. [ 145 ] An estimated 200,000 people over three days filed past as she lay in state in Westminster Hall at the Palace of Westminster . [ 146 ] Members of the Household Cavalry and other branches of the armed forces stood guard at the four corners of the catafalque . At one point, her four grandsons–Prince Charles, Prince Andrew , Prince Edward and Viscount Linley –mounted the guard as a mark of respect, an honour similar to the Vigil of the Princes at the lying in state of King George V. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] On the day of Elizabeth's funeral, 9 April, the governor general of Canada , Adrienne Clarkson , issued a proclamation asking Canadians to honour Elizabeth's memory that day. [ 149 ] In Australia, Governor-General Peter Hollingworth read the lesson at a memorial service held in St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney . [ 150 ] In London, more than a million people filled the area outside Westminster Abbey and along the 23-mile (37 km) route from central London to Elizabeth's final resting place in the King George VI Memorial Chapel beside her husband and younger daughter in St George's Chapel. [ 151 ] At her request, after her funeral the wreath that had lain atop her coffin was placed on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, in a gesture that echoed her wedding-day tribute 79 years before. [ 152 ] Legacy Known for her personal and public charm, [ 19 ] Elizabeth was one of the most popular members of the royal family , [ 153 ] and helped to stabilise the popularity of the monarchy as a whole. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] Elizabeth's critics included Kitty Kelley , who falsely alleged that she did not abide by the rationing regulations during the Second World War. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] This, however, was contradicted by the official records, [ 158 ] [ 159 ] and Eleanor Roosevelt during her wartime stay at Buckingham Palace reported expressly on the rationed food served in the Palace and the limited bathwater that was permitted. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Claims that Elizabeth used racist slurs to refer to black people [ 156 ] were strongly denied by Major Colin Burgess, [ 162 ] the husband of Elizabeth Burgess, a mixed-race secretary who accused members of Prince Charles's household of racial abuse. [ 163 ] Elizabeth made no public comments on race, but according to Robert Rhodes James , in private she "abhorred racial discrimination" and decried apartheid as "dreadful". [ 164 ] Woodrow Wyatt records in his diary that when he expressed the view that non-white countries have nothing in common with "us", she told him, "I am very keen on the Commonwealth . They're all like us." [ 165 ] However, she did distrust Germans; she told Wyatt, "Never trust them, never trust them." [ 166 ] While she may have held such views, it has been argued that they were normal for British people of her generation and upbringing, who had experienced two vicious wars with Germany. [ 167 ] In his official biography, William Shawcross portrays Elizabeth as a person whose indomitable optimism, zest for life, good manners, mischievous sense of humour, and interest in people and subjects of all kinds contributed to her exceptional popularity and to her longevity. Sir Hugh Casson said Elizabeth was like "a wave breaking on a rock, because although she is sweet and pretty and charming, she also has a basic streak of toughness and tenacity. ... when a wave breaks on a rock, it showers and sparkles with a brilliant play of foam and droplets in the sun, yet beneath is really hard, tough rock, fused, in her case, from strong principles, physical courage and a sense of duty." [ 168 ] Sir Peter Ustinov described her during a student demonstration at the University of Dundee in 1968: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} As we arrived in a solemn procession the students pelted us with toilet rolls. They kept hold of one end, like streamers at a ball, and threw the other end. The Queen Mother stopped and picked these up as though somebody had misplaced them. [Returning them to the students she said,] 'Was this yours? Oh, could you take it?' And it was her sang-froid and her absolute refusal to be shocked by this, which immediately silenced all the students. She knows instinctively what to do on those occasions. She doesn't rise to being heckled at all; she just pretends it must be an oversight on the part of the people doing it. The way she reacted not only showed her presence of mind, but was so charming and so disarming, even to the most rabid element, that she brought peace to troubled waters. [ 169 ] As we arrived in a solemn procession the students pelted us with toilet rolls. They kept hold of one end, like streamers at a ball, and threw the other end. The Queen Mother stopped and picked these up as though somebody had misplaced them. [Returning them to the students she said,] 'Was this yours? Oh, could you take it?' And it was her sang-froid and her absolute refusal to be shocked by this, which immediately silenced all the students. She knows instinctively what to do on those occasions. She doesn't rise to being heckled at all; she just pretends it must be an oversight on the part of the people doing it. The way she reacted not only showed her presence of mind, but was so charming and so disarming, even to the most rabid element, that she brought peace to troubled waters. [ 169 ] Elizabeth was well known for her dry witticisms. On hearing that Edwina Mountbatten was buried at sea, she said: "Dear Edwina, she always liked to make a splash." [ 114 ] Accompanied by the gay writer Sir Noël Coward at a gala, she mounted a staircase lined with guards. Noticing Coward's eyes flicker momentarily across the soldiers, she murmured to him: "I wouldn't if I were you, Noël; they count them before they put them out." [ 170 ] After being advised by a Conservative minister in the 1970s not to employ homosexuals, Elizabeth observed that without them, "we'd have to go self-service". [ 170 ] On the fate of a gift of a nebuchadnezzar of champagne (20 bottles' worth) even if her family did not come for the holidays, she said, "I'll polish it off myself." [ 171 ] Emine Saner of The Guardian suggests that with a gin and Dubonnet at noon, red wine with lunch, a port and martini at 6 pm and two glasses of champagne at dinner, "a conservative estimate puts the number of alcohol units she drank at 70 a week". [ 172 ] Her lifestyle amused journalists, particularly when it was revealed she had a multi-million pound overdraft with Coutts Bank. [ 173 ] Elizabeth's habits were parodied by the satirical 1980s television programme Spitting Image . [ 174 ] This was the first satirical depiction on television; the makers initially demurred from featuring her, fearing that it would be considered off-limits by most of the viewing public. [ 175 ] In the end, she was portrayed as a perpetually tipsy Beryl Reid soundalike. [ 176 ] She was portrayed by Juliet Aubrey in Bertie and Elizabeth , Sylvia Syms in The Queen , Natalie Dormer in W.E. , Olivia Colman in Hyde Park on Hudson , Victoria Hamilton (Seasons 1 and 2), Marion Bailey (Seasons 3 and 4) and Marcia Warren (Season 5 and 6) [ 177 ] in The Crown and in The King's Speech by Helena Bonham Carter , who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her portrayal. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] The Cunard White Star Line's RMS Queen Elizabeth was named after her. She launched the ship on 27 September 1938 in Clydebank , Scotland. Supposedly, the liner started to slide into the water before Elizabeth could officially launch her, and acting sharply, she managed to smash a bottle of Australian red over the liner's bow just before it slid out of reach. [ 180 ] In 1954, Elizabeth sailed to New York on her namesake. [ 181 ] A statue of Elizabeth by sculptor Philip Jackson was unveiled in front of the George VI Memorial, off The Mall, London , on 24 February 2009, creating the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial . [ 182 ] In March 2011, Elizabeth's eclectic musical taste was revealed when details of her small record collection kept at the Castle of Mey were made public. Her records included ska , local folk, Scottish reels and the musicals Oklahoma! and The King and I , and artists such as yodeller Montana Slim , Tony Hancock , The Goons and Noël Coward. [ 183 ] Eight years before her death, Elizabeth had reportedly placed two-thirds of her money (an estimated £19 million) [ 184 ] into trusts , for the benefit of her great-grandchildren. [ 185 ] In her lifetime, she received £643,000 a year from the Civil List , and spent an estimated £1–2 million annually to run her household . [ 186 ] By the end of the 1990s, her overdraft was said to be around £4 million. [ 184 ] [ 186 ] She left the bulk of her estate, estimated to be worth between £50 and £70 million, including paintings, Fabergé eggs , jewellery, and horses, to her surviving daughter, Queen Elizabeth II. [ 185 ] [ 187 ] Under an agreement reached in 1993, [ 188 ] property passing from monarch to monarch is exempt from inheritance tax , as is property passing from the consort of a former monarch to the current monarch, so a tax liability estimated at £28 million (40 percent of the value of the estate) was not incurred. [ 189 ] The most important pieces of art were transferred to the Royal Collection by Elizabeth II. [ 185 ] Following her death, the Queen successfully applied to the High Court so that details of her mother's will would be kept secret. [ 190 ] This brought criticism from Labour politicians and segments of the public, and the Queen eventually released the outlines of her mother's will. [ 187 ] Titles, honours and arms Titles and styles Elizabeth held numerous titles starting with her birth, as the daughter of an earl and through her marriage to the-then Duke of York , who later became King-Emperor. She was the last person to be Empress of India , and was Queen Mother during widowhood. Arms Elizabeth's coat of arms was the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom (in either the English or the Scottish version) impaled with the canting arms of her father, the Earl of Strathmore ; the latter being: 1st and 4th quarters , Argent , a lion rampant Azure , armed and langued Gules , within a double tressure flory-counter-flory of the second (Lyon); 2nd and 3rd quarters, Ermine , three bows stringed paleways proper (Bowes). [ 191 ] The shield is surmounted by the imperial crown, and supported by the crowned lion of England and a lion rampant per fess Or and Gules. [ 192 ] Coat of arms of Elizabeth, Duchess of York (1923–1936) Coat of arms of Queen Elizabeth Coat of arms of Queen Elizabeth (Scotland) Royal cypher of Queen Elizabeth Issue Name Birth Death Marriage Children Grandchildren Date Spouse Elizabeth II 21 April 1926 8 September 2022 20 November 1947 Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Charles III William, Prince of Wales Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex Anne, Princess Royal Peter Phillips Zara Tindall Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor Princess Beatrice Princess Eugenie Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex Princess Margaret 21 August 1930 9 February 2002 6 May 1960 Divorced 11 July 1978 Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones Lady Sarah Chatto Samuel Chatto Arthur Chatto Ancestry Ancestors of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother [ 193 ] 8. Thomas Lyon-Bowes, Lord Glamis 4. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 9. Charlotte Grimstead 2. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 10. Oswald Smith 5. Frances Smith 11. Henrietta Mildred Hodgson 1. Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 12. Lord Charles Cavendish-Bentinck 6. Charles Cavendish-Bentinck 13. Anne Wellesley 3. Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck 14. Edwyn Burnaby 7. Louisa Burnaby 15. Anne Caroline Salisbury 8. Thomas Lyon-Bowes, Lord Glamis 4. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 9. Charlotte Grimstead 2. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 10. Oswald Smith 5. Frances Smith 11. Henrietta Mildred Hodgson 1. Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 12. Lord Charles Cavendish-Bentinck 6. Charles Cavendish-Bentinck 13. Anne Wellesley 3. Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck 14. Edwyn Burnaby 7. Louisa Burnaby 15. Anne Caroline Salisbury See also Household of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother List of covers of Time magazine (1930s) Notes ^ From the accession of her husband to the abolition of British India by the Indian Independence Act 1947 . The title was abandoned on 22 June 1948. ^ a b The hyphenated version of the surname was used in official documents at the time of her marriage, but the family itself tends to omit the hyphen. [ 1 ] ^ Lady Colin Campbell claims Elizabeth's biological mother was the family cook, Marguerite Rodiere, by means of a surrogacy arrangement that was not uncommon in aristocratic families at the time. This theory is dismissed by royal biographers such as Michael Thornton and Hugo Vickers . [ 5 ] In an earlier allegation, published by Kitty Kelley in 1997, Elizabeth's mother is said to have been a Welsh maid. [ 6 ] References ^ Shawcross, p. 8 ^ Roberts, pp. 58–59 ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} British Screen News (1930), Our Smiling Duchess , London: British Screen Productions ^ a b c d Moore, Lucy (31 March 2002), "A wicked twinkle and a streak of steel" , The Guardian , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ "Queen Mother was daughter of French cook, biography claims" , The Telegraph , 31 March 2012, archived from the original on 10 January 2022 ^ Beck, Joan (5 October 1997), "Royal Muck: $27 Down The Drain" , Chicago Tribune , retrieved 16 February 2017 ^ Weir, Alison (1996), Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised edition , London: Pimlico, p. 330, ISBN 978-0-7126-7448-5 ^ Shawcross, p. 15 ^ Civil Registration Indexes: Births, General Register Office, England and Wales. 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(April 1978), "The British Royal Visit of 1939 and the "Psychological Approach" to the United States", Diplomatic History , 2 (2): 197– 211, doi : 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00431.x ^ Shawcross, p. 479 ^ Galbraith, William (1989), "Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit" (PDF) , Canadian Parliamentary Review , 12 (3): 7– 8, archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2011 , retrieved 14 December 2009 ^ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (1989), Royal Spring: The Royal Tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada , Toronto: Dundurn Press, pp. 65– 66, ISBN 978-1-55002-065-6 ^ Lanctot, Gustave (1964), Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939 , Toronto: E. P. Taylor Foundation ^ King, William Lyon Mackenzie (23 July 2022), "The Royal Tour of 1939" , Diaries of William Lyon Mackenzie King, 1893 to 1950 , Queen's Printer for Canada , retrieved 10 June 2023 – via Library and Archives Canada ^ Speech delivered by Her Majesty the Queen at the Fairmont Hotel, Vancouver, Monday, 7 October 2002 as reported in e.g. Joyce, Greg (8 October 2002) "Queen plays tribute to Canada, thanks citizens for their support", The Canadian Press ^ Shawcross, pp. 457–461; Vickers, p. 187 ^ Bradford 1989 , pp. 298–299. ^ Bradford 1989 , p. 281. ^ Past Royal Tours – Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (d. March 30, 2002) , Government of Canada, 31 January 2017, archived from the original on 16 February 2017 , retrieved 16 February 2017 ^ Shawcross, p. 515 ^ Vickers, p. 205 ^ "Queen Elizabeth Speaks to The Nation as World War II Begins" , British Pathé War Archives , 16 May 2012 , retrieved 18 January 2023 – via YouTube ^ "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother" , www.royal.uk , retrieved 9 May 2025 ^ Hartnell, Norman (1955), Silver and Gold , Evans Bros., pp. 101–102, quoted in Shawcross, p. 526 and Vickers, p. 219 ^ Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John (1958), King George VI: His Life and Reign , New York: Macmillan ^ Vickers, p. 229 ^ Shawcross, p. 528 ^ Bradford 1989 , p. 321; Shawcross, p. 516 ^ Langworth, Richard M. (Spring 2002), HM Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 1900–2002 , The Churchill Centre , retrieved 1 May 2010 ^ Matthew, H.C.G. , "George VI (1895–1952)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/33370 (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) ^ Vickers, pp. 210–211 ^ Shawcross, p. 412. ^ Pierce, Andrew (13 May 2006), "What Queen Mother really thought of Attlee's socialist 'heaven on earth' " , The Times , London, UK, archived from the original on 4 June 2011 , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ Wyatt, Woodrow (1998), Curtis, Sarah (ed.), The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt: Volume I , London: Macmillan, p. 255, ISBN 978-0-333-74166-5 ^ Wyatt, Volume I p. 309 ^ Hogg and Mortimer, p. 89 ^ Bradford 1989 , p. 391; Shawcross, p. 618 ^ Shawcross, pp. 637–640 ^ Shawcross, pp. 645–647 ^ Shawcross, p. 651 ^ The day the King died , BBC, 6 February 2002, archived from the original on 30 May 2018 , retrieved 15 June 2022 ^ McCluskey, Peter, Elizabeth: The Queen Mother , CBC News, archived from the original on 28 August 2013 , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ Iyer, Pico (8 April 2002), "Elizabeth, Queen Consort, 1900–2002: A Mum for All Seasons" , Time , archived from the original on 22 October 2010 , retrieved 16 February 2017 ^ Hogg and Mortimer, p. 161 ^ Shawcross, pp. 686–688; Vickers, p. 324 ^ Shawcross, pp. 710–713 ^ Shawcross, pp. 689–690 ^ Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother at the West of Kenya Show, Eldoret, Kenya Feb 1959 , Royal Collection Trust , retrieved 1 August 2018 ^ Visit of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Kenya, Uganda, 1959 , Royal Collection Trust , retrieved 1 August 2018 ^ Vickers, p. 314 ^ The Queen Elizabeth Castle Of Mey Trust , archived from the original on 25 April 2015 , retrieved 6 March 2013 ^ Shawcross, pp. 703–704 ^ Vickers, p. 458 ^ Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , The Royal Collection, archived from the original on 21 September 2012 , retrieved 31 October 2009 ^ Shawcross, p. 806 ^ Shawcross, p. 807 ^ Queen Mother 'had colon cancer' , BBC, 17 September 2009 , retrieved 22 September 2009 ^ Shawcross, p. 817 ^ Shawcross, p. 875 ^ "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother" , The Royal Family , 21 December 2015 , retrieved 28 May 2021 ^ Shawcross, pp. 822–823 ^ Shawcross, pp. 827–831 ^ Shawcross, p. 835 ^ a b "Queen of Quips", The Straits Times , 7 August 2000 ^ Shawcross, p. 878; Vickers, p. 449 ^ "Queen Mother recovers after operation" , BBC News , 25 January 1999 , retrieved 8 August 2013 ^ Vincenty, Samantha (23 November 2020), "All About Nerissa and Katherine Bowes-Lyon, the Queen's Hidden Cousins" , Oprah Daily , retrieved 17 April 2021 ^ MacKay, Neil (7 April 2002), "Nieces abandoned in state-run mental asylum and declared dead to avoid public shame" , The Sunday Herald , archived from the original on 22 May 2013 , retrieved 13 February 2007 ^ Summerskill, Ben (23 July 2000), "Princess the palace hides away" , The Guardian , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ Shawcross, pp. 732, 882 ^ Shawcross, pp. 903–904 ^ Shawcross, p. 912 ^ Birthday pageant for Queen Mother , BBC, 19 July 2000 , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ Commemorative Bank Note for 100th Birthday of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother , Rampant Scotland , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ Vickers, p. 490 ^ Shawcross, p. 925 ^ Queen Mother leaves hospital , BBC, 2 August 2001 , retrieved 28 August 2013 ^ Queen Mother's 101st birthday , BBC, 4 August 2001 , retrieved 28 August 2013 ^ Queen Mother attends memorial event , BBC, 8 November 2001 , retrieved 15 September 2013 ^ Pictures of the decade: the Royal family , The Telegraph, 18 December 2009 , retrieved 15 September 2013 ^ "Queen Mother celebrates ship's return" , BBC News , 22 November 2000 , retrieved 4 January 2021 ^ Queen Mother 'better all the time' , BBC, 27 January 2002 , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ a b "Queen Mother dies peacefully, aged 101" , The Guardian , 30 March 2002 , retrieved 28 March 2019 ^ Vickers, p. 495 ^ a b Queen Mother hurt in minor fall , BBC, 13 February 2002 , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ Shawcross, p. 930; Vickers, pp. 497–498 ^ a b c Vickers, pp. 497–498 ^ BBC News bulletin after Queen Mother dies , YouTube, 30 March 2002, archived from the original on 14 November 2021 , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother: Frailty fails to dim devotion to duty; Reaching old age. , The Birmingham Post, 1 April 2002 , retrieved 30 August 2013 ^ Davies, Caroline (16 February 2002), "Bell tolls for Margaret's final journey" , The Telegraph , archived from the original on 10 January 2022 , retrieved 22 September 2013 ^ Vickers, pp. 498–499 ^ Walker, Andrew (20 August 2003), "The longest-lived Royal in history" , BBC News , retrieved 30 June 2017 ^ Alderson, Andrew (31 October 2004), "Princess Alice, the oldest ever royal, dies at 102" , The Telegraph , archived from the original on 10 January 2022 , retrieved 30 June 2017 ^ Coke, Hope (21 April 2021), "The top 10 longest-living royals in history" , Tatler , retrieved 4 August 2021 ^ Bates, Stephen (3 April 2002), "Piper's farewell for Queen Mother" , The Guardian , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ Lying-in-state , UK Parliament , retrieved 29 June 2017 ^ Bates, Stephen (9 April 2002), "Grandsons hold vigil as public files past" , The Guardian , retrieved 29 June 2017 ^ "Charles returns for second tribute" , BBC News , 9 April 2002 , retrieved 29 June 2017 ^ Government of Canada Publications (4 April 2002), "Proclamation Requesting that the People of Canada Set Aside April 9, 2002, as the Day on Which They Honour the Memory of Our Dearly Beloved Mother, Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Who Passed Away on March 30, 2002" (PDF) , Canada Gazette Part II Extra , 136 (5), archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2013 , retrieved 16 February 2017 ^ Memorial Service for HM Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother , Sydney Anglicans, 9 April 2002 , retrieved 2 March 2011 ^ Queues at Queen Mother vault , CNN, 10 April 2002, archived from the original on 17 January 2008 , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ Mourners visit Queen Mother's vault , BBC, 10 April 2002 , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ Monarchy/Royal Family Trends – Most Liked Members of the Royal Family , Ipsos MORI, 19 November 2012 , retrieved 9 May 2015 ^ Goldman, Lawrence (May 2006) "Elizabeth (1900–2002)" , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press, doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/76927 , retrieved 1 May 2009 (Subscription required) ^ Shawcross, p. 942 ^ a b Kelley, Kitty (1977), The Royals , New York: Time Warner ^ Picknett, Lynn ; Prince, Clive; Prior, Stephen; Brydon, Robert (2002), War of the Windsors: A Century of Unconstitutional Monarchy , Mainstream Publishing, p. 161, ISBN 978-1-84018-631-4 ^ The memoirs of the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Woolton C.H., P.C., D.L., LL.D. (1959) London: Cassell ^ Roberts, p. 67 ^ Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1995), No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II , New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 380 ^ Shawcross, pp. 556–557 ^ Burgess, Major Colin (2006), Behind Palace Doors: My Service as the Queen Mother's Equerry , John Blake Publishing, p. 233 ^ Royal secretary loses race bias case , BBC, 7 December 2001 , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ Rhodes James, Robert (1998), A Spirit Undaunted: The Political Role of George VI , London: Little, Brown and Co, p. 296, ISBN 978-0-316-64765-6 ^ Wyatt, Woodrow (1999), Curtis, Sarah (ed.), The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt: Volume II , London: Macmillan, p. 547, ISBN 978-0-333-77405-2 ^ Wyatt, Volume II , p. 608 ^ Bates, Stephen (1 April 2002), "Enigmatic and elusive, she lent a mystique to upper-class strengths and failings" , The Guardian ; retrieved 1 May 2009. ^ Hogg and Mortimer, p. 122 ^ Hogg and Mortimer, pp. 212–213 ^ a b Blaikie, Thomas (2002), You look awfully like the Queen: Wit and Wisdom from the House of Windsor , London, UK: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-00-714874-5 ^ Taylor, Graham (2002), Elizabeth: The Woman and the Queen , Telegraph Books, p. 93 ^ Saner, Emine (25 July 2006), "Bring back the magic hour" , The Guardian , retrieved 24 March 2011 ^ Morgan, Christopher (14 March 1999), The Sunday Times ^ "Spitting Image creator John Lloyd: 'Television lacks satire' " , BBC News , retrieved 1 July 2017 ^ " 'Spitting Image' fuses politics with puppetry, 1984" , Financial Times , 6 September 2008, archived from the original on 10 December 2022 , retrieved 4 July 2018 ^ "Dead ringers" , The Guardian , 23 June 2006 , retrieved 4 July 2018 ^ "Who plays the Queen Mother in The Crown season 5?" , Express , 7 November 2022 , retrieved 15 November 2022 ^ "King's Speech reigns over Bafta awards" , BBC News , 14 February 2011 , retrieved 1 July 2017 ^ 'The King's Speech' leads the pack in BAFTA nominations , CNN International, 18 January 2011, archived from the original on 9 May 2021 , retrieved 1 July 2017 ^ Hutchings, David F. (2003) Pride of the North Atlantic. A Maritime Trilogy , Waterfront. ^ Harvey, Clive (25 October 2008) RMS "Queen Elizabeth": The Ultimate Ship , Carmania Press. ^ Prince hails Queen Mother tribute , BBC, 24 February 2009 , retrieved 6 March 2013 ^ "The Queen Mother's regal taste in music" , The Telegraph , 14 March 2011, archived from the original on 10 January 2022 , retrieved 6 March 2013 ^ a b Bates, Stephen (2 April 2002), "The gamble that foiled the taxman" , The Guardian , retrieved 2 June 2018 ^ a b c "Queen Inherits Queen Mother's Estate" , BBC News , 17 May 2002 , retrieved 1 May 2009 ^ a b Alderson, Andrew (12 May 2002), The will without a bill , The Daily Telegraph, archived from the original on 10 January 2022 , retrieved 2 June 2018 ^ a b Bates, Stephen (17 May 2002), "Palace reveals details of Queen Mother's £50m will" , The Guardian , retrieved 2 June 2018 ^ Wilson, Jamie (6 May 2002), "Tax loophole will save Queen £20m on her mother's will" , The Guardian , retrieved 2 June 2018 ^ Chamberlain, Gethin (7 May 2002), "Queen to escape £28 million inheritance tax", The Scotsman ^ Queen Mother's will to be secret , BBC, 8 May 2002 , retrieved 2 June 2018 ^ Brooke-Little, J. P. (1978) [1950], Boutell's Heraldry (Revised ed.), London: Frederick Warne, p. 220, ISBN 978-0-7232-2096-1 ^ Pinches, John Harvey ; Pinches, Rosemary (1974), The Royal Heraldry of England , Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press, p. 267, ISBN 978-0-900455-25-4 ^ Wagner, A. R. (1940), "Some of the Sixty-four Ancestors of Her Majesty the Queen", Genealogist's Magazine , 9 (1): 7– 13 Bibliography Bradford, Sarah (1989), The Reluctant King: The Life and Reign of George VI , St Martin's Forbes, Grania (1999), My Darling Buffy: The Early Life of The Queen Mother , Headline Book Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7472-7387-5 Hogg, James ; Mortimer, Michael, eds. (2002), The Queen Mother Remembered , BBC Books, ISBN 978-0-563-36214-2 Howarth, Patrick (1987), George VI , Century Hutchinson, ISBN 978-0-09-171000-2 Goldman, Lawrence (May 2006). "Elizabeth (1900–2002)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/76927 . (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) Longford, Elizabeth (1981), The Queen Mother , Weidenfeld & Nicolson Roberts, Andrew (2000), Fraser, Antonia (ed.), The House of Windsor , Cassell and Co., ISBN 978-0-304-35406-1 Shawcross, William (2009), Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother: The Official Biography , Macmillan, ISBN 978-1-4050-4859-0 Vickers, Hugo (2006), Elizabeth, The Queen Mother , Arrow Books/Random House, ISBN 978-0-09-947662-7 Further reading Shawcross, William (2012), Counting One's Blessings: The Selected Letters of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-230-75496-6 External links Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother at the official website of the Royal Family Queen Elizabeth at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust Newspaper clippings about Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Portraits of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother at the National Portrait Gallery, London British royalty Vacant Title last held by Mary of Teck Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions 1936–1952 Succeeded by Philip of Greece and Denmark as consort Empress consort of India 1936–1947 Title abandoned on 22 June 1948 1 Academic offices Preceded by The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley Visitor of Girton College, Cambridge 1948–2002 Succeeded by The Baroness Hale of Richmond Preceded by The Princess Elizabeth President of the Royal College of Music 1953–1993 Succeeded by The Prince of Wales Preceded by The Earl of Athlone Chancellor of the University of London 1955–1981 Succeeded by The Princess Anne New institution Chancellor of the University of Dundee 1967–1977 Succeeded by The Earl of Dalhousie Honorary titles New title Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order 1937–2002 Succeeded by The Princess Royal Preceded by Sir Robert Menzies Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1978–2002 Succeeded by The Lord Boyce Notes and references 1. "No. 38330" . The London Gazette . 22 June 1948. p. 3647. Articles and topics related to Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions (1936–1952), Empress consort of India (1936–1947) Family George VI (husband) Elizabeth II (daughter) Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (daughter) Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (father) Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck (mother) Mary Elphinstone, Lady Elphinstone (sister) Patrick Bowes-Lyon, 15th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (brother) John Bowes-Lyon (brother) Fergus Bowes-Lyon (brother) Rose Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville (sister) David Bowes-Lyon (brother) Bowes-Lyon family Events Wedding Abdication of Edward VIII Coronation Crown Participants Honours Medal 1939 royal tour of Canada Death and funeral Depictions Film and television Spitting Image (1984–96) Bertie and Elizabeth (2002) Wallis & Edward (2005) The Queen (2006) The King's Speech (2010) W.E. (2011) Hyde Park on Hudson (2012) A Royal Night Out (2015) The Crown (2016–23) Stage The King's Speech (2012) Portraits Coronation Portrait (1938–45) The Coronation of King George VI (1938) Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor (1950) Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother (1986) The Royal Family: A Centenary Portrait (2000) Statues and memorials King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial Related Titles and honours Household Piper to the Queen Mother The Queen's Book of the Red Cross Castle of Mey A Birthday Hansel Rhapsody 1990 Birthday Honours (Queen Mother) Eponyms King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes Queen Elizabeth High School (Halifax, Nova Scotia) Queen Elizabeth High School, Carmarthen Queen Elizabeth House Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn Queen Elizabeth Scholarship Trust Queen Elizabeth's Foundation for Disabled People RMS Queen Elizabeth Queen Mother's Clothing Guild Queen Mother Reservoir v t e English , Scottish , and British royal consorts Royal consorts in England until 1603 Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603 Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Æthelflæd of Damerham Ælfgifu Ælfthryth Ælfgifu of York Sigrid the Haughty / Świętosława Ealdgyth Emma of Normandy Edith of Wessex Edith of Mercia Matilda of Flanders Matilda of Scotland Adeliza of Louvain Matilda of Boulogne Geoffrey Plantagenet Eleanor of Aquitaine Margaret of France Berengaria of Navarre Isabella of Angoulême Blanche of Castile Eleanor of Provence Eleanor of Castile Margaret of France Isabella of France Philippa of Hainault Anne of Bohemia Isabella of Valois Joan of Navarre Catherine of Valois Margaret of Anjou Elizabeth Woodville Anne Neville Elizabeth of York Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Guildford Dudley Gruoch Ingibiorg Finnsdottir Margaret of Wessex Ethelreda of Northumbria Sybilla of Normandy Maud of Northumbria Ermengarde de Beaumont Joan of England Marie de Coucy Margaret of England Yolande de Dreux Elizabeth de Burgh Joan of the Tower Margaret Drummond Euphemia de Ross Anabella Drummond Joan Beaufort Mary of Guelders Margaret of Denmark Margaret Tudor Madeleine of Valois Mary of Guise Francis II of France Henry Stuart James Hepburn Anne of Denmark Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 Anne of Denmark Henrietta Maria of France Catherine of Braganza Mary of Modena George of Denmark and Norway British royal consorts after the Acts of Union 1707 George of Denmark and Norway Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Alexandra of Denmark Mary of Teck Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Philip of Greece and Denmark Camilla Shand Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in italics v t e Duchesses of York Infanta Isabella of Castile (1372–1392) Lady Joan Holland (1393–1402) Philippa de Mohun (1402–1415) Lady Cecily Neville (1425–1460) Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk (1478–1481) Anne Hyde (1660–1671) Princess Mary of Modena (1673–1685) Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia * (1791–1820) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (1893–1910) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1923–1936) Sarah Ferguson (1986–1996) * titled Duchess of York and Albany v t e British princesses by marriage The generations include wives of princes descended from George I , who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. 1st generation Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 2nd generation Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 3rd generation Maria Walpole Anne Luttrell 4th generation Duchess Caroline of Brunswick Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel The Princess Mary * 5th generation Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg 6th generation Princess Alexandra of Denmark Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont Princess Thyra of Denmark 7th generation Princess Victoria Mary of Teck Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife * Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia 8th generation Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark 9th generation Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen Katharine Worsley Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz 10th generation Lady Diana Spencer Camilla Shand Sarah Ferguson Sophie Rhys-Jones 11th generation Catherine Middleton Meghan Markle *also a British princess in her own right Princesses whose titles were removed due to loss of husband's eligibility or divorce are shown in italics . v t e Members of the Order of New Zealand Current Ordinary members Kiri Te Kanawa Lloyd Geering Kenneth Keith Don McKinnon Helen Clark Bob Charles Albert Wendt Ron Carter Peter Gluckman Richie McCaw Joy Cowley Mason Durie Anne Salmond Additional members Michael Duffy C. K. Stead Margaret Bazley Peter Jackson Malvina Major Silvia Cartwright Tipene O'Regan Queen Camilla Deceased Ordinary members Arnold Nordmeyer C. E. Beeby Te Atairangikaahu Edmund Hillary Sonja Davies Jim Knox Frederick Turnovsky Richard Matthews Douglas Lilburn June Blundell Manuhuia Bennett Henry Lang Whina Cooper Jack Somerville Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan Margaret Mahy Miriam Dell Thaddeus McCarthy Roy McKenzie Miles Warren James Fletcher Ivan Lichter Jim Bolger Cliff Whiting Ken Douglas Mike Moore Thomas Williams Alan MacDiarmid David Lange Jonathan Hunt Doreen Blumhardt Murray Halberg Ralph Hotere Additional members Guy Powles Allen Curnow Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Janet Frame Arthur Lydiard Ann Ballin Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon Hugh Kāwharu Paul Reeves Owen Woodhouse Brian Lochore Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Catherine Tizard Honorary members Shridath Ramphal Bill Pickering .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother v t e Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions (1936–1952), Empress consort of India (1936–1947) Family George VI (husband) Elizabeth II (daughter) Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (daughter) Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (father) Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck (mother) Mary Elphinstone, Lady Elphinstone (sister) Patrick Bowes-Lyon, 15th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (brother) John Bowes-Lyon (brother) Fergus Bowes-Lyon (brother) Rose Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville (sister) David Bowes-Lyon (brother) Bowes-Lyon family George VI (husband) Elizabeth II (daughter) Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (daughter) Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (father) Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck (mother) Mary Elphinstone, Lady Elphinstone (sister) Patrick Bowes-Lyon, 15th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (brother) John Bowes-Lyon (brother) Fergus Bowes-Lyon (brother) Rose Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville (sister) David Bowes-Lyon (brother) Bowes-Lyon family Events Wedding Abdication of Edward VIII Coronation Crown Participants Honours Medal 1939 royal tour of Canada Death and funeral Wedding Abdication of Edward VIII Coronation Crown Participants Honours Medal Crown Participants Honours Medal 1939 royal tour of Canada Death and funeral Depictions Film and television Spitting Image (1984–96) Bertie and Elizabeth (2002) Wallis & Edward (2005) The Queen (2006) The King's Speech (2010) W.E. (2011) Hyde Park on Hudson (2012) A Royal Night Out (2015) The Crown (2016–23) Stage The King's Speech (2012) Portraits Coronation Portrait (1938–45) The Coronation of King George VI (1938) Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor (1950) Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother (1986) The Royal Family: A Centenary Portrait (2000) Statues and memorials King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial Film and television Spitting Image (1984–96) Bertie and Elizabeth (2002) Wallis & Edward (2005) The Queen (2006) The King's Speech (2010) W.E. (2011) Hyde Park on Hudson (2012) A Royal Night Out (2015) The Crown (2016–23) Spitting Image (1984–96) Bertie and Elizabeth (2002) Wallis & Edward (2005) The Queen (2006) The King's Speech (2010) W.E. (2011) Hyde Park on Hudson (2012) A Royal Night Out (2015) The Crown (2016–23) Stage The King's Speech (2012) The King's Speech (2012) Portraits Coronation Portrait (1938–45) The Coronation of King George VI (1938) Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor (1950) Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother (1986) The Royal Family: A Centenary Portrait (2000) Coronation Portrait (1938–45) The Coronation of King George VI (1938) Conversation Piece at the Royal Lodge, Windsor (1950) Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother (1986) The Royal Family: A Centenary Portrait (2000) Statues and memorials King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial Related Titles and honours Household Piper to the Queen Mother The Queen's Book of the Red Cross Castle of Mey A Birthday Hansel Rhapsody 1990 Birthday Honours (Queen Mother) Titles and honours Household Piper to the Queen Mother Piper to the Queen Mother The Queen's Book of the Red Cross Castle of Mey A Birthday Hansel Rhapsody 1990 Birthday Honours (Queen Mother) Eponyms King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes Queen Elizabeth High School (Halifax, Nova Scotia) Queen Elizabeth High School, Carmarthen Queen Elizabeth House Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn Queen Elizabeth Scholarship Trust Queen Elizabeth's Foundation for Disabled People RMS Queen Elizabeth Queen Mother's Clothing Guild Queen Mother Reservoir King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes Queen Elizabeth High School (Halifax, Nova Scotia) Queen Elizabeth High School, Carmarthen Queen Elizabeth House Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King's Lynn Queen Elizabeth Scholarship Trust Queen Elizabeth's Foundation for Disabled People RMS Queen Elizabeth Queen Mother's Clothing Guild Queen Mother Reservoir v t e English , Scottish , and British royal consorts v t e Royal consorts in England until 1603 Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603 Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Æthelflæd of Damerham Ælfgifu Ælfthryth Ælfgifu of York Sigrid the Haughty / Świętosława Ealdgyth Emma of Normandy Edith of Wessex Edith of Mercia Matilda of Flanders Matilda of Scotland Adeliza of Louvain Matilda of Boulogne Geoffrey Plantagenet Eleanor of Aquitaine Margaret of France Berengaria of Navarre Isabella of Angoulême Blanche of Castile Eleanor of Provence Eleanor of Castile Margaret of France Isabella of France Philippa of Hainault Anne of Bohemia Isabella of Valois Joan of Navarre Catherine of Valois Margaret of Anjou Elizabeth Woodville Anne Neville Elizabeth of York Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Guildford Dudley Gruoch Ingibiorg Finnsdottir Margaret of Wessex Ethelreda of Northumbria Sybilla of Normandy Maud of Northumbria Ermengarde de Beaumont Joan of England Marie de Coucy Margaret of England Yolande de Dreux Elizabeth de Burgh Joan of the Tower Margaret Drummond Euphemia de Ross Anabella Drummond Joan Beaufort Mary of Guelders Margaret of Denmark Margaret Tudor Madeleine of Valois Mary of Guise Francis II of France Henry Stuart James Hepburn Anne of Denmark Royal consorts in England until 1603 Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603 Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Æthelflæd of Damerham Ælfgifu Ælfthryth Ælfgifu of York Sigrid the Haughty / Świętosława Ealdgyth Emma of Normandy Edith of Wessex Edith of Mercia Matilda of Flanders Matilda of Scotland Adeliza of Louvain Matilda of Boulogne Geoffrey Plantagenet Eleanor of Aquitaine Margaret of France Berengaria of Navarre Isabella of Angoulême Blanche of Castile Eleanor of Provence Eleanor of Castile Margaret of France Isabella of France Philippa of Hainault Anne of Bohemia Isabella of Valois Joan of Navarre Catherine of Valois Margaret of Anjou Elizabeth Woodville Anne Neville Elizabeth of York Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Guildford Dudley Gruoch Ingibiorg Finnsdottir Margaret of Wessex Ethelreda of Northumbria Sybilla of Normandy Maud of Northumbria Ermengarde de Beaumont Joan of England Marie de Coucy Margaret of England Yolande de Dreux Elizabeth de Burgh Joan of the Tower Margaret Drummond Euphemia de Ross Anabella Drummond Joan Beaufort Mary of Guelders Margaret of Denmark Margaret Tudor Madeleine of Valois Mary of Guise Francis II of France Henry Stuart James Hepburn Anne of Denmark Royal consorts in England until 1603 Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603 Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Æthelflæd of Damerham Ælfgifu Ælfthryth Ælfgifu of York Sigrid the Haughty / Świętosława Ealdgyth Emma of Normandy Edith of Wessex Edith of Mercia Matilda of Flanders Matilda of Scotland Adeliza of Louvain Matilda of Boulogne Geoffrey Plantagenet Eleanor of Aquitaine Margaret of France Berengaria of Navarre Isabella of Angoulême Blanche of Castile Eleanor of Provence Eleanor of Castile Margaret of France Isabella of France Philippa of Hainault Anne of Bohemia Isabella of Valois Joan of Navarre Catherine of Valois Margaret of Anjou Elizabeth Woodville Anne Neville Elizabeth of York Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Guildford Dudley Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Æthelflæd of Damerham Ælfgifu Ælfthryth Ælfgifu of York Sigrid the Haughty / Świętosława Ealdgyth Emma of Normandy Edith of Wessex Edith of Mercia Matilda of Flanders Matilda of Scotland Adeliza of Louvain Matilda of Boulogne Geoffrey Plantagenet Eleanor of Aquitaine Margaret of France Berengaria of Navarre Isabella of Angoulême Blanche of Castile Eleanor of Provence Eleanor of Castile Margaret of France Isabella of France Philippa of Hainault Anne of Bohemia Isabella of Valois Joan of Navarre Catherine of Valois Margaret of Anjou Elizabeth Woodville Anne Neville Elizabeth of York Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Guildford Dudley Gruoch Ingibiorg Finnsdottir Margaret of Wessex Ethelreda of Northumbria Sybilla of Normandy Maud of Northumbria Ermengarde de Beaumont Joan of England Marie de Coucy Margaret of England Yolande de Dreux Elizabeth de Burgh Joan of the Tower Margaret Drummond Euphemia de Ross Anabella Drummond Joan Beaufort Mary of Guelders Margaret of Denmark Margaret Tudor Madeleine of Valois Mary of Guise Francis II of France Henry Stuart James Hepburn Anne of Denmark Gruoch Ingibiorg Finnsdottir Margaret of Wessex Ethelreda of Northumbria Sybilla of Normandy Maud of Northumbria Ermengarde de Beaumont Joan of England Marie de Coucy Margaret of England Yolande de Dreux Elizabeth de Burgh Joan of the Tower Margaret Drummond Euphemia de Ross Anabella Drummond Joan Beaufort Mary of Guelders Margaret of Denmark Margaret Tudor Madeleine of Valois Mary of Guise Francis II of France Henry Stuart James Hepburn Anne of Denmark Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 Anne of Denmark Henrietta Maria of France Catherine of Braganza Mary of Modena George of Denmark and Norway Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 Anne of Denmark Henrietta Maria of France Catherine of Braganza Mary of Modena George of Denmark and Norway Anne of Denmark Henrietta Maria of France Catherine of Braganza Mary of Modena George of Denmark and Norway British royal consorts after the Acts of Union 1707 George of Denmark and Norway Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Alexandra of Denmark Mary of Teck Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Philip of Greece and Denmark Camilla Shand British royal consorts after the Acts of Union 1707 British royal consorts after the Acts of Union 1707 George of Denmark and Norway Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Alexandra of Denmark Mary of Teck Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Philip of Greece and Denmark Camilla Shand George of Denmark and Norway Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Alexandra of Denmark Mary of Teck Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon Philip of Greece and Denmark Camilla Shand Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in italics v t e Duchesses of York v t e Infanta Isabella of Castile (1372–1392) Lady Joan Holland (1393–1402) Philippa de Mohun (1402–1415) Lady Cecily Neville (1425–1460) Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk (1478–1481) Anne Hyde (1660–1671) Princess Mary of Modena (1673–1685) Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia * (1791–1820) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (1893–1910) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1923–1936) Sarah Ferguson (1986–1996) Infanta Isabella of Castile (1372–1392) Lady Joan Holland (1393–1402) Philippa de Mohun (1402–1415) Lady Cecily Neville (1425–1460) Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk (1478–1481) Anne Hyde (1660–1671) Princess Mary of Modena (1673–1685) Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia * (1791–1820) Princess Victoria Mary of Teck (1893–1910) Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1923–1936) Sarah Ferguson (1986–1996) * titled Duchess of York and Albany v t e British princesses by marriage v t e The generations include wives of princes descended from George I , who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. 1st generation Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 2nd generation Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 3rd generation Maria Walpole Anne Luttrell Maria Walpole Anne Luttrell 4th generation Duchess Caroline of Brunswick Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Early legal career 3 Mexican–American War 4 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 5 American Civil War Toggle American Civil War subsection 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 6 Escape and exile 7 Return to the U.S. and death 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links John C. Breckinridge العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item John C. Breckinridge Breckinridge in 1860 14th Vice President of the United States In office March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 President James Buchanan Preceded by William R. King Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin 5th Confederate States Secretary of War In office February 6, 1865 – May 10, 1865 President Jefferson Davis Preceded by James Seddon Succeeded by Office abolished United States Senator from Kentucky In office March 4, 1861 – December 4, 1861 Preceded by John J. Crittenden Succeeded by Garrett Davis Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th district In office March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1855 Preceded by Charles Morehead Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Fayette County In office 1849–1850 Personal details Born John Cabell Breckinridge ( 1821-01-16 ) January 16, 1821 Lexington, Kentucky , U.S. Died May 17, 1875 (1875-05-17) (aged 54) Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. Resting place Lexington Cemetery Party Democratic Other political affiliations Southern Democratic ( 1860 ) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Mary Burch ( m. 1843) Children 6, including Clifton and John Parents .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Relatives Breckinridge family Education Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Signature Military service Allegiance United States Confederate States United States Confederate States Branch/service United States Volunteers Confederate States Army United States Volunteers Confederate States Army Years of service 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) Rank Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Battles/wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American politician who served as the 14th vice president of the United States , with President James Buchanan , from 1857 to 1861. Assuming office at the age of 36, Breckinridge is the youngest vice president in U.S. history . He was also the Southern Democratic candidate in the 1860 presidential election , losing to antislavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln . Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky , to a prominent local family . After serving as a noncombatant during the Mexican–American War , he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a pro-slavery stance. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1851, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act . After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan . The Democrats won the election , but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan, and as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. He joined Buchanan in supporting the proslavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention , the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party , nominated John Bell . These three men split the Southern vote, while Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, winning the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky . After fleeing behind Confederate lines, Breckinridge was commissioned a brigadier general in the Confederate Army and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, Breckinridge was promoted to major general , and in October, he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg . After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stones River and Missionary Ridge , and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department , where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market . After participating in Jubal Early 's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley , Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia . In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet . Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender. After the fall of Richmond , Breckinridge ensured the preservation of Confederate records. He then escaped the country and lived abroad for over three years. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in 1868, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, but resisted all encouragement to resume his political career. War injuries sapped his health, and he died in 1875. Breckinridge is regarded as an effective military commander, but historians have panned his contributions to the Confederacy. Early life John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his family's estate near Lexington, Kentucky, on January 16, 1821, [ 1 ] the fourth of six children and only son of Joseph "Cabell" Breckinridge from the Breckinridge family and Mary Clay (Smith) Breckinridge. [ 2 ] His mother was a daughter of Samuel Stanhope Smith , who founded Hampden–Sydney College in 1775, and granddaughter of John Witherspoon , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . [ 1 ] Having previously served as speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Breckinridge's father had been appointed Kentucky's secretary of state just prior to his son's birth. [ 3 ] In February 1821, the family moved with Governor John Adair to the Governor's Mansion in Frankfort , so his father could better attend to his duties as secretary of state. [ 4 ] In August 1823, an illness referred to as "the prevailing fever" struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington. [ 4 ] On his return, both his wife and he fell ill. Cabell Breckinridge died, but she survived. [ 5 ] His assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his widow joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law. [ 6 ] While in Lexington, Breckinridge attended Pisgah Academy in Woodford County . [ 7 ] His grandmother taught him the political philosophies of her late husband, John Breckinridge , who served in the U.S. Senate and as attorney general under President Thomas Jefferson . [ 8 ] As a state legislator, Breckinridge had introduced the Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, which stressed states' rights and endorsed the doctrine of nullification in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts . [ 9 ] After an argument between Breckinridge's mother and grandmother in 1832, his mother, his sister Laetitia, and he moved to Danville, Kentucky , to live with his sister Frances and her husband, John C. Young , who was president of Centre College . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Breckinridge's uncle, William Breckinridge, was also on the faculty there, prompting him to enroll in November 1834. [ 8 ] Among his schoolmates were Beriah Magoffin , William Birney , Theodore O'Hara , Thomas L. Crittenden , and Jeremiah Boyle . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] After earning a Bachelor of Arts in September 1838, he spent the following winter as a "resident graduate" at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Returning to Kentucky in mid-1839, he read law with Judge William Owsley . [ 14 ] In November 1840, he enrolled in the second year of the law course at Transylvania University in Lexington, where his instructors included George Robertson and Thomas A. Marshall of the Kentucky Court of Appeals . [ 15 ] On February 25, 1841, he received a Bachelor of Laws and was licensed to practice the next day. [ 16 ] Early legal career Breckinridge remained in Lexington while deciding where to begin practice, borrowing law books from the library of John J. Crittenden, Thomas Crittenden's father. [ 17 ] Deciding that Lexington was overcrowded with lawyers, he moved to Frankfort, but was unable to find an office. After being spurned by a love interest, former classmate Thomas W. Bullock and he departed for the Iowa Territory on October 10, 1841, seeking better opportunities. [ 18 ] They considered settling on land Breckinridge had inherited in Jacksonville, Illinois , but they found the bar stocked with able men such as Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln . [ 19 ] They continued on to Burlington, Iowa , and by the winter of 1842–1843, Breckinridge reported to family members that his firm handled more cases than almost any other in Burlington. [ 20 ] Influenced by Bullock and the citizens of Iowa, he identified with the Democratic Party , and by February 1843, he had been named to the Democratic committee of Des Moines County . [ 21 ] Most of the Kentucky Breckinridges were Whigs , and when he learned of his nephew's party affiliation, William Breckinridge declared, "I felt as I would have done if I had heard that my daughter had been dishonored." [ 22 ] Breckinridge visited Kentucky in May 1843. [ 23 ] His efforts to mediate between his mother and the Breckinridges extended his visit, and after he contracted influenza , he decided to remain for the summer rather than returning to Iowa's colder climate. [ 23 ] He met Bullock's cousin, Mary Cyrene Burch , and by September, they were engaged. [ 23 ] In October, Breckinridge went to Iowa to close out his business, then returned to Kentucky and formed a law partnership with Samuel Bullock, Thomas's cousin. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] He married on December 12, 1843, and settled in Georgetown, Kentucky . [ 23 ] The couple had six children – Joseph Cabell (b. 1844), Clifton Rodes (b. 1846; later a Congressman from Arkansas ), Frances (b. 1848), John Milton (b. 1849), John Witherspoon (b. 1850), and Mary Desha (b. 1854). [ 23 ] Gaining confidence in his ability as a lawyer, Breckinridge moved his family back to Lexington in 1845 and formed a partnership with future U.S. Senator James B. Beck . [ 26 ] Mexican–American War A supporter of the Mexican–American War, Breckinridge sought appointment to the staff of Major General William Orlando Butler , a prominent Kentucky Democrat, but Butler could only offer him an unpaid aide position and advised him to decline it. [ 27 ] In July 1847, Breckinridge delivered an address at a mass military funeral in Frankfort to honor Kentuckians killed in the Battle of Buena Vista . The oration brought Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, whose son was among the dead, to tears, and inspired Theodore O'Hara to write " Bivouac of the Dead ". [ 28 ] Breckinridge again applied for a military commission after William Owsley , the governor of Kentucky, called for two additional regiments on August 31, 1847. [ 29 ] Owsley's advisors encouraged the Whig governor to commission at least one Democrat, and Whig Senator John J. Crittenden supported Breckinridge's application. [ 30 ] On September 6, 1847, Owsley appointed Manlius V. Thomson as colonel, Thomas Crittenden as lieutenant colonel, and Breckinridge as major of the Third Kentucky Infantry Regiment. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The regiment left Kentucky on November 1 and reached Veracruz by November 21. [ 31 ] After a serious epidemic of la Vomito, or yellow fever , broke out at Veracruz, [ 32 ] the regiment hurried to Mexico City . Reports indicate that Breckinridge walked all but two days of the journey, allowing weary soldiers to use his horse. [ 31 ] When they reached Mexico City on December 18, the fighting was almost over; they participated in no combat and remained as an army of occupation until May 30, 1848. [ 31 ] [ 33 ] In demand more for his legal expertise than his military training, he was named as assistant counsel for Gideon Johnson Pillow during a court of inquiry initiated against him by Winfield Scott . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Seeking to derail Scott's presidential ambitions, Pillow and his supporters composed and published letters that lauded Pillow, not Scott, for the American victories at Contreras and Churubusco . To hide his involvement, Pillow convinced a subordinate to take credit for the letter he wrote. Breckinridge biographer William C. Davis writes that it was "most unlikely" that Breckinridge knew the details of Pillow's intrigue. [ 36 ] His role in the proceedings was limited to questioning a few witnesses; records show that Pillow represented himself during the court's proceedings. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Returning to Louisville on July 16, the Third Kentucky mustered out on July 21. [ 37 ] During their time in Mexico, over 100 members of the 1,000-man regiment died of illness. [ 28 ] Although he saw no combat, Breckinridge's military service proved an asset to his political prospects. [ 28 ] Political career Early political career Breckinridge campaigned for Democratic presidential nominee James K. Polk in the 1844 election . [ 37 ] He decided against running for county clerk of Scott County after his law partner complained that he spent too much time in politics. [ 38 ] In 1845, some local Democrats encouraged him to seek the Eighth District 's congressional seat, but he declined, supporting Alexander Keith Marshall , the party's unsuccessful nominee. [ 27 ] [ 38 ] As a private citizen, he opposed the Wilmot Proviso that would have banned slavery in the territory acquired in the war with Mexico. [ 39 ] In the 1848 presidential election , he backed the unsuccessful Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William Butler. [ 27 ] He did not vote in the election. Defending his decision during a speech in Lexington on September 5, 1860, Breckinridge explained: But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] Kentucky House of Representatives In August 1849, Kentuckians elected delegates to a state constitutional convention in addition to state representatives and senators . [ 41 ] Breckinridge's abolitionist uncles, William and Robert , joined with Cassius Marcellus Clay to nominate slates of like-minded candidates for the constitutional convention and the legislature. [ 35 ] In response, a bipartisan group of proslavery citizens organized its own slate of candidates, including Breckinridge for one of Fayette County 's two seats in the House of Representatives. [ 42 ] Breckinridge, who by this time enslaved five humans, had publicly opposed "impairing in any form" the legal protection of slavery . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Despite his endorsement of slavery protections, he was a member of the Freemasons and the First Presbyterian Church in Lexington , both of which officially opposed slavery. [ 44 ] He had also previously represented free blacks in court, expressed support for voluntary emancipation , and supported the Kentucky Colonization Society, which was dedicated to the relocation of free blacks to Liberia . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Breckinridge received 1,481 votes, over 400 more than his nearest competitor, making this the first time that Fayette County had elected a Democrat to the state House of Representatives. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Between the election and the legislative session, Breckinridge formed a new law partnership with Owsley's former secretary of state, George B. Kinkead, his previous partner having died in a cholera epidemic earlier in the year. [ 47 ] He also co-founded the Kentucky Statesman , a semiweekly Democratic newspaper, and visited his step-cousin, Mary Todd , where he met her husband, Abraham Lincoln, for the first time; despite their political differences, they became friends. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] When the House convened, Breckinridge received a plurality of votes for speaker, but fell at least eight votes short of a majority. [ 45 ] Unable to break the deadlock, he withdrew, and the position went to Whig Thomas Reilly. [ 49 ] Biographer Frank H. Heck wrote that Breckinridge was the leader of the House Democratic caucus during the session, during which time most of the measures considered were "local or personal and in any case, petty". [ 50 ] Breckinridge was assigned to the House's standing committees on federal relations and the judiciary. [ 45 ] He supported bills allocating funding for internal improvements , a traditionally Whig stance. [ 49 ] As Congress debated Henry Clay's proposed Compromise of 1850 , the four Whigs on the Committee on Federal Relations drew up resolutions urging the Kentucky congressional delegation to support the compromise as a "fair, equitable, and just basis" for settlement of the slavery issue in the newly acquired U.S. territories. Breckinridge felt that the resolution was too vague and authored a minority report that explicitly denied federal authority to interfere with slavery in states and territories. Both sets of resolutions, and a set adopted by the Senate, were all laid on the table . [ 51 ] On March 4, 1850, three days before the end of the session, Breckinridge took a leave of absence to care for his son, John Milton, who had become ill; he died on March 18. [ 52 ] Keeping a busy schedule to cope with his grief, he urged adoption of the proposed constitution at a series of meetings around the state. [ 53 ] His only concern with the document was its lack of an amendment process. [ 52 ] The constitution was overwhelmingly ratified in May. Democrats wanted to nominate him for re-election, but he declined, citing problems "of a private and imperative character". Davis wrote "his problem – besides continuing sadness over his son's death – was money." [ 54 ] U.S. Representative First term (1851–1853) Breckinridge was a delegate to the January 8, 1851, state Democratic convention, which nominated Lazarus W. Powell for governor. [ 55 ] A week later, he announced that he would seek election to Congress from Kentucky's Eighth District. [ 45 ] Nicknamed the "Ashland district" because it contained Ashland , the estate of Whig Party founder Henry Clay, and much of the area Clay once represented, the district was a Whig stronghold. [ 26 ] In the previous congressional election, Democrats had not even nominated a candidate. [ 55 ] Breckinridge's opponent, Leslie Combs , was a former state legislator whose popularity was bolstered by his association with Clay and his participation in the War of 1812 ; he was expected to win the election easily. [ 45 ] In April, the candidates held a debate in Frankfort, and in May, they jointly canvassed the district, making daily speeches. [ 56 ] Breckinridge reiterated his strict constructionist view of the U.S. Constitution and denounced the protective tariffs advocated by the Whigs, stating that "free thought needs free trade". [ 57 ] His strong voice and charismatic personality contrasted with the campaign style of the much older Combs. [ 58 ] On election day, he carried only three of the district's seven counties, but accumulated a two-to-one victory margin in Owen County , winning the county by 677 votes and the election by 537. [ 59 ] Democrats carried five of Kentucky's 10 congressional districts, and Powell was elected as the first Democratic governor since 1834. [ 60 ] Supporters promoted Breckinridge for Speaker of the House , but he refused to allow his own nomination and voted with the majority to elect fellow Kentuckian Linn Boyd . [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Despite this, the two were factional enemies, and Boyd assigned Breckinridge to the lightly regarded Committee on Foreign Affairs . [ 58 ] [ 63 ] Breckinridge's first speech, and several subsequent ones, were made to defend William Butler, again a presidential aspirant in 1852 , from charges leveled by proponents of the Young America movement that he was too old and had not made his stance on slavery clear. [ 64 ] The attacks came from the pages of George Nicholas Sanders 's Democratic Review , and on the House floor from several men, nearly all of whom supported Stephen Douglas for the nomination. These men included California 's Edward C. Marshall , who was Breckinridge's cousin. [ 64 ] Their attacks ultimately hurt Douglas's chances for the nomination, and Breckinridge's defense of Butler enhanced his own reputation. [ 65 ] After this controversy, he was more active in the chamber's debates, but introduced few significant pieces of legislation. He defended the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 against attacks by Ohio Representative Joshua Giddings , and opposed Andrew Johnson's proposed Homestead Act out of concern that it would create more territories that excluded slavery. [ 65 ] Despite his campaign rhetoric that federal funds should only be used for internal improvements "of a national character", he sought to increase Kentucky's federal allocation for construction and maintenance of rivers and harbors, and supported bills that benefited his district's hemp farmers. [ 62 ] Returning home from the legislative session, Breckinridge made daily visits with Henry Clay, who lay dying in Lexington, and was chosen to deliver Clay's eulogy in Congress when the next session commenced. [ 66 ] The eulogy enhanced his popularity and solidified his position as Clay's political heir apparent. [ 62 ] He also campaigned for the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as president. [ 67 ] Although Pierce lost Kentucky by 3,200 votes, Breckinridge wielded more influence with him than he had with outgoing Whig President Millard Fillmore . [ 68 ] A week after his inauguration, Pierce offered Breckinridge an appointment as governor of Washington Territory . He had initially sought the appointment, securing letters of recommendation from Powell and Butler, but by the time it was offered, he had decided to stay in Kentucky and seek re-election to the House. [ 69 ] Second term (1853–1855) The Whigs, seeking to recapture Breckinridge's seat, nominated Attorney General of Kentucky James Harlan , but some Whig factions opposed him, and he withdrew in March. [ 70 ] Robert P. Letcher , a former congressman and governor who had won 14 elections in Kentucky without a loss, was the party's second choice. [ 71 ] Both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout the Eighth District, making multiple speeches a day between May and August. [ 72 ] Letcher was an experienced campaigner, but his popular, anecdote-filled oratory was unpolished, and he was prone to outbursts of anger when frustrated. [ 73 ] By contrast, Breckinridge delivered calm, well-reasoned speeches. [ 74 ] Cassius Clay, a political enemy of Letcher's for years, endorsed Breckinridge, despite their differences on slavery. [ 60 ] Citing this endorsement and the abolitionism of Breckinridge's uncles, Letcher tried to paint Breckinridge as an enemy of slavery. Breckinridge pointed to his consistent support for slavery and claimed Letcher was actually hostile to the interests of slaveholders. [ 74 ] Although the district had gone for Whig candidate Winfield Scott by over 600 votes in the previous year's presidential election , Breckinridge defeated Letcher by 526 votes. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Once again, he received a large margin in Owen County, which reported 123 more votes than eligible voters living in the county. [ 75 ] Grateful for the support of the reliably Democratic county, he gave his son John Witherspoon Breckinridge the nickname "Owen". [ 74 ] Of the 234 members of the House, Breckinridge was among the 80 who were returned to their seats for the Thirty-third Congress . [ 67 ] Due to his increased seniority, he was assigned to the more prestigious Ways and Means Committee , but he was not given a committee chairmanship as many had expected. [ 62 ] Although he supported Pierce's proslavery agenda on the principle of states' rights and believed that secession was legal, he opposed secession as a remedy to the country's immediate problems. [ 26 ] This, coupled with his earlier support of manumission and African colonization, balanced his support for slavery; most still considered him a moderate legislator. [ 48 ] An ally of Illinois' Stephen A. Douglas, Breckinridge supported the doctrine of popular sovereignty as expressed in Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act. He believed passage of the act would remove the issue of slavery from national politics – although it ultimately had the opposite effect – and acted as a liaison between Douglas and Pierce to secure its passage. [ 48 ] During the debate on the House floor, New York 's Francis B. Cutting , incensed by a statement that Breckinridge had made, demanded that he explain or retract it. Breckinridge interpreted Cutting's demand as a challenge to duel . Under code duello , the individual being challenged retained the right to name the weapons used and the distance between the combatants; Breckinridge chose rifles at 60 paces. [ 72 ] He also specified that the duel should be held at Silver Spring, Maryland , the home of his friend Francis Preston Blair . [ 48 ] Cutting, who had not intended his initial remark as a challenge, believed that Breckinridge's naming of terms constituted a challenge; he chose to use pistols at a distance of 10 paces. While the two men attempted to clarify who had issued the challenge and who reserved the right to choose the terms, mutual friends resolved the issue, preventing the duel. [ 72 ] The recently adopted Kentucky Constitution prevented anyone who participated in a duel from holding elected office, and the peaceful resolution of the issue may have saved Breckinridge's political career. [ 76 ] Retirement from the House In February 1854, the Whig majority in the Kentucky General Assembly passed – over Powell's veto – a reapportionment bill that redrew Breckinridge's district, removing Owen County and replacing it with Harrison and Nicholas Counties. [ 77 ] This, combined with the rise of the Know Nothing Party in Kentucky, left Breckinridge with little hope of re-election, and he decided to retire from the House at the expiration of his term. [ 78 ] Following the December 1854 resignation of Pierre Soulé , the U.S. Minister to Spain , who failed to negotiate a U.S. annexation of Cuba following the controversial Ostend Manifesto , Pierce nominated Breckinridge to the position. [ 78 ] Although the Senate confirmed the nomination, Breckinridge declined it on February 8, 1855, telling Pierce only that his decision was "of a private and domestic nature." His term in the house expired on March 4. [ 79 ] Desiring to care for his sick wife and rebuild his personal wealth, Breckinridge returned to his law practice in Lexington. [ 48 ] In addition to his legal practice, he engaged in land speculation in Minnesota territory and Wisconsin . [ 80 ] When Governor Willis A. Gorman of the Minnesota Territory thwarted an attempt by Breckinridge's fellow investors (not including Breckinridge) to secure approval of a railroad connecting Dubuque, Iowa , with their investments near Superior, Wisconsin , they petitioned Pierce to remove Gorman and appoint Breckinridge in his place. In 1855, Pierce authorized two successive investigations of Gorman, but failed to uncover any wrongdoing that would justify his removal. [ 81 ] During his time away from politics, Breckinridge also promoted the advancement of horse racing in his native state and was chosen president of the Kentucky Association for the Improvement of the Breed of Horses. [ 82 ] Vice presidency (1857–1861) As a delegate to the 1856 Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati , Ohio, Breckinridge favored Pierce's renomination for president. When Pierce's hopes of securing the nomination faltered, Breckinridge joined other erstwhile Pierce backers by throwing his support behind his friend, Stephen Douglas. Even with this additional support, Douglas was still unable to garner two third's majority of the delegates' votes, and he withdrew, leaving James Buchanan as the Democratic presidential nominee. [ 82 ] William Alexander Richardson , a Kentucky-born Representative from Illinois, then suggested that nominating Breckinridge for vice president would balance Buchanan's ticket and placate disgruntled supporters of Douglas or Pierce. [ 83 ] A delegate from Louisiana placed his name before the convention, and although Breckinridge desired the vice presidential nomination, he declined, citing his deference to fellow Kentuckian and former House Speaker Linn Boyd, who was supported by the Kentucky delegation. [ 48 ] Ten men received votes on the first vice-presidential ballot. Mississippi 's John A. Quitman had the most support with 59 votes. Eight state delegations – with a total of 55 votes – voted for Breckinridge in spite of his refusal of the nomination, making him the second-highest vote getter. Kentucky cast its 12 votes for Boyd, bringing his third-place total to 33 votes. Seeing Breckinridge's strength on the first ballot, large numbers of delegates voted for him on the second ballot, and those who did not soon saw that his nomination was inevitable and changed their votes to make it unanimous. [ 84 ] Unlike many political nominees of his time, Breckinridge actively campaigned for Buchanan and his election. [ 26 ] During the first 10 days of September 1856, he spoke in Hamilton and Cincinnati, Ohio; Lafayette and Indianapolis , Indiana ; Kalamazoo, Michigan ; Covington, Kentucky ; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . [ 85 ] His speeches stressed the idea that Republicans were fanatically devoted to emancipation, and their election would prompt the dissolution of the Union. [ 83 ] Breckinridge's presence on the ticket helped the Democrats carry his home state of Kentucky, which the party had not won since 1828 , by 6,000 votes. [ 26 ] [ 86 ] Buchanan and Breckinridge received 174 electoral votes to 114 for Republicans John C. Frémont and William L. Dayton and eight for Know Nothing candidates Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson . [ 87 ] Thirty-six years old at the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1857, Breckinridge was the youngest vice president in U.S. history, exceeding the minimum age required under the Constitution by only a year. [ 33 ] [ 48 ] Buchanan resented that Breckinridge had supported both Pierce and Douglas before endorsing his nomination. [ 88 ] Relations between the two were further strained, when upon asking for a private interview with Buchanan, Breckinridge was told to come to the White House and ask for Harriet Lane , who acted as the mansion's host for the unmarried president. Feeling slighted by the response, Breckinridge refused to carry out these instructions; later, three of Buchanan's intimates informed Breckinridge that requesting to speak to Miss Lane was actually a secret instruction to White House staff to usher the requestor into a private audience with the president. [ 89 ] They also conveyed Buchanan's apologies for the misunderstanding. [ 90 ] Buchanan rarely consulted Breckinridge when making patronage appointments, and meetings between the two were infrequent. [ 88 ] When Buchanan and Breckinridge endorsed the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state instead of allowing the people to vote, they managed to alienate most Northern Democrats, including Douglas. [ 48 ] [ 91 ] This disagreement ended plans for Breckinridge, Douglas, and Minnesota's Henry Mower Rice to build a series of three elaborate, conjoined row houses in which to live during their time in Washington, DC . [ 48 ] In November 1857, after Breckinridge found alternative lodging in Washington, he sold a slave woman and her young infant, which according to historian James C. Klotter , probably ended his days as a slaveholder. [ 43 ] When Breckinridge did not travel to Illinois to campaign for Douglas's re-election to the Senate and gave him only a lukewarm endorsement, relations between them worsened. [ 92 ] Functioning as the Senate's presiding officer, Breckinridge's participation in the chamber's debates was also restricted, but he won respect for presiding "gracefully and impartially." [ 48 ] On January 4, 1859, he was asked to deliver the final address in the Old Senate Chamber ; in the speech, he expressed his desire that the Congress find a solution that would preserve the Union. [ 86 ] During its half century in the chamber, the Senate had grown from 32 to 64 members. During those years, he observed, the Constitution had "survived peace and war, prosperity and adversity" to protect "the larger personal freedom compatible with public order." Breckinridge expressed hope that eventually "another Senate, in another age, shall bear to a new and larger Chamber, this Constitution vigorous and inviolate, and that the last generation of posterity shall witness the deliberations of the Representatives of American States, still united, prosperous, and free." [ 48 ] [ 93 ] Breckinridge then led a procession to the new chamber. [ 48 ] Breckinridge opposed the idea that the federal government could coerce action by a state, but maintained that secession, while legal, was not the solution to the country's problems. [ 26 ] Although John Crittenden's Senate term did not expire until 1861, the Kentucky General Assembly met to choose his successor in 1859. [ 88 ] Until just days before the election, the contest was expected to be between Breckinridge and Boyd, who had been elected lieutenant governor in August; Boyd's worsening health prompted his withdrawal on November 28, 1859. On December 12, the Assembly chose Breckinridge over Joshua Fry Bell , the defeated candidate in the August gubernatorial election, by a vote of 81–53. [ 94 ] In his acceptance speech, delivered to the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 21, Breckinridge endorsed the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which ruled that Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories, and insisted that John Brown 's recent raid on Harpers Ferry was evidence of Republicans' insistence on either "negro equality" or violence. [ 88 ] [ 95 ] Resistance in some form, he predicted, would eventually be necessary. [ 43 ] He still urged the assembly against secession – "God forbid that the step shall ever be taken!" – but his discussion of growing sectional conflict bothered some, including his uncle Robert. [ 96 ] Presidential campaign of 1860 Early in 1859, Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina reported to a friend that Breckinridge was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, but as late as January 1860, Breckinridge told family members that he had no desire for the nomination. [ 97 ] A New York Times editorial noted that while Buchanan was falling "in prestige and political consequence, the star of the Vice President rises higher above the clouds." [ 48 ] Douglas, considered the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, was convinced that Breckinridge would be a candidate; this, combined with Buchanan's reluctant support of Breckinridge and Breckinridge's public support for a federal slave code, deepened the rift between the two. [ 97 ] Among Breckinridge's supporters at the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina , were several prominent Kentuckians. They were former Kentucky Governor and current Senator Lazarus W. Powell , former Kentucky Representative William Preston (a distant relative), law partner James Brown Clay , and James B. Beck . [ 97 ] Breckinridge did not attend the convention, but instructed his supporters not to nominate him as long as James Guthrie remained a candidate. [ 98 ] Accordingly, when a delegate from Arkansas nominated Breckinridge for president on the 36th ballot, Beck asked that it be withdrawn, and the request was honored. [ 99 ] Over the course of 57 ballots, Douglas maintained a wide plurality, but failed to gain the necessary two-thirds majority; Guthrie consistently ran second. [ 97 ] Unable to nominate a candidate, delegates voted to reconvene in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18. [ 99 ] Pro-Southern delegates, who had walked out of the Charleston convention in protest of its failure to adopt a federal slave code plank in its platform, did not participate in the Baltimore convention. [ 98 ] [ 100 ] The delegates from Alabama and Louisiana – all of whom had walked out at Charleston – had been replaced, after five days of debate and holding votes on the issue, with Douglas supporters from those states, leading to the nomination of Douglas and Herschel Vespasian Johnson for president and vice president, respectively, on the sixth day. [ 101 ] The protesting delegates convened on the same day in Baltimore. [ 100 ] On the first ballot, Breckinridge received 81 votes, with 24 going to former senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York. Dickinson supporters gradually changed their support to Breckinridge to make his nomination unanimous, and Joseph Lane of Oregon was chosen by acclamation as his vice presidential running mate. [ 102 ] Despite concerns about the breakup of the party, Breckinridge accepted the presidential nomination. [ 26 ] In August, Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis attempted to broker a compromise under which Douglas, Breckinridge, and Tennessee's John Bell , the nominee of the Constitutional Union Party , would all withdraw in favor of a compromise candidate. Both Breckinridge and Bell readily agreed to the plan, but Douglas was opposed to compromising with the "Bolters", and his supporters retained an intense dislike for Breckinridge that made them averse to Davis's proposal. [ 48 ] [ 100 ] Opponents knew Breckinridge believed in the right of secession and accused him of favoring the breakup of the Union; he denied the latter during a speech in Frankfort: "I am an American citizen, a Kentuckian who never did an act nor cherished a thought that was not full of devotion to the Constitution and the Union." [ 103 ] While he had very little support in the northern states, most, if not all, of the southern states were expected to go for Breckinridge. [ 104 ] This would give him only 120 of 303 electoral votes, but to gain support from any northern states, he had to minimize his connections with the southern states and risked losing their support to Bell. [ 105 ] Some Breckinridge supporters believed his best hope was for the election to be thrown to the House of Representatives; if he could add the support of some Douglas or Bell states to the 13 believed to support him, he could beat Lincoln, who was believed to carry the support of 15 states. [ 104 ] To Davis's wife, Varina , Breckinridge wrote, "I trust I have the courage to lead a forlorn hope." [ 106 ] In the four-way contest, Breckinridge came in third in the popular vote, with 18.1%, but second in the Electoral College . [ 33 ] The final electoral vote was 180 for Lincoln, 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. [ 105 ] Although Breckinridge won the states of the Deep South , his support in those states came mostly from rural areas with low slave populations; the urban areas with higher slave populations generally went for Bell or Douglas. [ 106 ] Breckinridge also carried the border states of Maryland and Delaware. Historian James C. Klotter points out in light of these results that, while Douglas maintained that there was "not a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man", it is more likely that party loyalty and economic status played a more prominent role in Breckinridge's support than did issues of slavery and secession. [ 107 ] He lost to Douglas in Missouri and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee. [ 108 ] Bell also captured Breckinridge's home state, Kentucky. [ 105 ] Lincoln swept most of the northern states, although New Jersey split its electoral votes, giving four to Lincoln and three to Douglas. [ 104 ] As the candidate of the Buchanan faction, Breckinridge outpolled Douglas in Pennsylvania and received support comparable to Douglas in Connecticut , although he received very little support elsewhere in the North. It was Breckinridge's duty as vice president to announce Lincoln as the winner of the electoral college vote on February 13, 1861. [ 105 ] On February 24, Breckinridge visited Lincoln at Willard's Hotel in Washington, DC, and frequently thereafter he visited his step-cousin, now the First Lady , at the White House. [ 48 ] [ 109 ] In the lame duck session following the election, Congress adopted a resolution authored by Lazarus Powell, now in the Senate, calling for a committee of thirteen (Committee of Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country) "to consider that portion of the President's message relating to the disturbances of the country." Frank Heck wrote that Breckinridge appointed "an able committee, representing every major faction." [ 110 ] He endorsed Crittenden's proposed compromise , a collection of constitutional amendments designed to avert secession and appease the South. Breckinridge used his influence as the Senate's presiding officer in an unsuccessful attempt to get it approved by either the committee or the Senate. [ 26 ] Ultimately, the committee reported that they were unable to agree on a recommendation. [ 111 ] On March 4, 1861, the last day of the session, Breckinridge swore in Hannibal Hamlin as his successor as vice president. Hamlin, in turn, swore in the newly elected senators, including Breckinridge. [ 107 ] U.S. Senator Seven states had already seceded when Breckinridge took his seat as a senator, leaving the remaining Southern senators more outnumbered in their defense of slavery. [ 107 ] Seeking to find a compromise that would reunite the states under constitutional principles, he urged Lincoln to withdraw federal forces from the Confederate states to avert war. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] The congressional session ended on March 28, and in an April 2 address to the Kentucky General Assembly, he continued to advocate peaceful reconciliation of the states and proposed a conference of border states to seek a solution. [ 114 ] On April 12, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter , ending plans for the conference. [ 115 ] Breckinridge recommended that Governor Beriah Magoffin call a sovereignty convention to determine whether Kentucky would side with the Union or the Confederacy. [ 116 ] On May 10, he was chosen by the legislature as one of six delegates to a conference to decide the state's next action. [ 26 ] The states' rights delegates were Breckinridge, Magoffin, and Richard Hawes ; the Unionist delegates were Crittenden, Archibald Dixon , and S.S. Nicholas . [ 116 ] Unable to agree on substantial issues, the delegates recommended that Kentucky adopt a neutral stance in the Civil War and arm itself to prevent invasion by either federal or Confederate forces. [ 117 ] Breckinridge did not support this recommendation, but he agreed to abide by it once it was approved by the legislature. [ 26 ] In special elections in June, pro-Union candidates captured 9 of 10 seats in Kentucky's House delegation. [ 116 ] Returning to the Senate for a special session in July, Breckinridge was regarded as a traitor by most of his fellow legislators because of his Confederate sympathies. [ 118 ] He condemned as unconstitutional Lincoln's enlistment and arming of men for a war Congress had not officially declared, his expending funds for the war that had not been allocated by Congress, and his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus . [ 112 ] He was the only senator to vote against a resolution authorizing Lincoln to use "the entire resources of the government" for the war. [ 119 ] Asked what he would do if he were president, he replied, "I would prefer to see these States all reunited upon true constitutional principles to any other object that could be offered me in life. But I infinitely prefer to see a peaceful separation of these States than to see endless, aimless, devastating war, at the end of which I see the grave of public liberty and of personal freedom." On August 1, he declared that, if Kentucky sided with the federal government against the Confederacy, "she will be represented by some other man on the floor of this Senate." [ 118 ] Kentucky's neutrality was breached by both federal and Confederate forces in early September 1861 (the Federal forces maintained that there had been no breach, as Kentucky was an integral part of the Union). [ 118 ] Confederate forces invaded Kentucky on September 3; they were followed by a Union force commanded by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant , which on the morning of September 6 occupied the town of Paducah on the Ohio River . [ 120 ] Soon after, Unionists in the state arrested former governor Charles S. Morehead for his suspected Confederate sympathies and shut down the Louisville Courier because of its pro-Confederate editorials. [ 119 ] Word reached Breckinridge that Union General Thomas E. Bramlette intended to arrest him next. [ 119 ] To avoid detainment, on September 19, 1861, he left Lexington. Joined in Prestonsburg by Confederate sympathizers George W. Johnson , George Baird Hodge , William Preston, and William E. Simms , he continued to Abingdon, Virginia , and from there by rail to Confederate-held Bowling Green, Kentucky . [ 121 ] The state legislature immediately requested his resignation. [ 118 ] In an open letter to his constituents dated October 8, 1861, Breckinridge maintained that the Union no longer existed and that Kentucky should be free to choose her own course; he defended his sympathy to the Southern cause and denounced the Unionist state legislature, declaring, "I exchange with proud satisfaction a term of six years in the Senate of the United States for the musket of a soldier." [ 118 ] [ 122 ] He was indicted for treason in U.S. federal district court in Frankfort on November 6, 1861, having officially enlisted in the Confederate army days earlier. [ 26 ] On December 2, 1861, he was declared a traitor by the U.S. Senate. [ 123 ] A resolution stating "Whereas John C. Breckinridge, a member of this body from the State of Kentucky, has joined the enemies of his country, and is now in arms against the government he had sworn to support: Therefore—Resolved, That said John C. Breckinridge, the traitor, be, and he hereby is, expelled from the Senate," was adopted by a vote of 36–0 on December 4. [ 48 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ten Southern Senators had been expelled earlier that year in July. [ 126 ] American Civil War Service in the Western Theater On the recommendation of Simon Bolivar Buckner , the former commander of the Kentucky State Militia who had also joined the Confederate Army, Breckinridge was commissioned as a brigadier general on November 2, 1861. [ 127 ] On November 16, he was given command of the 1st Kentucky Brigade. [ 128 ] Nicknamed the Orphan Brigade because its men felt orphaned by Kentucky's Unionist state government, the brigade was in Buckner's 2nd Division of the Army of Mississippi , commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston . [ 129 ] For several weeks, he trained his troops in the city, and he also participated in the organization of a provisional Confederate government for the state . [ 127 ] Although not sanctioned by the legislature in Frankfort, its existence prompted the Confederacy to admit Kentucky on December 10, 1861. [ 130 ] Johnston's forces were forced to withdraw from Bowling Green in February 1862. [ 127 ] During the retreat, Breckinridge was put in charge of Johnston's Reserve Corps. [ 26 ] Johnston decided to attack Ulysses S. Grant 's forces at Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6, 1862, by advancing North from his base in Corinth, Mississippi . Breckinridge's reserves soon joined the Battle of Shiloh as Johnston tried to force Grant's troops into the river. [ 127 ] Despite Johnston being killed in the fighting, the Confederates made steady progress against Grant's troops until P. G. T. Beauregard – who assumed command after Johnston's death – ordered his generals to break off the fighting at about 6 o'clock in the afternoon. [ 131 ] The next day, the Union forces regrouped and repelled the Confederates. [ 127 ] Breckinridge's division formed the Confederate rearguard, stationing itself on the ground that the Confederates held the night before the first day of the battle while the rest of the army retreated. Union troops did not pursue them. [ 132 ] Of the 7,000 troops under Breckinridge's command at the battle, 386 were killed and 1,628 were wounded, Breckinridge among the latter. [ 123 ] [ 133 ] Breckinridge's performance earned him a promotion to major general on April 14, 1862. [ 134 ] After his promotion, he joined Earl Van Dorn near Vicksburg, Mississippi . [ 130 ] The Confederate forces awaited a Union attack throughout most of July. [ 135 ] Finally, Van Dorn ordered Breckinridge to attempt to recapture Baton Rouge, Louisiana , from federal forces. Despite having his forces reduced to around 3,000 by illness and desertions, on the morning of August 5, he attacked the Union garrison , capturing several prisoners, destroying its supplies, and driving it from the city. Union troops were forced to take shelter under cover of their gunboats. The ironclad CSS Arkansas was intended to support Breckinridge's attack by moving down the Red River , but it was immobilized by a mechanical failure and its crew set it on fire before letting it loose downriver to threaten oncoming Union vessels and to prevent its capture. Without naval support, the Confederates were unable to hold the city. Breckinridge withdrew his troops at 10 o'clock. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] Later that month, Breckinridge served as an independent commander in the lower Mississippi Valley , securing Confederate control of the area by taking Port Hudson , which helped halt the federal advance down the Mississippi River. [ 26 ] Meanwhile, General Braxton Bragg , commanding the Army of Mississippi, was preparing an invasion of Kentucky, and Breckinridge was ordered to join him. Confederate leaders believed that Breckinridge's presence in the state could spur enlistments. Van Dorn was reluctant to lose command of Breckinridge and his men, and by the time he relented on October 15, Bragg was already retreating from the state after being defeated at the Battle of Perryville . Breckinridge and his division of 7,000 men met Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tennessee . [ 135 ] With Kentucky solidly under Union control, Breckinridge's wife and children moved south and followed his troops as closely as was safely possible. [ 137 ] Bragg resented Breckinridge's close ties to Confederate commanders, particularly Joseph E. Johnston , Wade Hampton , John B. Floyd , and William Preston, all of whom were related to Breckinridge. [ 138 ] Furthermore, he thought Breckinridge's late arrival for the Kentucky campaign had contributed to the lack of Confederate volunteers he found in the state. [ 139 ] In December, Bragg ordered the execution of Kentucky Corporal Asa Lewis after a court martial had convicted him of desertion . [ 140 ] Lewis's enlistment had expired, but he continued to serve with the 6th Kentucky Infantry Regiment until his impoverished mother and siblings begged him to return home. [ 141 ] Although Lewis claimed he was returning to the army at the time of his arrest, Bragg was insistent on reducing desertions by making him an example. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] After witnessing the execution, Breckinridge reportedly became nauseated and fell forward on his horse, requiring assistance from members of his staff. [ 142 ] He protested Bragg's "military murder" and was barely able to prevent open mutiny by his Kentucky soldiers. [ 143 ] Relations between Breckinridge and Bragg continued to deteriorate; Breckinridge's opinion that Bragg was incompetent was shared by many Confederate officers. [ 144 ] At Murfreesboro, Breckinridge's Division was assigned to Lieutenant General William J. Hardee 's Corps and was stationed on the east side of the Stones River . When the Union Army of the Cumberland , commanded by Major General William Rosecrans , attacked on December 31, 1862, beginning the Battle of Stones River, Bragg's main force initially repelled the attack. [ 135 ] Bragg ordered Breckinridge to reinforce him on the west side of the river, but Brigadier General John Pegram , who commanded a cavalry brigade, erroneously reported that a large Union force was advancing along the east bank, and Breckinridge was slow to comply with Bragg's order. When he finally crossed the river, his attacks were ineffective, and Bragg ordered him back across the river. [ 141 ] On January 2, a Union division under Brigadier General Horatio P. Van Cleve crossed the river and took a ridge. The position endangered Leonidas Polk 's corps, which was positioned ahead of the rest of the Confederate lines in the center of the battlefield. Against Breckinridge's advice, Bragg ordered his division to launch a frontal attack on the federal position. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Prior to the attack, Breckinridge wrote to Preston, "if [the attack] should result in disaster and I be among the killed, I want you to do justice to my memory and tell the people that I believed this attack to be very unwise and tried to prevent it." [ 143 ] Launching their attack at 4 P.M., Breckinridge's men initially broke the Union line and forced them across the river. Artillery on the opposite side of the river then opened fire on Breckinridge's men, and a fresh Union division under Brigadier General James S. Negley arrived to reinforce the fleeing troops. In just over an hour, nearly one-third of Breckinridge's troops were killed, wounded, or captured. One anecdote holds that, as he rode among the survivors, he cried out repeatedly, "My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans," bringing recognition to the Orphan Brigade. [ 143 ] [ 147 ] Bragg's official report criticized the conduct of Breckinridge's division and assigned to Breckinridge most of the blame for the Confederate defeat. [ 142 ] [ 145 ] [ 148 ] Breckinridge asserted to his superiors that Bragg's report "fails to do justice to the behavior of my Division"; he requested a court of inquiry, but the request was denied. [ 142 ] Several Kentuckians under Breckinridge's command, who already blamed Bragg for the failed invasion of their native state, encouraged him to resign his commission and challenge Bragg to a duel. [ 144 ] In May 1863, Breckinridge was reassigned to Joseph E. Johnston, participating in the Battle of Jackson in an unsuccessful attempt to break the siege of Vicksburg . [ 26 ] Vicksburg fell to Grant's forces on July 4, and Breckinridge was returned to Bragg's command on August 28, 1863. After seeing no action on the first day of the Battle of Chickamauga in Georgia on September 19, he led a division of D.H. Hill 's corps in an attack on the Union forces the next morning. [ 144 ] The Confederate troops succeeded in breaking the Union line, [ 130 ] but the main army escaped back to Tennessee. Of Breckinridge's 3,769 men, 166 were killed in the battle; 909 were wounded and 165 were missing. [ 149 ] In late November, Breckinridge commanded one of Bragg's two corps during the Confederate defeat at the Battles for Chattanooga . [ 130 ] Bragg ordered a significant number of Breckinridge's men to reinforce Hardee's corps, leaving him with insufficient forces to repel the combined attack of Joseph Hooker and George Henry Thomas on Missionary Ridge . [ 150 ] His son, Cabell, was captured in the battle. He was later freed in a prisoner exchange . [ 137 ] In his official report, Bragg charged Breckinridge with drunkenness at Chattanooga and (retroactively) at Stones River. Historian Lowell H. Harrison noted that, while Breckinridge frequently drank whiskey, he was well known for being able to consume large amounts without getting drunk. Before submitting his own resignation, which was accepted, Bragg removed Breckinridge from command. [ 144 ] It would be almost two years – on May 1, 1865 – before the two would reconcile. [ 151 ] Service in the Eastern Theater On December 15, 1863, Breckinridge took leave in Richmond. [ 152 ] Premature rumors of his death prompted The New York Times to print a quite vituperative obituary suggesting that Breckinridge had been a hypocrite for supporting states' rights, then abandoning his home state when it chose to remain in the Union. [ 153 ] Confederate leaders were skeptical of Bragg's claims against Breckinridge, and in February 1864, Confederate President Jefferson Davis assigned him to the Eastern Theater and put him in charge of the Trans-Allegheny Department (later known as the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia ). [ 130 ] On May 5, General Robert E. Lee , commander of the Army of Northern Virginia , ordered Breckinridge to take command of a reconnaissance mission to scout the federal forces under Franz Sigel near Winchester, Virginia as part of the Lynchburg Campaign . [ 154 ] With a force of about 4,800 men, including 261 cadets from the Virginia Military Institute , he defeated Sigel's 6,300 men at the Battle of New Market on May 15, driving them west across the Shenandoah River . In doing so, Breckinridge's troops protected Lee's flank, defended a crucial railroad junction, and protected the valuable wheat supply. [ 155 ] Lee had suggested that Breckinridge invade Maryland, but he was unable to do so because floodwaters had made the Potomac River virtually impassable. [ 156 ] The victory was considered one of his best performances as a general. [ 157 ] Since then, many in the South have viewed him as a "worthy successor" of the late Stonewall Jackson . Breckinridge would draw more comparisons at the Second Battle of Kernstown , the scene of the first fight in Jackson's Valley Campaign two years earlier. In the Second Battle, which occurred on July 24, 13,000 Confederate troops commanded by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early attacked and defeated 10,000 Federal troops under the command of Brig. Gen. George Crook . The victory allowed the Confederates to resume their invasion of the North. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Shortly thereafter, Breckinridge's Division reinforced Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and played an important role in halting Grant's advance at the Battle of Cold Harbor . [ 130 ] During the battle, his troops repulsed a powerful Union attack. [ 160 ] Breckinridge was wounded when a cannonball struck his horse and he was pinned underneath. [ 161 ] He was still unable to walk or ride when Lee ordered him to take command of the survivors of the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Piedmont . [ 162 ] Traveling by rail to Rockfish Gap on June 10, he marched his forces into the city of Lynchburg, Virginia . [ 162 ] He was joined there by General Early's troops, who arrived just in time to save the Confederate forces from an assault by Union forces under David Hunter at the Battle of Lynchburg . [ 163 ] After Early and Breckinridge (who was now able to ride a horse) chased Hunter more than sixty miles away from the city, Lee ordered them to clear the Union forces from the Shenandoah Valley , then cross into Maryland and probe the defenses of Washington, D.C. Union forces' only serious attempt to turn back the expedition came at the Battle of Monocacy on July 9. Confederate troops were delayed, but ultimately prevailed and continued toward Washington. [ 163 ] They were defeated at the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 11–12, partially with reinforcements brought in by the United States Government with the time gained from the Battle of Monocacy. [ 164 ] Since Lincoln was watching the fight from the ramparts of Fort Stevens, this marked the only time in American history in which two former opponents in a presidential election faced one another across battle lines. [ 165 ] Following the battle, Early decided to withdraw rather than assault the well-fortified federal capital. [ 164 ] Early and Breckinridge were able to hold the Shenandoah Valley through July and August, but on September 19, 1864, Philip Sheridan forced their retreat at the Third Battle of Winchester . [ 165 ] Responding to General John Brown Gordon 's admonition to be careful in the fight, Breckinridge responded, "Well, general, there is little left for me if our cause is to fail." [ 48 ] After the death of John Hunt Morgan , Breckinridge again took command of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia. [ 130 ] He reorganized the department, which was in great disarray. On October 2, 1864, at the First Battle of Saltville , his troops were able to protect critical Confederate salt works from United States forces under Stephen G. Burbridge , despite a lack of resources. [ 130 ] The next morning, he discovered that soldiers under his command had begun killing an estimated 45 to 100 wounded black Union soldiers of the 5th United States Colored Cavalry . [ 166 ] Hearing the gunfire, he rushed to stop the massacre. [ 167 ] Brigadier General Felix Huston Robertson was suspected of involvement and bragged about killing the negroes. General Lee instructed Breckinridge to "prefer charges against him and bring him to trial", but no trial ever took place. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] In mid-November, Breckinridge led a raid into northeastern Tennessee, driving Alvan Cullem Gillem 's forces back to Knoxville at the Battle of Bull's Gap . On December 17–18, he faced a two-pronged attack from Union cavalry under Major General George Stoneman at the Battle of Marion in Virginia. Badly outnumbered on either flank, Breckinridge resisted Stoneman's forces until he ran low on ammunition. Stoneman's forces were able to damage Confederate salt works, lead mines, and railroads in the area, and destroy supply depots at Bristol and Abingdon. Finally restocked with ammunition after three days, Breckinridge was able to drive Stoneman – whose men were now short of ammunition themselves – out of the area. [ 170 ] Confederate Secretary of War James A. Seddon resigned his position as the Confederate Secretary of War on January 19, 1865. On February 6, Davis appointed Breckinridge to the vacant position, partially to quiet growing opposition to his administration. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Initially opposed by several members of the Confederate Congress because he had waited to join the Confederacy, he eventually gained their support by administering his office more efficiently than his predecessors. [ 167 ] With their support, he was able to expand the post's influence to include making officer assignments and promotion recommendations and advising field generals regarding strategy. [ 167 ] His first act as secretary was to promote Robert E. Lee to general-in-chief of all Confederate forces. [ 172 ] After Lee reported a critical shortage of food, clothing, and supplies among his troops, Breckinridge recommended the removal of Lucius B. Northrop , the Confederate commissary general . Northrop's successor, Isaac M. St. John , improved the flow of supplies to troops in the field. [ 173 ] By late February, Breckinridge concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless. Delegating the day-to-day operations of his office to his assistant, John Archibald Campbell , he began laying the groundwork for surrender. [ 171 ] Davis desired to continue the fight, but Breckinridge urged, "This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in farce." [ 48 ] On April 2, Lee sent a telegram to Breckinridge informing him that he would have to withdraw from his position that night, and that this would necessitate the evacuation of Richmond. [ 174 ] Ordering Campbell to organize the flight of the Confederate cabinet to Danville, Virginia , Breckinridge remained in the city to oversee the destruction of facilities and supplies to prevent their use by the invading federal forces. [ 171 ] However, he did not destroy Confederate archives and records, which were preserved for history. [ 130 ] Upon his exit from the city, he ordered that the bridges over the James River be burned. His son Clifton, then serving in the Confederate Navy at Richmond, resigned his post and joined his father as he moved southward to meet Davis. [ 167 ] After overseeing the transfer of Richmond, Breckinridge joined Lee's forces at Farmville, Virginia , on the night of April 5 and remained there until April 7. [ 174 ] He continued on to Danville, arriving on April 11 to discover that Lee had surrendered on April 9 and the Confederate cabinet had already fled to Greensboro, North Carolina . [ 175 ] Arriving in Greensboro on April 13, he advised the cabinet that the remaining Confederate armies should be surrendered; only Davis and Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin disagreed. [ 175 ] At Bennett Place , he assisted Joseph E. Johnston in his surrender negotiations with Major General William Tecumseh Sherman . [ 129 ] Sherman later praised Breckinridge's negotiating skills, and the surrender terms agreed to were later rejected by Washington as too generous, forcing Sherman to offer the same terms as Grant had at Appomattox, which were accepted. [ 176 ] On April 18, Breckinridge heard from Sherman and Johnston of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln four days earlier; the President had died in the Petersen House , where Breckinridge briefly resided in late 1852 as a U.S. representative. The Kentuckian was visibly devastated. Eyewitness accounts recall him to have said, "Gentlemen, the South has lost its best friend." [ 177 ] Breckinridge rode into Abbeville, South Carolina , on the morning of April 28. [ 151 ] While there, Breckinridge and Brigadier General Basil W. Duke convinced Davis that continuing the war was hopeless. [ 178 ] Breckinridge was put in charge of the $150,000 in gold specie remaining in the Confederate treasury; traveling southward by rail toward Washington, Georgia , a group of soldiers in his military escort – unpaid for months – threatened to divide the gold among themselves before it could be captured by federal troops. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Breckinridge convinced them to abandon their scheme after paying them their wages from the treasury, but some of them refused to escort Breckinridge and the bullion any further. [ 178 ] Breckinridge's party arrived in Washington on May 4 and, after paying out several requisitions from the treasury, deposited the rest in banks there. He also composed a letter to his remaining deputies in which he disbanded the War Department. [ 180 ] Escape and exile On May 5, the same day that Jefferson Davis officially dissolved the Confederate Government, [ 181 ] Breckinridge discharged most of the men escorting him, retaining only a small contingent of Kentuckians under the command of his cousin, William Campbell Preston Breckinridge . Feeling honor bound to protect Davis, he attempted to create a diversion that would allow him to escape. The next day, his party encountered a large Federal force; while his cousin negotiated with the force's commander, Breckinridge and a small detachment escaped. [ 180 ] Riding southward across Georgia, they reached Milltown (now Lakeland ) by May 11 and remained there for a few days. [ 182 ] Learning of Davis's capture, he left Milltown with only a military aide, a personal servant, and his son Cabell. [ 183 ] On May 15, 1865, in Madison, Florida , he was joined by fellow fugitive John Taylor Wood , who had been a captain in the Confederate Navy . [ 183 ] Breckinridge and Wood decided to flee to the Bahamas , but because Cabell was allergic to mosquitoes, Breckinridge told him to surrender to the nearest federal officer. [ 184 ] At Gainesville, Florida , the group found Confederate Colonel John Jackson Dickison , who gave them a lifeboat he had taken from a captured federal gunboat. [ 184 ] Traveling down the St. Johns River , they reached Fort Butler on May 29. From there, they continued on the St. Johns to Lake Harney where the boat was loaded on a wagon and hauled about 12 miles (19 km) to Sand Point (today's Titusville) on the Indian River. [ 185 ] They reached the river by May 31, but as they followed its course southward, they had to drag the boat across the river's mudflats and sandbars . [ 183 ] They stopped at the John C. Houston place on Elbow Creek (Melbourne), where their boat was brought ashore and caulked. When the repairs were completed, Colonel John Taylor Wood, again led the party south. [ 185 ] Transferring the boat to the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter Inlet , they continued along the Florida coast and landed near present-day Palm Beach on June 4. Strong winds prevented them from navigating the small craft out to sea, so they continued southward down the coast. [ 186 ] On June 5, the party was spotted by a federal steamer, but convinced the crew they were hunters scavenging the coast. [ 186 ] Two days later, they encountered a larger boat with a mast and rigging; chasing it down, they disarmed the occupants and hijacked the craft. [ 186 ] As compensation, they gave their old boat and twenty dollars in gold to the owners of the larger craft, and returned some of their weapons after the exchange was complete. [ 186 ] With this more seaworthy craft, they decided to flee to Cuba . Departing from Fort Dallas , they survived an encounter with pirates, two significant storms, and a dangerous lack of provisions before arriving in Cárdenas on June 11, 1865. [ 183 ] A Kentuckian living in the city recognized Breckinridge, introduced him to the locals, and served as his interpreter. The refugees were given food and stayed the night in a local hotel. [ 187 ] The next morning, they traveled by rail to Havana , where Breckinridge was offered a house. [ 188 ] He declined the offer, choosing to travel with Charles J. Helm, a fellow Kentuckian who had been operating as a Confederate agent in the Caribbean, to Great Britain. [ 183 ] Arriving in Britain in late July, he consulted with former Confederate agents there and arranged communication with his wife, then in Canada. Re-crossing the Atlantic, he was reunited with his wife and all of his children except Clifton in Toronto on September 13, 1865. [ 189 ] The family spent the winter there, living first in a hotel and then in a rented house. There were enough Confederate exiles in the city, according to Mrs. Breckinridge, "to form quite a pleasant society among ourselves." [ 190 ] [ 191 ] The family moved to Niagara in May. In August, doctors advised Breckinridge's wife that the climate of France might benefit her ailing health. Cabell Breckinridge returned to the U.S. to engage in business ventures with his brother Clifton, and Mary, just 12 years old, was sent to live with relatives in New York. [ 192 ] The remainder of the family journeyed to Europe, where the children attended school in Paris , Versailles , and Vevey , Switzerland . From mid-1866 to early 1868, Breckinridge toured Europe and the Middle East – including visits to Germany , Austria , Turkey , Greece , Syria , Egypt , and the Holy Land ; because of her poor health, his wife remained in France until February 1868, when she joined him in Naples . During their tour of Italy, Breckinridge met with Pope Pius IX in Rome , and also visited Pompeii . [ 189 ] Desiring to return to the U.S. but still fearing capture, Breckinridge moved his family back to Niagara in June 1868. [ 193 ] [ 194 ] He steadfastly refused to seek a pardon , although 70 members of the Kentucky General Assembly had requested one on his behalf from President Andrew Johnson on February 10, 1866. [ 193 ] On January 8, 1868, the Louisville City Council instructed the state's congressional delegation to seek assurance that Breckinridge would not be prosecuted on his return. [ 193 ] James Beck, Breckinridge's old law partner, was then in Congress and wrote to him on December 11, 1868, that it appeared likely that Johnson would issue a general pardon for all former Confederates; he advised Breckinridge to return to the U.S. before the pardon was issued because he feared it might only apply to those in the country. [ 195 ] Return to the U.S. and death Johnson proclaimed amnesty for all former Confederates on December 25, 1868. [ 130 ] Still in Canada, Breckinridge lingered for a few weeks to receive assurance that it still applied to him even though he had not been in the U.S. when it was issued. [ 195 ] Departing Canada on February 10, 1869, he made several stops to visit family and friends, arriving in Lexington on March 9. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Although he resided in Kentucky for the rest of his life, he never bought a home there after the war, living first in hotels and then renting a home on West Second Street. [ 196 ] Many insurance companies in the south asked Breckinridge to join them. In August 1868, he became manager of the Kentucky branch of Virginia's Piedmont Life Insurance Company (which soon became the Piedmont and Arlington Insurance Company). Washington College (now Washington and Lee University ) offered him a professorship. He was urged to accept by former Confederate Colonel William Preston Johnston , who was already a faculty member, [ 197 ] but Breckinridge declined. [ 198 ] He resumed his law practice, taking as a partner Robert A. Thornton, a 27-year-old Confederate veteran. [ 196 ] He served as general counsel for the proposed Cincinnati Southern Railway , which would connect Cincinnati to Chattanooga via Lexington. [ 26 ] [ 199 ] Officials in Louisville tried to block the move, which would break the near-monopoly that the Louisville and Nashville Railroad had on southern trade. [ 199 ] On January 25, 1870, he presented his case to the House and Senate railroad committees; although they rejected it at that time, they approved it two years later. [ 199 ] Construction began in 1873. [ 200 ] Breckinridge's other railroad ventures were less successful. During his lifetime, he was unable to secure the construction of railroads to his real estate investments in and around Superior, Wisconsin . [ 201 ] As president of the newly formed Elizabethtown, Lexington, and Big Sandy Railroad company, he secured financial backing from Collis Potter Huntington for a railroad connecting Elizabethtown and Lexington to the Big Sandy River as part of a route linking those cities with the Atlantic Ocean. When Huntington invested in June 1871, he became president of the company, and Breckinridge became vice president. [ 202 ] A line from Lexington to Mount Sterling was all that could be completed before the Panic of 1873 dried up the needed investment capital. The proposed line was finally completed in 1881. [ 203 ] Breckinridge refused all requests – including one by President Ulysses S. Grant – to return to politics, insisting, "I no more feel the political excitements that marked the scenes of my former years than if I were an extinct volcano." [ 48 ] Under the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment , a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress would have been needed to allow him to hold office because he had sided with the Confederacy. He never expressed interest in seeking such approval. [ 195 ] Speaking as a private citizen in March 1870, he publicly denounced the actions of the Ku Klux Klan . In 1872, he supported passage of a state statute which successfully legalized black testimony against whites in court. [ 204 ] By 1873, Breckinridge began to experience health problems which he referred to as "pleuro-pneumonia". [ 205 ] Repeated surgeries and visits to the New York coast and the Virginia mountains did not improve his condition. [ 206 ] In May 1875, he consulted surgeons Lewis Sayre and Samuel D. Gross , who concluded that his ill health was caused by cirrhosis brought on by injuries to his liver suffered during the war. Of more immediate concern was the fluid that filled two-thirds of one of his lungs. On May 11, Sayre attempted to create an artificial opening through which the fluid could drain; although he had to stop before completing the operation, some of the fluid was drained, bringing a measure of relief. Assisted by Beck and Frank K. Hunt, Breckinridge completed his will. [ 207 ] Sayre further alleviated Breckinridge's pain via another surgery on the morning of May 17, but by the afternoon, his condition rapidly worsened, and he died at approximately 5:45 p.m. at the age of 54. [ 208 ] Basil Duke led the funeral procession to Lexington Cemetery where Breckinridge's body was buried. [ 209 ] Legacy Historical reputation As a military commander, Breckinridge was highly respected by some. Fellow Confederate George M. Edgar, describing Breckinridge's performance, wrote: General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] On May 20, 1875, the Louisville Courier Journal declared that it was Breckinridge who was "truly representative of the rebellion as an actual force and its underlying causes." [ 211 ] He was viewed poorly in the North. The premature New York Times 1863 obituary labelled "him one of the basest and wickedest of traitors." [ 153 ] His strengths included a reputation for dignity and integrity, and especially his tall, graceful and handsome appearance, with cordial manner, pleasing voice and eloquent address that was highly appreciated by voters, soldiers, and women alike. He was hailed as the personification of Kentucky chivalry. Observers said he was a "most noble looking man – a ladies man – such piercing blue eyes I never saw before. His very looks show his superiority over most men." [ 212 ] Monuments and memorials Despite differences in spelling, the towns of Breckenridge, Minnesota , [ 213 ] Breckenridge, Missouri , [ 214 ] Breckenridge, Texas , [ 215 ] and Breckenridge, Colorado were named in Breckinridge's honor. The Colorado town changed the spelling of its name when its namesake joined the Confederacy. [ 216 ] Fort Breckinridge, Arizona Territory (1860 to 1865) was named in honor of the Vice President. During the Civil War, its name was changed to Fort Stanford in honor of California Governor Leland Stanford , before being changed back to Fort Breckinridge. After the Civil War, the name was changed once again to Camp Grant. [ 217 ] Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as Lyon County , Kansas, was known as Breckinridge County. [ 218 ] Breckinridge was played by Jason Isaacs in the 2014 film Field of Lost Shoes , which depicted the Battle of New Market. [ 219 ] A memorial to Breckinridge was placed on the Fayette County Courthouse lawn in Lexington in 1887. [ 220 ] In November 2015, the Urban County Arts Review Board voted to recommend removal of both the Breckinridge statue and one of John Hunt Morgan . Amy Murrell Taylor , the T. Marshall Hahn Jr. Professor of History at the University of Kentucky , claimed that the "statues are not and have never been neutral representations of the Civil War past but instead they are embodiments of a racially charged postwar interpretation of it." [ 221 ] The relocation of the memorial to the Lexington Cemetery was completed in July 2018, funded by private donations. Breckinridge's memorial was placed in his family's burial area in Section G. [ 222 ] See also American Civil War portal Biography portal Breckinridge family in the American Civil War Kentucky in the American Civil War List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) List of United States senators expelled or censured References ^ a b Harrison 1973 , p. 125. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 10. ^ Klotter 1992 , p. 117. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 3. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 4. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 5. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Breckinridge, John Cabell" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 97. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 1. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 6. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 14. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 9. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 15. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 10. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 10–11. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 11. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 99. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 21–22. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 22. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 12. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 13–14. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 14. ^ a b c d e Klotter 1986 , p. 102. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 29. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Dictionary of America Biography: John Cabell Breckinridge" . Charles Scribner's Sons. 1936. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 20. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 103. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 21. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 34. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 22. ^ Tschanz, David W. "Yellow Fever and the Strategy of the Mexican-American War" . Montana State University. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017 . Retrieved June 10, 2017 . ^ a b c Sifakis 1988 , p. 71. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 37. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 23. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 38. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 30. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 31. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 33. ^ Breckinridge, John C. (September 5, 1860). "The Presidency.; Speech of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, at Lexingtion, Ky" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 14, 2017 . Retrieved June 6, 2017 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 26. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 24. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 113. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 43. ^ a b c d e Klotter 1986 , p. 104. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 45. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "John Cabell Breckinridge, 14th Vice President (1857–1861)" . United States Senate. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017 . Retrieved February 16, 2018 . ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 46. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 29. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 30. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 48. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 31. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 49. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 33. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 33–34. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 53. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 105. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 55–56. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 34. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 58. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 107. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 59. ^ a b Davis 2010 , pp. 65–68. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 68. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 69–70. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 37. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 38. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 76. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 76–77. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 77. ^ a b c Harrison 1973 , p. 126. ^ Klotter 1986 , pp. 105–106. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 106. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 35. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 45. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 46–47. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 47. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 48. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 50–52. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 51. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 110. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 111. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 59. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 61. ^ a b Harrison 1973 , p. 127. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 63. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 112. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 67. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 68. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 72. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 75. ^ Breckinridge, John C. (January 4, 1859). "Address of the Hon. John C. Breckinridge, vice president of the United States" . Retrieved June 11, 2017 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 79. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 208. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 209. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 114. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 82. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 83. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 115. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 83–84. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 84. ^ Harrison 1973 , p. 128. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 90. ^ a b c d Klotter 1992 , p. 118. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 117. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 118. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 91. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 97. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 94. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 95. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 119. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 98. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 98–99. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 100. ^ a b c Harrison 1973 , p. 129. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 101. ^ a b c d e Harrison 1973 , p. 130. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 120. ^ "Important from Kentucky: Paducah in Possession of the National Troops" . The New York Times . September 7, 1861. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017 . Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Newspapers.com . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 104. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 105. ^ a b Eicher & Eicher 2001 , p. 143. ^ U.S. Senate Historical Office (1995). United States Senate Election, Expulsion and Censure Cases: 1793–1990 . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 102– 103. ISBN 0-1606-3264-1 . ^ "Senate Journal. 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 4 December 1861, 23" . Archived from the original on February 25, 2021 . Retrieved November 17, 2012 . ^ "July 11, 1861: Ten Senators Expelled" . United States Senate. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016 . Retrieved July 17, 2016 . ^ a b c d e Harrison 1973 , p. 131. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 108. ^ a b Sifakis 1988 , p. 72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Richard Nelson Current, ed. (1993). "John C. Breckinridge". Encyclopedia of the Confederacy . New York City: Simon & Schuster . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 109. ^ Pollard 1866 , p. 242. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 121. ^ "John C. Breckinridge | Biography, Facts, & Party" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on January 20, 2021 . Retrieved January 16, 2021 . ^ a b c d Harrison 1973 , p. 132. ^ Pollard 1866 , pp. 326–327. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 123. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 124. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 113. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 113–114. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 114. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 125. ^ a b c Harrison 1973 , p. 133. ^ a b c d Harrison 1973 , p. 134. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 115. ^ Pollard 1866 , p. 350. ^ Pollard 1866 , pp. 350–351. ^ Bragg, Braxton (February 23, 1863). "Report of General Braxton Bragg, C. S. Army Commanding Army of Tennessee on the Battle of Stones River" . Civil War Home . Archived from the original on May 19, 2017 . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 116. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 117. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 519. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 119. ^ a b "John C. Breckinridge" . The New York Times . December 7, 1863. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017 . 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Retrieved December 1, 2017 . ^ a b c d Heck 1976 , p. 142. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 144. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 145. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 147. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 550–551. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 551. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 146. ^ a b c Harrison 1973 , p. 140. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 148. ^ a b c d Harrison 1973 , p. 141. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 151. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 589. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 150. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 134. ^ Harrison 1973 , p. 142. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 153. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 154. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 156. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 157. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 135. ^ Harrison 1973 , p. 144. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 159. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 160. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 161. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 430. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 543. ^ Grady McWhiney, "Breckenridge, John Cabell" in John A. Garrity, ed., Encyclopedia of American Biography (1974), pp. 130–131. ^ Upham 1920 , p. 578. ^ Eaton 1916 , p. 266. ^ "Breckinridge, TX" . Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2017 . ^ Breckenridge or Breckinridge: Local Historian Breaks it Down Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , by Robert Allen, Vail (Colorado) Daily , June 13, 2009 ^ "Fort Breckinridge: Built Again and Again" . Legends of America. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016 . Retrieved July 28, 2016 . ^ "Kansas Counties: Breckinridge County, Kansas [defunct]" . The Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017 . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . ^ Scheck, Frank (September 25, 2014). " 'Field of Lost Shoes': Film Review" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11, 2016 . Retrieved July 20, 2016 . ^ "Honoring the Dead" . The Maysville Evening Bulletin. November 15, 1887. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2016 . ^ Musgrave, Beth (May 26, 2017). "New Orleans removed its Confederate monuments. What will Lexington do?" . Lexington Herald Leader. Archived from the original on May 30, 2017 . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ Bertram, Charles. "Confederate statues quietly moved to Lexington Cemetery" . kentucky . Archived from the original on June 17, 2019 . Retrieved June 18, 2019 . Bibliography Davis, William C. (2010). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8071-0068-4 . Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named . Columbia, Missouri: The State Historical Society of Missouri. ISBN 1-120-29618-8 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3 . Harrison, Lowell H. (1973). "John C. Breckinridge: Nationalist, Confederate, Kentuckian". Filson Club History Quarterly . 47 (2). Heck, Frank H. (1976). Proud Kentuckian: John C. Breckinridge, 1821–1875 . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0217-0 . Klotter, James C. (1986). The Breckinridges of Kentucky . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9165-3 . Klotter, James C. (1992). "Breckinridge, John Cabell". In John E. Kleber (ed.). The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark , Lowell H. Harrison , and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Archived from the original on July 17, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . McKnight, Brian D. (2006). Contested Borderland: Civil War in Appalachian Kentucky and Virginia . Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2389-5 . Pollard, Edward A. (1866). The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates: Comprising a Full and Authentic Account of the Rise and Progress of the Late Southern Confederacy--the Campaigns, Battles, Incidents, and Adventures of the Most Gigantic Struggle of the World's History . New York, NY: E.B. Treat & Co., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-10131-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Sifakis, Stewart (1988). Who was Who in the Civil War . New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance . Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 1-115-33741-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Further reading Warner, Ezra J. (1959). Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders . Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Woodworth, Steven E. (1990). Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8 . External links Mary Breckinridge , Wife Of General John C. Breckinridge New York Times premature obituary Biographical sketches of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, Democratic nominee for president : and General Joseph Lane, Democratic nominee for Vice President U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Charles Morehead Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th congressional district 1851–1855 Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Party political offices Preceded by William King Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1856 Succeeded by Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1) Withdrew Succeeded by Joseph Lane Preceded by James Buchanan Democratic nominee for President of the United States (1) 1860 Succeeded by George McClellan Political offices Preceded by William King Vice President of the United States 1857–1861 Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin Preceded by James Seddon Confederate States Secretary of War 1865 Position abolished U.S. Senate Preceded by John Crittenden United States Senator (Class 3) from Kentucky 1861 Served alongside: Lazarus Powell Succeeded by Garrett Davis Notes and references 1. The Democratic party split in 1860, producing two presidential candidates. Breckinridge was nominated by the rebel Southern Democrats; Stephen Douglas was the official nominee by the Northern Democrats. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Vice presidents of the United States v t e John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) Category List Category List v t e United States senators from Kentucky v t e Class 2 Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Class 3 Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul v t e Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis (1861–1865) v t e Vice President Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Secretary of State Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Secretary of the Treasury C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) Secretary of War Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Postmaster-General John H. Reagan (1861–65) John H. Reagan (1861–65) Attorney-General Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) v t e ( ← 1852 ) 1856 United States presidential election ( 1860 → ) v t e Democratic Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton American Party Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law George Law Other 1856 elections : House Senate Other 1856 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1856 ) 1860 United States presidential election ( 1864 → ) v t e Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Democratic Party (Southern) ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Daniel S. Dickinson Constitutional Union Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Democratic Party (Northern) ( Conventions ) Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Other 1860 elections : House Senate Other 1860 elections : House Senate v t e Confederate States of America v t e Political leaders Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Other individuals John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith Member states (in order of secession) South Carolina Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Georgia Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina Declaration Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Convention Georgia Ordinance Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina Places American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia Related Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles v t e American Civil War v t e Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Related topics Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Category Portal Category Portal v t e Democratic Party v t e History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System National conventions , presidential tickets , and presidential primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. 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Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. 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Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee National Democratic Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 1974 1978 1982 v t e The Breckinridge family v t e First generation James Breckinridge John Breckinridge James Breckinridge John Breckinridge Second generation Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Third generation John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge Fourth generation Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Fifth generation James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long Sixth generation John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson v t e Kentucky 's delegation(s) to the 32nd–37th United States Congress (ordered by seniority) v t e 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States United States People US Congress US Congress Other Open Library NARA SNAC 2 Yale LUX Open Library NARA SNAC 2 2 Yale LUX John C. Breckinridge 1821 births 1875 deaths 19th-century vice presidents of the United States 1856 United States vice-presidential candidates Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election Politicians from Lexington, Kentucky Breckinridge family American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American Presbyterians Burials at Lexington Cemetery Vice presidents of the United States Vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States Presidency of James Buchanan Democratic Party United States representatives from Kentucky Democratic Party United States senators from Kentucky Expelled United States senators Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives Lexington in the American Civil War Orphan Brigade Politicians from Danville, Kentucky Kentucky Democrats Kentucky lawyers Slave owners from Kentucky Iowa lawyers American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Centre College alumni Transylvania University alumni Confederate States Army major generals People of Kentucky in the American Civil War Confederate expatriates Deaths from cirrhosis American expatriates in Canada Alcohol-related deaths in Kentucky United States senators who owned slaves United States representatives who owned slaves 19th-century United States senators 19th-century members of the Kentucky General Assembly 19th-century United States representatives Southern Historical Society members Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use mdy dates from January 2023 Use American English from May 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English CS1 errors: ISBN date Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 18:05 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Spanish colonialization (1521–1898) 1.2 Philippine–American War (1898–1902) 1.3 American and Japanese colonization; World War II (1902–1946) 1.4 Marcos's dictatorship era (1965-1986) 1.4.1 Deforestation during Martial Law and the Sag-od Massacre 1.4.2 Construction of the San Juanico Bridge 1.4.3 The New People's Army conflict 1.5 Contemporary history (1986–present) 1.1 Spanish colonialization (1521–1898) 1.2 Philippine–American War (1898–1902) 1.3 American and Japanese colonization; World War II (1902–1946) 1.4 Marcos's dictatorship era (1965-1986) 1.4.1 Deforestation during Martial Law and the Sag-od Massacre 1.4.2 Construction of the San Juanico Bridge 1.4.3 The New People's Army conflict 1.4.1 Deforestation during Martial Law and the Sag-od Massacre 1.4.2 Construction of the San Juanico Bridge 1.4.3 The New People's Army conflict 1.5 Contemporary history (1986–present) 2 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 2.1 Flora and fauna 2.1 Flora and fauna 3 Demographics 4 Administrative divisions and politics 5 Economy Toggle Economy subsection 5.1 Tourism 5.1 Tourism 6 Infrastructure Toggle Infrastructure subsection 6.1 Transportation 6.2 Power and telecommunication 6.3 Education 6.4 Healthcare 6.1 Transportation 6.2 Power and telecommunication 6.3 Education 6.4 Healthcare 7 See also 8 References Toggle References subsection 8.1 Bibliography 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Samar Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Location within the Philippines Geography Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°00′N 125°00′E / 12.000°N 125.000°E / 12.000; 125.000 Archipelago Visayas Adjacent to .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Leyte Gulf Philippine Sea Samar Sea San Bernardino Strait San Juanico Strait Leyte Gulf Philippine Sea Samar Sea San Bernardino Strait San Juanico Strait Area 13,428.8 km 2 (5,184.9 sq mi) [ 1 ] Area rank 63rd Coastline 800.6 km (497.47 mi) [ 2 ] Highest elevation 890 m (2920 ft) Highest point Mount Huraw Administration Philippines Region Eastern Visayas Provinces Eastern Samar Northern Samar (Western) Samar Eastern Samar Northern Samar (Western) Samar Largest settlement Calbayog (pop. 187,848) Demographics Population 1,924,651 (2024) [ 3 ] Pop. density 140/km 2 (360/sq mi) Ethnic groups Visayans ( Waray-Waray ) Samar ( / ˈ s ɑː m ɑːr / SAH -mar ) is the third largest island in the Philippines . It has a population of 1,924,651 as of the 2024 census. It is located in the Eastern Visayas region of the Visayas islands. Since 1965, the island is divided into three provinces : Western Samar , Northern Samar , and Eastern Samar . The capitals of these provinces are, respectively, Catarman , Catbalogan , and Borongan . In commemoration of the establishment of these provinces, June 19 is celebrated as an annual holiday. Its main language and ethnicity is Waray and its main religion is Roman Catholic . The island was first sighted by Ferdinand Magellan on March 16, 1521. Although he did not land, other expeditions were made. Many names, such as Samal , Ibabao , and Tandaya , were given to the island prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in 1596. During the early days of Spanish occupation , Samar was under the jurisdiction of Cebu . In the Philippine–American War , Eugenio Daza led a successful attack against the United States Army, later called the Balangiga massacre . This attack led to the Pacification of Samar and deaths of 2,000 people. During the American colonization of the Philippines, two uprisings occurred, including the Pulajan movement which caused massacres in the country. The Battle off Samar was held off the island during World War II. During martial law under Ferdinand Marcos , the Sag-od massacre happened in 1981. The New People's Army rebellion is ongoing. Samar is the easternmost island in the Visayas archipelago, lying to the northeast of Leyte and southeast of the Bicol Peninsula on Luzon . To the west is the Samar Sea , and to the north and east of Samar lies the Philippine Sea . The island has the Samar Island Natural Park and numerous biological discoveries and forests. The island has major copra and fishery industries and also produces rice, corn, vegetables, and abaca . The island also has a major tourism industry. The island has numerous major highways and has a portion of the Pan-Philippine Highway . The island has four major ports and three airports servicing flights to Cebu City and Metro Manila . The island has six Department of Education divisions and numerous universities with satellite campuses. History Spanish colonialization (1521–1898) Samar was the first island of the Philippines as a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan revealed the island, originally transcribed Zamal in the journal of Antonio Pigafetta . He sighted it on March 16, 1521, traveling from the Mariana Islands . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Having found an archipelago , Pigafetta named the islands San Lazaro ( transl. Saint Lazarus ) due to their sightings on Lazarus Saturday . Eventually, Filipinas was the perceived name for the archipelago. Although Samar was the first island of the Philippines seen by Magellan, he did not land there. He traversed south and laid anchor at Suluan Island, then landed on Homonhon Island on March 17, 1521. [ 6 ] Later in the 1700s, Samar was recorded to have about 103 Spanish Filipino families and 3,042 native families. [ 7 ] Other Spaniards eventually landed in the island. William Henry Scott, a historian, recognized that a "Samar datu by the name of Iberein was rowed out to a Spanish vessel anchored in his harbor in 1543 by oarsmen collared in gold; while wearing on his own person earrings and chains." He recounted a Samarnon saga, which was called siday , about Bingi of Lawan, a settlement in Samar. [ 8 ] Samar had names which are recorded in early Spanish sources, including Ibabao (or Cibabao ), Achan , Camlaya , and Taridola . The Spanish captain Miguel Lopez de Legaspi also called the island Tandaya , after mistaking the name of a lord with the name of the island. This was spelled by Miguel de Loarca as Candaya . [ 5 ] During the early years of the Spanish colonialization, the province was placed in the jurisdiction of Cebu but was eventually separated into its own province. A rebellion was sparked in 1649 which was centered in Palapag , causing an uprising in Visayas and parts of Mindanao . The uprising was not suppressed until the next year. This caused rebels to migrate to the mountains and create a new settlement. In 1735, the province and Leyte merged into a singular province; Carigara was declared as the capital. In 1768, Samar was separated from Leyte. In 1860, the government structure was reorganized and was maintained until the end of the regime. [ 4 ] Philippine–American War (1898–1902) On September 28, 1901, Eugenio Daza–Area Commander of Southeastern Samar–and Valeriano Abanador, the town's police chief, [ 9 ] attacked the U.S. Army Company 9th Infantry Regiment who were occupying Balangiga. This action, commonly known as the Balangiga massacre, was a rare Filipino win and a bad loss for American soldiers. [ 10 ] In 1989, "Balangiga Encounter Day" was made a provincial holiday in Eastern Samar in lieu of the victory. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In retaliation for the massacre, General Jacob H. Smith ordered his men to "kill and burn", further stating that "the more you kill and burn, the better it will please me". [ 13 ] [ 14 ] This command led to the deaths of 2,000 Filipino insurgents and civilians while sparking outrage in the United States. [ 13 ] [ 15 ] In his historical account of the war, Brian McAllister Linn asserts "Samar cast a pall on the army's achievement and, for generations, has been associated in the public mind as typifying the Philippine War." [ 16 ] American and Japanese colonization; World War II (1902–1946) After the war, the archipelago was peaceful except the island of Samar, which was a "dark and bloody" isle according to James Henderson Blount . [ 17 ] In 1904, the Pulajans in Samar caused powerful massacres to the extent of Governor-General Luke Edward Wright 's concern. [ 18 ] Numerous civilians joined the uprising due to the feeling of "unprotection". [ 19 ] The rebellion was discussed by many American politicians and military officers and caused court cases just before the 1904 United States presidential election . [ 20 ] Four days after the election, Wright visited Samar, where troops increased to 2,000 from 700. [ 21 ] After battles and negotiations, the uprising eventually ended in 1906. [ 22 ] When the rebellion ended, the island, according to Blount, started becoming "peaceful". [ 23 ] More revolts were made by religious associations in the 1920s to 1930s. [ 24 ] In World War II , the ocean east of the island hosted the Battle off Samar in October 1944 wherein an unarmored force of United States Navy escorts defended attacks from the main force of the Imperial Japanese Navy , including the Japanese battleship Yamato . [ 25 ] When Japan colonized the Philippines, the Pulajan uprising became active again. Japan left the Philippines in 1945. [ 26 ] Marcos's dictatorship era (1965-1986) The beginning months of the 1970s [ 27 ] marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines as well as in Samar, as unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects during Ferdinand Marcos' 1969 reelection campaign led to the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and resulting inflation triggered the First Quarter Storm protests. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] : "43" Three years later and with only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the Presidency for fourteen more years. [ 34 ] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , [ 35 ] [ 36 ] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. [ 37 ] Deforestation during Martial Law and the Sag-od Massacre The Marcos era was a time of significant deforestation in Samar and throughout the Philippines, with the forest cover of the Philippines shrinking until only 8% remained. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] On the island of Samar, whose forest cover had been at 86% of the island in 1972, forest cover went down to 45% in 1978, and then a mere 10% by 1987. Twelve companies were given Timber License Agreements (TLAs) on the island, including Dolores Timber in the Province of Samar and San Jose Timber in the province of Northern Samar, which were both owned by Juan Ponce Enrile , [ 40 ] [ 41 ] the government official Ferdinand Marcos had put in place to approve Timber License Agreements during Martial Law. [ 40 ] One of the infamous incidents of the Marcos dictatorship era was the Sag-od massacre in Las Navas, Northern Samar , which took place on September 15, 1981. [ 42 ] Numerous security personnel of Juan Ponce Enrile 's San Jose Timber Corporation allied with a paramilitary group called "the Lost Command" and ordered residents of Barrio Sag-od out of their homes, then opened fire on them. Forty-five people were killed, leaving only 13 inhabitants of Barrio Sag-od alive. [ 42 ] Construction of the San Juanico Bridge This era also saw the construction of the San Juanico Bridge between Samar and Leyte, which began as one of the high-visibility foreign-loan funded projects of Ferdinand Marcos' 1969 reelection campaign , and finished four years later in time to be inaugurated on then- First Lady Imelda Marcos ' birthday on July 2, 1973. [ 43 ] The project was initially criticised as a white elephant by officials at the National Economic and Development Authority , noting that it was "useless and expensive to maintain", [ 44 ] because its average daily traffic was too low to justify the cost of its construction. [ 44 ] As a result, its construction has been associated with what has been called the Marcoses' " edifice complex " [ 45 ] [ 46 ] although economic activity in Samar and Leyte has since finally caught up with the bridge's intended function. [ 46 ] At the time, its name was used as a slang term for one of the torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship , in which a person is being beaten while the victim's head and feet lay on separate beds and the body is suspended as though to form a bridge. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] The New People's Army conflict Although the Communist Party of the Philippines and its armed wing, the New People's Army, was newly-formed and relatively still very small throughout Marcos' second term, the Marcos administration hyped up its formation, [ 49 ] : "43" supposedly because this would help build up political and monetary support from the US, [ 49 ] : "43" [ 50 ] which was caught up in red scare paranoia at the time. [ 51 ] When Marcos declared Martial Law, however, the CPP grew rapidly. [ 49 ] On the island of Samar, Marcos' military forces were assigned to protect the logging concessions, and there were frequent encounters between the military and the New People's Army. As a result the towns of Taft , Dolores , Can-avid , and Oras in Eastern Samar were declared by the Military as "no-man's-land" areas from 1978 to 1982. [ 41 ] Since then, the island had numerous human rights cases due to the New People's Army rebellion. [ 52 ] [ failed verification ] In May 2024, the Department of the Interior and Local Government announced that the three provinces on the island of Samar were "free of NPA influence" with no single village in three Samar provinces is under the influence of NPA [that] year. [ 53 ] Contemporary history (1986–present) In 2013, the provinces of Samar, Eastern Samar, and the City of Tacloban were among the localities most severely impacted by Typhoon Haiyan . [ 54 ] In 2020, Samar was also heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas , with the first case in the region reported on March 23, 2020. [ 55 ] Geography Samar is the third-largest island in the Philippines by area, after the islands of Luzon and Mindanao . [ 56 ] Mount Huraw is Samar's highest point, with an elevation of 2,920 ft (890 m). [ 57 ] Samar is the easternmost island in the Visayas. It lies to the northeast of Leyte, separated from it by the San Juanico Strait . The island lies to the southeast of the Bicol Peninsula on Luzon , separated from it by the San Bernardino Strait . To the west is the Samar Sea, and to the north and east of Samar lies the Philippine Sea. The island is hilly yet has lower altitude than the mountainous terrain in the rest of the Visayas. Lowlands are mostly found near the coast and along rivers; the rivers themselves are small and flow in a radial pattern. [ 56 ] The island, along with the region of Eastern Visayas, is rainy most of the year, ranging from seven to ten months of rain. [ 58 ] Numerous typhoons are formed in the area. Eastern Samar, specifically, has a Type II climate without a dry season with an increase in rainfall. [ 56 ] A portion of the Philippine Trench rests near Samar, capable of generating a magnitude 8.1 earthquake. [ 59 ] The island, particularly parts of Paranas , contains many volcanic rocks, including karst bauxite , common throughout the island. [ 60 ] Flora and fauna The Samar Island Natural Park is a 300,000-hectare (740,000-acre) forest on the island, encompassing all three provinces. It contains the largest tract of intact lowland forest in the Philippines. The park has a population of Dipterocarpaceae species, six of them are endangered, and contains the rare Philippine eagle . The park contains six ecological forest types and has numerous waterfalls. Species in the island itself include the Philippine sailfin lizard , the Draco mindanensis , the Philippine hawk-eagle , the Giant golden-crowned flying fox , the Red-vented cockatoo , and the Philippine crocodile . [ 61 ] The municipality of Basey contains Karst forests with a total of 67 vascular plant species. In these forests, Dipterocarpaceae is the most prominent plant family. [ 62 ] Out of 2,400 flower species throughout the Philippines, 40 are only found in the island. In 2018, three new species of Begonia were found in the isle. [ 63 ] The province of Northern Samar was described by Tiffany Neri of SunStar as one of the Philippines' "best-kept secrets" with numerous rock formations and wildlife sanctuaries. [ 64 ] On June 9, 2025, the Biri Rock Formations in Northern Samar were declared to be a National Geological Monument according to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources . [ 65 ] Demographics Population of Samar Year Pop. ±% 1903 266,237 — 1918 379,575 +42.6% 1939 546,306 +43.9% 1948 757,212 +38.6% 1960 867,994 +14.6% 1970 1,019,358 +17.4% 1975 1,120,192 +9.9% 1980 1,200,592 +7.2% Year Pop. ±% 1903 266,237 — 1918 379,575 +42.6% 1939 546,306 +43.9% 1948 757,212 +38.6% 1960 867,994 +14.6% 1970 1,019,358 +17.4% 1975 1,120,192 +9.9% 1980 1,200,592 +7.2% Year Pop. ±% 1990 1,246,722 +3.8% 1995 1,405,892 +12.8% 2000 1,517,585 +7.9% 2007 1,650,022 +8.7% 2010 1,751,267 +6.1% 2015 1,880,020 +7.4% 2020 1,909,537 +1.6% 2024 1,924,651 +0.8% Year Pop. ±% 1990 1,246,722 +3.8% 1995 1,405,892 +12.8% 2000 1,517,585 +7.9% 2007 1,650,022 +8.7% 2010 1,751,267 +6.1% 2015 1,880,020 +7.4% 2020 1,909,537 +1.6% 2024 1,924,651 +0.8% Source: Philippine Statistics Authority [ 66 ] As of the 2024 census, the population of the island's three provinces was 1,924,651. [ 66 ] The main language in all three provinces of Samar Island is Waray . The second most popular language in Samar province is Bisaya, while the second most popular in Eastern Samar and Northern Samar is Cebuano . Samar province and Northern Samar both have a scale of 0.13 in the Linguistic diversity index while Eastern Samar has a scale of 0.02. [ 67 ] Many people in the island are part of the Waray people: in Eastern Samar, 97.78 percent of people were Waray while in Samar, 91.45 classified themselves as Waray. Other ethnic groups include Bisaya , Cebuano , and Tagalog . Males were more populated in both provinces than women. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] As of the 2020 census, 1790014 people in the island are Roman Catholic, 1573 are Islam , and 14643 are part of the Iglesia ni Cristo church. In all three provinces, more than 90% of the population are followers of the Roman Catholic Church. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Administrative divisions and politics The island originally used to be a single province. On June 19, 1965, a law passed splitting the province into three: Western Samar, Eastern Samar, and Northern Samar. [ 72 ] Since there are three provinces, there are three provincial governments each with a governor. [ 73 ] For the House of Representatives , Eastern Samar has one congressional district while Western and Northern Samar has two each, causing the island to have five districts. [ 74 ] The Philippines's 9th senatorial district encompassed Samar and Leyte which had two senators representing in the Senate of the Philippines with 24 representatives. The system was abolished in the early 1940s when the country was the Commonwealth of the Philippines . [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Name Capital Area (ha) [ 77 ] (ha) [ 77 ] Population (2024) [ 66 ] (2024) [ 66 ] Western Samar Catbalogan 604,803 806,179 Eastern Samar Borongan 466,047 472,683 Northern Samar Catarman 369,293 645,789 Economy The island has a major copra industry: of the six provinces in Eastern Visayas, all three of the Samar provinces were placed in the top four based on copra production, just behind Leyte. [ 78 ] Western Samar's industry recorded a 6.1 percent increase from 2018 to 2023. The top three industries in the province are food service activities, transportation, and electricity, steam, water, and waste management. As of 2023, the gross domestic product of the province is PHP 61.35 billion. [ 79 ] The island has rice and root crops, including sweet potatoes and cassava . Abacá and dairy from native carabaos are found in the island. [ 56 ] [ 80 ] In Eastern Samar, two house bills were filed to establish two separate coconut oil refineries. [ 81 ] Palay and banana crops are also made in the province; agro-industries are actively promoted. Fishery is a major livelihood in Eastern Samar's coastal communities, but it is experiencing a decline. [ 82 ] Northern Samar, meanwhile, has rice, corn, vegetables, and abaca. Municipal fisheries and tuna operations are also present in the province. [ 83 ] A commercial complex owned by Metro Retail Stores Group was planned to be created in 2019 in Catbalogan from a contract and was opened on August 30, 2024. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Samar is separated from the main island shipping routes. Iron ore , made from the southeast portion of the isle, is shipped from General MacArthur . There are also coal , phosphate , and chromite industries. Since Samar has many forests, logging and sawmill operations are also done in the eastern coastal towns. Catbalogan is a major commercial center in the island, serving as an important coastal port with fishing centers. [ 56 ] Tourism In 2015, the Samar Tourism Council encouraged tourists to visit attractions in Catbalogan as Governor Sharee Ann Tan held meetings with agency partners and the private sector to further boost tourism in Western Samar. [ 86 ] A One Town One Product (OTOP) center from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) was launched in Calbayog on June 12, 2024. [ 87 ] During the "Benchmarking Tour" held by Eastern Samar officials in Cebu on February 9, 2023, the two provincial governments made a deal to organize a "tourism circuit" to increase tourism in the two provinces. [ 88 ] A DTI "Heritage Month Trade Fair" was held by the DTI provincial office of Northern Samar in Robinsons North Tacloban . [ 89 ] Infrastructure Transportation A segment of the Pan-Philippine Highway is present in Samar, stretching from Northern Samar to Leyte in the western coast of the isle. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] The N670 highway traverses through the northern and eastern coasts in the island, stretching through all three provinces, starting and ending from the Pan-Philippine Highway. Two other highways connect from the Pan-Philippine Highway to the N670 highway: the Catarman-Calbayog Road, which originates in Catarman and ends in Calbayog, and the Wright–Taft Road , stretching from Paranas to Taft . Another highway extends from the N670 highway to Guiuan . [ 91 ] Four major ports are in the island, namely the Port of Calbayog, the Port of Borongan, the Port of Guiuan, and the Port of San Isidro . [ 92 ] A flight route from Cebu to Catarman National Airport was launched on March 4, 2025, serviced by the Philippine Airlines . [ 93 ] Two weekly flight routes from Cebu to Borongan Airport were also launched in December 2022, also serviced by the Philippine Airlines. [ 94 ] Two airlines service at the Calbayog Airport , namely Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific ; the former flies to Manila three times a week while the latter flies to Cebu two times a week. [ 95 ] Power and telecommunication Eastern Samar's electric distribution utility is the Eastern Samar Electric Cooperative (ESAMELCO). [ 96 ] Two electric cooperatives serve Western Samar, namely: the Samar I and Samar II Electric Cooperative (SAMELCO). [ 97 ] Northern Samar's electric cooperative is the Northern Samar Electric Cooperative (NORSAMELCO). [ 98 ] The Philippines' first tidal plant is planned to be built in Catarman, Northern Samar by a private electricity firm, harnessing currents from the San Benardino Strait. [ 99 ] A Singaporean firm invested in a planned wind farm in the borders of the Western and Northern Samar provinces. [ 100 ] Solar power projects were planned in two towns in Western Samar. [ 101 ] In Taft, Eastern Samar, a hydropower plant is operated, with possibilities of it being a tourist site. [ 102 ] The main telecommunication companies serviced in the island are Smart Communications and Globe Telecom . New cell sites from both of the telecommunication operations were planned to be built in Northern Samar. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Over 100 cell sites were planned to be built in Northern Samar following a deal with Governor Edwin Ongchuan and PhilTower Consortium, an infrastructure provider. [ 105 ] Education Six Department of Education divisions are present in the island: three for each of the provinces, and one each for Borongan, Calbayog, and Catbalogan. [ 106 ] Major universities in Eastern Samar include the Eastern Samar State University and four other satellite campuses. In Northern Samar, the University of Eastern Philippines and two other satellite campuses are in the province. For Western Samar, two major universities are placed: the Samar State University with three satellite campuses, and the Northwest Samar State University with one satellite campus. Other local colleges are also in the three provinces. [ 107 ] For the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority , three provincial training centers and five schools are placed in the island. [ 108 ] Healthcare Eastern Samar has 18 hospitals, most significantly the Eastern Samar Provincial Hospital, a hospital with two levels and 100 beds. Northern Samar has 11 hospitals including their provincial hospital with 100 beds too. Western Samar has 11 hospitals also, with the Samar Provincial Hospital and the Catbalogan Doctors Hospital both with 100 beds. [ 109 ] A Senate bill created by Juan Miguel Zubiri was introduced in the 18th Congress of the Philippines , establishing a teritiary level hospital to be known as the Samar Island Medical Center due to the lack of teritiary level hospitals in the island, the nearest being the Eastern Visayas Medical Center . [ 110 ] The law was signed on April 19, 2022, and construction started in 2024. 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Retrieved October 23, 2025 . ^ "Agricultural Profile" . Department of Agriculture . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ "Philippine trenches may generate Magnitude 8 earthquakes, says PHIVOLCS" . GMA News Online . April 4, 2024 . Retrieved December 4, 2025 . ^ Arenque et al. 2025 , pp. 2–3. ^ "Samar Island Natural Park" . UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial . July 2, 2024 . Retrieved October 23, 2025 . ^ Villanueva et al. 2021 , p. 149. ^ Palma, Ana Margarita (September 2, 2021). "Three new species of Begonia found in Samar Island, Philippines" . University of the Philippines . Retrieved October 23, 2025 . ^ Neri, Tiffany L. (April 27, 2025). "Where the sea whispers: Secrets of Northern Samar" . SunStar Publishing Inc . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ Reyes, Ronald O. (June 9, 2025). "Northern Samar's iconic Biri Rocks named as national geological monument" . SunStar Publishing Inc . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region . Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved July 8, 2021 . ^ "The language landscape of the Philippines in 4 maps" . Thinking Machines . August 10, 2016 . Retrieved October 23, 2025 . ^ "Eastern Samar: Home of the Warays" . Philippine Statistics Authority . June 7, 2002. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013 . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ "Samar: Population Getting Younger" . Philippine Statistics Authority . August 13, 2002. Archived from the original on November 15, 2015 . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ "Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)" . Philippine Statistics Authority . February 22, 2023 . Retrieved October 23, 2025 . ^ "Table A: Household Population by Religious Affiliation, Region, Province" . Philippine Statistics Authority . February 22, 2023 . Retrieved October 23, 2025 . ^ a b "Republic Act No. 4221" . Senate of the Philippines Legislative Reference Bureau . June 19, 1965 . Retrieved October 23, 2025 . ^ Meniano, Sarwell (August 18, 2022). "3 Samar governors to draft island-wide peace, dev't plan" . Philippine News Agency . Retrieved October 23, 2025 . ^ Sioson, Mapa Claire Dennis. "TABLE 1: Population of Legislative Districts by Province and Selected Highly Urbanized/Component City: 2020" (PDF) . Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ U.S. Government Printing Office 1918 , p. 38. ^ "History of the Senate" . Senate of the Philippines . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ "PSGC Interactive - List of Provinces" . Philippine Statistics Authority . June 30, 2016. Archived from the original on September 12, 2016 . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ Gabieta, Joey (January 14, 2020). "Copra prices go up in Eastern Visayas" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ Moraleta, Riza N. (November 28, 2024). "Samar's Economy Records 6.1 Percent Increase in 2023" . Philippine Statistics Authority . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ "Native Carabaos Do Well in Niche Markets" . Agriculture Monthly . August 4, 2018. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023 . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ Recuerdo, Elmer (September 23, 2024). "Solon eyes Eastern Samar coco oil refineries" . Daily Tribune . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ "Eastern Samar" . Special Area for Agricultural Development . June 23, 2025 . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ "Northern Samar" . Special Area for Agricultural Development . June 23, 2025 . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ "Metro stores, Samar to develop commercial complex in Catbalogan" . SunStar Publishing Inc . February 18, 2019 . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ "Metro Retail Opens Biggest Supermarket Store in Catbalogan" . Leyte Samar Daily News . August 28, 2024 . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ "Catbalogan urges tourists to spend summer in Samar" . The Philippine Star . February 22, 2015 . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ "Otop Hub in Calbayog City opens to showcase unique local offerings from Samar" . SunStar Publishing Inc . June 21, 2024 . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ "Cebu, Eastern Samar execs explore 'tourism circuit' " . SunStar Publishing Inc . February 9, 2023 . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ "DTI Northern Samar products takes center stage in trade fair" . SunStar Publishing Inc . May 30, 2024 . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ Gabieta, Joey (March 18, 2024). "Maharlika Highway in Eastern Visayas to get needed rehab" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ a b Road and Bridge Inventory (Map). Department of Public Works and Highways . Retrieved October 24, 2025 . ^ "List of Ports" (PDF) . Philippine Ports Authority . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ "Cebu-Catarman flights seen to bring growth to Northern Samar" . SunStar Publishing Inc . March 10, 2025 . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ Meniano, Sarwell (September 13, 2024). "PAL launches 3rd Cebu-Borongan weekly flight" . Philippine News Agency . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ Meniano, Sarwell (August 9, 2024). "Lapid to secure funds for Calbayog Airport's night rating" . Philippine News Agency . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ University of Illinois 2005 , p. 405. ^ Republic of the Philippines 1990 , p. 148. ^ "NORSAMELCO" . Department of Energy . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ Recuerdo, Elmer (February 18, 2024). "N. Samar unveils pioneer tidal power" . Daily Tribune . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ Meniano, Sarwell (November 8, 2024). "Singaporean firm bares P19-B expansion of energy investment in Samar" . Philippine News Agency . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ Amazona, Roel (October 21, 2024). "Solar power projects up for 2 Samar towns" . Philippine News Agency . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ Amazona, Roel; Abella, Lizbeth Ann (April 27, 2023). "E. Samar hydropower plant eyed as tourist site" . Philippine News Agency . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ Recuerdo, Elmer (May 5, 2024). "Telco beefs up N. Samar network" . Daily Tribune . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ "TELECOM | Smart LTE expansion keeps Northern Samar island town connected" . TechSabado . August 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ Meniano, Sarwell (January 25, 2024). "Over 100 cell sites to rise in Northern Samar" . Philippine News Agency . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ "Schools Division Offices Directory | DepEd Region VIII" . Department of Education . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ "List of Higher Education Institutions" . Commission on Higher Education . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ "List of TESDA Administered Schools and Training Centers in Region VIII - Eastern Samar" . TESDA Online Program . February 15, 2024 . Retrieved October 25, 2025 . ^ "List of Accredited Hospitals and Infirmaries for CY 2025 Updated as of October 31, 2025" (PDF) . PhilHealth . October 31, 2025 . Retrieved December 4, 2025 . ^ Zubiri, Juan Miguel F. (March 21, 2022). "An act establishing a tertiary hospital under the control, supervision, and management of the Department of Health in the City of Calbayog, Samar, to be known as the Samar Island Medical Center, appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes" (PDF) . Senate of the Philippines . Retrieved December 4, 2025 . ^ Reyes, Ronald O. (April 19, 2022). "Duterte signs law establishing Samar Island Medical Center" . SunStar Publishing Inc . Retrieved December 4, 2025 . ^ Recuerdo, Elmer (March 17, 2024). "Samar tertiary hospital construction kicked off" . Daily Tribune . Retrieved December 4, 2025 . Bibliography Villamor, Ignacio; Buencamino, Felipe (1920). Census of the Philippine Islands Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Legislature in the Year 1918 . University of California, Berkeley . Ocampo, Ambeth (2012). Looking Back: Volume 1 . Anvil Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-971-27-3608-7 . Parr, Charles McKew; Crowell, Thomas Y. (1953). So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan . Scott, William Henry (1985). Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history . New Day Publishers. ISBN 978-971-10-0073-8 . Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History . Bloomsbury Academic . ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1 . Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed . McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7 . Linn, Brian McAllister (2000). The Philippine War 1899-1902 . Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-70061225-4 . Blount, James Henderson (1912). The American Occupation of the Philippines, 1898-1912 . G. P. Putnam's Sons. Borrinaga, George Emmanuel R. (April 2019). "Solidarity and Crisis-Derived Identities in Samar and Leyte, Philippines, 1565 to Present" (PDF) . University of Hull . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( link ) Villanueva, Elaine Loreen C.; Fernandez, Desamarie Antoinette P.; Tolentino, Paul John S.; Obeña, Ren Divien R.; Buot, Inocencio E. Jr. (December 31, 2021). "Checklist of the Flora and Fauna of the Karst Forests in Basey, Samar, Philippines" (PDF) . The Thailand Natural History Museum Journal . 15 (2) – via National Research Council of Thailand . United States Congressional Serial Set . U.S. Government Printing Office. 1918. Platts International Directory of Electric Power Producers and Distributors . McGraw Hill Companies . 2005. Provincial Profile: Samar . Republic of the Philippines . 1990. Arenque, L. A.; Gabo-Ratio, J. A.; Payot, B. D.; Guzman, J. T.; Yonezu, K. (2025). "Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Paranas karst bauxite deposit of Samar Island, Philippines" . IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science . 1517 (1) 012040. Bibcode : 2025E&ES.1517a2040A . doi : 10.1088/1755-1315/1517/1/012040 . 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 7,702 results for author: Zhang, X Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10553 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Inference-time Physics Alignment of Video Generative Models with Latent World Models Authors: Jianhao Yuan , Xiaofeng Zhang , Felix Friedrich , Nicolas Beltran-Velez , Melissa Hall , Reyhane Askari-Hemmat , Xiaochuang Han , Nicolas Ballas , Michal Drozdzal , Adriana Romero-Soriano Abstract : State-of-the-art video generative models produce promising visual content yet often violate basic physics principles, limiting their utility. While some attribute this deficiency to insufficient physics understanding from pre-training, we find that the shortfall in physics plausibility also stems from suboptimal inference strategies. We therefore introduce WMReward and treat improving physics plau… ▽ More State-of-the-art video generative models produce promising visual content yet often violate basic physics principles, limiting their utility. While some attribute this deficiency to insufficient physics understanding from pre-training, we find that the shortfall in physics plausibility also stems from suboptimal inference strategies. We therefore introduce WMReward and treat improving physics plausibility of video generation as an inference-time alignment problem. In particular, we leverage the strong physics prior of a latent world model (here, VJEPA-2) as a reward to search and steer multiple candidate denoising trajectories, enabling scaling test-time compute for better generation performance. Empirically, our approach substantially improves physics plausibility across image-conditioned, multiframe-conditioned, and text-conditioned generation settings, with validation from human preference study. Notably, in the ICCV 2025 Perception Test PhysicsIQ Challenge, we achieve a final score of 62.64%, winning first place and outperforming the previous state of the art by 7.42%. Our work demonstrates the viability of using latent world models to improve physics plausibility of video generation, beyond this specific instantiation or parameterization. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 22 pages, 10 figures arXiv:2601.10553 [ pdf , ps , other ] Inference-time Physics Alignment of Video Generative Models with Latent World Models Authors: Jianhao Yuan , Xiaofeng Zhang , Felix Friedrich , Nicolas Beltran-Velez , Melissa Hall , Reyhane Askari-Hemmat , Xiaochuang Han , Nicolas Ballas , Michal Drozdzal , Adriana Romero-Soriano Abstract : State-of-the-art video generative models produce promising visual content yet often violate basic physics principles, limiting their utility. While some attribute this deficiency to insufficient physics understanding from pre-training, we find that the shortfall in physics plausibility also stems from suboptimal inference strategies. We therefore introduce WMReward and treat improving physics plau… ▽ More State-of-the-art video generative models produce promising visual content yet often violate basic physics principles, limiting their utility. While some attribute this deficiency to insufficient physics understanding from pre-training, we find that the shortfall in physics plausibility also stems from suboptimal inference strategies. We therefore introduce WMReward and treat improving physics plausibility of video generation as an inference-time alignment problem. In particular, we leverage the strong physics prior of a latent world model (here, VJEPA-2) as a reward to search and steer multiple candidate denoising trajectories, enabling scaling test-time compute for better generation performance. Empirically, our approach substantially improves physics plausibility across image-conditioned, multiframe-conditioned, and text-conditioned generation settings, with validation from human preference study. Notably, in the ICCV 2025 Perception Test PhysicsIQ Challenge, we achieve a final score of 62.64%, winning first place and outperforming the previous state of the art by 7.42%. Our work demonstrates the viability of using latent world models to improve physics plausibility of video generation, beyond this specific instantiation or parameterization. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 22 pages, 10 figures arXiv:2601.10416 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI LLMdoctor: Token-Level Flow-Guided Preference Optimization for Efficient Test-Time Alignment of Large Language Models Authors: Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria Abstract : Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the ba… ▽ More Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the base model. This paper introduces LLMdoctor, a novel framework for efficient test-time alignment that operates via a patient-doctor paradigm. It integrates token-level reward acquisition with token-level flow-guided preference optimization (TFPO) to steer a large, frozen patient LLM with a smaller, specialized doctor model. Unlike conventional methods that rely on trajectory-level rewards, LLMdoctor first extracts fine-grained, token-level preference signals from the patient model's behavioral variations. These signals then guide the training of the doctor model via TFPO, which establishes flow consistency across all subtrajectories, enabling precise token-by-token alignment while inherently preserving generation diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LLMdoctor significantly outperforms existing test-time alignment methods and even surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning approaches like DPO. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI26 arXiv:2601.10416 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLMdoctor: Token-Level Flow-Guided Preference Optimization for Efficient Test-Time Alignment of Large Language Models Authors: Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria Abstract : Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the ba… ▽ More Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the base model. This paper introduces LLMdoctor, a novel framework for efficient test-time alignment that operates via a patient-doctor paradigm. It integrates token-level reward acquisition with token-level flow-guided preference optimization (TFPO) to steer a large, frozen patient LLM with a smaller, specialized doctor model. Unlike conventional methods that rely on trajectory-level rewards, LLMdoctor first extracts fine-grained, token-level preference signals from the patient model's behavioral variations. These signals then guide the training of the doctor model via TFPO, which establishes flow consistency across all subtrajectories, enabling precise token-by-token alignment while inherently preserving generation diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LLMdoctor significantly outperforms existing test-time alignment methods and even surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning approaches like DPO. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI26 arXiv:2601.10137 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI stat.ML Step-by-Step Causality: Transparent Causal Discovery with Multi-Agent Tree-Query and Adversarial Confidence Estimation Authors: Ziyi Ding , Chenfei Ye-Hao , Zheyuan Wang , Xiao-Ping Zhang Abstract : Causal discovery aims to recover ``what causes what'', but classical constraint-based methods (e.g., PC, FCI) suffer from error propagation, and recent LLM-based causal oracles often behave as opaque, confidence-free black boxes. This paper introduces Tree-Query, a tree-structured, multi-expert LLM framework that reduces pairwise causal discovery to a short sequence of queries about backdoor paths… ▽ More Causal discovery aims to recover ``what causes what'', but classical constraint-based methods (e.g., PC, FCI) suffer from error propagation, and recent LLM-based causal oracles often behave as opaque, confidence-free black boxes. This paper introduces Tree-Query, a tree-structured, multi-expert LLM framework that reduces pairwise causal discovery to a short sequence of queries about backdoor paths, (in)dependence, latent confounding, and causal direction, yielding interpretable judgments with robustness-aware confidence scores. Theoretical guarantees are provided for asymptotic identifiability of four pairwise relations. On data-free benchmarks derived from Mooij et al. and UCI causal graphs, Tree-Query improves structural metrics over direct LLM baselines, and a diet--weight case study illustrates confounder screening and stable, high-confidence causal conclusions. Tree-Query thus offers a principled way to obtain data-free causal priors from LLMs that can complement downstream data-driven causal discovery. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10137 [ pdf , ps , other ] Step-by-Step Causality: Transparent Causal Discovery with Multi-Agent Tree-Query and Adversarial Confidence Estimation Authors: Ziyi Ding , Chenfei Ye-Hao , Zheyuan Wang , Xiao-Ping Zhang Abstract : Causal discovery aims to recover ``what causes what'', but classical constraint-based methods (e.g., PC, FCI) suffer from error propagation, and recent LLM-based causal oracles often behave as opaque, confidence-free black boxes. This paper introduces Tree-Query, a tree-structured, multi-expert LLM framework that reduces pairwise causal discovery to a short sequence of queries about backdoor paths… ▽ More Causal discovery aims to recover ``what causes what'', but classical constraint-based methods (e.g., PC, FCI) suffer from error propagation, and recent LLM-based causal oracles often behave as opaque, confidence-free black boxes. This paper introduces Tree-Query, a tree-structured, multi-expert LLM framework that reduces pairwise causal discovery to a short sequence of queries about backdoor paths, (in)dependence, latent confounding, and causal direction, yielding interpretable judgments with robustness-aware confidence scores. Theoretical guarantees are provided for asymptotic identifiability of four pairwise relations. On data-free benchmarks derived from Mooij et al. and UCI causal graphs, Tree-Query improves structural metrics over direct LLM baselines, and a diet--weight case study illustrates confounder screening and stable, high-confidence causal conclusions. Tree-Query thus offers a principled way to obtain data-free causal priors from LLMs that can complement downstream data-driven causal discovery. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10116 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO CoCoPlan: Adaptive Coordination and Communication for Multi-robot Systems in Dynamic and Unknown Environments Authors: Xintong Zhang , Junfeng Chen , Yuxiao Zhu , Bing Luo , Meng Guo Abstract : Multi-robot systems can greatly enhance efficiency through coordination and collaboration, yet in practice, full-time communication is rarely available and interactions are constrained to close-range exchanges. Existing methods either maintain all-time connectivity, rely on fixed schedules, or adopt pairwise protocols, but none adapt effectively to dynamic spatio-temporal task distributions under… ▽ More Multi-robot systems can greatly enhance efficiency through coordination and collaboration, yet in practice, full-time communication is rarely available and interactions are constrained to close-range exchanges. Existing methods either maintain all-time connectivity, rely on fixed schedules, or adopt pairwise protocols, but none adapt effectively to dynamic spatio-temporal task distributions under limited communication, resulting in suboptimal coordination. To address this gap, we propose CoCoPlan, a unified framework that co-optimizes collaborative task planning and team-wise intermittent communication. Our approach integrates a branch-and-bound architecture that jointly encodes task assignments and communication events, an adaptive objective function that balances task efficiency against communication latency, and a communication event optimization module that strategically determines when, where and how the global connectivity should be re-established. Extensive experiments demonstrate that it outperforms state-of-the-art methods by achieving a 22.4% higher task completion rate, reducing communication overhead by 58.6%, and improving the scalability by supporting up to 100 robots in dynamic environments. Hardware experiments include the complex 2D office environment and large-scale 3D disaster-response scenario. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages, 8 figures, published to RA-L arXiv:2601.10116 [ pdf , ps , other ] CoCoPlan: Adaptive Coordination and Communication for Multi-robot Systems in Dynamic and Unknown Environments Authors: Xintong Zhang , Junfeng Chen , Yuxiao Zhu , Bing Luo , Meng Guo Abstract : Multi-robot systems can greatly enhance efficiency through coordination and collaboration, yet in practice, full-time communication is rarely available and interactions are constrained to close-range exchanges. Existing methods either maintain all-time connectivity, rely on fixed schedules, or adopt pairwise protocols, but none adapt effectively to dynamic spatio-temporal task distributions under… ▽ More Multi-robot systems can greatly enhance efficiency through coordination and collaboration, yet in practice, full-time communication is rarely available and interactions are constrained to close-range exchanges. Existing methods either maintain all-time connectivity, rely on fixed schedules, or adopt pairwise protocols, but none adapt effectively to dynamic spatio-temporal task distributions under limited communication, resulting in suboptimal coordination. To address this gap, we propose CoCoPlan, a unified framework that co-optimizes collaborative task planning and team-wise intermittent communication. Our approach integrates a branch-and-bound architecture that jointly encodes task assignments and communication events, an adaptive objective function that balances task efficiency against communication latency, and a communication event optimization module that strategically determines when, where and how the global connectivity should be re-established. Extensive experiments demonstrate that it outperforms state-of-the-art methods by achieving a 22.4% higher task completion rate, reducing communication overhead by 58.6%, and improving the scalability by supporting up to 100 robots in dynamic environments. Hardware experiments include the complex 2D office environment and large-scale 3D disaster-response scenario. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages, 8 figures, published to RA-L arXiv:2601.10079 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CL Sparse-RL: Breaking the Memory Wall in LLM Reinforcement Learning via Stable Sparse Rollouts Authors: Sijia Luo , Xiaokang Zhang , Yuxuan Hu , Bohan Zhang , Ke Wang , Jinbo Su , Mengshu Sun , Lei Liang , Jing Zhang Abstract : Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become essential for eliciting complex reasoning capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the substantial memory overhead of storing Key-Value (KV) caches during long-horizon rollouts acts as a critical bottleneck, often prohibiting efficient training on limited hardware. While existing KV compression techniques offer a remedy for inference, directly a… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become essential for eliciting complex reasoning capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the substantial memory overhead of storing Key-Value (KV) caches during long-horizon rollouts acts as a critical bottleneck, often prohibiting efficient training on limited hardware. While existing KV compression techniques offer a remedy for inference, directly applying them to RL training induces a severe policy mismatch, leading to catastrophic performance collapse. To address this, we introduce Sparse-RL empowers stable RL training under sparse rollouts. We show that instability arises from a fundamental policy mismatch among the dense old policy, the sparse sampler policy, and the learner policy. To mitigate this issue, Sparse-RL incorporates Sparsity-Aware Rejection Sampling and Importance-based Reweighting to correct the off-policy bias introduced by compression-induced information loss. Experimental results show that Sparse-RL reduces rollout overhead compared to dense baselines while preserving the performance. Furthermore, Sparse-RL inherently implements sparsity-aware training, significantly enhancing model robustness during sparse inference deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10079 [ pdf , ps , other ] Sparse-RL: Breaking the Memory Wall in LLM Reinforcement Learning via Stable Sparse Rollouts Authors: Sijia Luo , Xiaokang Zhang , Yuxuan Hu , Bohan Zhang , Ke Wang , Jinbo Su , Mengshu Sun , Lei Liang , Jing Zhang Abstract : Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become essential for eliciting complex reasoning capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the substantial memory overhead of storing Key-Value (KV) caches during long-horizon rollouts acts as a critical bottleneck, often prohibiting efficient training on limited hardware. While existing KV compression techniques offer a remedy for inference, directly a… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become essential for eliciting complex reasoning capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the substantial memory overhead of storing Key-Value (KV) caches during long-horizon rollouts acts as a critical bottleneck, often prohibiting efficient training on limited hardware. While existing KV compression techniques offer a remedy for inference, directly applying them to RL training induces a severe policy mismatch, leading to catastrophic performance collapse. To address this, we introduce Sparse-RL empowers stable RL training under sparse rollouts. We show that instability arises from a fundamental policy mismatch among the dense old policy, the sparse sampler policy, and the learner policy. To mitigate this issue, Sparse-RL incorporates Sparsity-Aware Rejection Sampling and Importance-based Reweighting to correct the off-policy bias introduced by compression-induced information loss. Experimental results show that Sparse-RL reduces rollout overhead compared to dense baselines while preserving the performance. Furthermore, Sparse-RL inherently implements sparsity-aware training, significantly enhancing model robustness during sparse inference deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10037 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.ET Resistive Memory based Efficient Machine Unlearning and Continual Learning Authors: Ning Lin , Jichang Yang , Yangu He , Zijian Ye , Kwun Hang Wong , Xinyuan Zhang , Songqi Wang , Yi Li , Kemi Xu , Leo Yu Zhang , Xiaoming Chen , Dashan Shang , Han Wang , Xiaojuan Qi , Zhongrui Wang Abstract : Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization… ▽ More Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization of sensitive information and the generation of harmful content, yet existing exact and approximate unlearning schemes incur prohibitive programming overheads on RM hardware owing to device variability and iterative write-verify cycles. Analogue implementations of continual learning face similar barriers. Here we present a hardware-software co-design that enables an efficient training, deployment and inference pipeline for machine unlearning and continual learning on RM accelerators. At the software level, we introduce a low-rank adaptation (LoRA) framework that confines updates to compact parameter branches, substantially reducing the number of trainable parameters and therefore the training cost. At the hardware level, we develop a hybrid analogue-digital compute-in-memory system in which well-trained weights are stored in analogue RM arrays, whereas dynamic LoRA updates are implemented in a digital computing unit with SRAM buffer. This hybrid architecture avoids costly reprogramming of analogue weights and maintains high energy efficiency during inference. Fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process, the prototype achieves up to a 147.76-fold reduction in training cost, a 387.95-fold reduction in deployment overhead and a 48.44-fold reduction in inference energy across privacy-sensitive tasks including face recognition, speaker authentication and stylized image generation, paving the way for secure and efficient neuromorphic intelligence at the edge. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10037 [ pdf , ps , other ] Resistive Memory based Efficient Machine Unlearning and Continual Learning Authors: Ning Lin , Jichang Yang , Yangu He , Zijian Ye , Kwun Hang Wong , Xinyuan Zhang , Songqi Wang , Yi Li , Kemi Xu , Leo Yu Zhang , Xiaoming Chen , Dashan Shang , Han Wang , Xiaojuan Qi , Zhongrui Wang Abstract : Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization… ▽ More Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization of sensitive information and the generation of harmful content, yet existing exact and approximate unlearning schemes incur prohibitive programming overheads on RM hardware owing to device variability and iterative write-verify cycles. Analogue implementations of continual learning face similar barriers. Here we present a hardware-software co-design that enables an efficient training, deployment and inference pipeline for machine unlearning and continual learning on RM accelerators. At the software level, we introduce a low-rank adaptation (LoRA) framework that confines updates to compact parameter branches, substantially reducing the number of trainable parameters and therefore the training cost. At the hardware level, we develop a hybrid analogue-digital compute-in-memory system in which well-trained weights are stored in analogue RM arrays, whereas dynamic LoRA updates are implemented in a digital computing unit with SRAM buffer. This hybrid architecture avoids costly reprogramming of analogue weights and maintains high energy efficiency during inference. Fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process, the prototype achieves up to a 147.76-fold reduction in training cost, a 387.95-fold reduction in deployment overhead and a 48.44-fold reduction in inference energy across privacy-sensitive tasks including face recognition, speaker authentication and stylized image generation, paving the way for secure and efficient neuromorphic intelligence at the edge. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09833 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Stable and Explainable Personality Trait Evaluation in Large Language Models with Internal Activations Authors: Xiaoxu Ma , Xiangbo Zhang , Zhenyu Weng Abstract : Evaluating personality traits in Large Language Models (LLMs) is key to model interpretation, comparison, and responsible deployment. However, existing questionnaire-based evaluation methods exhibit limited stability and offer little explainability, as their results are highly sensitive to minor variations in prompt phrasing or role-play configurations. To address these limitations, we propose an… ▽ More Evaluating personality traits in Large Language Models (LLMs) is key to model interpretation, comparison, and responsible deployment. However, existing questionnaire-based evaluation methods exhibit limited stability and offer little explainability, as their results are highly sensitive to minor variations in prompt phrasing or role-play configurations. To address these limitations, we propose an internal-activation-based approach, termed Persona-Vector Neutrality Interpolation (PVNI), for stable and explainable personality trait evaluation in LLMs. PVNI extracts a persona vector associated with a target personality trait from the model's internal activations using contrastive prompts. It then estimates the corresponding neutral score by interpolating along the persona vector as an anchor axis, enabling an interpretable comparison between the neutral prompt representation and the persona direction. We provide a theoretical analysis of the effectiveness and generalization properties of PVNI. Extensive experiments across diverse LLMs demonstrate that PVNI yields substantially more stable personality trait evaluations than existing methods, even under questionnaire and role-play variants. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09833 [ pdf , ps , other ] Stable and Explainable Personality Trait Evaluation in Large Language Models with Internal Activations Authors: Xiaoxu Ma , Xiangbo Zhang , Zhenyu Weng Abstract : Evaluating personality traits in Large Language Models (LLMs) is key to model interpretation, comparison, and responsible deployment. However, existing questionnaire-based evaluation methods exhibit limited stability and offer little explainability, as their results are highly sensitive to minor variations in prompt phrasing or role-play configurations. To address these limitations, we propose an… ▽ More Evaluating personality traits in Large Language Models (LLMs) is key to model interpretation, comparison, and responsible deployment. However, existing questionnaire-based evaluation methods exhibit limited stability and offer little explainability, as their results are highly sensitive to minor variations in prompt phrasing or role-play configurations. To address these limitations, we propose an internal-activation-based approach, termed Persona-Vector Neutrality Interpolation (PVNI), for stable and explainable personality trait evaluation in LLMs. PVNI extracts a persona vector associated with a target personality trait from the model's internal activations using contrastive prompts. It then estimates the corresponding neutral score by interpolating along the persona vector as an anchor axis, enabling an interpretable comparison between the neutral prompt representation and the persona direction. We provide a theoretical analysis of the effectiveness and generalization properties of PVNI. Extensive experiments across diverse LLMs demonstrate that PVNI yields substantially more stable personality trait evaluations than existing methods, even under questionnaire and role-play variants. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09828 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV UniHash: Unifying Pointwise and Pairwise Hashing Paradigms for Seen and Unseen Category Retrieval Authors: Xiaoxu Ma , Runhao Li , Hanwen Liu , Xiangbo Zhang , Zhenyu Weng Abstract : Effective retrieval across both seen and unseen categories is crucial for modern image retrieval systems. Retrieval on seen categories ensures precise recognition of known classes, while retrieval on unseen categories promotes generalization to novel classes with limited supervision. However, most existing deep hashing methods are confined to a single training paradigm, either pointwise or pairwis… ▽ More Effective retrieval across both seen and unseen categories is crucial for modern image retrieval systems. Retrieval on seen categories ensures precise recognition of known classes, while retrieval on unseen categories promotes generalization to novel classes with limited supervision. However, most existing deep hashing methods are confined to a single training paradigm, either pointwise or pairwise, where the former excels on seen categories and the latter generalizes better to unseen ones. To overcome this limitation, we propose Unified Hashing (UniHash), a dual-branch framework that unifies the strengths of both paradigms to achieve balanced retrieval performance across seen and unseen categories. UniHash consists of two complementary branches: a center-based branch following the pointwise paradigm and a pairwise branch following the pairwise paradigm. A novel hash code learning method is introduced to enable bidirectional knowledge transfer between branches, improving hash code discriminability and generalization. It employs a mutual learning loss to align hash representations and introduces a Split-Merge Mixture of Hash Experts (SM-MoH) module to enhance cross-branch exchange of hash representations. Theoretical analysis substantiates the effectiveness of UniHash, and extensive experiments on CIFAR-10, MSCOCO, and ImageNet demonstrate that UniHash consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance in both seen and unseen image retrieval scenarios. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09828 [ pdf , ps , other ] UniHash: Unifying Pointwise and Pairwise Hashing Paradigms for Seen and Unseen Category Retrieval Authors: Xiaoxu Ma , Runhao Li , Hanwen Liu , Xiangbo Zhang , Zhenyu Weng Abstract : Effective retrieval across both seen and unseen categories is crucial for modern image retrieval systems. Retrieval on seen categories ensures precise recognition of known classes, while retrieval on unseen categories promotes generalization to novel classes with limited supervision. However, most existing deep hashing methods are confined to a single training paradigm, either pointwise or pairwis… ▽ More Effective retrieval across both seen and unseen categories is crucial for modern image retrieval systems. Retrieval on seen categories ensures precise recognition of known classes, while retrieval on unseen categories promotes generalization to novel classes with limited supervision. However, most existing deep hashing methods are confined to a single training paradigm, either pointwise or pairwise, where the former excels on seen categories and the latter generalizes better to unseen ones. To overcome this limitation, we propose Unified Hashing (UniHash), a dual-branch framework that unifies the strengths of both paradigms to achieve balanced retrieval performance across seen and unseen categories. UniHash consists of two complementary branches: a center-based branch following the pointwise paradigm and a pairwise branch following the pairwise paradigm. A novel hash code learning method is introduced to enable bidirectional knowledge transfer between branches, improving hash code discriminability and generalization. It employs a mutual learning loss to align hash representations and introduces a Split-Merge Mixture of Hash Experts (SM-MoH) module to enhance cross-branch exchange of hash representations. Theoretical analysis substantiates the effectiveness of UniHash, and extensive experiments on CIFAR-10, MSCOCO, and ImageNet demonstrate that UniHash consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance in both seen and unseen image retrieval scenarios. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09270 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL MCGA: A Multi-task Classical Chinese Literary Genre Audio Corpus Authors: Yexing Du , Kaiyuan Liu , Bihe Zhang , Youcheng Pan , Bo Yang , Liangyu Huo , Xiyuan Zhang , Jian Xie , Daojing He , Yang Xiang , Ming Liu , Bin Qin Abstract : With the rapid advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), their potential has garnered significant attention in Chinese Classical Studies (CCS). While existing research has primarily focused on text and visual modalities, the audio corpus within this domain remains largely underexplored. To bridge this gap, we propose the Multi-task Classical Chinese Literary Genre Audio Corpus (MCGA… ▽ More With the rapid advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), their potential has garnered significant attention in Chinese Classical Studies (CCS). While existing research has primarily focused on text and visual modalities, the audio corpus within this domain remains largely underexplored. To bridge this gap, we propose the Multi-task Classical Chinese Literary Genre Audio Corpus (MCGA). It encompasses a diverse range of literary genres across six tasks: Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Speech-to-Text Translation (S2TT), Speech Emotion Captioning (SEC), Spoken Question Answering (SQA), Speech Understanding (SU), and Speech Reasoning (SR). Through the evaluation of ten MLLMs, our experimental results demonstrate that current models still face substantial challenges when processed on the MCGA test set. Furthermore, we introduce an evaluation metric for SEC and a metric to measure the consistency between the speech and text capabilities of MLLMs. We release MCGA and our code to the public to facilitate the development of MLLMs with more robust multidimensional audio capabilities in CCS. MCGA Corpus: △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09270 [ pdf , ps , other ] MCGA: A Multi-task Classical Chinese Literary Genre Audio Corpus Authors: Yexing Du , Kaiyuan Liu , Bihe Zhang , Youcheng Pan , Bo Yang , Liangyu Huo , Xiyuan Zhang , Jian Xie , Daojing He , Yang Xiang , Ming Liu , Bin Qin Abstract : With the rapid advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), their potential has garnered significant attention in Chinese Classical Studies (CCS). While existing research has primarily focused on text and visual modalities, the audio corpus within this domain remains largely underexplored. To bridge this gap, we propose the Multi-task Classical Chinese Literary Genre Audio Corpus (MCGA… ▽ More With the rapid advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), their potential has garnered significant attention in Chinese Classical Studies (CCS). While existing research has primarily focused on text and visual modalities, the audio corpus within this domain remains largely underexplored. To bridge this gap, we propose the Multi-task Classical Chinese Literary Genre Audio Corpus (MCGA). It encompasses a diverse range of literary genres across six tasks: Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Speech-to-Text Translation (S2TT), Speech Emotion Captioning (SEC), Spoken Question Answering (SQA), Speech Understanding (SU), and Speech Reasoning (SR). Through the evaluation of ten MLLMs, our experimental results demonstrate that current models still face substantial challenges when processed on the MCGA test set. Furthermore, we introduce an evaluation metric for SEC and a metric to measure the consistency between the speech and text capabilities of MLLMs. We release MCGA and our code to the public to facilitate the development of MLLMs with more robust multidimensional audio capabilities in CCS. MCGA Corpus: △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09241 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL When to Trust: A Causality-Aware Calibration Framework for Accurate Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Jing Ren , Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Xinkun Zhang , Haytham Fayek , Xiaodong Li Abstract : Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) extends the RAG paradigm by incorporating structured knowledge from knowledge graphs, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform more precise and explainable reasoning. While KG-RAG improves factual accuracy in complex tasks, existing KG-RAG models are often severely overconfident, producing high-confidence predictions even when retriev… ▽ More Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) extends the RAG paradigm by incorporating structured knowledge from knowledge graphs, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform more precise and explainable reasoning. While KG-RAG improves factual accuracy in complex tasks, existing KG-RAG models are often severely overconfident, producing high-confidence predictions even when retrieved sub-graphs are incomplete or unreliable, which raises concerns for deployment in high-stakes domains. To address this issue, we propose Ca2KG, a Causality-aware Calibration framework for KG-RAG. Ca2KG integrates counterfactual prompting, which exposes retrieval-dependent uncertainties in knowledge quality and reasoning reliability, with a panel-based re-scoring mechanism that stabilises predictions across interventions. Extensive experiments on two complex QA datasets demonstrate that Ca2KG consistently improves calibration while maintaining or even enhancing predictive accuracy. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by WWW 2026 arXiv:2601.09241 [ pdf , ps , other ] When to Trust: A Causality-Aware Calibration Framework for Accurate Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation Authors: Jing Ren , Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Xinkun Zhang , Haytham Fayek , Xiaodong Li Abstract : Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) extends the RAG paradigm by incorporating structured knowledge from knowledge graphs, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform more precise and explainable reasoning. While KG-RAG improves factual accuracy in complex tasks, existing KG-RAG models are often severely overconfident, producing high-confidence predictions even when retriev… ▽ More Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (KG-RAG) extends the RAG paradigm by incorporating structured knowledge from knowledge graphs, enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform more precise and explainable reasoning. While KG-RAG improves factual accuracy in complex tasks, existing KG-RAG models are often severely overconfident, producing high-confidence predictions even when retrieved sub-graphs are incomplete or unreliable, which raises concerns for deployment in high-stakes domains. To address this issue, we propose Ca2KG, a Causality-aware Calibration framework for KG-RAG. Ca2KG integrates counterfactual prompting, which exposes retrieval-dependent uncertainties in knowledge quality and reasoning reliability, with a panel-based re-scoring mechanism that stabilises predictions across interventions. Extensive experiments on two complex QA datasets demonstrate that Ca2KG consistently improves calibration while maintaining or even enhancing predictive accuracy. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by WWW 2026 arXiv:2601.09216 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DB Honesty-Aware Multi-Agent Framework for High-Fidelity Synthetic Data Generation in Digital Psychiatric Intake Doctor-Patient Interactions Authors: Xinyuan Zhang , Zijian Wang , Chang Dao , Juexiao Zhou Abstract : Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and… ▽ More Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and simulate a four-role workflow: a \emph{Patient} completes self-rated scales and participates in a semi-structured interview under a topic-dependent honesty state; an \emph{Assessor} selects instruments based on demographics and chief complaints; an \emph{Evaluator} conducts the interview grounded in rater-administered scales, tracks suspicion, and completes ratings; and a \emph{Diagnostician} integrates all evidence into a diagnostic summary. Each case links the patient profile, self-rated and rater-administered responses, interview transcript, diagnostic summary, and honesty state. We validate the framework through four complementary evaluations: diagnostic consistency and severity grading, chain-of-thought ablations, human evaluation of clinical realism and dishonesty modeling, and LLM-based comparative evaluation. The resulting corpus spans multiple disorders and severity levels, enabling controlled study of dishonesty-aware psychiatric assessment and the training and evaluation of adaptive dialogue agents. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09216 [ pdf , ps , other ] Honesty-Aware Multi-Agent Framework for High-Fidelity Synthetic Data Generation in Digital Psychiatric Intake Doctor-Patient Interactions Authors: Xinyuan Zhang , Zijian Wang , Chang Dao , Juexiao Zhou Abstract : Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and… ▽ More Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and simulate a four-role workflow: a \emph{Patient} completes self-rated scales and participates in a semi-structured interview under a topic-dependent honesty state; an \emph{Assessor} selects instruments based on demographics and chief complaints; an \emph{Evaluator} conducts the interview grounded in rater-administered scales, tracks suspicion, and completes ratings; and a \emph{Diagnostician} integrates all evidence into a diagnostic summary. Each case links the patient profile, self-rated and rater-administered responses, interview transcript, diagnostic summary, and honesty state. We validate the framework through four complementary evaluations: diagnostic consistency and severity grading, chain-of-thought ablations, human evaluation of clinical realism and dishonesty modeling, and LLM-based comparative evaluation. The resulting corpus spans multiple disorders and severity levels, enabling controlled study of dishonesty-aware psychiatric assessment and the training and evaluation of adaptive dialogue agents. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08605 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI ExpSeek: Self-Triggered Experience Seeking for Web Agents Authors: Wenyuan Zhang , Xinghua Zhang , Haiyang Yu , Shuaiyi Nie , Bingli Wu , Juwei Yue , Tingwen Liu , Yongbin Li Abstract : Experience intervention in web agents emerges as a promising technical paradigm, enhancing agent interaction capabilities by providing valuable insights from accumulated experiences. However, existing methods predominantly inject experience passively as global context before task execution, struggling to adapt to dynamically changing contextual observations during agent-environment interaction. We… ▽ More Experience intervention in web agents emerges as a promising technical paradigm, enhancing agent interaction capabilities by providing valuable insights from accumulated experiences. However, existing methods predominantly inject experience passively as global context before task execution, struggling to adapt to dynamically changing contextual observations during agent-environment interaction. We propose ExpSeek, which shifts experience toward step-level proactive seeking: (1) estimating step-level entropy thresholds to determine intervention timing using the model's intrinsic signals; (2) designing step-level tailor-designed experience content. Experiments on Qwen3-8B and 32B models across four challenging web agent benchmarks demonstrate that ExpSeek achieves absolute improvements of 9.3% and 7.5%, respectively. Our experiments validate the feasibility and advantages of entropy as a self-triggering signal, reveal that even a 4B small-scale experience model can significantly boost the performance of larger agent models. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.08605 [ pdf , ps , other ] ExpSeek: Self-Triggered Experience Seeking for Web Agents Authors: Wenyuan Zhang , Xinghua Zhang , Haiyang Yu , Shuaiyi Nie , Bingli Wu , Juwei Yue , Tingwen Liu , Yongbin Li Abstract : Experience intervention in web agents emerges as a promising technical paradigm, enhancing agent interaction capabilities by providing valuable insights from accumulated experiences. However, existing methods predominantly inject experience passively as global context before task execution, struggling to adapt to dynamically changing contextual observations during agent-environment interaction. We… ▽ More Experience intervention in web agents emerges as a promising technical paradigm, enhancing agent interaction capabilities by providing valuable insights from accumulated experiences. However, existing methods predominantly inject experience passively as global context before task execution, struggling to adapt to dynamically changing contextual observations during agent-environment interaction. We propose ExpSeek, which shifts experience toward step-level proactive seeking: (1) estimating step-level entropy thresholds to determine intervention timing using the model's intrinsic signals; (2) designing step-level tailor-designed experience content. Experiments on Qwen3-8B and 32B models across four challenging web agent benchmarks demonstrate that ExpSeek achieves absolute improvements of 9.3% and 7.5%, respectively. Our experiments validate the feasibility and advantages of entropy as a self-triggering signal, reveal that even a 4B small-scale experience model can significantly boost the performance of larger agent models. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.08510 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI STAGE: A Benchmark for Knowledge Graph Construction, Question Answering, and In-Script Role-Playing over Movie Screenplays Authors: Qiuyu Tian , Yiding Li , Fengyi Chen , Zequn Liu , Youyong Kong , Fan Guo , Yuyao Li , Jinjing Shen , Zhijing Xie , Yiyun Luo , Xin Zhang Abstract : Movie screenplays are rich long-form narratives that interleave complex character relationships, temporally ordered events, and dialogue-driven interactions. While prior benchmarks target individual subtasks such as question answering or dialogue generation, they rarely evaluate whether models can construct a coherent story world and use it consistently across multiple forms of reasoning and gener… ▽ More Movie screenplays are rich long-form narratives that interleave complex character relationships, temporally ordered events, and dialogue-driven interactions. While prior benchmarks target individual subtasks such as question answering or dialogue generation, they rarely evaluate whether models can construct a coherent story world and use it consistently across multiple forms of reasoning and generation. We introduce STAGE (Screenplay Text, Agents, Graphs and Evaluation), a unified benchmark for narrative understanding over full-length movie screenplays. STAGE defines four tasks: knowledge graph construction, scene-level event summarization, long-context screenplay question answering, and in-script character role-playing, all grounded in a shared narrative world representation. The benchmark provides cleaned scripts, curated knowledge graphs, and event- and character-centric annotations for 150 films across English and Chinese, enabling holistic evaluation of models' abilities to build world representations, abstract and verify narrative events, reason over long narratives, and generate character-consistent responses. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 66 pages, 9 figures arXiv:2601.08510 [ pdf , ps , other ] STAGE: A Benchmark for Knowledge Graph Construction, Question Answering, and In-Script Role-Playing over Movie Screenplays Authors: Qiuyu Tian , Yiding Li , Fengyi Chen , Zequn Liu , Youyong Kong , Fan Guo , Yuyao Li , Jinjing Shen , Zhijing Xie , Yiyun Luo , Xin Zhang Abstract : Movie screenplays are rich long-form narratives that interleave complex character relationships, temporally ordered events, and dialogue-driven interactions. While prior benchmarks target individual subtasks such as question answering or dialogue generation, they rarely evaluate whether models can construct a coherent story world and use it consistently across multiple forms of reasoning and gener… ▽ More Movie screenplays are rich long-form narratives that interleave complex character relationships, temporally ordered events, and dialogue-driven interactions. While prior benchmarks target individual subtasks such as question answering or dialogue generation, they rarely evaluate whether models can construct a coherent story world and use it consistently across multiple forms of reasoning and generation. We introduce STAGE (Screenplay Text, Agents, Graphs and Evaluation), a unified benchmark for narrative understanding over full-length movie screenplays. STAGE defines four tasks: knowledge graph construction, scene-level event summarization, long-context screenplay question answering, and in-script character role-playing, all grounded in a shared narrative world representation. The benchmark provides cleaned scripts, curated knowledge graphs, and event- and character-centric annotations for 150 films across English and Chinese, enabling holistic evaluation of models' abilities to build world representations, abstract and verify narrative events, reason over long narratives, and generate character-consistent responses. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 66 pages, 9 figures arXiv:2601.08209 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Generation-Augmented Generation: A Plug-and-Play Framework for Private Knowledge Injection in Large Language Models Authors: Rongji Li , Jian Xu , Xueqing Chen , Yisheng Yang , Jiayi Wang , Xingyu Chen , Chunyu Xie , Dawei Leng , Xu-Yao Zhang Abstract : In domains such as biomedicine, materials, and finance, high-stakes deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires injecting private, domain-specific knowledge that is proprietary, fast-evolving, and under-represented in public pretraining. However, the two dominant paradigms for private knowledge injection each have pronounced drawbacks: fine-tuning is expensive to iterate, and continual upd… ▽ More In domains such as biomedicine, materials, and finance, high-stakes deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires injecting private, domain-specific knowledge that is proprietary, fast-evolving, and under-represented in public pretraining. However, the two dominant paradigms for private knowledge injection each have pronounced drawbacks: fine-tuning is expensive to iterate, and continual updates risk catastrophic forgetting and general-capability regression; retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) keeps the base model intact but is brittle in specialized private corpora due to chunk-induced evidence fragmentation, retrieval drift, and long-context pressure that yields query-dependent prompt inflation. Inspired by how multimodal LLMs align heterogeneous modalities into a shared semantic space, we propose Generation-Augmented Generation (GAG), which treats private expertise as an additional expert modality and injects it via a compact, representation-level interface aligned to the frozen base model, avoiding prompt-time evidence serialization while enabling plug-and-play specialization and scalable multi-domain composition with reliable selective activation. Across two private scientific QA benchmarks (immunology adjuvant and catalytic materials) and mixed-domain evaluations, GAG improves specialist performance over strong RAG baselines by 15.34% and 14.86% on the two benchmarks, respectively, while maintaining performance on six open general benchmarks and enabling near-oracle selective activation for scalable multi-domain deployment. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08209 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generation-Augmented Generation: A Plug-and-Play Framework for Private Knowledge Injection in Large Language Models Authors: Rongji Li , Jian Xu , Xueqing Chen , Yisheng Yang , Jiayi Wang , Xingyu Chen , Chunyu Xie , Dawei Leng , Xu-Yao Zhang Abstract : In domains such as biomedicine, materials, and finance, high-stakes deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires injecting private, domain-specific knowledge that is proprietary, fast-evolving, and under-represented in public pretraining. However, the two dominant paradigms for private knowledge injection each have pronounced drawbacks: fine-tuning is expensive to iterate, and continual upd… ▽ More In domains such as biomedicine, materials, and finance, high-stakes deployment of large language models (LLMs) requires injecting private, domain-specific knowledge that is proprietary, fast-evolving, and under-represented in public pretraining. However, the two dominant paradigms for private knowledge injection each have pronounced drawbacks: fine-tuning is expensive to iterate, and continual updates risk catastrophic forgetting and general-capability regression; retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) keeps the base model intact but is brittle in specialized private corpora due to chunk-induced evidence fragmentation, retrieval drift, and long-context pressure that yields query-dependent prompt inflation. Inspired by how multimodal LLMs align heterogeneous modalities into a shared semantic space, we propose Generation-Augmented Generation (GAG), which treats private expertise as an additional expert modality and injects it via a compact, representation-level interface aligned to the frozen base model, avoiding prompt-time evidence serialization while enabling plug-and-play specialization and scalable multi-domain composition with reliable selective activation. Across two private scientific QA benchmarks (immunology adjuvant and catalytic materials) and mixed-domain evaluations, GAG improves specialist performance over strong RAG baselines by 15.34% and 14.86% on the two benchmarks, respectively, while maintaining performance on six open general benchmarks and enabling near-oracle selective activation for scalable multi-domain deployment. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08108 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Debiasing Large Language Models via Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought Authors: Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Jing Ren , Renqiang Luo , Xikun Zhang , Xiuzhen Zhang , Yongli Ren , Feng Xia Abstract : Despite notable advancements in prompting methods for Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT), existing strategies still suffer from excessive token usage and limited generalisability across diverse reasoning tasks. To address these limitations, we propose an Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought (ACPS) framework, which leverages structural causal models to infer th… ▽ More Despite notable advancements in prompting methods for Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT), existing strategies still suffer from excessive token usage and limited generalisability across diverse reasoning tasks. To address these limitations, we propose an Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought (ACPS) framework, which leverages structural causal models to infer the causal effect of a query on its answer and adaptively select an appropriate intervention (i.e., standard front-door and conditional front-door adjustments). This design enables generalisable causal reasoning across heterogeneous tasks without task-specific retraining. By replacing verbose CoT with concise Sketch-of-Thought, ACPS enables efficient reasoning that significantly reduces token usage and inference cost. Extensive experiments on multiple reasoning benchmarks and LLMs demonstrate that ACPS consistently outperforms existing prompting baselines in terms of accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by Findings of EACL 2026 arXiv:2601.08108 [ pdf , ps , other ] Debiasing Large Language Models via Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought Authors: Bowen Li , Ziqi Xu , Jing Ren , Renqiang Luo , Xikun Zhang , Xiuzhen Zhang , Yongli Ren , Feng Xia Abstract : Despite notable advancements in prompting methods for Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT), existing strategies still suffer from excessive token usage and limited generalisability across diverse reasoning tasks. To address these limitations, we propose an Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought (ACPS) framework, which leverages structural causal models to infer th… ▽ More Despite notable advancements in prompting methods for Large Language Models (LLMs), such as Chain-of-Thought (CoT), existing strategies still suffer from excessive token usage and limited generalisability across diverse reasoning tasks. To address these limitations, we propose an Adaptive Causal Prompting with Sketch-of-Thought (ACPS) framework, which leverages structural causal models to infer the causal effect of a query on its answer and adaptively select an appropriate intervention (i.e., standard front-door and conditional front-door adjustments). This design enables generalisable causal reasoning across heterogeneous tasks without task-specific retraining. By replacing verbose CoT with concise Sketch-of-Thought, ACPS enables efficient reasoning that significantly reduces token usage and inference cost. Extensive experiments on multiple reasoning benchmarks and LLMs demonstrate that ACPS consistently outperforms existing prompting baselines in terms of accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by Findings of EACL 2026 arXiv:2601.07885 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI cs.SE Small Symbols, Big Risks: Exploring Emoticon Semantic Confusion in Large Language Models Authors: Weipeng Jiang , Xiaoyu Zhang , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen , Yang Liu Abstract : Emoticons are widely used in digital communication to convey affective intent, yet their safety implications for Large Language Models (LLMs) remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we identify emoticon semantic confusion, a vulnerability where LLMs misinterpret ASCII-based emoticons to perform unintended and even destructive actions. To systematically study this phenomenon, we develop an automa… ▽ More Emoticons are widely used in digital communication to convey affective intent, yet their safety implications for Large Language Models (LLMs) remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we identify emoticon semantic confusion, a vulnerability where LLMs misinterpret ASCII-based emoticons to perform unintended and even destructive actions. To systematically study this phenomenon, we develop an automated data generation pipeline and construct a dataset containing 3,757 code-oriented test cases spanning 21 meta-scenarios, four programming languages, and varying contextual complexities. Our study on six LLMs reveals that emoticon semantic confusion is pervasive, with an average confusion ratio exceeding 38%. More critically, over 90% of confused responses yield 'silent failures', which are syntactically valid outputs but deviate from user intent, potentially leading to destructive security consequences. Furthermore, we observe that this vulnerability readily transfers to popular agent frameworks, while existing prompt-based mitigations remain largely ineffective. We call on the community to recognize this emerging vulnerability and develop effective mitigation methods to uphold the safety and reliability of the LLM system. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07885 [ pdf , ps , other ] Small Symbols, Big Risks: Exploring Emoticon Semantic Confusion in Large Language Models Authors: Weipeng Jiang , Xiaoyu Zhang , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen , Yang Liu Abstract : Emoticons are widely used in digital communication to convey affective intent, yet their safety implications for Large Language Models (LLMs) remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we identify emoticon semantic confusion, a vulnerability where LLMs misinterpret ASCII-based emoticons to perform unintended and even destructive actions. To systematically study this phenomenon, we develop an automa… ▽ More Emoticons are widely used in digital communication to convey affective intent, yet their safety implications for Large Language Models (LLMs) remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we identify emoticon semantic confusion, a vulnerability where LLMs misinterpret ASCII-based emoticons to perform unintended and even destructive actions. To systematically study this phenomenon, we develop an automated data generation pipeline and construct a dataset containing 3,757 code-oriented test cases spanning 21 meta-scenarios, four programming languages, and varying contextual complexities. Our study on six LLMs reveals that emoticon semantic confusion is pervasive, with an average confusion ratio exceeding 38%. More critically, over 90% of confused responses yield 'silent failures', which are syntactically valid outputs but deviate from user intent, potentially leading to destructive security consequences. Furthermore, we observe that this vulnerability readily transfers to popular agent frameworks, while existing prompt-based mitigations remain largely ineffective. We call on the community to recognize this emerging vulnerability and develop effective mitigation methods to uphold the safety and reliability of the LLM system. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07550 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG TFEC: Multivariate Time-Series Clustering via Temporal-Frequency Enhanced Contrastive Learning Authors: Zexi Tan , Tao Xie , Haoyi Xiao , Baoyao Yang , Yuzhu Ji , An Zeng , Xiang Zhang , Yiqun Zhang Abstract : Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) clustering is crucial for signal processing and data analysis. Although deep learning approaches, particularly those leveraging Contrastive Learning (CL), are prominent for MTS representation, existing CL-based models face two key limitations: 1) neglecting clustering information during positive/negative sample pair construction, and 2) introducing unreasonable induc… ▽ More Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) clustering is crucial for signal processing and data analysis. Although deep learning approaches, particularly those leveraging Contrastive Learning (CL), are prominent for MTS representation, existing CL-based models face two key limitations: 1) neglecting clustering information during positive/negative sample pair construction, and 2) introducing unreasonable inductive biases, e.g., destroying time dependence and periodicity through augmentation strategies, compromising representation quality. This paper, therefore, proposes a Temporal-Frequency Enhanced Contrastive (TFEC) learning framework. To preserve temporal structure while generating low-distortion representations, a temporal-frequency Co-EnHancement (CoEH) mechanism is introduced. Accordingly, a synergistic dual-path representation and cluster distribution learning framework is designed to jointly optimize cluster structure and representation fidelity. Experiments on six real-world benchmark datasets demonstrate TFEC's superiority, achieving 4.48% average NMI gains over SOTA methods, with ablation studies validating the design. The code of the paper is available at: △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to ICASSP 2026 arXiv:2601.07550 [ pdf , ps , other ] TFEC: Multivariate Time-Series Clustering via Temporal-Frequency Enhanced Contrastive Learning Authors: Zexi Tan , Tao Xie , Haoyi Xiao , Baoyao Yang , Yuzhu Ji , An Zeng , Xiang Zhang , Yiqun Zhang Abstract : Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) clustering is crucial for signal processing and data analysis. Although deep learning approaches, particularly those leveraging Contrastive Learning (CL), are prominent for MTS representation, existing CL-based models face two key limitations: 1) neglecting clustering information during positive/negative sample pair construction, and 2) introducing unreasonable induc… ▽ More Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) clustering is crucial for signal processing and data analysis. Although deep learning approaches, particularly those leveraging Contrastive Learning (CL), are prominent for MTS representation, existing CL-based models face two key limitations: 1) neglecting clustering information during positive/negative sample pair construction, and 2) introducing unreasonable inductive biases, e.g., destroying time dependence and periodicity through augmentation strategies, compromising representation quality. This paper, therefore, proposes a Temporal-Frequency Enhanced Contrastive (TFEC) learning framework. To preserve temporal structure while generating low-distortion representations, a temporal-frequency Co-EnHancement (CoEH) mechanism is introduced. Accordingly, a synergistic dual-path representation and cluster distribution learning framework is designed to jointly optimize cluster structure and representation fidelity. Experiments on six real-world benchmark datasets demonstrate TFEC's superiority, achieving 4.48% average NMI gains over SOTA methods, with ablation studies validating the design. The code of the paper is available at: △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to ICASSP 2026 arXiv:2601.07422 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Two Pathways to Truthfulness: On the Intrinsic Encoding of LLM Hallucinations Authors: Wen Luo , Guangyue Peng , Wei Li , Shaohang Wei , Feifan Song , Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Xingxing Zhang , Jing Jin , Furu Wei , Houfeng Wang Abstract : Despite their impressive capabilities, large language models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinations. Previous work shows that their internal states encode rich signals of truthfulness, yet the origins and mechanisms of these signals remain unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that truthfulness cues arise from two distinct information pathways: (1) a Question-Anchored pathway that depends on q… ▽ More Despite their impressive capabilities, large language models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinations. Previous work shows that their internal states encode rich signals of truthfulness, yet the origins and mechanisms of these signals remain unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that truthfulness cues arise from two distinct information pathways: (1) a Question-Anchored pathway that depends on question-answer information flow, and (2) an Answer-Anchored pathway that derives self-contained evidence from the generated answer itself. First, we validate and disentangle these pathways through attention knockout and token patching. Afterwards, we uncover notable and intriguing properties of these two mechanisms. Further experiments reveal that (1) the two mechanisms are closely associated with LLM knowledge boundaries; and (2) internal representations are aware of their distinctions. Finally, building on these insightful findings, two applications are proposed to enhance hallucination detection performance. Overall, our work provides new insight into how LLMs internally encode truthfulness, offering directions for more reliable and self-aware generative systems. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07422 [ pdf , ps , other ] Two Pathways to Truthfulness: On the Intrinsic Encoding of LLM Hallucinations Authors: Wen Luo , Guangyue Peng , Wei Li , Shaohang Wei , Feifan Song , Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Xingxing Zhang , Jing Jin , Furu Wei , Houfeng Wang Abstract : Despite their impressive capabilities, large language models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinations. Previous work shows that their internal states encode rich signals of truthfulness, yet the origins and mechanisms of these signals remain unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that truthfulness cues arise from two distinct information pathways: (1) a Question-Anchored pathway that depends on q… ▽ More Despite their impressive capabilities, large language models (LLMs) frequently generate hallucinations. Previous work shows that their internal states encode rich signals of truthfulness, yet the origins and mechanisms of these signals remain unclear. In this paper, we demonstrate that truthfulness cues arise from two distinct information pathways: (1) a Question-Anchored pathway that depends on question-answer information flow, and (2) an Answer-Anchored pathway that derives self-contained evidence from the generated answer itself. First, we validate and disentangle these pathways through attention knockout and token patching. Afterwards, we uncover notable and intriguing properties of these two mechanisms. Further experiments reveal that (1) the two mechanisms are closely associated with LLM knowledge boundaries; and (2) internal representations are aware of their distinctions. Finally, building on these insightful findings, two applications are proposed to enhance hallucination detection performance. Overall, our work provides new insight into how LLMs internally encode truthfulness, offering directions for more reliable and self-aware generative systems. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07415 [ pdf ] cs.LG q-bio.MN PLANET v2.0: A comprehensive Protein-Ligand Affinity Prediction Model Based on Mixture Density Network Authors: Haotian Gao , Xiangying Zhang , Jingyuan Li , Xinchong Chen , Haojie Wang , Yifei Qi , Renxiao Wang Abstract : Drug discovery represents a time-consuming and financially intensive process, and virtual screening can accelerate it. Scoring functions, as one of the tools guiding virtual screening, have their precision closely tied to screening efficiency. In our previous study, we developed a graph neural network model called PLANET (Protein-Ligand Affinity prediction NETwork), but it suffers from the defect… ▽ More Drug discovery represents a time-consuming and financially intensive process, and virtual screening can accelerate it. Scoring functions, as one of the tools guiding virtual screening, have their precision closely tied to screening efficiency. In our previous study, we developed a graph neural network model called PLANET (Protein-Ligand Affinity prediction NETwork), but it suffers from the defect in representing protein-ligand contact maps. Incorrect binding modes inevitably lead to poor affinity predictions, so accurate prediction of the protein-ligand contact map is desired to improve PLANET. In this study, we have proposed PLANET v2.0 as an upgraded version. The model is trained via multi-objective training strategy and incorporates the Mixture Density Network to predict binding modes. Except for the probability density distributions of non-covalent interactions, we innovatively employ another Gaussian mixture model to describe the relationship between distance and energy of each interaction pair and predict protein-ligand affinity like calculating the mathematical expectation. As on the CASF-2016 benchmark, PLANET v2.0 demonstrates excellent scoring power, ranking power, and docking power. The screening power of PLANET v2.0 gets notably improved compared to PLANET and Glide SP and it demonstrates robust validation on a commercial ultra-large-scale dataset. Given its efficiency and accuracy, PLANET v2.0 can hopefully become one of the practical tools for virtual screening workflows. PLANET v2.0 is freely available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07415 [ pdf ] PLANET v2.0: A comprehensive Protein-Ligand Affinity Prediction Model Based on Mixture Density Network Authors: Haotian Gao , Xiangying Zhang , Jingyuan Li , Xinchong Chen , Haojie Wang , Yifei Qi , Renxiao Wang Abstract : Drug discovery represents a time-consuming and financially intensive process, and virtual screening can accelerate it. Scoring functions, as one of the tools guiding virtual screening, have their precision closely tied to screening efficiency. In our previous study, we developed a graph neural network model called PLANET (Protein-Ligand Affinity prediction NETwork), but it suffers from the defect… ▽ More Drug discovery represents a time-consuming and financially intensive process, and virtual screening can accelerate it. Scoring functions, as one of the tools guiding virtual screening, have their precision closely tied to screening efficiency. In our previous study, we developed a graph neural network model called PLANET (Protein-Ligand Affinity prediction NETwork), but it suffers from the defect in representing protein-ligand contact maps. Incorrect binding modes inevitably lead to poor affinity predictions, so accurate prediction of the protein-ligand contact map is desired to improve PLANET. In this study, we have proposed PLANET v2.0 as an upgraded version. The model is trained via multi-objective training strategy and incorporates the Mixture Density Network to predict binding modes. Except for the probability density distributions of non-covalent interactions, we innovatively employ another Gaussian mixture model to describe the relationship between distance and energy of each interaction pair and predict protein-ligand affinity like calculating the mathematical expectation. As on the CASF-2016 benchmark, PLANET v2.0 demonstrates excellent scoring power, ranking power, and docking power. The screening power of PLANET v2.0 gets notably improved compared to PLANET and Glide SP and it demonstrates robust validation on a commercial ultra-large-scale dataset. Given its efficiency and accuracy, PLANET v2.0 can hopefully become one of the practical tools for virtual screening workflows. PLANET v2.0 is freely available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07303 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD ESDD2: Environment-Aware Speech and Sound Deepfake Detection Challenge Evaluation Plan Authors: Xueping Zhang , Han Yin , Yang Xiao , Lin Zhang , Ting Dang , Rohan Kumar Das , Ming Li Abstract : Audio recorded in real-world environments often contains a mixture of foreground speech and background environmental sounds. With rapid advances in text-to-speech, voice conversion, and other generation models, either component can now be modified independently. Such component-level manipulations are harder to detect, as the remaining unaltered component can mislead the systems designed for whole… ▽ More Audio recorded in real-world environments often contains a mixture of foreground speech and background environmental sounds. With rapid advances in text-to-speech, voice conversion, and other generation models, either component can now be modified independently. Such component-level manipulations are harder to detect, as the remaining unaltered component can mislead the systems designed for whole deepfake audio, and they often sound more natural to human listeners. To address this gap, we have proposed CompSpoofV2 dataset and a separation-enhanced joint learning framework. CompSpoofV2 is a large-scale curated dataset designed for component-level audio anti-spoofing, which contains over 250k audio samples, with a total duration of approximately 283 hours. Based on the CompSpoofV2 and the separation-enhanced joint learning framework, we launch the Environment-Aware Speech and Sound Deepfake Detection Challenge (ESDD2), focusing on component-level spoofing, where both speech and environmental sounds may be manipulated or synthesized, creating a more challenging and realistic detection scenario. The challenge will be held in conjunction with the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo 2026 (ICME 2026). △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07303 [ pdf , ps , other ] ESDD2: Environment-Aware Speech and Sound Deepfake Detection Challenge Evaluation Plan Authors: Xueping Zhang , Han Yin , Yang Xiao , Lin Zhang , Ting Dang , Rohan Kumar Das , Ming Li Abstract : Audio recorded in real-world environments often contains a mixture of foreground speech and background environmental sounds. With rapid advances in text-to-speech, voice conversion, and other generation models, either component can now be modified independently. Such component-level manipulations are harder to detect, as the remaining unaltered component can mislead the systems designed for whole… ▽ More Audio recorded in real-world environments often contains a mixture of foreground speech and background environmental sounds. With rapid advances in text-to-speech, voice conversion, and other generation models, either component can now be modified independently. Such component-level manipulations are harder to detect, as the remaining unaltered component can mislead the systems designed for whole deepfake audio, and they often sound more natural to human listeners. To address this gap, we have proposed CompSpoofV2 dataset and a separation-enhanced joint learning framework. CompSpoofV2 is a large-scale curated dataset designed for component-level audio anti-spoofing, which contains over 250k audio samples, with a total duration of approximately 283 hours. Based on the CompSpoofV2 and the separation-enhanced joint learning framework, we launch the Environment-Aware Speech and Sound Deepfake Detection Challenge (ESDD2), focusing on component-level spoofing, where both speech and environmental sounds may be manipulated or synthesized, creating a more challenging and realistic detection scenario. The challenge will be held in conjunction with the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo 2026 (ICME 2026). △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07178 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI DIVER: Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning for Multimodal Fake News Detection Authors: Weilin Zhou , Zonghao Ying , Chunlei Meng , Jiahui Liu , Hengyang Zhou , Quanchen Zou , Deyue Zhang , Dongdong Yang , Xiangzheng Zhang Abstract : Multimodal fake news detection is crucial for mitigating adversarial misinformation. Existing methods, relying on static fusion or LLMs, face computational redundancy and hallucination risks due to weak visual foundations. To address this, we propose DIVER (Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning), a framework grounded in a progressive, evidence-driven reasoning paradigm. DIVER first establish… ▽ More Multimodal fake news detection is crucial for mitigating adversarial misinformation. Existing methods, relying on static fusion or LLMs, face computational redundancy and hallucination risks due to weak visual foundations. To address this, we propose DIVER (Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning), a framework grounded in a progressive, evidence-driven reasoning paradigm. DIVER first establishes a strong text-based baseline through language analysis, leveraging intra-modal consistency to filter unreliable or hallucinated claims. Only when textual evidence is insufficient does the framework introduce visual information, where inter-modal alignment verification adaptively determines whether deeper visual inspection is necessary. For samples exhibiting significant cross-modal semantic discrepancies, DIVER selectively invokes fine-grained visual tools (e.g., OCR and dense captioning) to extract task-relevant evidence, which is iteratively aggregated via uncertainty-aware fusion to refine multimodal reasoning. Experiments on Weibo, Weibo21, and GossipCop demonstrate that DIVER outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by an average of 2.72\%, while optimizing inference efficiency with a reduced latency of 4.12 s. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages arXiv:2601.07178 [ pdf , ps , other ] DIVER: Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning for Multimodal Fake News Detection Authors: Weilin Zhou , Zonghao Ying , Chunlei Meng , Jiahui Liu , Hengyang Zhou , Quanchen Zou , Deyue Zhang , Dongdong Yang , Xiangzheng Zhang Abstract : Multimodal fake news detection is crucial for mitigating adversarial misinformation. Existing methods, relying on static fusion or LLMs, face computational redundancy and hallucination risks due to weak visual foundations. To address this, we propose DIVER (Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning), a framework grounded in a progressive, evidence-driven reasoning paradigm. DIVER first establish… ▽ More Multimodal fake news detection is crucial for mitigating adversarial misinformation. Existing methods, relying on static fusion or LLMs, face computational redundancy and hallucination risks due to weak visual foundations. To address this, we propose DIVER (Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning), a framework grounded in a progressive, evidence-driven reasoning paradigm. DIVER first establishes a strong text-based baseline through language analysis, leveraging intra-modal consistency to filter unreliable or hallucinated claims. Only when textual evidence is insufficient does the framework introduce visual information, where inter-modal alignment verification adaptively determines whether deeper visual inspection is necessary. For samples exhibiting significant cross-modal semantic discrepancies, DIVER selectively invokes fine-grained visual tools (e.g., OCR and dense captioning) to extract task-relevant evidence, which is iteratively aggregated via uncertainty-aware fusion to refine multimodal reasoning. Experiments on Weibo, Weibo21, and GossipCop demonstrate that DIVER outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by an average of 2.72\%, while optimizing inference efficiency with a reduced latency of 4.12 s. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages arXiv:2601.07139 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CE AdaField: Generalizable Surface Pressure Modeling with Physics-Informed Pre-training and Flow-Conditioned Adaptation Authors: Junhong Zou , Wei Qiu , Zhenxu Sun , Xiaomei Zhang , Zhaoxiang Zhang , Xiangyu Zhu Abstract : The surface pressure field of transportation systems, including cars, trains, and aircraft, is critical for aerodynamic analysis and design. In recent years, deep neural networks have emerged as promising and efficient methods for modeling surface pressure field, being alternatives to computationally expensive CFD simulations. Currently, large-scale public datasets are available for domains such a… ▽ More The surface pressure field of transportation systems, including cars, trains, and aircraft, is critical for aerodynamic analysis and design. In recent years, deep neural networks have emerged as promising and efficient methods for modeling surface pressure field, being alternatives to computationally expensive CFD simulations. Currently, large-scale public datasets are available for domains such as automotive aerodynamics. However, in many specialized areas, such as high-speed trains, data scarcity remains a fundamental challenge in aerodynamic modeling, severely limiting the effectiveness of standard neural network approaches. To address this limitation, we propose the Adaptive Field Learning Framework (AdaField), which pre-trains the model on public large-scale datasets to improve generalization in sub-domains with limited data. AdaField comprises two key components. First, we design the Semantic Aggregation Point Transformer (SAPT) as a high-performance backbone that efficiently handles large-scale point clouds for surface pressure prediction. Second, regarding the substantial differences in flow conditions and geometric scales across different aerodynamic subdomains, we propose Flow-Conditioned Adapter (FCA) and Physics-Informed Data Augmentation (PIDA). FCA enables the model to flexibly adapt to different flow conditions with a small set of trainable parameters, while PIDA expands the training data distribution to better cover variations in object scale and velocity. Our experiments show that AdaField achieves SOTA performance on the DrivAerNet++ dataset and can be effectively transferred to train and aircraft scenarios with minimal fine-tuning. These results highlight AdaField's potential as a generalizable and transferable solution for surface pressure field modeling, supporting efficient aerodynamic design across a wide range of transportation systems. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07139 [ pdf , ps , other ] AdaField: Generalizable Surface Pressure Modeling with Physics-Informed Pre-training and Flow-Conditioned Adaptation Authors: Junhong Zou , Wei Qiu , Zhenxu Sun , Xiaomei Zhang , Zhaoxiang Zhang , Xiangyu Zhu Abstract : The surface pressure field of transportation systems, including cars, trains, and aircraft, is critical for aerodynamic analysis and design. In recent years, deep neural networks have emerged as promising and efficient methods for modeling surface pressure field, being alternatives to computationally expensive CFD simulations. Currently, large-scale public datasets are available for domains such a… ▽ More The surface pressure field of transportation systems, including cars, trains, and aircraft, is critical for aerodynamic analysis and design. In recent years, deep neural networks have emerged as promising and efficient methods for modeling surface pressure field, being alternatives to computationally expensive CFD simulations. Currently, large-scale public datasets are available for domains such as automotive aerodynamics. However, in many specialized areas, such as high-speed trains, data scarcity remains a fundamental challenge in aerodynamic modeling, severely limiting the effectiveness of standard neural network approaches. To address this limitation, we propose the Adaptive Field Learning Framework (AdaField), which pre-trains the model on public large-scale datasets to improve generalization in sub-domains with limited data. AdaField comprises two key components. First, we design the Semantic Aggregation Point Transformer (SAPT) as a high-performance backbone that efficiently handles large-scale point clouds for surface pressure prediction. Second, regarding the substantial differences in flow conditions and geometric scales across different aerodynamic subdomains, we propose Flow-Conditioned Adapter (FCA) and Physics-Informed Data Augmentation (PIDA). FCA enables the model to flexibly adapt to different flow conditions with a small set of trainable parameters, while PIDA expands the training data distribution to better cover variations in object scale and velocity. Our experiments show that AdaField achieves SOTA performance on the DrivAerNet++ dataset and can be effectively transferred to train and aircraft scenarios with minimal fine-tuning. These results highlight AdaField's potential as a generalizable and transferable solution for surface pressure field modeling, supporting efficient aerodynamic design across a wide range of transportation systems. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06953 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.LG X-Coder: Advancing Competitive Programming with Fully Synthetic Tasks, Solutions, and Tests Authors: Jie Wu , Haoling Li , Xin Zhang , Jiani Guo , Jane Luo , Steven Liu , Yangyu Huang , Ruihang Chu , Scarlett Li , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Competitive programming presents great challenges for Code LLMs due to its intensive reasoning demands and high logical complexity. However, current Code LLMs still rely heavily on real-world data, which limits their scalability. In this paper, we explore a fully synthetic approach: training Code LLMs with entirely generated tasks, solutions, and test cases, to empower code reasoning models withou… ▽ More Competitive programming presents great challenges for Code LLMs due to its intensive reasoning demands and high logical complexity. However, current Code LLMs still rely heavily on real-world data, which limits their scalability. In this paper, we explore a fully synthetic approach: training Code LLMs with entirely generated tasks, solutions, and test cases, to empower code reasoning models without relying on real-world data. To support this, we leverage feature-based synthesis to propose a novel data synthesis pipeline called SynthSmith. SynthSmith shows strong potential in producing diverse and challenging tasks, along with verified solutions and tests, supporting both supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning. Based on the proposed synthetic SFT and RL datasets, we introduce the X-Coder model series, which achieves a notable pass rate of 62.9 avg@8 on LiveCodeBench v5 and 55.8 on v6, outperforming DeepCoder-14B-Preview and AReal-boba2-14B despite having only 7B parameters. In-depth analysis reveals that scaling laws hold on our synthetic dataset, and we explore which dimensions are more effective to scale. We further provide insights into code-centric reinforcement learning and highlight the key factors that shape performance through detailed ablations and analysis. Our findings demonstrate that scaling high-quality synthetic data and adopting staged training can greatly advance code reasoning, while mitigating reliance on real-world coding data. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project: arXiv:2601.06953 [ pdf , ps , other ] X-Coder: Advancing Competitive Programming with Fully Synthetic Tasks, Solutions, and Tests Authors: Jie Wu , Haoling Li , Xin Zhang , Jiani Guo , Jane Luo , Steven Liu , Yangyu Huang , Ruihang Chu , Scarlett Li , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Competitive programming presents great challenges for Code LLMs due to its intensive reasoning demands and high logical complexity. However, current Code LLMs still rely heavily on real-world data, which limits their scalability. In this paper, we explore a fully synthetic approach: training Code LLMs with entirely generated tasks, solutions, and test cases, to empower code reasoning models withou… ▽ More Competitive programming presents great challenges for Code LLMs due to its intensive reasoning demands and high logical complexity. However, current Code LLMs still rely heavily on real-world data, which limits their scalability. In this paper, we explore a fully synthetic approach: training Code LLMs with entirely generated tasks, solutions, and test cases, to empower code reasoning models without relying on real-world data. To support this, we leverage feature-based synthesis to propose a novel data synthesis pipeline called SynthSmith. SynthSmith shows strong potential in producing diverse and challenging tasks, along with verified solutions and tests, supporting both supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning. Based on the proposed synthetic SFT and RL datasets, we introduce the X-Coder model series, which achieves a notable pass rate of 62.9 avg@8 on LiveCodeBench v5 and 55.8 on v6, outperforming DeepCoder-14B-Preview and AReal-boba2-14B despite having only 7B parameters. In-depth analysis reveals that scaling laws hold on our synthetic dataset, and we explore which dimensions are more effective to scale. We further provide insights into code-centric reinforcement learning and highlight the key factors that shape performance through detailed ablations and analysis. Our findings demonstrate that scaling high-quality synthetic data and adopting staged training can greatly advance code reasoning, while mitigating reliance on real-world coding data. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project: arXiv:2601.06914 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI Towards Compositional Generalization in LLMs for Smart Contract Security: A Case Study on Reentrancy Vulnerabilities Authors: Ying Zhou , Jiacheng Wei , Yu Qi , Faguo Wu , Xiao Zhang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. Despite being trained on large-scale, high-quality data, LLMs still fail to outperform traditional static analysis tools in specialized domains like smart contract vulnerability detection. To address this issue, this paper proposes a post-training algorithm based on atomic task decomp… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. Despite being trained on large-scale, high-quality data, LLMs still fail to outperform traditional static analysis tools in specialized domains like smart contract vulnerability detection. To address this issue, this paper proposes a post-training algorithm based on atomic task decomposition and fusion. This algorithm aims to achieve combinatorial generalization under limited data by decomposing complex reasoning tasks. Specifically, we decompose the reentrancy vulnerability detection task into four linearly independent atomic tasks: identifying external calls, identifying state updates, identifying data dependencies between external calls and state updates, and determining their data flow order. These tasks form the core components of our approach. By training on synthetic datasets, we generate three compiler-verified datasets. We then employ the Slither tool to extract structural information from the control flow graph and data flow graph, which is used to fine-tune the LLM's adapter. Experimental results demonstrate that low-rank normalization fusion with the LoRA adapter improves the LLM's reentrancy vulnerability detection accuracy to 98.2%, surpassing state-of-the-art methods. On 31 real-world contracts, the algorithm achieves a 20% higher recall than traditional analysis tools. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06914 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards Compositional Generalization in LLMs for Smart Contract Security: A Case Study on Reentrancy Vulnerabilities Authors: Ying Zhou , Jiacheng Wei , Yu Qi , Faguo Wu , Xiao Zhang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. Despite being trained on large-scale, high-quality data, LLMs still fail to outperform traditional static analysis tools in specialized domains like smart contract vulnerability detection. To address this issue, this paper proposes a post-training algorithm based on atomic task decomp… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. Despite being trained on large-scale, high-quality data, LLMs still fail to outperform traditional static analysis tools in specialized domains like smart contract vulnerability detection. To address this issue, this paper proposes a post-training algorithm based on atomic task decomposition and fusion. This algorithm aims to achieve combinatorial generalization under limited data by decomposing complex reasoning tasks. Specifically, we decompose the reentrancy vulnerability detection task into four linearly independent atomic tasks: identifying external calls, identifying state updates, identifying data dependencies between external calls and state updates, and determining their data flow order. These tasks form the core components of our approach. By training on synthetic datasets, we generate three compiler-verified datasets. We then employ the Slither tool to extract structural information from the control flow graph and data flow graph, which is used to fine-tune the LLM's adapter. Experimental results demonstrate that low-rank normalization fusion with the LoRA adapter improves the LLM's reentrancy vulnerability detection accuracy to 98.2%, surpassing state-of-the-art methods. On 31 real-world contracts, the algorithm achieves a 20% higher recall than traditional analysis tools. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06866 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR United We Defend: Collaborative Membership Inference Defenses in Federated Learning Authors: Li Bai , Junxu Liu , Sen Zhang , Xinwei Zhang , Qingqing Ye , Haibo Hu Abstract : Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which determine whether a specific data point was included in the training set of a target model, have posed severe threats in federated learning (FL). Unfortunately, existing MIA defenses, typically applied independently to each client in FL, are ineffective against powerful trajectory-based MIAs that exploit temporal information throughout the training proces… ▽ More Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which determine whether a specific data point was included in the training set of a target model, have posed severe threats in federated learning (FL). Unfortunately, existing MIA defenses, typically applied independently to each client in FL, are ineffective against powerful trajectory-based MIAs that exploit temporal information throughout the training process to infer membership status. In this paper, we investigate a new FL defense scenario driven by heterogeneous privacy needs and privacy-utility trade-offs, where only a subset of clients are defended, as well as a collaborative defense mode where clients cooperate to mitigate membership privacy leakage. To this end, we introduce CoFedMID, a collaborative defense framework against MIAs in FL, which limits local model memorization of training samples and, through a defender coalition, enhances privacy protection and model utility. Specifically, CoFedMID consists of three modules: a class-guided partition module for selective local training samples, a utility-aware compensation module to recycle contributive samples and prevent their overconfidence, and an aggregation-neutral perturbation module that injects noise for cancellation at the coalition level into client updates. Extensive experiments on three datasets show that our defense framework significantly reduces the performance of seven MIAs while incurring only a small utility loss. These results are consistently verified across various defense settings. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by USENIX Security 2026 arXiv:2601.06866 [ pdf , ps , other ] United We Defend: Collaborative Membership Inference Defenses in Federated Learning Authors: Li Bai , Junxu Liu , Sen Zhang , Xinwei Zhang , Qingqing Ye , Haibo Hu Abstract : Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which determine whether a specific data point was included in the training set of a target model, have posed severe threats in federated learning (FL). Unfortunately, existing MIA defenses, typically applied independently to each client in FL, are ineffective against powerful trajectory-based MIAs that exploit temporal information throughout the training proces… ▽ More Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which determine whether a specific data point was included in the training set of a target model, have posed severe threats in federated learning (FL). Unfortunately, existing MIA defenses, typically applied independently to each client in FL, are ineffective against powerful trajectory-based MIAs that exploit temporal information throughout the training process to infer membership status. In this paper, we investigate a new FL defense scenario driven by heterogeneous privacy needs and privacy-utility trade-offs, where only a subset of clients are defended, as well as a collaborative defense mode where clients cooperate to mitigate membership privacy leakage. To this end, we introduce CoFedMID, a collaborative defense framework against MIAs in FL, which limits local model memorization of training samples and, through a defender coalition, enhances privacy protection and model utility. Specifically, CoFedMID consists of three modules: a class-guided partition module for selective local training samples, a utility-aware compensation module to recycle contributive samples and prevent their overconfidence, and an aggregation-neutral perturbation module that injects noise for cancellation at the coalition level into client updates. Extensive experiments on three datasets show that our defense framework significantly reduces the performance of seven MIAs while incurring only a small utility loss. These results are consistently verified across various defense settings. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by USENIX Security 2026 arXiv:2601.06836 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Optimal Rate Region for Multi-server Secure Aggregation with User Collusion Authors: Zhou Li , Xiang Zhang , Kai Wan , Hua Sun , Mingyue Ji , Giuseppe Caire Abstract : Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each us… ▽ More Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each user communicates only with its associated server, while the servers exchange messages to jointly recover the global sum. We adopt an information-theoretic security framework, allowing up to $T$ users to collude with any server. We characterize the complete optimal rate region in terms of user-to-server communication rate, server-to-server communication rate, individual key rate, and source key rate. Our main result shows that the minimum communication and individual key rates are all one symbol per input symbol, while the optimal source key rate is given by $\min\{U+V+T-2,\, UV-1\}$, where $U$ denotes the number of servers and $V$ the number of users per server. The achievability is established via a linear key construction that ensures correctness and security against colluding users, while the converse proof relies on tight entropy bounds derived from correctness and security constraints. The results reveal a fundamental tradeoff between security and key efficiency and demonstrate that the multi-server architecture can significantly reduce the required key randomness compared to single-server secure aggregation. Our findings provide a complete information-theoretic characterization of secure aggregation in multi-server systems with user collusion. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 29 pages, 1 figures arXiv:2601.06836 [ pdf , ps , other ] Optimal Rate Region for Multi-server Secure Aggregation with User Collusion Authors: Zhou Li , Xiang Zhang , Kai Wan , Hua Sun , Mingyue Ji , Giuseppe Caire Abstract : Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each us… ▽ More Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each user communicates only with its associated server, while the servers exchange messages to jointly recover the global sum. We adopt an information-theoretic security framework, allowing up to $T$ users to collude with any server. We characterize the complete optimal rate region in terms of user-to-server communication rate, server-to-server communication rate, individual key rate, and source key rate. Our main result shows that the minimum communication and individual key rates are all one symbol per input symbol, while the optimal source key rate is given by $\min\{U+V+T-2,\, UV-1\}$, where $U$ denotes the number of servers and $V$ the number of users per server. The achievability is established via a linear key construction that ensures correctness and security against colluding users, while the converse proof relies on tight entropy bounds derived from correctness and security constraints. The results reveal a fundamental tradeoff between security and key efficiency and demonstrate that the multi-server architecture can significantly reduce the required key randomness compared to single-server secure aggregation. Our findings provide a complete information-theoretic characterization of secure aggregation in multi-server systems with user collusion. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 29 pages, 1 figures arXiv:2601.06794 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI No More Stale Feedback: Co-Evolving Critics for Open-World Agent Learning Authors: Zhicong Li , Lingjie Jiang , Yulan Hu , Xingchen Zeng , Yixia Li , Xiangwen Zhang , Guanhua Chen , Zheng Pan , Xin Li , Yong Liu Abstract : Critique-guided reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM agents by augmenting sparse outcome rewards with natural-language feedback. However, current methods often rely on static or offline critic models, which fail to adapt as the policy evolves. In on-policy RL, the agent's error patterns shift over time, causing stationary critics to become stale and provi… ▽ More Critique-guided reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM agents by augmenting sparse outcome rewards with natural-language feedback. However, current methods often rely on static or offline critic models, which fail to adapt as the policy evolves. In on-policy RL, the agent's error patterns shift over time, causing stationary critics to become stale and providing feedback of diminishing utility. To address this, we introduce ECHO (Evolving Critic for Hindsight-Guided Optimization)}, a framework that jointly optimizes the policy and critic through a synchronized co-evolutionary loop. ECHO utilizes a cascaded rollout mechanism where the critic generates multiple diagnoses for an initial trajectory, followed by policy refinement to enable group-structured advantage estimation. We address the challenge of learning plateaus via a saturation-aware gain shaping objective, which rewards the critic for inducing incremental improvements in high-performing trajectories. By employing dual-track GRPO updates, ECHO ensures the critic's feedback stays synchronized with the evolving policy. Experimental results show that ECHO yields more stable training and higher long-horizon task success across open-world environments. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06794 [ pdf , ps , other ] No More Stale Feedback: Co-Evolving Critics for Open-World Agent Learning Authors: Zhicong Li , Lingjie Jiang , Yulan Hu , Xingchen Zeng , Yixia Li , Xiangwen Zhang , Guanhua Chen , Zheng Pan , Xin Li , Yong Liu Abstract : Critique-guided reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM agents by augmenting sparse outcome rewards with natural-language feedback. However, current methods often rely on static or offline critic models, which fail to adapt as the policy evolves. In on-policy RL, the agent's error patterns shift over time, causing stationary critics to become stale and provi… ▽ More Critique-guided reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM agents by augmenting sparse outcome rewards with natural-language feedback. However, current methods often rely on static or offline critic models, which fail to adapt as the policy evolves. In on-policy RL, the agent's error patterns shift over time, causing stationary critics to become stale and providing feedback of diminishing utility. To address this, we introduce ECHO (Evolving Critic for Hindsight-Guided Optimization)}, a framework that jointly optimizes the policy and critic through a synchronized co-evolutionary loop. ECHO utilizes a cascaded rollout mechanism where the critic generates multiple diagnoses for an initial trajectory, followed by policy refinement to enable group-structured advantage estimation. We address the challenge of learning plateaus via a saturation-aware gain shaping objective, which rewards the critic for inducing incremental improvements in high-performing trajectories. By employing dual-track GRPO updates, ECHO ensures the critic's feedback stays synchronized with the evolving policy. Experimental results show that ECHO yields more stable training and higher long-horizon task success across open-world environments. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06790 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI SecMoE: Communication-Efficient Secure MoE Inference via Select-Then-Compute Authors: Bowen Shen , Yuyue Chen , Peng Yang , Bin Zhang , Xi Zhang , Zoe L. Jiang Abstract : Privacy-preserving Transformer inference has gained attention due to the potential leakage of private information. Despite recent progress, existing frameworks still fall short of practical model scales, with gaps up to a hundredfold. A possible way to close this gap is the Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture, which has emerged as a promising technique to scale up model capacity with minimal ove… ▽ More Privacy-preserving Transformer inference has gained attention due to the potential leakage of private information. Despite recent progress, existing frameworks still fall short of practical model scales, with gaps up to a hundredfold. A possible way to close this gap is the Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture, which has emerged as a promising technique to scale up model capacity with minimal overhead. However, given that the current secure two-party (2-PC) protocols allow the server to homomorphically compute the FFN layer with its plaintext model weight, under the MoE setting, this could reveal which expert is activated to the server, exposing token-level privacy about the client's input. While naively evaluating all the experts before selection could protect privacy, it nullifies MoE sparsity and incurs the heavy computational overhead that sparse MoE seeks to avoid. To address the privacy and efficiency limitations above, we propose a 2-PC privacy-preserving inference framework, \SecMoE. Unifying per-entry circuits in both the MoE layer and piecewise polynomial functions, \SecMoE obliviously selects the extracted parameters from circuits and only computes one encrypted entry, which we refer to as Select-Then-Compute. This makes the model for private inference scale to 63$\times$ larger while only having a 15.2$\times$ increase in end-to-end runtime. Extensive experiments show that, under 5 expert settings, \SecMoE lowers the end-to-end private inference communication by 1.8$\sim$7.1$\times$ and achieves 1.3$\sim$3.8$\times$ speedup compared to the state-of-the-art (SOTA) protocols. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.06790 [ pdf , ps , other ] SecMoE: Communication-Efficient Secure MoE Inference via Select-Then-Compute Authors: Bowen Shen , Yuyue Chen , Peng Yang , Bin Zhang , Xi Zhang , Zoe L. Jiang Abstract : Privacy-preserving Transformer inference has gained attention due to the potential leakage of private information. Despite recent progress, existing frameworks still fall short of practical model scales, with gaps up to a hundredfold. A possible way to close this gap is the Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture, which has emerged as a promising technique to scale up model capacity with minimal ove… ▽ More Privacy-preserving Transformer inference has gained attention due to the potential leakage of private information. Despite recent progress, existing frameworks still fall short of practical model scales, with gaps up to a hundredfold. A possible way to close this gap is the Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture, which has emerged as a promising technique to scale up model capacity with minimal overhead. However, given that the current secure two-party (2-PC) protocols allow the server to homomorphically compute the FFN layer with its plaintext model weight, under the MoE setting, this could reveal which expert is activated to the server, exposing token-level privacy about the client's input. While naively evaluating all the experts before selection could protect privacy, it nullifies MoE sparsity and incurs the heavy computational overhead that sparse MoE seeks to avoid. To address the privacy and efficiency limitations above, we propose a 2-PC privacy-preserving inference framework, \SecMoE. Unifying per-entry circuits in both the MoE layer and piecewise polynomial functions, \SecMoE obliviously selects the extracted parameters from circuits and only computes one encrypted entry, which we refer to as Select-Then-Compute. This makes the model for private inference scale to 63$\times$ larger while only having a 15.2$\times$ increase in end-to-end runtime. Extensive experiments show that, under 5 expert settings, \SecMoE lowers the end-to-end private inference communication by 1.8$\sim$7.1$\times$ and achieves 1.3$\sim$3.8$\times$ speedup compared to the state-of-the-art (SOTA) protocols. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.06364 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC cs.AI Human-in-the-Loop Interactive Report Generation for Chronic Disease Adherence Authors: Xiaotian Zhang , Jinhong Yu , Pengwei Yan , Le Jiang , Xingyi Shen , Mumo Cheng , Xiaozhong Liu Abstract : Chronic disease management requires regular adherence feedback to prevent avoidable hospitalizations, yet clinicians lack time to produce personalized patient communications. Manual authoring preserves clinical accuracy but does not scale; AI generation scales but can undermine trust in patient-facing contexts. We present a clinician-in-the-loop interface that constrains AI to data organization an… ▽ More Chronic disease management requires regular adherence feedback to prevent avoidable hospitalizations, yet clinicians lack time to produce personalized patient communications. Manual authoring preserves clinical accuracy but does not scale; AI generation scales but can undermine trust in patient-facing contexts. We present a clinician-in-the-loop interface that constrains AI to data organization and preserves physician oversight through recognition-based review. A single-page editor pairs AI-generated section drafts with time-aligned visualizations, enabling inline editing with visual evidence for each claim. This division of labor (AI organizes, clinician decides) targets both efficiency and accountability. In a pilot with three physicians reviewing 24 cases, AI successfully generated clinically personalized drafts matching physicians' manual authoring practice (overall mean 4.86/10 vs. 5.0/10 baseline), requiring minimal physician editing (mean 8.3\% content modification) with zero safety-critical issues, demonstrating effective automation of content generation. However, review time remained comparable to manual practice, revealing an accountability paradox: in high-stakes clinical contexts, professional responsibility requires complete verification regardless of AI accuracy. We contribute three interaction patterns for clinical AI collaboration: bounded generation with recognition-based review via chart-text pairing, automated urgency flagging that analyzes vital trends and adherence patterns with fail-safe escalation for missed critical monitoring tasks, and progressive disclosure controls that reduce cognitive load while maintaining oversight. These patterns indicate that clinical AI efficiency requires not only accurate models, but also mechanisms for selective verification that preserve accountability. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures. Accepted at the AAAI 2026 Workshop on AI for Healthy Aging and Longevity arXiv:2601.06364 [ pdf , ps , other ] Human-in-the-Loop Interactive Report Generation for Chronic Disease Adherence Authors: Xiaotian Zhang , Jinhong Yu , Pengwei Yan , Le Jiang , Xingyi Shen , Mumo Cheng , Xiaozhong Liu Abstract : Chronic disease management requires regular adherence feedback to prevent avoidable hospitalizations, yet clinicians lack time to produce personalized patient communications. Manual authoring preserves clinical accuracy but does not scale; AI generation scales but can undermine trust in patient-facing contexts. We present a clinician-in-the-loop interface that constrains AI to data organization an… ▽ More Chronic disease management requires regular adherence feedback to prevent avoidable hospitalizations, yet clinicians lack time to produce personalized patient communications. Manual authoring preserves clinical accuracy but does not scale; AI generation scales but can undermine trust in patient-facing contexts. We present a clinician-in-the-loop interface that constrains AI to data organization and preserves physician oversight through recognition-based review. A single-page editor pairs AI-generated section drafts with time-aligned visualizations, enabling inline editing with visual evidence for each claim. This division of labor (AI organizes, clinician decides) targets both efficiency and accountability. In a pilot with three physicians reviewing 24 cases, AI successfully generated clinically personalized drafts matching physicians' manual authoring practice (overall mean 4.86/10 vs. 5.0/10 baseline), requiring minimal physician editing (mean 8.3\% content modification) with zero safety-critical issues, demonstrating effective automation of content generation. However, review time remained comparable to manual practice, revealing an accountability paradox: in high-stakes clinical contexts, professional responsibility requires complete verification regardless of AI accuracy. We contribute three interaction patterns for clinical AI collaboration: bounded generation with recognition-based review via chart-text pairing, automated urgency flagging that analyzes vital trends and adherence patterns with fail-safe escalation for missed critical monitoring tasks, and progressive disclosure controls that reduce cognitive load while maintaining oversight. These patterns indicate that clinical AI efficiency requires not only accurate models, but also mechanisms for selective verification that preserve accountability. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures. Accepted at the AAAI 2026 Workshop on AI for Healthy Aging and Longevity arXiv:2601.06320 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG physics.geo-ph SourceNet: Interpretable Sim-to-Real Inference on Variable-Geometry Sensor Arrays for Earthquake Source Inversion Authors: Zhe Jia , Xiaotian Zhang , Junpeng Li Abstract : Inferring high-dimensional physical states from sparse, ad-hoc sensor arrays is a fundamental challenge across AI for Science, as they are complicated by irregular geometries and the profound Sim-to-Real gap in physical modeling. Taking earthquake source characterization as a representative challenge, we address limitations in conventional deep learning: CNNs demand fixed grids, while pooling-base… ▽ More Inferring high-dimensional physical states from sparse, ad-hoc sensor arrays is a fundamental challenge across AI for Science, as they are complicated by irregular geometries and the profound Sim-to-Real gap in physical modeling. Taking earthquake source characterization as a representative challenge, we address limitations in conventional deep learning: CNNs demand fixed grids, while pooling-based architectures (e.g., DeepSets) struggle to capture the relational wave physics. Here, we propose SourceNet, a Transformer-based framework that treats the sensor array as a flexible set to model arbitrary geometries. To bridge the reality gap, we introduce Physics-Structured Domain Randomization (PSDR). Instead of forcing feature alignment, PSDR randomizes the governing physical dynamics by varying velocity structures, propagation effects, and sensor availability, to force the model to learn robust representations invariant to unmodeled environmental heterogeneity. By pre-training on 100,000 synthetic events and fine-tuning on ~2,000 real world events, SourceNet achieves state-of-the-art precision on held-out real data. This demonstrates exceptional data efficiency, and matches classical solvers while enabling real-time processing. Remarkably, interpretability analysis reveals that the model shows scientific-agent-like features: it autonomously discovers geometric information bottlenecks and learns an attention policy that prioritizes sparse sensor placements, effectively recovering principles of optimal experimental design from data alone. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06320 [ pdf , ps , other ] SourceNet: Interpretable Sim-to-Real Inference on Variable-Geometry Sensor Arrays for Earthquake Source Inversion Authors: Zhe Jia , Xiaotian Zhang , Junpeng Li Abstract : Inferring high-dimensional physical states from sparse, ad-hoc sensor arrays is a fundamental challenge across AI for Science, as they are complicated by irregular geometries and the profound Sim-to-Real gap in physical modeling. Taking earthquake source characterization as a representative challenge, we address limitations in conventional deep learning: CNNs demand fixed grids, while pooling-base… ▽ More Inferring high-dimensional physical states from sparse, ad-hoc sensor arrays is a fundamental challenge across AI for Science, as they are complicated by irregular geometries and the profound Sim-to-Real gap in physical modeling. Taking earthquake source characterization as a representative challenge, we address limitations in conventional deep learning: CNNs demand fixed grids, while pooling-based architectures (e.g., DeepSets) struggle to capture the relational wave physics. Here, we propose SourceNet, a Transformer-based framework that treats the sensor array as a flexible set to model arbitrary geometries. To bridge the reality gap, we introduce Physics-Structured Domain Randomization (PSDR). Instead of forcing feature alignment, PSDR randomizes the governing physical dynamics by varying velocity structures, propagation effects, and sensor availability, to force the model to learn robust representations invariant to unmodeled environmental heterogeneity. By pre-training on 100,000 synthetic events and fine-tuning on ~2,000 real world events, SourceNet achieves state-of-the-art precision on held-out real data. This demonstrates exceptional data efficiency, and matches classical solvers while enabling real-time processing. Remarkably, interpretability analysis reveals that the model shows scientific-agent-like features: it autonomously discovers geometric information bottlenecks and learns an attention policy that prioritizes sparse sensor placements, effectively recovering principles of optimal experimental design from data alone. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06224 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Ground What You See: Hallucination-Resistant MLLMs via Caption Feedback, Diversity-Aware Sampling, and Conflict Regularization Authors: Miao Pan , Wangjie Gan , Jintao Chen , Wenqi Zhang , Bing Sun , Jianwei Yin , Xuhong Zhang Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse tasks, their practical deployment is severely hindered by hallucination issues, which become particularly acute during Reinforcement Learning (RL) optimization. This paper systematically analyzes the root causes of hallucinations in MLLMs under RL training, identifying three critical factors: (1) an over… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse tasks, their practical deployment is severely hindered by hallucination issues, which become particularly acute during Reinforcement Learning (RL) optimization. This paper systematically analyzes the root causes of hallucinations in MLLMs under RL training, identifying three critical factors: (1) an over-reliance on chained visual reasoning, where inaccurate initial descriptions or redundant information anchor subsequent inferences to incorrect premises; (2) insufficient exploration diversity during policy optimization, leading the model to generate overly confident but erroneous outputs; and (3) destructive conflicts between training samples, where Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) similarity causes false associations and unstable parameter updates. To address these challenges, we propose a comprehensive framework comprising three core modules. First, we enhance visual localization by introducing dedicated planning and captioning stages before the reasoning phase, employing a quality-based caption reward to ensure accurate initial anchoring. Second, to improve exploration, we categorize samples based on the mean and variance of their reward distributions, prioritizing samples with high variance to focus the model on diverse and informative data. Finally, to mitigate sample interference, we regulate NTK similarity by grouping sample pairs and applying an InfoNCE loss to push overly similar pairs apart and pull dissimilar ones closer, thereby guiding gradient interactions toward a balanced range. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method significantly reduces hallucination rates and effectively enhances the inference accuracy of MLLMs. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: AAAI-2026 Poster arXiv:2601.06224 [ pdf , ps , other ] Ground What You See: Hallucination-Resistant MLLMs via Caption Feedback, Diversity-Aware Sampling, and Conflict Regularization Authors: Miao Pan , Wangjie Gan , Jintao Chen , Wenqi Zhang , Bing Sun , Jianwei Yin , Xuhong Zhang Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse tasks, their practical deployment is severely hindered by hallucination issues, which become particularly acute during Reinforcement Learning (RL) optimization. This paper systematically analyzes the root causes of hallucinations in MLLMs under RL training, identifying three critical factors: (1) an over… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse tasks, their practical deployment is severely hindered by hallucination issues, which become particularly acute during Reinforcement Learning (RL) optimization. This paper systematically analyzes the root causes of hallucinations in MLLMs under RL training, identifying three critical factors: (1) an over-reliance on chained visual reasoning, where inaccurate initial descriptions or redundant information anchor subsequent inferences to incorrect premises; (2) insufficient exploration diversity during policy optimization, leading the model to generate overly confident but erroneous outputs; and (3) destructive conflicts between training samples, where Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) similarity causes false associations and unstable parameter updates. To address these challenges, we propose a comprehensive framework comprising three core modules. First, we enhance visual localization by introducing dedicated planning and captioning stages before the reasoning phase, employing a quality-based caption reward to ensure accurate initial anchoring. Second, to improve exploration, we categorize samples based on the mean and variance of their reward distributions, prioritizing samples with high variance to focus the model on diverse and informative data. Finally, to mitigate sample interference, we regulate NTK similarity by grouping sample pairs and applying an InfoNCE loss to push overly similar pairs apart and pull dissimilar ones closer, thereby guiding gradient interactions toward a balanced range. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method significantly reduces hallucination rates and effectively enhances the inference accuracy of MLLMs. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: AAAI-2026 Poster arXiv:2601.06222 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI SAPL: Semantic-Agnostic Prompt Learning in CLIP for Weakly Supervised Image Manipulation Localization Authors: Xinghao Wang , Changtao Miao , Dianmo Sheng , Tao Gong , Qi Chu , Nenghai Yu , Quanchen Zou , Deyue Zhang , Xiangzheng Zhang Abstract : Malicious image manipulation threatens public safety and requires efficient localization methods. Existing approaches depend on costly pixel-level annotations which make training expensive. Existing weakly supervised methods rely only on image-level binary labels and focus on global classification, often overlooking local edge cues that are critical for precise localization. We observe that featur… ▽ More Malicious image manipulation threatens public safety and requires efficient localization methods. Existing approaches depend on costly pixel-level annotations which make training expensive. Existing weakly supervised methods rely only on image-level binary labels and focus on global classification, often overlooking local edge cues that are critical for precise localization. We observe that feature variations at manipulated boundaries are substantially larger than in interior regions. To address this gap, we propose Semantic-Agnostic Prompt Learning (SAPL) in CLIP, which learns text prompts that intentionally encode non-semantic, boundary-centric cues so that CLIPs multimodal similarity highlights manipulation edges rather than high-level object semantics. SAPL combines two complementary modules Edge-aware Contextual Prompt Learning (ECPL) and Hierarchical Edge Contrastive Learning (HECL) to exploit edge information in both textual and visual spaces. The proposed ECPL leverages edge-enhanced image features to generate learnable textual prompts via an attention mechanism, embedding semantic-irrelevant information into text features, to guide CLIP focusing on manipulation edges. The proposed HECL extract genuine and manipulated edge patches, and utilize contrastive learning to boost the discrimination between genuine edge patches and manipulated edge patches. Finally, we predict the manipulated regions from the similarity map after processing. Extensive experiments on multiple public benchmarks demonstrate that SAPL significantly outperforms existing approaches, achieving state-of-the-art localization performance. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06222 [ pdf , ps , other ] SAPL: Semantic-Agnostic Prompt Learning in CLIP for Weakly Supervised Image Manipulation Localization Authors: Xinghao Wang , Changtao Miao , Dianmo Sheng , Tao Gong , Qi Chu , Nenghai Yu , Quanchen Zou , Deyue Zhang , Xiangzheng Zhang Abstract : Malicious image manipulation threatens public safety and requires efficient localization methods. Existing approaches depend on costly pixel-level annotations which make training expensive. Existing weakly supervised methods rely only on image-level binary labels and focus on global classification, often overlooking local edge cues that are critical for precise localization. We observe that featur… ▽ More Malicious image manipulation threatens public safety and requires efficient localization methods. Existing approaches depend on costly pixel-level annotations which make training expensive. Existing weakly supervised methods rely only on image-level binary labels and focus on global classification, often overlooking local edge cues that are critical for precise localization. We observe that feature variations at manipulated boundaries are substantially larger than in interior regions. To address this gap, we propose Semantic-Agnostic Prompt Learning (SAPL) in CLIP, which learns text prompts that intentionally encode non-semantic, boundary-centric cues so that CLIPs multimodal similarity highlights manipulation edges rather than high-level object semantics. SAPL combines two complementary modules Edge-aware Contextual Prompt Learning (ECPL) and Hierarchical Edge Contrastive Learning (HECL) to exploit edge information in both textual and visual spaces. The proposed ECPL leverages edge-enhanced image features to generate learnable textual prompts via an attention mechanism, embedding semantic-irrelevant information into text features, to guide CLIP focusing on manipulation edges. The proposed HECL extract genuine and manipulated edge patches, and utilize contrastive learning to boost the discrimination between genuine edge patches and manipulated edge patches. Finally, we predict the manipulated regions from the similarity map after processing. Extensive experiments on multiple public benchmarks demonstrate that SAPL significantly outperforms existing approaches, achieving state-of-the-art localization performance. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05787 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI From Off-Policy to On-Policy: Enhancing GUI Agents via Bi-level Expert-to-Policy Assimilation Authors: Zezhou Wang , Ziyun Zhang , Xiaoyi Zhang , Zhuzhong Qian , Yan Lu Abstract : Vision-language models are increasingly deployed as computer-use agents (CUAs) that operate desktops and browsers. Top-performing CUAs are framework-based systems that decompose planning and execution, while end-to-end screenshot-to-action policies are easier to deploy but lag behind on benchmarks such as OSWorld-Verified. GUI datasets like OSWorld pose two bottlenecks: they expose only a few hund… ▽ More Vision-language models are increasingly deployed as computer-use agents (CUAs) that operate desktops and browsers. Top-performing CUAs are framework-based systems that decompose planning and execution, while end-to-end screenshot-to-action policies are easier to deploy but lag behind on benchmarks such as OSWorld-Verified. GUI datasets like OSWorld pose two bottlenecks: they expose only a few hundred interactive, verifiable tasks and environments, and expert trajectories must be gathered by interacting with these environments, making such data hard to scale. We therefore ask how reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) can best exploit a small pool of exist expert trajectories to train end-to-end policies. Naively mixing these off-policy traces into on-policy RLVR is brittle: even after format conversion, expert trajectories exhibit structural mismatch and distribution shift from the learner. We propose BEPA (Bi-Level Expert-to-Policy Assimilation), which turns static expert traces into policy-aligned guidance via self-rolled reachable trajectories under the base policy (LEVEL-1) and a per-task, dynamically updated cache used in RLVR (LEVEL-2). On OSWorld-Verified, BEPA improves UITARS1.5-7B success from 22.87% to 32.13% and raises a held-out split from 5.74% to 10.30%, with consistent gains on MMBench-GUI and Online-Mind2Web. Our code and data are available at: △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work In Progress arXiv:2601.05787 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Off-Policy to On-Policy: Enhancing GUI Agents via Bi-level Expert-to-Policy Assimilation Authors: Zezhou Wang , Ziyun Zhang , Xiaoyi Zhang , Zhuzhong Qian , Yan Lu Abstract : Vision-language models are increasingly deployed as computer-use agents (CUAs) that operate desktops and browsers. Top-performing CUAs are framework-based systems that decompose planning and execution, while end-to-end screenshot-to-action policies are easier to deploy but lag behind on benchmarks such as OSWorld-Verified. GUI datasets like OSWorld pose two bottlenecks: they expose only a few hund… ▽ More Vision-language models are increasingly deployed as computer-use agents (CUAs) that operate desktops and browsers. Top-performing CUAs are framework-based systems that decompose planning and execution, while end-to-end screenshot-to-action policies are easier to deploy but lag behind on benchmarks such as OSWorld-Verified. GUI datasets like OSWorld pose two bottlenecks: they expose only a few hundred interactive, verifiable tasks and environments, and expert trajectories must be gathered by interacting with these environments, making such data hard to scale. We therefore ask how reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) can best exploit a small pool of exist expert trajectories to train end-to-end policies. Naively mixing these off-policy traces into on-policy RLVR is brittle: even after format conversion, expert trajectories exhibit structural mismatch and distribution shift from the learner. We propose BEPA (Bi-Level Expert-to-Policy Assimilation), which turns static expert traces into policy-aligned guidance via self-rolled reachable trajectories under the base policy (LEVEL-1) and a per-task, dynamically updated cache used in RLVR (LEVEL-2). On OSWorld-Verified, BEPA improves UITARS1.5-7B success from 22.87% to 32.13% and raises a held-out split from 5.74% to 10.30%, with consistent gains on MMBench-GUI and Online-Mind2Web. Our code and data are available at: △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work In Progress arXiv:2601.05686 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT eess.SP Secure Multiuser Beamforming With Movable Antenna Arrays Authors: Zhenqiao Cheng , Chongjun Ouyang , Boqun Zhao , Xingqi Zhang Abstract : A movable antennas (MAs)-enabled secure multiuser transmission framework is developed to enhance physical-layer security. Novel expressions are derived to characterize the achievable sum secrecy rate based on the secure channel coding theorem. On this basis, a joint optimization algorithm for digital beamforming and MA placement is proposed to maximize the sum secrecy rate via fractional programmi… ▽ More A movable antennas (MAs)-enabled secure multiuser transmission framework is developed to enhance physical-layer security. Novel expressions are derived to characterize the achievable sum secrecy rate based on the secure channel coding theorem. On this basis, a joint optimization algorithm for digital beamforming and MA placement is proposed to maximize the sum secrecy rate via fractional programming and block coordinate descent. In each iteration, every variable admits either a closed-form update or a low-complexity one-dimensional or bisection search, which yields an efficient implementation. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and show that the MA-enabled design achieves higher secrecy rates than conventional fixed-position antenna arrays. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 6 pages; code available at arXiv:2601.05686 [ pdf , ps , other ] Secure Multiuser Beamforming With Movable Antenna Arrays Authors: Zhenqiao Cheng , Chongjun Ouyang , Boqun Zhao , Xingqi Zhang Abstract : A movable antennas (MAs)-enabled secure multiuser transmission framework is developed to enhance physical-layer security. Novel expressions are derived to characterize the achievable sum secrecy rate based on the secure channel coding theorem. On this basis, a joint optimization algorithm for digital beamforming and MA placement is proposed to maximize the sum secrecy rate via fractional programmi… ▽ More A movable antennas (MAs)-enabled secure multiuser transmission framework is developed to enhance physical-layer security. Novel expressions are derived to characterize the achievable sum secrecy rate based on the secure channel coding theorem. On this basis, a joint optimization algorithm for digital beamforming and MA placement is proposed to maximize the sum secrecy rate via fractional programming and block coordinate descent. In each iteration, every variable admits either a closed-form update or a low-complexity one-dimensional or bisection search, which yields an efficient implementation. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and show that the MA-enabled design achieves higher secrecy rates than conventional fixed-position antenna arrays. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 6 pages; code available at arXiv:2601.05657 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Stephanie2: Thinking, Waiting, and Making Decisions Like Humans in Step-by-Step AI Social Chat Authors: Hao Yang , Hongyuan Lu , Dingkang Yang , Wenliang Yang , Peng Sun , Xiaochuan Zhang , Jun Xiao , Kefan He , Wai Lam , Yang Liu , Xinhua Zeng Abstract : Instant-messaging human social chat typically progresses through a sequence of short messages. Existing step-by-step AI chatting systems typically split a one-shot generation into multiple messages and send them sequentially, but they lack an active waiting mechanism and exhibit unnatural message pacing. In order to address these issues, we propose Stephanie2, a novel next-generation step-wise dec… ▽ More Instant-messaging human social chat typically progresses through a sequence of short messages. Existing step-by-step AI chatting systems typically split a one-shot generation into multiple messages and send them sequentially, but they lack an active waiting mechanism and exhibit unnatural message pacing. In order to address these issues, we propose Stephanie2, a novel next-generation step-wise decision-making dialogue agent. With active waiting and message-pace adaptation, Stephanie2 explicitly decides at each step whether to send or wait, and models latency as the sum of thinking time and typing time to achieve more natural pacing. We further introduce a time-window-based dual-agent dialogue system to generate pseudo dialogue histories for human and automatic evaluations. Experiments show that Stephanie2 clearly outperforms Stephanie1 on metrics such as naturalness and engagement, and achieves a higher pass rate on human evaluation with the role identification Turing test. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages arXiv:2601.05657 [ pdf , ps , other ] Stephanie2: Thinking, Waiting, and Making Decisions Like Humans in Step-by-Step AI Social Chat Authors: Hao Yang , Hongyuan Lu , Dingkang Yang , Wenliang Yang , Peng Sun , Xiaochuan Zhang , Jun Xiao , Kefan He , Wai Lam , Yang Liu , Xinhua Zeng Abstract : Instant-messaging human social chat typically progresses through a sequence of short messages. Existing step-by-step AI chatting systems typically split a one-shot generation into multiple messages and send them sequentially, but they lack an active waiting mechanism and exhibit unnatural message pacing. In order to address these issues, we propose Stephanie2, a novel next-generation step-wise dec… ▽ More Instant-messaging human social chat typically progresses through a sequence of short messages. Existing step-by-step AI chatting systems typically split a one-shot generation into multiple messages and send them sequentially, but they lack an active waiting mechanism and exhibit unnatural message pacing. In order to address these issues, we propose Stephanie2, a novel next-generation step-wise decision-making dialogue agent. With active waiting and message-pace adaptation, Stephanie2 explicitly decides at each step whether to send or wait, and models latency as the sum of thinking time and typing time to achieve more natural pacing. We further introduce a time-window-based dual-agent dialogue system to generate pseudo dialogue histories for human and automatic evaluations. Experiments show that Stephanie2 clearly outperforms Stephanie1 on metrics such as naturalness and engagement, and achieves a higher pass rate on human evaluation with the role identification Turing test. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages arXiv:2601.05648 [ pdf , ps , other ] q-bio.GN cs.AI cs.CL cs.LG Open World Knowledge Aided Single-Cell Foundation Model with Robust Cross-Modal Cell-Language Pre-training Authors: Haoran Wang , Xuanyi Zhang , Shuangsang Fang , Longke Ran , Ziqing Deng , Yong Zhang , Yuxiang Li , Shaoshuai Li Abstract : Recent advancements in single-cell multi-omics, particularly RNA-seq, have provided profound insights into cellular heterogeneity and gene regulation. While pre-trained language model (PLM) paradigm based single-cell foundation models have shown promise, they remain constrained by insufficient integration of in-depth individual profiles and neglecting the influence of noise within multi-modal data… ▽ More Recent advancements in single-cell multi-omics, particularly RNA-seq, have provided profound insights into cellular heterogeneity and gene regulation. While pre-trained language model (PLM) paradigm based single-cell foundation models have shown promise, they remain constrained by insufficient integration of in-depth individual profiles and neglecting the influence of noise within multi-modal data. To address both issues, we propose an Open-world Language Knowledge-Aided Robust Single-Cell Foundation Model (OKR-CELL). It is built based on a cross-modal Cell-Language pre-training framework, which comprises two key innovations: (1) leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) based workflow with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enriches cell textual descriptions using open-world knowledge; (2) devising a Cross-modal Robust Alignment (CRA) objective that incorporates sample reliability assessment, curriculum learning, and coupled momentum contrastive learning to strengthen the model's resistance to noisy data. After pretraining on 32M cell-text pairs, OKR-CELL obtains cutting-edge results across 6 evaluation tasks. Beyond standard benchmarks such as cell clustering, cell-type annotation, batch-effect correction, and few-shot annotation, the model also demonstrates superior performance in broader multi-modal applications, including zero-shot cell-type annotation and bidirectional cell-text retrieval. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages arXiv:2601.05648 [ pdf , ps , other ] Open World Knowledge Aided Single-Cell Foundation Model with Robust Cross-Modal Cell-Language Pre-training Authors: Haoran Wang , Xuanyi Zhang , Shuangsang Fang , Longke Ran , Ziqing Deng , Yong Zhang , Yuxiang Li , Shaoshuai Li Abstract : Recent advancements in single-cell multi-omics, particularly RNA-seq, have provided profound insights into cellular heterogeneity and gene regulation. While pre-trained language model (PLM) paradigm based single-cell foundation models have shown promise, they remain constrained by insufficient integration of in-depth individual profiles and neglecting the influence of noise within multi-modal data… ▽ More Recent advancements in single-cell multi-omics, particularly RNA-seq, have provided profound insights into cellular heterogeneity and gene regulation. While pre-trained language model (PLM) paradigm based single-cell foundation models have shown promise, they remain constrained by insufficient integration of in-depth individual profiles and neglecting the influence of noise within multi-modal data. To address both issues, we propose an Open-world Language Knowledge-Aided Robust Single-Cell Foundation Model (OKR-CELL). It is built based on a cross-modal Cell-Language pre-training framework, which comprises two key innovations: (1) leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) based workflow with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enriches cell textual descriptions using open-world knowledge; (2) devising a Cross-modal Robust Alignment (CRA) objective that incorporates sample reliability assessment, curriculum learning, and coupled momentum contrastive learning to strengthen the model's resistance to noisy data. After pretraining on 32M cell-text pairs, OKR-CELL obtains cutting-edge results across 6 evaluation tasks. Beyond standard benchmarks such as cell clustering, cell-type annotation, batch-effect correction, and few-shot annotation, the model also demonstrates superior performance in broader multi-modal applications, including zero-shot cell-type annotation and bidirectional cell-text retrieval. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages arXiv:2601.05593 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG PaCoRe: Learning to Scale Test-Time Compute with Parallel Coordinated Reasoning Authors: Jingcheng Hu , Yinmin Zhang , Shijie Shang , Xiaobo Yang , Yue Peng , Zhewei Huang , Hebin Zhou , Xin Wu , Jie Cheng , Fanqi Wan , Xiangwen Kong , Chengyuan Yao , Kaiwen Yan , Ailin Huang , Hongyu Zhou , Qi Han , Zheng Ge , Daxin Jiang , Xiangyu Zhang , Heung-Yeung Shum Abstract : We introduce Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe), a training-and-inference framework designed to overcome a central limitation of contemporary language models: their inability to scale test-time compute (TTC) far beyond sequential reasoning under a fixed context window. PaCoRe departs from the traditional sequential paradigm by driving TTC through massive parallel exploration coordinated via a… ▽ More We introduce Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe), a training-and-inference framework designed to overcome a central limitation of contemporary language models: their inability to scale test-time compute (TTC) far beyond sequential reasoning under a fixed context window. PaCoRe departs from the traditional sequential paradigm by driving TTC through massive parallel exploration coordinated via a message-passing architecture in multiple rounds. Each round launches many parallel reasoning trajectories, compacts their findings into context-bounded messages, and synthesizes these messages to guide the next round and ultimately produce the final answer. Trained end-to-end with large-scale, outcome-based reinforcement learning, the model masters the synthesis abilities required by PaCoRe and scales to multi-million-token effective TTC without exceeding context limits. The approach yields strong improvements across diverse domains, and notably pushes reasoning beyond frontier systems in mathematics: an 8B model reaches 94.5% on HMMT 2025, surpassing GPT-5's 93.2% by scaling effective TTC to roughly two million tokens. We open-source model checkpoints, training data, and the full inference pipeline to accelerate follow-up work. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05593 [ pdf , ps , other ] PaCoRe: Learning to Scale Test-Time Compute with Parallel Coordinated Reasoning Authors: Jingcheng Hu , Yinmin Zhang , Shijie Shang , Xiaobo Yang , Yue Peng , Zhewei Huang , Hebin Zhou , Xin Wu , Jie Cheng , Fanqi Wan , Xiangwen Kong , Chengyuan Yao , Kaiwen Yan , Ailin Huang , Hongyu Zhou , Qi Han , Zheng Ge , Daxin Jiang , Xiangyu Zhang , Heung-Yeung Shum Abstract : We introduce Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe), a training-and-inference framework designed to overcome a central limitation of contemporary language models: their inability to scale test-time compute (TTC) far beyond sequential reasoning under a fixed context window. PaCoRe departs from the traditional sequential paradigm by driving TTC through massive parallel exploration coordinated via a… ▽ More We introduce Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe), a training-and-inference framework designed to overcome a central limitation of contemporary language models: their inability to scale test-time compute (TTC) far beyond sequential reasoning under a fixed context window. PaCoRe departs from the traditional sequential paradigm by driving TTC through massive parallel exploration coordinated via a message-passing architecture in multiple rounds. Each round launches many parallel reasoning trajectories, compacts their findings into context-bounded messages, and synthesizes these messages to guide the next round and ultimately produce the final answer. Trained end-to-end with large-scale, outcome-based reinforcement learning, the model masters the synthesis abilities required by PaCoRe and scales to multi-million-token effective TTC without exceeding context limits. The approach yields strong improvements across diverse domains, and notably pushes reasoning beyond frontier systems in mathematics: an 8B model reaches 94.5% on HMMT 2025, surpassing GPT-5's 93.2% by scaling effective TTC to roughly two million tokens. We open-source model checkpoints, training data, and the full inference pipeline to accelerate follow-up work. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05587 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI HogVul: Black-box Adversarial Code Generation Framework Against LM-based Vulnerability Detectors Authors: Jingxiao Yang , Ping He , Tianyu Du , Sun Bing , Xuhong Zhang Abstract : Recent advances in software vulnerability detection have been driven by Language Model (LM)-based approaches. However, these models remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks that exploit lexical and syntax perturbations, allowing critical flaws to evade detection. Existing black-box attacks on LM-based vulnerability detectors primarily rely on isolated perturbation strategies, limiting their abilit… ▽ More Recent advances in software vulnerability detection have been driven by Language Model (LM)-based approaches. However, these models remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks that exploit lexical and syntax perturbations, allowing critical flaws to evade detection. Existing black-box attacks on LM-based vulnerability detectors primarily rely on isolated perturbation strategies, limiting their ability to efficiently explore the adversarial code space for optimal perturbations. To bridge this gap, we propose HogVul, a black-box adversarial code generation framework that integrates both lexical and syntax perturbations under a unified dual-channel optimization strategy driven by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). By systematically coordinating two-level perturbations, HogVul effectively expands the search space for adversarial examples, enhancing the attack efficacy. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets demonstrate that HogVul achieves an average attack success rate improvement of 26.05\% over state-of-the-art baseline methods. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid optimization strategies in exposing model vulnerabilities. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: AAAI26 arXiv:2601.05587 [ pdf , ps , other ] HogVul: Black-box Adversarial Code Generation Framework Against LM-based Vulnerability Detectors Authors: Jingxiao Yang , Ping He , Tianyu Du , Sun Bing , Xuhong Zhang Abstract : Recent advances in software vulnerability detection have been driven by Language Model (LM)-based approaches. However, these models remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks that exploit lexical and syntax perturbations, allowing critical flaws to evade detection. Existing black-box attacks on LM-based vulnerability detectors primarily rely on isolated perturbation strategies, limiting their abilit… ▽ More Recent advances in software vulnerability detection have been driven by Language Model (LM)-based approaches. However, these models remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks that exploit lexical and syntax perturbations, allowing critical flaws to evade detection. Existing black-box attacks on LM-based vulnerability detectors primarily rely on isolated perturbation strategies, limiting their ability to efficiently explore the adversarial code space for optimal perturbations. To bridge this gap, we propose HogVul, a black-box adversarial code generation framework that integrates both lexical and syntax perturbations under a unified dual-channel optimization strategy driven by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). By systematically coordinating two-level perturbations, HogVul effectively expands the search space for adversarial examples, enhancing the attack efficacy. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets demonstrate that HogVul achieves an average attack success rate improvement of 26.05\% over state-of-the-art baseline methods. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid optimization strategies in exposing model vulnerabilities. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: AAAI26 arXiv:2601.05543 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.SD eess.AS Closing the Modality Reasoning Gap for Speech Large Language Models Authors: Chaoren Wang , Heng Lu , Xueyao Zhang , Shujie Liu , Yan Lu , Jinyu Li , Zhizheng Wu Abstract : Although speech large language models have achieved notable progress, a substantial modality reasoning gap remains: their reasoning performance on speech inputs is markedly weaker than on text. This gap could be associated with representational drift across Transformer layers and behavior deviations in long-chain reasoning. To address this issue, we introduce TARS, a reinforcement-learning framewo… ▽ More Although speech large language models have achieved notable progress, a substantial modality reasoning gap remains: their reasoning performance on speech inputs is markedly weaker than on text. This gap could be associated with representational drift across Transformer layers and behavior deviations in long-chain reasoning. To address this issue, we introduce TARS, a reinforcement-learning framework that aligns text-conditioned and speech-conditioned trajectories through an asymmetric reward design. The framework employs two dense and complementary signals: representation alignment, which measures layer-wise hidden-state similarity between speech- and text-conditioned trajectories, and behavior alignment, which evaluates semantic consistency between generated outputs and reference text completions. Experiments on challenging reasoning benchmarks, including MMSU and OBQA, show that our approach significantly narrows the modality reasoning gap and achieves state-of-the-art performance among 7B-scale Speech LLMs. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05543 [ pdf , ps , other ] Closing the Modality Reasoning Gap for Speech Large Language Models Authors: Chaoren Wang , Heng Lu , Xueyao Zhang , Shujie Liu , Yan Lu , Jinyu Li , Zhizheng Wu Abstract : Although speech large language models have achieved notable progress, a substantial modality reasoning gap remains: their reasoning performance on speech inputs is markedly weaker than on text. This gap could be associated with representational drift across Transformer layers and behavior deviations in long-chain reasoning. To address this issue, we introduce TARS, a reinforcement-learning framewo… ▽ More Although speech large language models have achieved notable progress, a substantial modality reasoning gap remains: their reasoning performance on speech inputs is markedly weaker than on text. This gap could be associated with representational drift across Transformer layers and behavior deviations in long-chain reasoning. To address this issue, we introduce TARS, a reinforcement-learning framework that aligns text-conditioned and speech-conditioned trajectories through an asymmetric reward design. The framework employs two dense and complementary signals: representation alignment, which measures layer-wise hidden-state similarity between speech- and text-conditioned trajectories, and behavior alignment, which evaluates semantic consistency between generated outputs and reference text completions. Experiments on challenging reasoning benchmarks, including MMSU and OBQA, show that our approach significantly narrows the modality reasoning gap and achieves state-of-the-art performance among 7B-scale Speech LLMs. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05184 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Observations and Remedies for Large Language Model Bias in Self-Consuming Performative Loop Authors: Yaxuan Wang , Zhongteng Cai , Yujia Bao , Xueru Zhang , Yang Liu Abstract : The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to growing interest in using synthetic data to train future models. However, this creates a self-consuming retraining loop, where models are trained on their own outputs and may cause performance drops and induce emerging biases. In real-world applications, previously deployed LLMs may influence the data they generate, leading to a dyna… ▽ More The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to growing interest in using synthetic data to train future models. However, this creates a self-consuming retraining loop, where models are trained on their own outputs and may cause performance drops and induce emerging biases. In real-world applications, previously deployed LLMs may influence the data they generate, leading to a dynamic system driven by user feedback. For example, if a model continues to underserve users from a group, less query data will be collected from this particular demographic of users. In this study, we introduce the concept of \textbf{S}elf-\textbf{C}onsuming \textbf{P}erformative \textbf{L}oop (\textbf{SCPL}) and investigate the role of synthetic data in shaping bias during these dynamic iterative training processes under controlled performative feedback. This controlled setting is motivated by the inaccessibility of real-world user preference data from dynamic production systems, and enables us to isolate and analyze feedback-driven bias evolution in a principled manner. We focus on two types of loops, including the typical retraining setting and the incremental fine-tuning setting, which is largely underexplored. Through experiments on three real-world tasks, we find that the performative loop increases preference bias and decreases disparate bias. We design a reward-based rejection sampling strategy to mitigate the bias, moving towards more trustworthy self-improving systems. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05184 [ pdf , ps , other ] Observations and Remedies for Large Language Model Bias in Self-Consuming Performative Loop Authors: Yaxuan Wang , Zhongteng Cai , Yujia Bao , Xueru Zhang , Yang Liu Abstract : The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to growing interest in using synthetic data to train future models. However, this creates a self-consuming retraining loop, where models are trained on their own outputs and may cause performance drops and induce emerging biases. In real-world applications, previously deployed LLMs may influence the data they generate, leading to a dyna… ▽ More The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has led to growing interest in using synthetic data to train future models. However, this creates a self-consuming retraining loop, where models are trained on their own outputs and may cause performance drops and induce emerging biases. In real-world applications, previously deployed LLMs may influence the data they generate, leading to a dynamic system driven by user feedback. For example, if a model continues to underserve users from a group, less query data will be collected from this particular demographic of users. In this study, we introduce the concept of \textbf{S}elf-\textbf{C}onsuming \textbf{P}erformative \textbf{L}oop (\textbf{SCPL}) and investigate the role of synthetic data in shaping bias during these dynamic iterative training processes under controlled performative feedback. This controlled setting is motivated by the inaccessibility of real-world user preference data from dynamic production systems, and enables us to isolate and analyze feedback-driven bias evolution in a principled manner. We focus on two types of loops, including the typical retraining setting and the incremental fine-tuning setting, which is largely underexplored. Through experiments on three real-world tasks, we find that the performative loop increases preference bias and decreases disparate bias. We design a reward-based rejection sampling strategy to mitigate the bias, moving towards more trustworthy self-improving systems. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05110 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI GlimpRouter: Efficient Collaborative Inference by Glimpsing One Token of Thoughts Authors: Wenhao Zeng , Xuteng Zhang , Yuling Shi , Chao Hu , Yuting Chen , Beijun Shen , Xiaodong Gu Abstract : Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve remarkable performance by explicitly generating multi-step chains of thought, but this capability incurs substantial inference latency and computational cost. Collaborative inference offers a promising solution by selectively allocating work between lightweight and large models, yet a fundamental challenge remains: determining when a reasoning step requires th… ▽ More Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve remarkable performance by explicitly generating multi-step chains of thought, but this capability incurs substantial inference latency and computational cost. Collaborative inference offers a promising solution by selectively allocating work between lightweight and large models, yet a fundamental challenge remains: determining when a reasoning step requires the capacity of a large model or the efficiency of a small model. Existing routing strategies either rely on local token probabilities or post-hoc verification, introducing significant inference overhead. In this work, we propose a novel perspective on step-wise collaboration: the difficulty of a reasoning step can be inferred from its very first token. Inspired by the "Aha Moment" phenomenon in LRMs, we show that the entropy of the initial token serves as a strong predictor of step difficulty. Building on this insight, we introduce GlimpRouter, a training-free step-wise collaboration framework. GlimpRouter employs a lightweight model to generate only the first token of each reasoning step and routes the step to a larger model only when the initial token entropy exceeds a threshold. Experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate that our approach significantly reduces inference latency while preserving accuracy. For instance, GlimpRouter attains a substantial 10.7% improvement in accuracy while reducing inference latency by 25.9% compared to a standalone large model on AIME25. These results suggest a simple yet effective mechanism for reasoning: allocating computation based on a glimpse of thought rather than full-step evaluation. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code available at arXiv:2601.05110 [ pdf , ps , other ] GlimpRouter: Efficient Collaborative Inference by Glimpsing One Token of Thoughts Authors: Wenhao Zeng , Xuteng Zhang , Yuling Shi , Chao Hu , Yuting Chen , Beijun Shen , Xiaodong Gu Abstract : Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve remarkable performance by explicitly generating multi-step chains of thought, but this capability incurs substantial inference latency and computational cost. Collaborative inference offers a promising solution by selectively allocating work between lightweight and large models, yet a fundamental challenge remains: determining when a reasoning step requires th… ▽ More Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve remarkable performance by explicitly generating multi-step chains of thought, but this capability incurs substantial inference latency and computational cost. Collaborative inference offers a promising solution by selectively allocating work between lightweight and large models, yet a fundamental challenge remains: determining when a reasoning step requires the capacity of a large model or the efficiency of a small model. Existing routing strategies either rely on local token probabilities or post-hoc verification, introducing significant inference overhead. In this work, we propose a novel perspective on step-wise collaboration: the difficulty of a reasoning step can be inferred from its very first token. Inspired by the "Aha Moment" phenomenon in LRMs, we show that the entropy of the initial token serves as a strong predictor of step difficulty. Building on this insight, we introduce GlimpRouter, a training-free step-wise collaboration framework. GlimpRouter employs a lightweight model to generate only the first token of each reasoning step and routes the step to a larger model only when the initial token entropy exceeds a threshold. Experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate that our approach significantly reduces inference latency while preserving accuracy. For instance, GlimpRouter attains a substantial 10.7% improvement in accuracy while reducing inference latency by 25.9% compared to a standalone large model on AIME25. These results suggest a simple yet effective mechanism for reasoning: allocating computation based on a glimpse of thought rather than full-step evaluation. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code available at arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.04948 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO SKATER: Synthesized Kinematics for Advanced Traversing Efficiency on a Humanoid Robot via Roller Skate Swizzles Authors: Junchi Gu , Feiyang Yuan , Weize Shi , Tianchen Huang , Haopeng Zhang , Xiaohu Zhang , Yu Wang , Wei Gao , Shiwu Zhang Abstract : Although recent years have seen significant progress of humanoid robots in walking and running, the frequent foot strikes with ground during these locomotion gaits inevitably generate high instantaneous impact forces, which leads to exacerbated joint wear and poor energy utilization. Roller skating, as a sport with substantial biomechanical value, can achieve fast and continuous sliding through ra… ▽ More Although recent years have seen significant progress of humanoid robots in walking and running, the frequent foot strikes with ground during these locomotion gaits inevitably generate high instantaneous impact forces, which leads to exacerbated joint wear and poor energy utilization. Roller skating, as a sport with substantial biomechanical value, can achieve fast and continuous sliding through rational utilization of body inertia, featuring minimal kinetic energy loss. Therefore, this study proposes a novel humanoid robot with each foot equipped with a row of four passive wheels for roller skating. A deep reinforcement learning control framework is also developed for the swizzle gait with the reward function design based on the intrinsic characteristics of roller skating. The learned policy is first analyzed in simulation and then deployed on the physical robot to demonstrate the smoothness and efficiency of the swizzle gait over traditional bipedal walking gait in terms of Impact Intensity and Cost of Transport during locomotion. A reduction of $75.86\%$ and $63.34\%$ of these two metrics indicate roller skating as a superior locomotion mode for enhanced energy efficiency and joint longevity. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04948 [ pdf , ps , other ] SKATER: Synthesized Kinematics for Advanced Traversing Efficiency on a Humanoid Robot via Roller Skate Swizzles Authors: Junchi Gu , Feiyang Yuan , Weize Shi , Tianchen Huang , Haopeng Zhang , Xiaohu Zhang , Yu Wang , Wei Gao , Shiwu Zhang Abstract : Although recent years have seen significant progress of humanoid robots in walking and running, the frequent foot strikes with ground during these locomotion gaits inevitably generate high instantaneous impact forces, which leads to exacerbated joint wear and poor energy utilization. Roller skating, as a sport with substantial biomechanical value, can achieve fast and continuous sliding through ra… ▽ More Although recent years have seen significant progress of humanoid robots in walking and running, the frequent foot strikes with ground during these locomotion gaits inevitably generate high instantaneous impact forces, which leads to exacerbated joint wear and poor energy utilization. Roller skating, as a sport with substantial biomechanical value, can achieve fast and continuous sliding through rational utilization of body inertia, featuring minimal kinetic energy loss. Therefore, this study proposes a novel humanoid robot with each foot equipped with a row of four passive wheels for roller skating. A deep reinforcement learning control framework is also developed for the swizzle gait with the reward function design based on the intrinsic characteristics of roller skating. The learned policy is first analyzed in simulation and then deployed on the physical robot to demonstrate the smoothness and efficiency of the swizzle gait over traditional bipedal walking gait in terms of Impact Intensity and Cost of Transport during locomotion. A reduction of $75.86\%$ and $63.34\%$ of these two metrics indicate roller skating as a superior locomotion mode for enhanced energy efficiency and joint longevity. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04918 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR cs.AI Breaking Robustness Barriers in Cognitive Diagnosis: A One-Shot Neural Architecture Search Perspective Authors: Ziwen Wang , Shangshang Yang , Xiaoshan Yu , Haiping Ma , Xingyi Zhang Abstract : With the advancement of network technologies, intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) have emerged to deliver increasingly precise and tailored personalized learning services. Cognitive diagnosis (CD) has emerged as a core research task in ITS, aiming to infer learners' mastery of specific knowledge concepts by modeling the mapping between learning behavior data and knowledge states. However, existing… ▽ More With the advancement of network technologies, intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) have emerged to deliver increasingly precise and tailored personalized learning services. Cognitive diagnosis (CD) has emerged as a core research task in ITS, aiming to infer learners' mastery of specific knowledge concepts by modeling the mapping between learning behavior data and knowledge states. However, existing research prioritizes model performance enhancement while neglecting the pervasive noise contamination in observed response data, significantly hindering practical deployment. Furthermore, current cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) rely heavily on researchers' domain expertise for structural design, which fails to exhaustively explore architectural possibilities, thus leaving model architectures' full potential untapped. To address this issue, we propose OSCD, an evolutionary multi-objective One-Shot neural architecture search method for Cognitive Diagnosis, designed to efficiently and robustly improve the model's capability in assessing learner proficiency. Specifically, OSCD operates through two distinct stages: training and searching. During the training stage, we construct a search space encompassing diverse architectural combinations and train a weight-sharing supernet represented via the complete binary tree topology, enabling comprehensive exploration of potential architectures beyond manual design priors. In the searching stage, we formulate the optimal architecture search under heterogeneous noise scenarios as a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP), and develop an optimization framework integrating a Pareto-optimal solution search strategy with cross-scenario performance evaluation for resolution. Extensive experiments on real-world educational datasets validate the effectiveness and robustness of the optimal architectures discovered by our OSCD model for CD tasks. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: KDD2026, 15 pages arXiv:2601.04918 [ pdf , ps , other ] Breaking Robustness Barriers in Cognitive Diagnosis: A One-Shot Neural Architecture Search Perspective Authors: Ziwen Wang , Shangshang Yang , Xiaoshan Yu , Haiping Ma , Xingyi Zhang Abstract : With the advancement of network technologies, intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) have emerged to deliver increasingly precise and tailored personalized learning services. Cognitive diagnosis (CD) has emerged as a core research task in ITS, aiming to infer learners' mastery of specific knowledge concepts by modeling the mapping between learning behavior data and knowledge states. However, existing… ▽ More With the advancement of network technologies, intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) have emerged to deliver increasingly precise and tailored personalized learning services. Cognitive diagnosis (CD) has emerged as a core research task in ITS, aiming to infer learners' mastery of specific knowledge concepts by modeling the mapping between learning behavior data and knowledge states. However, existing research prioritizes model performance enhancement while neglecting the pervasive noise contamination in observed response data, significantly hindering practical deployment. Furthermore, current cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) rely heavily on researchers' domain expertise for structural design, which fails to exhaustively explore architectural possibilities, thus leaving model architectures' full potential untapped. To address this issue, we propose OSCD, an evolutionary multi-objective One-Shot neural architecture search method for Cognitive Diagnosis, designed to efficiently and robustly improve the model's capability in assessing learner proficiency. Specifically, OSCD operates through two distinct stages: training and searching. During the training stage, we construct a search space encompassing diverse architectural combinations and train a weight-sharing supernet represented via the complete binary tree topology, enabling comprehensive exploration of potential architectures beyond manual design priors. In the searching stage, we formulate the optimal architecture search under heterogeneous noise scenarios as a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP), and develop an optimization framework integrating a Pareto-optimal solution search strategy with cross-scenario performance evaluation for resolution. Extensive experiments on real-world educational datasets validate the effectiveness and robustness of the optimal architectures discovered by our OSCD model for CD tasks. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: KDD2026, 15 pages arXiv:2601.04698 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.LG TourPlanner: A Competitive Consensus Framework with Constraint-Gated Reinforcement Learning for Travel Planning Authors: Yinuo Wang , Mining Tan , Wenxiang Jiao , Xiaoxi Li , Hao Wang , Xuanyu Zhang , Yuan Lu , Weiming Dong Abstract : Travel planning is a sophisticated decision-making process that requires synthesizing multifaceted information to construct itineraries. However, existing travel planning approaches face several challenges: (1) Pruning candidate points of interest (POIs) while maintaining a high recall rate; (2) A single reasoning path restricts the exploration capability within the feasible solution space for tra… ▽ More Travel planning is a sophisticated decision-making process that requires synthesizing multifaceted information to construct itineraries. However, existing travel planning approaches face several challenges: (1) Pruning candidate points of interest (POIs) while maintaining a high recall rate; (2) A single reasoning path restricts the exploration capability within the feasible solution space for travel planning; (3) Simultaneously optimizing hard constraints and soft constraints remains a significant difficulty. To address these challenges, we propose TourPlanner, a comprehensive framework featuring multi-path reasoning and constraint-gated reinforcement learning. Specifically, we first introduce a Personalized Recall and Spatial Optimization (PReSO) workflow to construct spatially-aware candidate POIs' set. Subsequently, we propose Competitive consensus Chain-of-Thought (CCoT), a multi-path reasoning paradigm that improves the ability of exploring the feasible solution space. To further refine the plan, we integrate a sigmoid-based gating mechanism into the reinforcement learning stage, which dynamically prioritizes soft-constraint satisfaction only after hard constraints are met. Experimental results on travel planning benchmarks demonstrate that TourPlanner achieves state-of-the-art performance, significantly surpassing existing methods in both feasibility and user-preference alignment. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04698 [ pdf , ps , other ] TourPlanner: A Competitive Consensus Framework with Constraint-Gated Reinforcement Learning for Travel Planning Authors: Yinuo Wang , Mining Tan , Wenxiang Jiao , Xiaoxi Li , Hao Wang , Xuanyu Zhang , Yuan Lu , Weiming Dong Abstract : Travel planning is a sophisticated decision-making process that requires synthesizing multifaceted information to construct itineraries. However, existing travel planning approaches face several challenges: (1) Pruning candidate points of interest (POIs) while maintaining a high recall rate; (2) A single reasoning path restricts the exploration capability within the feasible solution space for tra… ▽ More Travel planning is a sophisticated decision-making process that requires synthesizing multifaceted information to construct itineraries. However, existing travel planning approaches face several challenges: (1) Pruning candidate points of interest (POIs) while maintaining a high recall rate; (2) A single reasoning path restricts the exploration capability within the feasible solution space for travel planning; (3) Simultaneously optimizing hard constraints and soft constraints remains a significant difficulty. To address these challenges, we propose TourPlanner, a comprehensive framework featuring multi-path reasoning and constraint-gated reinforcement learning. Specifically, we first introduce a Personalized Recall and Spatial Optimization (PReSO) workflow to construct spatially-aware candidate POIs' set. Subsequently, we propose Competitive consensus Chain-of-Thought (CCoT), a multi-path reasoning paradigm that improves the ability of exploring the feasible solution space. To further refine the plan, we integrate a sigmoid-based gating mechanism into the reinforcement learning stage, which dynamically prioritizes soft-constraint satisfaction only after hard constraints are met. Experimental results on travel planning benchmarks demonstrate that TourPlanner achieves state-of-the-art performance, significantly surpassing existing methods in both feasibility and user-preference alignment. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04688 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.FL ToolGate: Contract-Grounded and Verified Tool Execution for LLMs Authors: Yanming Liu , Xinyue Peng , Jiannan Cao , Xinyi Wang , Songhang Deng , Jintao Chen , Jianwei Yin , Xuhong Zhang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with external tools have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, existing frameworks rely heavily on natural language reasoning to determine when tools can be invoked and whether their results should be committed, lacking formal guarantees for logical safety and verifiability. We present \textbf{ToolGate}, a forward execution… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with external tools have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, existing frameworks rely heavily on natural language reasoning to determine when tools can be invoked and whether their results should be committed, lacking formal guarantees for logical safety and verifiability. We present \textbf{ToolGate}, a forward execution framework that provides logical safety guarantees and verifiable state evolution for LLM tool calling. ToolGate maintains an explicit symbolic state space as a typed key-value mapping representing trusted world information throughout the reasoning process. Each tool is formalized as a Hoare-style contract consisting of a precondition and a postcondition, where the precondition gates tool invocation by checking whether the current state satisfies the required conditions, and the postcondition determines whether the tool's result can be committed to update the state through runtime verification. Our approach guarantees that the symbolic state evolves only through verified tool executions, preventing invalid or hallucinated results from corrupting the world representation. Experimental validation demonstrates that ToolGate significantly improves the reliability and verifiability of tool-augmented LLM systems while maintaining competitive performance on complex multi-step reasoning tasks. This work establishes a foundation for building more trustworthy and debuggable AI systems that integrate language models with external tools. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: First version of ToolGate arXiv:2601.04688 [ pdf , ps , other ] ToolGate: Contract-Grounded and Verified Tool Execution for LLMs Authors: Yanming Liu , Xinyue Peng , Jiannan Cao , Xinyi Wang , Songhang Deng , Jintao Chen , Jianwei Yin , Xuhong Zhang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with external tools have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, existing frameworks rely heavily on natural language reasoning to determine when tools can be invoked and whether their results should be committed, lacking formal guarantees for logical safety and verifiability. We present \textbf{ToolGate}, a forward execution… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) augmented with external tools have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, existing frameworks rely heavily on natural language reasoning to determine when tools can be invoked and whether their results should be committed, lacking formal guarantees for logical safety and verifiability. We present \textbf{ToolGate}, a forward execution framework that provides logical safety guarantees and verifiable state evolution for LLM tool calling. ToolGate maintains an explicit symbolic state space as a typed key-value mapping representing trusted world information throughout the reasoning process. Each tool is formalized as a Hoare-style contract consisting of a precondition and a postcondition, where the precondition gates tool invocation by checking whether the current state satisfies the required conditions, and the postcondition determines whether the tool's result can be committed to update the state through runtime verification. Our approach guarantees that the symbolic state evolves only through verified tool executions, preventing invalid or hallucinated results from corrupting the world representation. Experimental validation demonstrates that ToolGate significantly improves the reliability and verifiability of tool-augmented LLM systems while maintaining competitive performance on complex multi-step reasoning tasks. This work establishes a foundation for building more trustworthy and debuggable AI systems that integrate language models with external tools. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: First version of ToolGate arXiv:2601.04656 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD FlexiVoice: Enabling Flexible Style Control in Zero-Shot TTS with Natural Language Instructions Authors: Dekun Chen , Xueyao Zhang , Yuancheng Wang , Kenan Dai , Li Ma , Zhizheng Wu Abstract : This study proposes FlexiVoice, a text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis system capable of flexible style control with zero-shot voice cloning. The speaking style is controlled by a natural-language instruction and the voice timbre is provided by a speech reference in zero-shot manner. FlexiVoice is built with an LLM core, which takes text as input, and also takes an optional natural language instruction… ▽ More This study proposes FlexiVoice, a text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis system capable of flexible style control with zero-shot voice cloning. The speaking style is controlled by a natural-language instruction and the voice timbre is provided by a speech reference in zero-shot manner. FlexiVoice is built with an LLM core, which takes text as input, and also takes an optional natural language instruction and an optional speech reference to control style and timbre, respectively. FlexiVoice is equipped with a novel Progressive Post-Training (PPT) scheme that progressively unlocks accurate and flexible controllability. In particular, it first employs Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) to enable FlexiVoice to accurately follow both natural language instruction and speech reference simultaneously. It then uses a multi-objective Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) to disentangle style instruction, reference timbre, and textual content. Finally, it adapts instruction GRPO for more advanced instruction following. Experimental results show that FlexiVoice surpasses competing baselines and demonstrates strong capability in decoupling control factors. Human evaluations further confirm its naturalness, controllability, and robustness. Audio samples are available at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04656 [ pdf , ps , other ] FlexiVoice: Enabling Flexible Style Control in Zero-Shot TTS with Natural Language Instructions Authors: Dekun Chen , Xueyao Zhang , Yuancheng Wang , Kenan Dai , Li Ma , Zhizheng Wu Abstract : This study proposes FlexiVoice, a text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis system capable of flexible style control with zero-shot voice cloning. The speaking style is controlled by a natural-language instruction and the voice timbre is provided by a speech reference in zero-shot manner. FlexiVoice is built with an LLM core, which takes text as input, and also takes an optional natural language instruction… ▽ More This study proposes FlexiVoice, a text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis system capable of flexible style control with zero-shot voice cloning. The speaking style is controlled by a natural-language instruction and the voice timbre is provided by a speech reference in zero-shot manner. FlexiVoice is built with an LLM core, which takes text as input, and also takes an optional natural language instruction and an optional speech reference to control style and timbre, respectively. FlexiVoice is equipped with a novel Progressive Post-Training (PPT) scheme that progressively unlocks accurate and flexible controllability. In particular, it first employs Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) to enable FlexiVoice to accurately follow both natural language instruction and speech reference simultaneously. It then uses a multi-objective Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) to disentangle style instruction, reference timbre, and textual content. Finally, it adapts instruction GRPO for more advanced instruction following. Experimental results show that FlexiVoice surpasses competing baselines and demonstrates strong capability in decoupling control factors. Human evaluations further confirm its naturalness, controllability, and robustness. Audio samples are available at △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04544 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI TCAndon-Router: Adaptive Reasoning Router for Multi-Agent Collaboration Authors: Jiuzhou Zhao , Chunrong Chen , Chenqi Qiao , Lebin Zheng , Minqi Han , Yanchi Liu Yongzhou Xu Xiaochuan Xu Min Zhang Abstract : Multi-Agent Systems(MAS) have become a powerful paradigm for building high performance intelligent applications. Within these systems, the router responsible for determining which expert agents should handle a given query plays a crucial role in overall performance. Existing routing strategies generally fall into two categories: performance routing, which balances latency and cost across models of… ▽ More Multi-Agent Systems(MAS) have become a powerful paradigm for building high performance intelligent applications. Within these systems, the router responsible for determining which expert agents should handle a given query plays a crucial role in overall performance. Existing routing strategies generally fall into two categories: performance routing, which balances latency and cost across models of different sizes, and task routing, which assigns queries to domain-specific experts to improve accuracy. In real-world enterprise applications, task routing is more suitable; however, most existing approaches rely on static single-label decisions, which introduce two major limitations: (i) difficulty in seamlessly integrating new agents as business domains expand, and (ii) routing conflicts caused by overlapping agent capabilities, ultimately degrading accuracy and robustness.To address these challenges, we propose TCAndon-Router(TCAR): an adaptive reasoning router for multi-agent collaboration. Unlike traditional routers, TCAR supports dynamic agent onboarding and first generates a natural-language reasoning chain before predicting a set of candidate agents capable of handling the query. In addition, we design a collaborative execution pipeline in which selected agents independently produce responses, which are then aggregated and refined into a single high-quality response by a dedicated Refining Agent.Experiments on public datasets and real enterprise data demonstrate that TCAR significantly improves routing accuracy, reduces routing conflicts, and remains robust in ambiguous scenarios. We have released TCAR at to support future research on explainable and collaborative multi-agent routing. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures. Under review at IJCAI arXiv:2601.04544 [ pdf , ps , other ] TCAndon-Router: Adaptive Reasoning Router for Multi-Agent Collaboration Authors: Jiuzhou Zhao , Chunrong Chen , Chenqi Qiao , Lebin Zheng , Minqi Han , Yanchi Liu Yongzhou Xu Xiaochuan Xu Min Zhang Abstract : Multi-Agent Systems(MAS) have become a powerful paradigm for building high performance intelligent applications. Within these systems, the router responsible for determining which expert agents should handle a given query plays a crucial role in overall performance. Existing routing strategies generally fall into two categories: performance routing, which balances latency and cost across models of… ▽ More Multi-Agent Systems(MAS) have become a powerful paradigm for building high performance intelligent applications. Within these systems, the router responsible for determining which expert agents should handle a given query plays a crucial role in overall performance. Existing routing strategies generally fall into two categories: performance routing, which balances latency and cost across models of different sizes, and task routing, which assigns queries to domain-specific experts to improve accuracy. In real-world enterprise applications, task routing is more suitable; however, most existing approaches rely on static single-label decisions, which introduce two major limitations: (i) difficulty in seamlessly integrating new agents as business domains expand, and (ii) routing conflicts caused by overlapping agent capabilities, ultimately degrading accuracy and robustness.To address these challenges, we propose TCAndon-Router(TCAR): an adaptive reasoning router for multi-agent collaboration. Unlike traditional routers, TCAR supports dynamic agent onboarding and first generates a natural-language reasoning chain before predicting a set of candidate agents capable of handling the query. In addition, we design a collaborative execution pipeline in which selected agents independently produce responses, which are then aggregated and refined into a single high-quality response by a dedicated Refining Agent.Experiments on public datasets and real enterprise data demonstrate that TCAR significantly improves routing accuracy, reduces routing conflicts, and remains robust in ambiguous scenarios. We have released TCAR at to support future research on explainable and collaborative multi-agent routing. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures. Under review at IJCAI arXiv:2601.04126 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.CV InfiniteWeb: Scalable Web Environment Synthesis for GUI Agent Training Authors: Ziyun Zhang , Zezhou Wang , Xiaoyi Zhang , Zongyu Guo , Jiahao Li , Bin Li , Yan Lu Abstract : GUI agents that interact with graphical interfaces on behalf of users represent a promising direction for practical AI assistants. However, training such agents is hindered by the scarcity of suitable environments. We present InfiniteWeb, a system that automatically generates functional web environments at scale for GUI agent training. While LLMs perform well on generating a single webpage, buildi… ▽ More GUI agents that interact with graphical interfaces on behalf of users represent a promising direction for practical AI assistants. However, training such agents is hindered by the scarcity of suitable environments. We present InfiniteWeb, a system that automatically generates functional web environments at scale for GUI agent training. While LLMs perform well on generating a single webpage, building a realistic and functional website with many interconnected pages faces challenges. We address these challenges through unified specification, task-centric test-driven development, and a combination of website seed with reference design image to ensure diversity. Our system also generates verifiable task evaluators enabling dense reward signals for reinforcement learning. Experiments show that InfiniteWeb surpasses commercial coding agents at realistic website construction, and GUI agents trained on our generated environments achieve significant performance improvements on OSWorld and Online-Mind2Web, demonstrating the effectiveness of proposed system. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work In Progress arXiv:2601.04126 [ pdf , ps , other ] InfiniteWeb: Scalable Web Environment Synthesis for GUI Agent Training Authors: Ziyun Zhang , Zezhou Wang , Xiaoyi Zhang , Zongyu Guo , Jiahao Li , Bin Li , Yan Lu Abstract : GUI agents that interact with graphical interfaces on behalf of users represent a promising direction for practical AI assistants. However, training such agents is hindered by the scarcity of suitable environments. We present InfiniteWeb, a system that automatically generates functional web environments at scale for GUI agent training. While LLMs perform well on generating a single webpage, buildi… ▽ More GUI agents that interact with graphical interfaces on behalf of users represent a promising direction for practical AI assistants. However, training such agents is hindered by the scarcity of suitable environments. We present InfiniteWeb, a system that automatically generates functional web environments at scale for GUI agent training. While LLMs perform well on generating a single webpage, building a realistic and functional website with many interconnected pages faces challenges. We address these challenges through unified specification, task-centric test-driven development, and a combination of website seed with reference design image to ensure diversity. Our system also generates verifiable task evaluators enabling dense reward signals for reinforcement learning. Experiments show that InfiniteWeb surpasses commercial coding agents at realistic website construction, and GUI agents trained on our generated environments achieve significant performance improvements on OSWorld and Online-Mind2Web, demonstrating the effectiveness of proposed system. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work In Progress 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Zhang,+X
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Class 000 – Computer science, information, and general works 2 Class 100 – Philosophy and psychology 3 Class 200 – Religion 4 Class 300 – Social sciences 5 Class 400 – Language 6 Class 500 – Science 7 Class 600 – Technology 8 Class 700 – Arts and recreation 9 Class 800 – Literature 10 Class 900 – History and geography 11 See also 12 References 13 External links List of Dewey Decimal classes বাংলা فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Português ไทย اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article relies excessively on references to primary sources . Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . Find sources: "List of Dewey Decimal classes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is structured around ten main classes covering the entire world of knowledge ; each main class is further structured into ten hierarchical divisions, each having ten divisions of increasing specificity. [ 1 ] As a system of library classification the DDC is "arranged by discipline, not subject", so a topic like clothing is classed based on its disciplinary treatment (psychological influence of clothing at 155.95, customs associated with clothing at 391, and fashion design of clothing at 746.92) within the conceptual framework. [ 2 ] The list below presents the ten main classes, hundred divisions, and thousand sections. [ 3 ] Class 000 – Computer science, information, and general works 000 Computer science, knowledge, and systems 000 Computer science , information and general works 001 Knowledge 002 The book (writing, libraries, and book-related topics) 003 Systems 004 Data processing and computer science 005 Computer programming , programs , and data 006 Special computer methods (e.g. AI, multimedia, VR) [ 4 ] 007–009 [Unassigned] 000 Computer science , information and general works 001 Knowledge 002 The book (writing, libraries, and book-related topics) 003 Systems 004 Data processing and computer science 005 Computer programming , programs , and data 006 Special computer methods (e.g. AI, multimedia, VR) [ 4 ] 007–009 [Unassigned] 010 Bibliographies 010 Bibliography 011 Bibliographies 012 Bibliographies of individuals 013 [Unassigned] 014 Bibliographies of anonymous and pseudonymous works 015 Bibliographies of works from specific places 016 Bibliographies of works on specific subjects 017 General subject catalogs 018 Catalogs arranged by author, date, etc. [moved to 017] 019 Dictionary catalogs [moved to 017] 010 Bibliography 011 Bibliographies 012 Bibliographies of individuals 013 [Unassigned] 014 Bibliographies of anonymous and pseudonymous works 015 Bibliographies of works from specific places 016 Bibliographies of works on specific subjects 017 General subject catalogs 018 Catalogs arranged by author, date, etc. [moved to 017] 019 Dictionary catalogs [moved to 017] 020 Library and information sciences 020 Library and information sciences 021 Library relationships (with archives , information centers, etc.) 022 Administration of physical plant 023 Personnel management 024 [Unassigned] 025 Library operations 026 Libraries for specific subjects 027 General libraries 028 Reading and use of other information media 029 [Unassigned] 020 Library and information sciences 021 Library relationships (with archives , information centers, etc.) 022 Administration of physical plant 023 Personnel management 024 [Unassigned] 025 Library operations 026 Libraries for specific subjects 027 General libraries 028 Reading and use of other information media 029 [Unassigned] 030 Encyclopedias and books of facts 030 General encyclopedic works 031 Encyclopedias in American English 032 Encyclopedias in English 033 Encyclopedias in other Germanic languages 034 Encyclopedias in French , Occitan , and Catalan 035 Encyclopedias in Italian , Romanian , and related languages 036 Encyclopedias in Spanish and Portuguese 037 Encyclopedias in Slavic languages 038 Encyclopedias in Scandinavian languages 039 Encyclopedias in other languages 030 General encyclopedic works 031 Encyclopedias in American English 032 Encyclopedias in English 033 Encyclopedias in other Germanic languages 034 Encyclopedias in French , Occitan , and Catalan 035 Encyclopedias in Italian , Romanian , and related languages 036 Encyclopedias in Spanish and Portuguese 037 Encyclopedias in Slavic languages 038 Encyclopedias in Scandinavian languages 039 Encyclopedias in other languages 040 Unassigned — formerly Biographies 050 Magazines, journals and serials 050 General serial publications 051 Serials in American English 052 Serials in English 053 Serials in other Germanic languages 054 Serials in French, Occitan, and Catalan 055 Serials in Italian, Romanian, and related languages 056 Serials in Spanish and Portuguese 057 Serials in Slavic languages 058 Serials in Scandinavian languages 059 Serials in other languages 050 General serial publications 051 Serials in American English 052 Serials in English 053 Serials in other Germanic languages 054 Serials in French, Occitan, and Catalan 055 Serials in Italian, Romanian, and related languages 056 Serials in Spanish and Portuguese 057 Serials in Slavic languages 058 Serials in Scandinavian languages 059 Serials in other languages 060 Associations, organizations and museums 060 General organizations and museum science 061 Organizations in North America 062 Organizations in British Isles ; in England 063 Organizations in central Europe ; in Germany 064 Organizations in France and Monaco 065 Organizations in Italy and adjacent islands 066 Organizations in Iberian Peninsula and adjacent islands 067 Organizations in eastern Europe ; in Russia 068 Organizations in other geographic areas 069 Museum science 060 General organizations and museum science 061 Organizations in North America 062 Organizations in British Isles ; in England 063 Organizations in central Europe ; in Germany 064 Organizations in France and Monaco 065 Organizations in Italy and adjacent islands 066 Organizations in Iberian Peninsula and adjacent islands 067 Organizations in eastern Europe ; in Russia 068 Organizations in other geographic areas 069 Museum science 070 News media, journalism, and publishing 070 News media , journalism , and publishing 071 Newspapers in North America 072 Newspapers in British Isles; in England 073 Newspapers in central Europe; in Germany 074 Newspapers in France and Monaco 075 Newspapers in Italy and adjacent islands 076 Newspapers in Iberian peninsula and adjacent islands 077 Newspapers in eastern Europe; in Russia 078 Newspapers in Scandinavia 079 Newspapers in other geographic areas 070 News media , journalism , and publishing 071 Newspapers in North America 072 Newspapers in British Isles; in England 073 Newspapers in central Europe; in Germany 074 Newspapers in France and Monaco 075 Newspapers in Italy and adjacent islands 076 Newspapers in Iberian peninsula and adjacent islands 077 Newspapers in eastern Europe; in Russia 078 Newspapers in Scandinavia 079 Newspapers in other geographic areas 080 Quotations 080 General collections 081 Collections in American English 082 Collections in English 083 Collections in other Germanic languages 084 Collections in French, Occitan, Catalan 085 Collections in Italian, Romanian, and related languages 086 Collections in Spanish and Portuguese 087 Collections in Slavic languages 088 Collections in Scandinavian languages 089 Collections in other languages 080 General collections 081 Collections in American English 082 Collections in English 083 Collections in other Germanic languages 084 Collections in French, Occitan, Catalan 085 Collections in Italian, Romanian, and related languages 086 Collections in Spanish and Portuguese 087 Collections in Slavic languages 088 Collections in Scandinavian languages 089 Collections in other languages 090 Manuscripts and rare books 090 Manuscripts and rare books 091 Manuscripts 092 Block books 093 Incunabula 094 Printed books 095 Books notable for bindings 096 Books notable for illustrations 097 Books notable for ownership or origin 098 Prohibited works , forgeries , and hoaxes 099 Books notable for format 090 Manuscripts and rare books 091 Manuscripts 092 Block books 093 Incunabula 094 Printed books 095 Books notable for bindings 096 Books notable for illustrations 097 Books notable for ownership or origin 098 Prohibited works , forgeries , and hoaxes 099 Books notable for format Class 100 – Philosophy and psychology 100 Philosophy 100 Philosophy and psychology 101 Theory of philosophy 102 Miscellany 103 Dictionaries and encyclopedias 104 No longer used — formerly Essays 105 Serial publications 106 Organizations and management 107 Education , research , related topics of philosophy 108 Groups of people 109 History and collected biography 100 Philosophy and psychology 101 Theory of philosophy 102 Miscellany 103 Dictionaries and encyclopedias 104 No longer used — formerly Essays 105 Serial publications 106 Organizations and management 107 Education , research , related topics of philosophy 108 Groups of people 109 History and collected biography 110 Metaphysics 110 Metaphysics 111 Ontology 112 No longer used — formerly Methodology 113 Cosmology ( Philosophy of nature ) 114 Space 115 Time 116 Change 117 Structure 118 Force and energy 119 Number and quantity 110 Metaphysics 111 Ontology 112 No longer used — formerly Methodology 113 Cosmology ( Philosophy of nature ) 114 Space 115 Time 116 Change 117 Structure 118 Force and energy 119 Number and quantity 120 Epistemology 120 Epistemology , causation, and humankind 121 Epistemology (theory of knowledge) 122 Causation 123 Determinism and indeterminism 124 Teleology 125 No longer used — formerly Infinity 126 The self 127 The unconscious and the subconscious 128 Humankind 129 Origin and destiny of individual souls 120 Epistemology , causation, and humankind 121 Epistemology (theory of knowledge) 122 Causation 123 Determinism and indeterminism 124 Teleology 125 No longer used — formerly Infinity 126 The self 127 The unconscious and the subconscious 128 Humankind 129 Origin and destiny of individual souls 130 Parapsychology and occultism 130 Parapsychology and occultism 131 Parapsychological and occult methods for achieving well-being, happiness, success 132 No longer used — formerly Mental derangements 133 Specific topics in parapsychology and occultism 134 No longer used — formerly Mesmerism and clairvoyance 135 Dreams and mysteries 136 No longer used — formerly Mental characteristics 137 Divinatory graphology 138 Physiognomy 139 Phrenology 130 Parapsychology and occultism 131 Parapsychological and occult methods for achieving well-being, happiness, success 132 No longer used — formerly Mental derangements 133 Specific topics in parapsychology and occultism 134 No longer used — formerly Mesmerism and clairvoyance 135 Dreams and mysteries 136 No longer used — formerly Mental characteristics 137 Divinatory graphology 138 Physiognomy 139 Phrenology 140 Philosophical schools of thought 140 Specific philosophical schools and viewpoints 141 Idealism and related systems and doctrines 142 Critical philosophy 143 Bergsonism and intuitionism 144 Humanism and related systems and doctrines 145 Sensationalism 146 Naturalism and related systems and doctrines 147 Pantheism and related systems and doctrines 148 Dogmatism , eclecticism , liberalism , syncretism , and traditionalism 149 Other philosophical systems and doctrines 140 Specific philosophical schools and viewpoints 141 Idealism and related systems and doctrines 142 Critical philosophy 143 Bergsonism and intuitionism 144 Humanism and related systems and doctrines 145 Sensationalism 146 Naturalism and related systems and doctrines 147 Pantheism and related systems and doctrines 148 Dogmatism , eclecticism , liberalism , syncretism , and traditionalism 149 Other philosophical systems and doctrines 150 Psychology 150 Psychology 151 No longer used — formerly Intellect 152 Sensory perception , movement , emotions , and physiological drives 153 Conscious mental processes and intelligence 154 Subconscious and altered states and processes 155 Differential and developmental psychology 156 Comparative psychology 157 No longer used — formerly Emotions 158 Applied psychology 159 No longer used — formerly Will 150 Psychology 151 No longer used — formerly Intellect 152 Sensory perception , movement , emotions , and physiological drives 153 Conscious mental processes and intelligence 154 Subconscious and altered states and processes 155 Differential and developmental psychology 156 Comparative psychology 157 No longer used — formerly Emotions 158 Applied psychology 159 No longer used — formerly Will 160 Philosophical logic 160 Philosophical logic 161 Induction 162 Deduction 163–164 Not assigned or no longer used 165 Fallacies and sources of error 166 Syllogisms 167 Hypotheses 168 Argument and persuasion 169 Analogy 160 Philosophical logic 161 Induction 162 Deduction 163–164 Not assigned or no longer used 165 Fallacies and sources of error 166 Syllogisms 167 Hypotheses 168 Argument and persuasion 169 Analogy 170 Ethics 170 Ethics (moral philosophy) 171 Ethical systems 172 Political ethics 173 Ethics of family relationships 174 Occupational ethics 175 Ethics of recreation , leisure , public performances, communication 176 Ethics of sex and reproduction 177 Ethics of social relations 178 Ethics of consumption 179 Other ethical norms 170 Ethics (moral philosophy) 171 Ethical systems 172 Political ethics 173 Ethics of family relationships 174 Occupational ethics 175 Ethics of recreation , leisure , public performances, communication 176 Ethics of sex and reproduction 177 Ethics of social relations 178 Ethics of consumption 179 Other ethical norms 180 Ancient, medieval, and Eastern philosophy 180 Ancient , medieval , Eastern philosophy 181 Eastern philosophy 182 Pre-Socratic Greek philosophies 183 Sophistic , Socratic , related Greek philosophies 184 Platonic philosophy 185 Aristotelian philosophy 186 Skeptic and Neoplatonic philosophies 187 Epicurean philosophy 188 Stoic philosophy 189 Medieval Western philosophy 180 Ancient , medieval , Eastern philosophy 181 Eastern philosophy 182 Pre-Socratic Greek philosophies 183 Sophistic , Socratic , related Greek philosophies 184 Platonic philosophy 185 Aristotelian philosophy 186 Skeptic and Neoplatonic philosophies 187 Epicurean philosophy 188 Stoic philosophy 189 Medieval Western philosophy 190 Modern Western philosophy ( 19th-century , 20th-century ) 190 Modern Western and other non-eastern philosophy 191 Philosophy of the United States and Canada 192 Philosophy of the British Isles 193 Philosophy of Germany and Austria 194 Philosophy of France 195 Philosophy of Italy 196 Philosophy of Spain and Portugal 197 Philosophy of Russia 198 Philosophy of Scandinavia and Finland 199 Philosophy in other geographic areas 190 Modern Western and other non-eastern philosophy 191 Philosophy of the United States and Canada 192 Philosophy of the British Isles 193 Philosophy of Germany and Austria 194 Philosophy of France 195 Philosophy of Italy 196 Philosophy of Spain and Portugal 197 Philosophy of Russia 198 Philosophy of Scandinavia and Finland 199 Philosophy in other geographic areas Class 200 – Religion 200 Religion 200 Religion 201 Religious mythology , general classes of religion, interreligious relations and attitudes, social theology 202 Doctrines 203 Public worship and other practices 204 Religious experience , life , practice 205 Religious ethics 206 Leaders and organization 207 Missions and religious education 208 Sources 209 Sects and reform movements 200 Religion 201 Religious mythology , general classes of religion, interreligious relations and attitudes, social theology 202 Doctrines 203 Public worship and other practices 204 Religious experience , life , practice 205 Religious ethics 206 Leaders and organization 207 Missions and religious education 208 Sources 209 Sects and reform movements 210 Philosophy and theory of religion 210 Philosophy and theory of religion 211 Concepts of God 212 Existence , ways of knowing God, attributes of God 213 Creation 214 Theodicy 215 Science and religion 216 No longer used—formerly Evil 217 No longer used—formerly Prayer 218 Humankind 219 No longer used—formerly Analogies 210 Philosophy and theory of religion 211 Concepts of God 212 Existence , ways of knowing God, attributes of God 213 Creation 214 Theodicy 215 Science and religion 216 No longer used—formerly Evil 217 No longer used—formerly Prayer 218 Humankind 219 No longer used—formerly Analogies 220 The Bible 220 Bible 221 Old Testament ( Tanakh ) 222 Historical books of Old Testament 223 Poetic books of Old Testament 224 Prophetic books of Old Testament 225 New Testament 226 Gospels and Acts 227 Epistles 228 Revelation ( Apocalypse ) 229 Apocrypha , pseudepigrapha , and inter-testamental works 220 Bible 221 Old Testament ( Tanakh ) 222 Historical books of Old Testament 223 Poetic books of Old Testament 224 Prophetic books of Old Testament 225 New Testament 226 Gospels and Acts 227 Epistles 228 Revelation ( Apocalypse ) 229 Apocrypha , pseudepigrapha , and inter-testamental works 230 Christianity 230 Christianity 231 God 232 Jesus Christ and his family 233 Humankind 234 Salvation and grace 235 Spiritual beings 236 Eschatology 237 No longer used—formerly Future state 238 Creeds , confessions of faith, covenants , and catechisms 239 Apologetics and polemics 230 Christianity 231 God 232 Jesus Christ and his family 233 Humankind 234 Salvation and grace 235 Spiritual beings 236 Eschatology 237 No longer used—formerly Future state 238 Creeds , confessions of faith, covenants , and catechisms 239 Apologetics and polemics 240 Christian practice and observance 240 Christian moral and devotional theology 241 Christian ethics 242 Devotional literature 243 Evangelistic writings for individuals and families 244 No longer used—formerly Religious fiction 245 No longer used—formerly Hymnology 246 Use of art in Christianity 247 Church furnishings and related articles 248 Christian experience, practice, life 249 Christian observances in family life 240 Christian moral and devotional theology 241 Christian ethics 242 Devotional literature 243 Evangelistic writings for individuals and families 244 No longer used—formerly Religious fiction 245 No longer used—formerly Hymnology 246 Use of art in Christianity 247 Church furnishings and related articles 248 Christian experience, practice, life 249 Christian observances in family life 250 Christian orders and local church 250 Local Christian church and Christian religious orders 251 Preaching ( Homiletics ) 252 Texts of sermons 253 Pastoral office and work ( Pastoral theology ) 254 Parish administration 255 Religious congregations and orders 256 No longer used — formerly Religious societies 257 No longer used — formerly Parochial schools , libraries, etc. 258 No longer used — formerly Parochial medicine 259 Pastoral care of families, of specific groups of people 250 Local Christian church and Christian religious orders 251 Preaching ( Homiletics ) 252 Texts of sermons 253 Pastoral office and work ( Pastoral theology ) 254 Parish administration 255 Religious congregations and orders 256 No longer used — formerly Religious societies 257 No longer used — formerly Parochial schools , libraries, etc. 258 No longer used — formerly Parochial medicine 259 Pastoral care of families, of specific groups of people 260 Social and ecclesiastical theology 260 Christian social and ecclesiastical theology 261 Social theology and interreligious relations and attitudes 262 Ecclesiology 263 Days, times, places of religious observance 264 Public worship 265 Sacraments , other rites and acts 266 Missions 267 Associations for religious work 268 Religious education 269 Spiritual renewal 260 Christian social and ecclesiastical theology 261 Social theology and interreligious relations and attitudes 262 Ecclesiology 263 Days, times, places of religious observance 264 Public worship 265 Sacraments , other rites and acts 266 Missions 267 Associations for religious work 268 Religious education 269 Spiritual renewal 270 History of Christianity 270 History , geographic treatment, biography of Christianity 271 Religious congregations and orders in church history 272 Persecutions in church history 273 Doctrinal controversies and heresies in general church history 274 Christianity in Europe 275 Christianity in Asia 276 Christianity in Africa 277 Christianity in North America 278 Christianity in South America 279 History of Christianity in other areas 270 History , geographic treatment, biography of Christianity 271 Religious congregations and orders in church history 272 Persecutions in church history 273 Doctrinal controversies and heresies in general church history 274 Christianity in Europe 275 Christianity in Asia 276 Christianity in Africa 277 Christianity in North America 278 Christianity in South America 279 History of Christianity in other areas 280 Christian denominations 280 Denominations and sects of Christian church 281 Early church and Eastern churches 282 Roman Catholic Church 283 Anglican churches 284 Protestant denominations of continental origin ( Lutheran , Continental Reformed ) 285 Presbyterian churches, Reformed churches centered in America, Congregational churches 286 Baptist , Restoration Movement , Adventist churches 287 Methodist churches; churches related to Methodism 288 No longer used — formerly Unitarian 289 Other denominations and sects 280 Denominations and sects of Christian church 281 Early church and Eastern churches 282 Roman Catholic Church 283 Anglican churches 284 Protestant denominations of continental origin ( Lutheran , Continental Reformed ) 285 Presbyterian churches, Reformed churches centered in America, Congregational churches 286 Baptist , Restoration Movement , Adventist churches 287 Methodist churches; churches related to Methodism 288 No longer used — formerly Unitarian 289 Other denominations and sects 290 Other religions 290 Other religions 291 No longer used — formerly Comparative religion 292 Classical religion ( Greek and Roman religion ) 293 Germanic religion 294 Religions of Indic origin 295 Zoroastrianism (Mazdaism, Parseeism) 296 Judaism 297 Islam , Bábism , and Baháʼí Faith 298 No longer used — formerly Mormonism 299 Religions not provided for elsewhere 290 Other religions 291 No longer used — formerly Comparative religion 292 Classical religion ( Greek and Roman religion ) 293 Germanic religion 294 Religions of Indic origin 295 Zoroastrianism (Mazdaism, Parseeism) 296 Judaism 297 Islam , Bábism , and Baháʼí Faith 298 No longer used — formerly Mormonism 299 Religions not provided for elsewhere Class 300 – Social sciences 300 Social sciences , sociology, and anthropology 300 Social sciences 301 Sociology and anthropology 302 Social interaction 303 Social processes 304 Factors affecting social behavior 305 Groups of people 306 Culture and institutions 307 Communities 308 No longer used — formerly Polygraphy 309 No longer used — formerly History of sociology 300 Social sciences 301 Sociology and anthropology 302 Social interaction 303 Social processes 304 Factors affecting social behavior 305 Groups of people 306 Culture and institutions 307 Communities 308 No longer used — formerly Polygraphy 309 No longer used — formerly History of sociology 310 Statistics 310 Collections of general statistics 311 No longer used — formerly Theory and methods 312 No longer used — formerly Population 313 No longer used — formerly Special topics 314 General statistics of Europe 315 General statistics of Asia 316 General statistics of Africa 317 General statistics of North America 318 General statistics of South America 319 General statistics of Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica 310 Collections of general statistics 311 No longer used — formerly Theory and methods 312 No longer used — formerly Population 313 No longer used — formerly Special topics 314 General statistics of Europe 315 General statistics of Asia 316 General statistics of Africa 317 General statistics of North America 318 General statistics of South America 319 General statistics of Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica 320 Political science 320 Political science ( politics and government ) 321 Systems of governments and states 322 Relation of state to organized groups and their members 323 Civil and political rights 324 Political process 325 International migration and colonization 326 Slavery and emancipation 327 International relations 328 The legislative process 329 No longer used— formerly Political parties 320 Political science ( politics and government ) 321 Systems of governments and states 322 Relation of state to organized groups and their members 323 Civil and political rights 324 Political process 325 International migration and colonization 326 Slavery and emancipation 327 International relations 328 The legislative process 329 No longer used— formerly Political parties 330 Economics 330 Economics 331 Labor economics 332 Financial economics 333 Economics of land and energy 334 Cooperatives 335 Socialism and related systems 336 Public finance 337 International economics 338 Production 339 Macroeconomics and related topics 330 Economics 331 Labor economics 332 Financial economics 333 Economics of land and energy 334 Cooperatives 335 Socialism and related systems 336 Public finance 337 International economics 338 Production 339 Macroeconomics and related topics 340 Law 340 Law 341 Law of nations 342 Constitutional and administrative law 343 Military , defense , public property, public finance, tax , commerce ( trade ), industrial law 344 Labor , social service, education, cultural law 345 Criminal law 346 Private law 347 Procedure and courts 348 Laws , regulations , cases 349 Law of specific jurisdictions, areas , socioeconomic regions, regional intergovernmental organizations 340 Law 341 Law of nations 342 Constitutional and administrative law 343 Military , defense , public property, public finance, tax , commerce ( trade ), industrial law 344 Labor , social service, education, cultural law 345 Criminal law 346 Private law 347 Procedure and courts 348 Laws , regulations , cases 349 Law of specific jurisdictions, areas , socioeconomic regions, regional intergovernmental organizations 350 Public administration and military science 350 Public administration and military science 351 Public administration 352 General considerations of public administration 353 Specific fields of public administration 354 Public administration of economy and environment 355 Military science 356 Foot forces and warfare 357 Mounted forces and warfare 358 Air and other specialized forces and warfare; engineering and related services 359 Sea forces and warfare 350 Public administration and military science 351 Public administration 352 General considerations of public administration 353 Specific fields of public administration 354 Public administration of economy and environment 355 Military science 356 Foot forces and warfare 357 Mounted forces and warfare 358 Air and other specialized forces and warfare; engineering and related services 359 Sea forces and warfare 360 Social problems and social services 360 Social problems and services ; associations 361 Social problems and services 362 Social problems of and services to groups of people 363 Other social problems and services 364 Criminology 365 Penal and related institutions 366 Secret associations and societies 367 General clubs 368 Insurance 369 Associations 360 Social problems and services ; associations 361 Social problems and services 362 Social problems of and services to groups of people 363 Other social problems and services 364 Criminology 365 Penal and related institutions 366 Secret associations and societies 367 General clubs 368 Insurance 369 Associations 370 Education 370 Education 371 Schools and their activities, special education 372 Primary education ( elementary education ) 373 Secondary education 374 Adult education 375 Curriculum 376 No longer used — formerly Education of women 377 No longer used — formerly Ethical education 378 Higher education (tertiary education) 379 Public policy issues in education 370 Education 371 Schools and their activities, special education 372 Primary education ( elementary education ) 373 Secondary education 374 Adult education 375 Curriculum 376 No longer used — formerly Education of women 377 No longer used — formerly Ethical education 378 Higher education (tertiary education) 379 Public policy issues in education 380 Commerce, communications and transportation 380 Commerce , communications , transportation 381 Commerce ( trade ) 382 International commerce (foreign trade) 383 Postal communication 384 Communications 385 Railroad transportation 386 Inland waterway and ferry transportation 387 Water , air , space transportation 388 Transportation 389 Metrology and standardization 380 Commerce , communications , transportation 381 Commerce ( trade ) 382 International commerce (foreign trade) 383 Postal communication 384 Communications 385 Railroad transportation 386 Inland waterway and ferry transportation 387 Water , air , space transportation 388 Transportation 389 Metrology and standardization 390 Customs, etiquette and folklore 390 Customs , etiquette , folklore 391 Costume and personal appearance 392 Customs of life cycle and domestic life 393 Death customs 394 General customs 395 Etiquette ( manners ) 396 No longer used — formerly Women's position and treatment 397 No longer used — formerly Outcast studies 398 Folklore 399 Customs of war and diplomacy 390 Customs , etiquette , folklore 391 Costume and personal appearance 392 Customs of life cycle and domestic life 393 Death customs 394 General customs 395 Etiquette ( manners ) 396 No longer used — formerly Women's position and treatment 397 No longer used — formerly Outcast studies 398 Folklore 399 Customs of war and diplomacy Class 400 – Language 400 Language 400 Language 401 Philosophy and theory, international languages 402 Miscellany 403 Dictionaries , encyclopedias , concordances 404 Special topics of language 405 Serial publications 406 Organizations and management 407 Education , research, related topics 408 Groups of people 409 Geographic treatment and biography 400 Language 401 Philosophy and theory, international languages 402 Miscellany 403 Dictionaries , encyclopedias , concordances 404 Special topics of language 405 Serial publications 406 Organizations and management 407 Education , research, related topics 408 Groups of people 409 Geographic treatment and biography 410 Linguistics 410 Linguistics 411 Writing systems of standard forms of languages 412 Etymology of standard forms of languages 413 Dictionaries of standard forms of languages 414 Phonology and phonetics of standard forms of languages 415 Grammar of standard forms of languages 416 No longer used — formerly Prosody 417 Dialectology and historical linguistics 418 Standard usage ( Prescriptive linguistics ) 419 Sign languages 410 Linguistics 411 Writing systems of standard forms of languages 412 Etymology of standard forms of languages 413 Dictionaries of standard forms of languages 414 Phonology and phonetics of standard forms of languages 415 Grammar of standard forms of languages 416 No longer used — formerly Prosody 417 Dialectology and historical linguistics 418 Standard usage ( Prescriptive linguistics ) 419 Sign languages 420 English and Old English languages 420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 421 Writing system , phonology , phonetics of standard English 422 Etymology of standard English 423 Dictionaries of standard English 424 No longer used — formerly English thesauruses 425 Grammar of standard English 426 No longer used — formerly English prosodies 427 Historical and geographical variations, modern nongeographic variations of English 428 Standard English usage ( Prescriptive linguistics ) 429 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 421 Writing system , phonology , phonetics of standard English 422 Etymology of standard English 423 Dictionaries of standard English 424 No longer used — formerly English thesauruses 425 Grammar of standard English 426 No longer used — formerly English prosodies 427 Historical and geographical variations, modern nongeographic variations of English 428 Standard English usage ( Prescriptive linguistics ) 429 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 430 German and related languages 430 German and related languages 431 Writing systems , phonology , phonetics of standard German 432 Etymology of standard German 433 Dictionaries of standard German 434 Not assigned or no longer used 435 Grammar of standard German 436 Not assigned or no longer used 437 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of German 438 Standard German usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 439 Other Germanic languages 430 German and related languages 431 Writing systems , phonology , phonetics of standard German 432 Etymology of standard German 433 Dictionaries of standard German 434 Not assigned or no longer used 435 Grammar of standard German 436 Not assigned or no longer used 437 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of German 438 Standard German usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 439 Other Germanic languages 440 French and related languages 440 French and related Romance languages 441 Writing systems , phonology , phonetics of standard French 442 Etymology of standard French 443 Dictionaries of standard French 444 Not assigned or no longer used 445 Grammar of standard French 446 Not assigned or no longer used 447 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of French 448 Standard French usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 449 Occitan Catalan , Franco-Provençal 440 French and related Romance languages 441 Writing systems , phonology , phonetics of standard French 442 Etymology of standard French 443 Dictionaries of standard French 444 Not assigned or no longer used 445 Grammar of standard French 446 Not assigned or no longer used 447 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of French 448 Standard French usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 449 Occitan Catalan , Franco-Provençal 450 Italian, Romanian and related languages 450 Italian , Dalmatian , Romanian , Rhaetian , Sardinian , Corsican 451 Writing systems, phonology , phonetics of standard Italian 452 Etymology of standard Italian 453 Dictionaries of standard Italian 454 Not assigned or no longer used 455 Grammar of standard Italian 456 Not assigned or no longer used 457 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of Italian 458 Standard Italian usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 459 Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican 450 Italian , Dalmatian , Romanian , Rhaetian , Sardinian , Corsican 451 Writing systems, phonology , phonetics of standard Italian 452 Etymology of standard Italian 453 Dictionaries of standard Italian 454 Not assigned or no longer used 455 Grammar of standard Italian 456 Not assigned or no longer used 457 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of Italian 458 Standard Italian usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 459 Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican 460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician 460 Spanish , Portuguese , Galician 461 Writing systems , phonology , phonetics of standard Spanish 462 Etymology of standard Spanish 463 Dictionaries of standard Spanish 464 Not assigned or no longer used 465 Grammar of standard Spanish 466 Not assigned or no longer used 467 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of Spanish 468 Standard Spanish usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 469 Portuguese 460 Spanish , Portuguese , Galician 461 Writing systems , phonology , phonetics of standard Spanish 462 Etymology of standard Spanish 463 Dictionaries of standard Spanish 464 Not assigned or no longer used 465 Grammar of standard Spanish 466 Not assigned or no longer used 467 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of Spanish 468 Standard Spanish usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 469 Portuguese 470 Latin and Italic languages 470 Latin and related Italic languages 471 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of classical Latin 472 Etymology of classical Latin 473 Dictionaries of classical Latin 474 Not assigned or no longer used 475 Grammar of classical Latin 476 Not assigned or no longer used 477 Old , postclassical , vulgar Latin 478 Classical Latin usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 479 Other Italic languages 470 Latin and related Italic languages 471 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of classical Latin 472 Etymology of classical Latin 473 Dictionaries of classical Latin 474 Not assigned or no longer used 475 Grammar of classical Latin 476 Not assigned or no longer used 477 Old , postclassical , vulgar Latin 478 Classical Latin usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 479 Other Italic languages 480 Classical and modern Greek languages 480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages 481 Writing systems, phonology , phonetics of classical Greek 482 Etymology of classical Greek 483 Dictionaries of classical Greek 484 Not assigned or no longer used 485 Grammar of classical Greek 486 Not assigned or no longer used 487 Preclassical and postclassical Greek 488 Classical Greek usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 489 Other Hellenic languages 480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages 481 Writing systems, phonology , phonetics of classical Greek 482 Etymology of classical Greek 483 Dictionaries of classical Greek 484 Not assigned or no longer used 485 Grammar of classical Greek 486 Not assigned or no longer used 487 Preclassical and postclassical Greek 488 Classical Greek usage (Prescriptive linguistics) 489 Other Hellenic languages 490 Other languages 490 Other languages 491 East Indo-European and Celtic languages 492 Afro-Asiatic languages 493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages 494 Altaic , Uralic , Hyperborean , Dravidian languages , miscellaneous languages of South Asia 495 Languages of East Asia and Southeast Asia 496 African languages 497 North American native languages 498 South American native languages 499 Non-Austronesian languages of Oceania , Austronesian languages , miscellaneous languages 490 Other languages 491 East Indo-European and Celtic languages 492 Afro-Asiatic languages 493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages 494 Altaic , Uralic , Hyperborean , Dravidian languages , miscellaneous languages of South Asia 495 Languages of East Asia and Southeast Asia 496 African languages 497 North American native languages 498 South American native languages 499 Non-Austronesian languages of Oceania , Austronesian languages , miscellaneous languages Class 500 – Science 500 Science 500 Natural sciences and mathematics 501 Philosophy and theory 502 Miscellany 503 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances 504 Not assigned or no longer used 505 Serial publications 506 Organizations and management 507 Education, research, related topics 508 Natural history 509 History , geographic treatment , biography 500 Natural sciences and mathematics 501 Philosophy and theory 502 Miscellany 503 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances 504 Not assigned or no longer used 505 Serial publications 506 Organizations and management 507 Education, research, related topics 508 Natural history 509 History , geographic treatment , biography 510 Mathematics 510 Mathematics 511 General principles of mathematics 512 Algebra 513 Arithmetic 514 Topology 515 Analysis 516 Geometry 517 Not assigned or no longer used 518 Numerical analysis 519 Probabilities and applied mathematics 510 Mathematics 511 General principles of mathematics 512 Algebra 513 Arithmetic 514 Topology 515 Analysis 516 Geometry 517 Not assigned or no longer used 518 Numerical analysis 519 Probabilities and applied mathematics 520 Astronomy 520 Astronomy and allied sciences 521 Celestial mechanics 522 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials 523 Specific celestial bodies and phenomena 524 Not assigned or no longer used 525 Earth (Astronomical geography) 526 Mathematical geography 527 Celestial navigation 528 Ephemerides 529 Chronology 520 Astronomy and allied sciences 521 Celestial mechanics 522 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials 523 Specific celestial bodies and phenomena 524 Not assigned or no longer used 525 Earth (Astronomical geography) 526 Mathematical geography 527 Celestial navigation 528 Ephemerides 529 Chronology 530 Physics 530 Physics 531 Classical mechanics 532 Fluid mechanics 533 Pneumatics (Gas mechanics) 534 Sound and related vibrations 535 Light and related radiation 536 Heat 537 Electricity and electronics 538 Magnetism 539 Modern physics 530 Physics 531 Classical mechanics 532 Fluid mechanics 533 Pneumatics (Gas mechanics) 534 Sound and related vibrations 535 Light and related radiation 536 Heat 537 Electricity and electronics 538 Magnetism 539 Modern physics 540 Chemistry 540 Chemistry and allied sciences 541 Physical chemistry 542 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials 543 Analytical chemistry 544 No longer used — formerly Qualitative analysis 545 No longer used — formerly Quantitative analysis 546 Inorganic chemistry 547 Organic chemistry 548 Crystallography 549 Mineralogy 540 Chemistry and allied sciences 541 Physical chemistry 542 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials 543 Analytical chemistry 544 No longer used — formerly Qualitative analysis 545 No longer used — formerly Quantitative analysis 546 Inorganic chemistry 547 Organic chemistry 548 Crystallography 549 Mineralogy 550 Earth sciences and geology 550 Earth sciences 551 Geology , hydrology , meteorology 552 Petrology 553 Economic geology 554 Earth sciences of Europe 555 Earth sciences of Asia 556 Earth sciences of Africa 557 Earth sciences of North America 558 Earth sciences of South America 559 Earth sciences of Australasia , Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica , extraterrestrial worlds 550 Earth sciences 551 Geology , hydrology , meteorology 552 Petrology 553 Economic geology 554 Earth sciences of Europe 555 Earth sciences of Asia 556 Earth sciences of Africa 557 Earth sciences of North America 558 Earth sciences of South America 559 Earth sciences of Australasia , Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica , extraterrestrial worlds 560 Fossils and prehistoric life 560 Paleontology 561 Paleobotany , fossil microorganisms 562 Fossil invertebrates 563 Miscellaneous fossil marine and seashore invertebrates 564 Fossil Mollusca and Molluscoidea 565 Fossil Arthropoda 566 Fossil Chordata 567 Fossil cold-blooded vertebrates 568 Fossil Aves (birds) 569 Fossil Mammalia 560 Paleontology 561 Paleobotany , fossil microorganisms 562 Fossil invertebrates 563 Miscellaneous fossil marine and seashore invertebrates 564 Fossil Mollusca and Molluscoidea 565 Fossil Arthropoda 566 Fossil Chordata 567 Fossil cold-blooded vertebrates 568 Fossil Aves (birds) 569 Fossil Mammalia 570 Biology 570 Biology 571 Physiology and related subjects 572 Biochemistry 573 Specific physiological systems in animals, regional histology and physiology in animals 574 Not assigned or no longer used 575 Specific parts of and physiological systems in plants 576 Genetics and evolution 577 Ecology 578 Natural history of organisms and related subjects 579 Natural history of microorganisms , fungi , algae 570 Biology 571 Physiology and related subjects 572 Biochemistry 573 Specific physiological systems in animals, regional histology and physiology in animals 574 Not assigned or no longer used 575 Specific parts of and physiological systems in plants 576 Genetics and evolution 577 Ecology 578 Natural history of organisms and related subjects 579 Natural history of microorganisms , fungi , algae 580 Plants 580 Plants 581 Specific topics in natural history of plants 582 Plants noted for specific vegetative characteristics and flowers 583 Magnoliopsida ( Dicotyledones ) 584 Liliopsida ( Monocotyledones ) 585 Pinophyta ( Gymnosperms ) 586 Cryptogamia (seedless plants) 587 Pteridophyta 588 Bryophyta 589 No longer used—formerly Forestry 580 Plants 581 Specific topics in natural history of plants 582 Plants noted for specific vegetative characteristics and flowers 583 Magnoliopsida ( Dicotyledones ) 584 Liliopsida ( Monocotyledones ) 585 Pinophyta ( Gymnosperms ) 586 Cryptogamia (seedless plants) 587 Pteridophyta 588 Bryophyta 589 No longer used—formerly Forestry 590 Animals ( Zoology ) 590 Animals 591 Specific topics in natural history of animals 592 Invertebrates 593 Miscellaneous marine and seashore invertebrates 594 Mollusca and Molluscoidea 595 Arthropoda 596 Chordata 597 Cold-blooded vertebrates 598 Aves (birds) 599 Mammalia (mammals) 590 Animals 591 Specific topics in natural history of animals 592 Invertebrates 593 Miscellaneous marine and seashore invertebrates 594 Mollusca and Molluscoidea 595 Arthropoda 596 Chordata 597 Cold-blooded vertebrates 598 Aves (birds) 599 Mammalia (mammals) Class 600 – Technology 600 Technology 600 Technology ( applied sciences ) 601 Philosophy and theory 602 Miscellany 603 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances 604 Technical drawing , hazardous materials technology ; groups of people 605 Serial publications 606 Organizations 607 Education, research, related topics 608 Patents 609 History , geographic treatment, biography 600 Technology ( applied sciences ) 601 Philosophy and theory 602 Miscellany 603 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances 604 Technical drawing , hazardous materials technology ; groups of people 605 Serial publications 606 Organizations 607 Education, research, related topics 608 Patents 609 History , geographic treatment, biography 610 Medicine and health 610 Medicine and health 611 Human anatomy , cytology , histology 612 Human physiology 613 Personal health and safety 614 Forensic medicine ; incidence of injuries, wounds , disease ; public preventive medicine 615 Pharmacology and therapeutics 616 Diseases 617 Surgery , regional medicine, dentistry , ophthalmology , otology , audiology 618 Gynecology , obstetrics , pediatrics , geriatrics 619 No longer used—formerly Experimental medicine 610 Medicine and health 611 Human anatomy , cytology , histology 612 Human physiology 613 Personal health and safety 614 Forensic medicine ; incidence of injuries, wounds , disease ; public preventive medicine 615 Pharmacology and therapeutics 616 Diseases 617 Surgery , regional medicine, dentistry , ophthalmology , otology , audiology 618 Gynecology , obstetrics , pediatrics , geriatrics 619 No longer used—formerly Experimental medicine 620 Engineering 620 Engineering and applied operations 621 Applied physics 622 Mining and related operations 623 Military and nautical engineering 624 Civil engineering 625 Engineering of railroads , roads 626 Not assigned or no longer used 627 Hydraulic engineering 628 Sanitary engineering 629 Other branches of engineering 620 Engineering and applied operations 621 Applied physics 622 Mining and related operations 623 Military and nautical engineering 624 Civil engineering 625 Engineering of railroads , roads 626 Not assigned or no longer used 627 Hydraulic engineering 628 Sanitary engineering 629 Other branches of engineering 630 Agriculture 630 Agriculture and related technologies 631 Specific techniques; apparatus, equipment , materials 632 Plant injuries, diseases , pests 633 Field and plantation crops 634 Orchards , fruits , forestry 635 Garden crops ( horticulture ) 636 Animal husbandry 637 Processing dairy and related products 638 Insect culture 639 Hunting , fishing , conservation , related technologies 630 Agriculture and related technologies 631 Specific techniques; apparatus, equipment , materials 632 Plant injuries, diseases , pests 633 Field and plantation crops 634 Orchards , fruits , forestry 635 Garden crops ( horticulture ) 636 Animal husbandry 637 Processing dairy and related products 638 Insect culture 639 Hunting , fishing , conservation , related technologies 640 Home and family management 640 Home and family management 641 Food and drink 642 Meals and table service 643 Housing and household equipment 644 Household utilities 645 Household furnishings 646 Sewing , clothing , management of personal and family life 647 Management of public households (institutional housekeeping) 648 Housekeeping 649 Child rearing ; home care of people with disabilities and illnesses 640 Home and family management 641 Food and drink 642 Meals and table service 643 Housing and household equipment 644 Household utilities 645 Household furnishings 646 Sewing , clothing , management of personal and family life 647 Management of public households (institutional housekeeping) 648 Housekeeping 649 Child rearing ; home care of people with disabilities and illnesses 650 Management and public relations 650 Management and auxiliary services 651 Office services 652 Processes of written communication 653 Shorthand 654–656 Not assigned or no longer used 657 Accounting 658 General management 659 Advertising and public relations 650 Management and auxiliary services 651 Office services 652 Processes of written communication 653 Shorthand 654–656 Not assigned or no longer used 657 Accounting 658 General management 659 Advertising and public relations 660 Chemical engineering 660 Chemical engineering and related technologies 661 Technology of industrial chemicals 662 Technology of explosives , fuels , related products 663 Beverage technology 664 Food technology 665 Technology of industrial oils , fats , waxes , gases 666 Ceramic and allied technologies 667 Cleaning , color , coating, related technologies 668 Technology of other organic products 669 Metallurgy 660 Chemical engineering and related technologies 661 Technology of industrial chemicals 662 Technology of explosives , fuels , related products 663 Beverage technology 664 Food technology 665 Technology of industrial oils , fats , waxes , gases 666 Ceramic and allied technologies 667 Cleaning , color , coating, related technologies 668 Technology of other organic products 669 Metallurgy 670 Manufacturing 670 Manufacturing 671 Metalworking processes and primary metal products 672 Iron , steel , other iron alloys 673 Nonferrous metals 674 Lumber processing, wood products, cork 675 Leather processing and fur processing 676 Pulp and paper technology 677 Textiles 678 Elastomers and elastomer products 679 Other products of specific kinds of materials 670 Manufacturing 671 Metalworking processes and primary metal products 672 Iron , steel , other iron alloys 673 Nonferrous metals 674 Lumber processing, wood products, cork 675 Leather processing and fur processing 676 Pulp and paper technology 677 Textiles 678 Elastomers and elastomer products 679 Other products of specific kinds of materials 680 Manufacture for specific uses 680 Manufacture of products for specific uses 681 Precision instruments and other devices 682 Small forge work ( blacksmithing ) 683 Hardware and household appliances 684 Furnishings and home workshops 685 Leather and fur goods , and related products 686 Printing and related activities 687 Clothing and accessories 688 Other final products, and packaging technology 689 Not assigned or no longer used 680 Manufacture of products for specific uses 681 Precision instruments and other devices 682 Small forge work ( blacksmithing ) 683 Hardware and household appliances 684 Furnishings and home workshops 685 Leather and fur goods , and related products 686 Printing and related activities 687 Clothing and accessories 688 Other final products, and packaging technology 689 Not assigned or no longer used 690 Construction of buildings 690 Construction of buildings 691 Building materials 692 Auxiliary construction practices 693 Construction in specific types of materials and for specific purposes 694 Wood construction 695 Roof covering 696 Utilities 697 Heating , ventilating , air-conditioning engineering 698 Detail finishing 699 Not assigned or no longer used 690 Construction of buildings 691 Building materials 692 Auxiliary construction practices 693 Construction in specific types of materials and for specific purposes 694 Wood construction 695 Roof covering 696 Utilities 697 Heating , ventilating , air-conditioning engineering 698 Detail finishing 699 Not assigned or no longer used Class 700 – Arts and recreation 700 Arts 700 The arts 701 Philosophy and theory of fine arts and decorative arts 702 Miscellany of fine and decorative arts 703 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of fine and decorative arts 704 Special topics in fine and decorative arts 705 Serial publications of fine and decorative arts 706 Organizations and management of fine and decorative arts 707 Education, research, related topics of fine and decorative arts 708 Galleries, museums, private collections of fine and decorative arts 709 History , geographic treatment, biography 700 The arts 701 Philosophy and theory of fine arts and decorative arts 702 Miscellany of fine and decorative arts 703 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of fine and decorative arts 704 Special topics in fine and decorative arts 705 Serial publications of fine and decorative arts 706 Organizations and management of fine and decorative arts 707 Education, research, related topics of fine and decorative arts 708 Galleries, museums, private collections of fine and decorative arts 709 History , geographic treatment, biography 710 Area planning and landscape architecture 710 Area planning and landscape architecture 711 Area planning (civic art) 712 Landscape architecture (Landscape design) 713 Landscape architecture of trafficways 714 Water features in landscape architecture 715 Woody plants in landscape architecture 716 Herbaceous plants in landscape architecture 717 Structures in landscape architecture 718 Landscape design of cemeteries 719 Natural landscapes 710 Area planning and landscape architecture 711 Area planning (civic art) 712 Landscape architecture (Landscape design) 713 Landscape architecture of trafficways 714 Water features in landscape architecture 715 Woody plants in landscape architecture 716 Herbaceous plants in landscape architecture 717 Structures in landscape architecture 718 Landscape design of cemeteries 719 Natural landscapes 720 Architecture 720 Architecture 721 Architectural materials and structural elements 722 Architecture from earliest times to c. 300 723 Architecture from c. 300 to 1399 724 Architecture from 1400 725 Public structures 726 Buildings for religious and related purposes 727 Buildings for educational and research purposes 728 Residential and related buildings 729 Design and decoration of structures and accessories 720 Architecture 721 Architectural materials and structural elements 722 Architecture from earliest times to c. 300 723 Architecture from c. 300 to 1399 724 Architecture from 1400 725 Public structures 726 Buildings for religious and related purposes 727 Buildings for educational and research purposes 728 Residential and related buildings 729 Design and decoration of structures and accessories 730 Sculpture , ceramics and metalwork 730 Sculpture and related arts 731 Processes, forms, subjects of sculpture 732 Sculpture from earliest times to c. 500 , sculpture of non-literate peoples 733 Greek, Etruscan, Roman sculpture 734 Sculpture from ca 500 to 1399 735 Sculpture from 1400 736 Carving and carvings 737 Numismatics and sigillography 738 Ceramic arts 739 Art metalwork 730 Sculpture and related arts 731 Processes, forms, subjects of sculpture 732 Sculpture from earliest times to c. 500 , sculpture of non-literate peoples 733 Greek, Etruscan, Roman sculpture 734 Sculpture from ca 500 to 1399 735 Sculpture from 1400 736 Carving and carvings 737 Numismatics and sigillography 738 Ceramic arts 739 Art metalwork 740 Graphic arts and decorative arts 740 Graphic arts 741 Drawing and drawings 742 Perspective in drawing 743 Drawing and drawings by subject 744 Communication design and visual design (proposed [ 5 ] ) 745 Decorative arts 746 Textile arts 747 Interior decoration 748 Glass 749 Furniture and accessories 740 Graphic arts 741 Drawing and drawings 742 Perspective in drawing 743 Drawing and drawings by subject 744 Communication design and visual design (proposed [ 5 ] ) 745 Decorative arts 746 Textile arts 747 Interior decoration 748 Glass 749 Furniture and accessories 750 Painting 750 Painting and paintings 751 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials, forms 752 Color 753 Symbolism , allegory , mythology , legend 754 Genre paintings 755 Religion 756 Not assigned or no longer used 757 Human figures 758 Nature, architectural subjects and cityscapes , other specific subjects 759 History , geographic treatment, biography 750 Painting and paintings 751 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials, forms 752 Color 753 Symbolism , allegory , mythology , legend 754 Genre paintings 755 Religion 756 Not assigned or no longer used 757 Human figures 758 Nature, architectural subjects and cityscapes , other specific subjects 759 History , geographic treatment, biography 760 Printmaking and prints 760 Printmaking and prints 761 Relief processes ( block printing ) 762 Not assigned or no longer used 763 Lithographic processes (planographic processes) 764 Chromolithography and serigraphy 765 Metal engraving 766 Mezzotinting , aquatinting , and related processes 767 Etching and drypoint 768 Not assigned or no longer used 769 Prints 760 Printmaking and prints 761 Relief processes ( block printing ) 762 Not assigned or no longer used 763 Lithographic processes (planographic processes) 764 Chromolithography and serigraphy 765 Metal engraving 766 Mezzotinting , aquatinting , and related processes 767 Etching and drypoint 768 Not assigned or no longer used 769 Prints 770 Photography , computer art, film, video 770 Photography , computer art , cinematography , videography 771 Techniques , procedures, apparatus, equipment , materials 772 Metallic salt processes 773 Pigment processes of printing 774 No longer used—formerly Holography 775 No longer used—formerly Digital photography 776 Computer art (digital art) 777 Cinematography and videography 778 Specific fields and special kinds of photography 779 Photographic images 770 Photography , computer art , cinematography , videography 771 Techniques , procedures, apparatus, equipment , materials 772 Metallic salt processes 773 Pigment processes of printing 774 No longer used—formerly Holography 775 No longer used—formerly Digital photography 776 Computer art (digital art) 777 Cinematography and videography 778 Specific fields and special kinds of photography 779 Photographic images 780 Music 780 Music 781 General principles and musical forms 782 Vocal music 783 Music for single voices 784 Instruments and Instrumental ensembles and their music 785 Ensembles with only one instrument per part 786 Keyboard , mechanical, electrophonic, percussion instruments 787 Stringed instruments (chordophones) 788 Wind instruments (aerophones) 789 Not assigned or no longer used 780 Music 781 General principles and musical forms 782 Vocal music 783 Music for single voices 784 Instruments and Instrumental ensembles and their music 785 Ensembles with only one instrument per part 786 Keyboard , mechanical, electrophonic, percussion instruments 787 Stringed instruments (chordophones) 788 Wind instruments (aerophones) 789 Not assigned or no longer used 790 Sports , games and entertainment 790 Recreational arts and performing arts 791 Public performances 792 Stage presentations 793 Indoor games and amusements 794 Indoor games of skill 795 Games of chance 796 Athletic and outdoor sports and games 797 Aquatic sports and air sports 798 Equestrian sports and animal racing 799 Fishing , hunting , shooting 790 Recreational arts and performing arts 791 Public performances 792 Stage presentations 793 Indoor games and amusements 794 Indoor games of skill 795 Games of chance 796 Athletic and outdoor sports and games 797 Aquatic sports and air sports 798 Equestrian sports and animal racing 799 Fishing , hunting , shooting Class 800 – Literature 800 Literature , rhetoric and criticism 800 Literature ( Belles-lettres ) and rhetoric 801 Philosophy and theory 802 Miscellany 803 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances 804 Not assigned or no longer used 805 Serial publications 806 Organizations and management 807 Education, research, related topics 808 Rhetoric and collections of literary texts from more than two literatures 809 History , description, critical appraisal of more than two literatures 800 Literature ( Belles-lettres ) and rhetoric 801 Philosophy and theory 802 Miscellany 803 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances 804 Not assigned or no longer used 805 Serial publications 806 Organizations and management 807 Education, research, related topics 808 Rhetoric and collections of literary texts from more than two literatures 809 History , description, critical appraisal of more than two literatures 810 American literature in English 810 American literature in English 811 American poetry in English 812 American drama in English 813 American fiction in English 814 American essays in English 815 American speeches in English 816 American letters in English 817 American humor and satire in English 818 American miscellaneous writings in English 819 No longer used—formerly Puzzle activities 810 American literature in English 811 American poetry in English 812 American drama in English 813 American fiction in English 814 American essays in English 815 American speeches in English 816 American letters in English 817 American humor and satire in English 818 American miscellaneous writings in English 819 No longer used—formerly Puzzle activities 820 English and Old English literatures 820 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) literatures 821 English poetry 822 English drama 823 English fiction 824 English essays 825 English speeches 826 English letters 827 English humor and satire 828 English miscellaneous writings 829 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) literature 820 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) literatures 821 English poetry 822 English drama 823 English fiction 824 English essays 825 English speeches 826 English letters 827 English humor and satire 828 English miscellaneous writings 829 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) literature 830 German and related literatures 830 German literature and literatures of related languages 831 German poetry 832 German drama 833 German fiction 834 German essays 835 German speeches 836 German letters 837 German humor and satire 838 German miscellaneous writings 839 Other Germanic literatures 830 German literature and literatures of related languages 831 German poetry 832 German drama 833 German fiction 834 German essays 835 German speeches 836 German letters 837 German humor and satire 838 German miscellaneous writings 839 Other Germanic literatures 840 French and related literatures 840 French literature and literatures of related Romance languages 841 French poetry 842 French drama 843 French fiction 844 French essays 845 French speeches 846 French letters 847 French humor and satire 848 French miscellaneous writings 849 Occitan , Catalan , Franco-Provençal literatures 840 French literature and literatures of related Romance languages 841 French poetry 842 French drama 843 French fiction 844 French essays 845 French speeches 846 French letters 847 French humor and satire 848 French miscellaneous writings 849 Occitan , Catalan , Franco-Provençal literatures 850 Italian, Romanian and related literatures 850 Literatures of Italian , Dalmatian, Romanian , Rhaetian, Sardinian , Corsican languages 851 Italian poetry 852 Italian drama 853 Italian fiction 854 Italian essays 855 Italian speeches 856 Italian letters 857 Italian humor and satire 858 Italian miscellaneous writings 859 Literatures of Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican languages 850 Literatures of Italian , Dalmatian, Romanian , Rhaetian, Sardinian , Corsican languages 851 Italian poetry 852 Italian drama 853 Italian fiction 854 Italian essays 855 Italian speeches 856 Italian letters 857 Italian humor and satire 858 Italian miscellaneous writings 859 Literatures of Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican languages 860 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician literatures 860 Literatures of Spanish , Portuguese , Galician languages 861 Spanish poetry 862 Spanish drama 863 Spanish fiction 864 Spanish essays 865 Spanish speeches 866 Spanish letters 867 Spanish humor and satire 868 Spanish miscellaneous writings 869 Literatures of Portuguese and Galician languages 860 Literatures of Spanish , Portuguese , Galician languages 861 Spanish poetry 862 Spanish drama 863 Spanish fiction 864 Spanish essays 865 Spanish speeches 866 Spanish letters 867 Spanish humor and satire 868 Spanish miscellaneous writings 869 Literatures of Portuguese and Galician languages 870 Latin and Italic literatures 870 Latin literature and literatures of related Italic languages 871 Latin poetry 872 Latin dramatic poetry and drama 873 Latin epic poetry and fiction 874 Latin lyric poetry 875 Latin speeches 876 Latin letters 877 Latin humor and satire 878 Latin miscellaneous writings 879 Literatures of other Italic languages 870 Latin literature and literatures of related Italic languages 871 Latin poetry 872 Latin dramatic poetry and drama 873 Latin epic poetry and fiction 874 Latin lyric poetry 875 Latin speeches 876 Latin letters 877 Latin humor and satire 878 Latin miscellaneous writings 879 Literatures of other Italic languages 880 Classical and modern Greek literatures 880 Classical Greek literature and literatures of related Hellenic languages 881 Classical Greek poetry 882 Classical Greek drama 883 Classical Greek epic poetry and fiction 884 Classical Greek lyric poetry 885 Classical Greek speeches 886 Classical Greek letters 887 Classical Greek humor and satire 888 Classical Greek miscellaneous writings 889 Modern Greek literature 880 Classical Greek literature and literatures of related Hellenic languages 881 Classical Greek poetry 882 Classical Greek drama 883 Classical Greek epic poetry and fiction 884 Classical Greek lyric poetry 885 Classical Greek speeches 886 Classical Greek letters 887 Classical Greek humor and satire 888 Classical Greek miscellaneous writings 889 Modern Greek literature 890 Other literatures 890 Literatures of other specific languages and language families 891 East Indo-European and Celtic literatures 892 Afro-Asiatic literatures 893 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic literatures 894 Literatures of Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean, Dravidian languages; literatures of miscellaneous languages of South Asia 895 Literatures of East and Southeast Asia 896 African literatures 897 Literatures of North American native languages 898 Literatures of South American native languages 899 Literatures of non-Austronesian languages of Oceania, of Austronesian languages, of miscellaneous languages 890 Literatures of other specific languages and language families 891 East Indo-European and Celtic literatures 892 Afro-Asiatic literatures 893 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic literatures 894 Literatures of Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean, Dravidian languages; literatures of miscellaneous languages of South Asia 895 Literatures of East and Southeast Asia 896 African literatures 897 Literatures of North American native languages 898 Literatures of South American native languages 899 Literatures of non-Austronesian languages of Oceania, of Austronesian languages, of miscellaneous languages Class 900 – History and geography 900 History 900 History , geography , and auxiliary disciplines 901 Philosophy and theory of history 902 Miscellany of history 903 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of history 904 Collected accounts of events 905 Serial publications of history 906 Organizations and management of history 907 Education, research, related topics of history 908 History with respect to groups of people 909 World history 900 History , geography , and auxiliary disciplines 901 Philosophy and theory of history 902 Miscellany of history 903 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of history 904 Collected accounts of events 905 Serial publications of history 906 Organizations and management of history 907 Education, research, related topics of history 908 History with respect to groups of people 909 World history 910 Geography and travel 910 Geography and travel 911 Historical geography 912 Graphic representations of surface of Earth and of extraterrestrial worlds 913 Geography of and travel in the ancient world 914 Geography of and travel in Europe 915 Geography of and travel in Asia 916 Geography of and travel in Africa 917 Geography of and travel in North America 918 Geography of and travel in South America 919 Geography of and travel in Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica, and on extraterrestrial worlds 910 Geography and travel 911 Historical geography 912 Graphic representations of surface of Earth and of extraterrestrial worlds 913 Geography of and travel in the ancient world 914 Geography of and travel in Europe 915 Geography of and travel in Asia 916 Geography of and travel in Africa 917 Geography of and travel in North America 918 Geography of and travel in South America 919 Geography of and travel in Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica, and on extraterrestrial worlds 920 Biography and genealogy 920 Biography , genealogy , insignia 921–928 This range is reserved as an optional location for biographies, which are shelved alphabetically by subject's last name. 929 Genealogy, names , insignia 920 Biography , genealogy , insignia 921–928 This range is reserved as an optional location for biographies, which are shelved alphabetically by subject's last name. 929 Genealogy, names , insignia 930 History of ancient world (to c. 499 ) 930 History of ancient world to c. 499 931 China to 420 932 Egypt to 640 933 Palestine to 70 934 South Asia to 647 935 Mesopotamia and Iranian Plateau to 637 936 Europe north and west of Italian Peninsula to c. 499 937 Italy and adjacent territories to 476 938 Greece to 323 939 Other parts of ancient world 930 History of ancient world to c. 499 931 China to 420 932 Egypt to 640 933 Palestine to 70 934 South Asia to 647 935 Mesopotamia and Iranian Plateau to 637 936 Europe north and west of Italian Peninsula to c. 499 937 Italy and adjacent territories to 476 938 Greece to 323 939 Other parts of ancient world 940 History of Europe 940 History of Europe 941 British Isles 942 England and Wales 943 Germany and neighboring central European countries 944 France and Monaco 945 Italy , San Marino , Vatican City , Malta 946 Spain , Andorra , Gibraltar , Portugal 947 Russia and neighboring east European countries 948 Scandinavia 949 Other parts of Europe 940 History of Europe 941 British Isles 942 England and Wales 943 Germany and neighboring central European countries 944 France and Monaco 945 Italy , San Marino , Vatican City , Malta 946 Spain , Andorra , Gibraltar , Portugal 947 Russia and neighboring east European countries 948 Scandinavia 949 Other parts of Europe 950 History of Asia 950 History of Asia 951 China and adjacent areas 952 Japan 953 Arabian Peninsula and adjacent areas 954 India and neighboring south Asian countries 955 Iran 956 Middle East (near East) 957 Siberia (Asiatic Russia) 958 Central Asia 959 Southeast Asia 950 History of Asia 951 China and adjacent areas 952 Japan 953 Arabian Peninsula and adjacent areas 954 India and neighboring south Asian countries 955 Iran 956 Middle East (near East) 957 Siberia (Asiatic Russia) 958 Central Asia 959 Southeast Asia 960 History of Africa 960 History of Africa 961 Tunisia and Libya 962 Egypt , Sudan , South Sudan 963 Ethiopia and Eritrea 964 Morocco , Ceuta , Melilla , Western Sahara , Canary Islands 965 Algeria 966 West Africa and offshore islands 967 Central Africa and offshore islands 968 South Africa and southern Africa 969 South Indian Ocean islands 960 History of Africa 961 Tunisia and Libya 962 Egypt , Sudan , South Sudan 963 Ethiopia and Eritrea 964 Morocco , Ceuta , Melilla , Western Sahara , Canary Islands 965 Algeria 966 West Africa and offshore islands 967 Central Africa and offshore islands 968 South Africa and southern Africa 969 South Indian Ocean islands 970 History of North America 970 History of North America 971 Canada 972 Mexico , Central America , West Indies , Bermuda 973 United States 974 Northeastern United States (New England and Middle Atlantic states) 975 Southeastern United States (South Atlantic states) 976 South central United States 977 North central United States 978 Western United States 979 Great Basin and Pacific Slope region of United States 970 History of North America 971 Canada 972 Mexico , Central America , West Indies , Bermuda 973 United States 974 Northeastern United States (New England and Middle Atlantic states) 975 Southeastern United States (South Atlantic states) 976 South central United States 977 North central United States 978 Western United States 979 Great Basin and Pacific Slope region of United States 980 History of South America 980 History of South America 981 Brazil 982 Argentina 983 Chile 984 Bolivia 985 Peru 986 Colombia and Ecuador 987 Venezuela 988 Guiana 989 Paraguay and Uruguay 980 History of South America 981 Brazil 982 Argentina 983 Chile 984 Bolivia 985 Peru 986 Colombia and Ecuador 987 Venezuela 988 Guiana 989 Paraguay and Uruguay 990 History of other areas 990 History of Australasia , Pacific Ocean islands , Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica , extraterrestrial worlds 991–992 Not assigned or no longer used 993 New Zealand 994 Australia 995 New Guinea and neighboring countries of Melanesia 996 Polynesia and other Pacific Ocean islands 997 Atlantic Ocean islands 998 Arctic islands and Antarctica 999 Extraterrestrial worlds 990 History of Australasia , Pacific Ocean islands , Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica , extraterrestrial worlds 991–992 Not assigned or no longer used 993 New Zealand 994 Australia 995 New Guinea and neighboring countries of Melanesia 996 Polynesia and other Pacific Ocean islands 997 Atlantic Ocean islands 998 Arctic islands and Antarctica 999 Extraterrestrial worlds See also Library of Congress Classification Comparison of Dewey and Library of Congress subject classification OCLC WorldCat References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "DDC Frequently Asked Questions" . Archived from the original on 2019-07-18 . Retrieved 2016-05-16 . ^ Introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification (23rd edition) ^ Summary lists of Dewey Decimal Classification , 23rd edition (2011) ^ "000 Computer science, information, general works" (PDF) . OCLC . Retrieved 2022-01-08 . ^ "EPC 143-S74.1 Graphic design and communication design" . OCLC . Retrieved 2023-01-29 . External links Dewey Services , OCLC Summary lists of Dewey Decimal Classification , 23rd edition (2011) , OCLC .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library , 1st edition (1876) at Project Gutenberg Dewey Decimal Classification Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Articles lacking reliable references from September 2025 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with Project Gutenberg links This page was last edited on 3 November 2025, at 15:12 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 People 2 Articles 3 Seriousness 4 Vandalism 5 Disagreements 6 Conflicts of interest 7 Miscellaneous 8 And finally Wikipedia : Things that should not be surprising Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This page contains material that is kept because it is considered humorous . Such material is not meant to be taken seriously. .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:TTSNBS WP:TTSNBS WP:NOTSURPRISING WP:NOTSURPRISING WP:TTSNBS WP:TTSNBS WP:NOTSURPRISING WP:NOTSURPRISING What has been will be again, what has been done will be done again; there is nothing new under the sun. — Ecclesiastes 1:9 — Ecclesiastes 1:9 Some things can be surprising about Wikipedia. Some things, given some thought, should not be. Some examples of things that should not be surprising: People Sometimes people who aren't vandals get blocked because they were behaving like assholes. Sometimes people who aren't vandals get blocked because someone doesn't like them. Blocks that are poorly justified may be reverted by another admin upon appeal. Blocks that are properly justified probably won't be reverted by another admin upon appeal. Not all users are on Wikipedia 24/7 and thus may not be able to respond immediately to personal requests. Idiots are just as common on Wikipedia as anywhere else. Articles Naked people exist, and might be used to illustrate an article about, say, nudism . Any page will never be 100% correct (except List of Pokémon characters ). Articles about ongoing ethnic feuds are subject to ongoing feuds between ethnic groups. Some articles are crap ( but you can fix it , what are you waiting for?!). Sports teams hope to make the playoffs. Seriousness Some people are way too serious about the tone of articles. Some people are too silly when writing or editing articles. Some people are way too serious about themselves. Sometimes the Internet is serious business. Sometimes the Internet isn't serious business, but some people refuse to believe it. Vandalism Vandals get blocked. Vandalism on widely watched articles gets quickly reverted, while vandalism on minor stubs and other low-traffic pages is slower to be reverted. People will vandalize anything and everything. There is much more vandalism during the school year. Disagreements People can edit war about some really stupid things . People can argue over the smallest things. People can argue over the dumbest things. A large portion of the back end of Wikipedia is dedicated to resolving disputes. Being a dick doesn't resolve conflicts. Being a giant dick is a losing move in a conflict. Conflicts of interest You (and your college garage band / vanity press novel) are most likely not notable. Sometimes people edit their articles to make themselves look better. Sometimes corporations/NGOs/governments edit their articles to make themselves look better. Sometimes people edit articles to make their enemies look worse. IP addresses can be traced back to their owners . Miscellaneous People behave as if articles for deletion and requests for adminship are votes, and yet loudly declare they aren't votes. The MediaWiki software can be fucking weird sometimes. The "edit this page" link actually lets people edit pages. Shit happens. Shit OFTEN happens. If you saw no shit today, that probably means that you didn't see it. Either way you look at it, you're screwed. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia . Wikipedia exists and is currently working (otherwise how are you here?) One day you will die and all of your contributions will be transcluded, erased, deleted, overwritten, invalidated, vandalized, or forgotten, but you will not be able to do anything about it. Most edits whose summaries contain variations on the word "accurate", especially ones by IPs or redlinked names, need to be reverted for being anything but "accurate". And finally A page documenting obvious facts exists somewhere. People will actually look up and read a page documenting obvious facts, just like you are right now. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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Skip to main content Access keys help Home Explore the BBC 29 October 2014 29 October 2014 BBC Homepage » BBC Local North Yorkshire Things to do People & Places Nature History Religion & Ethics Arts and Culture BBC Introducing TV & Radio Sites near york Leeds Bradford Cumbria Humberside Lancashire Tees Related BBC Sites England Sites near york Related BBC Sites Contact Us Constantine the Great Constantine the Great, York Minster In AD306, Constantine was hailed emperor in the Roman city of York, known as Eboracum. Historian James Gerrard charts the rise of this remarkable figure, from a usurper in York to the first Christian emperor. MORE FROM I ROMANS York Roman Festival 2005 Events: Fri | Sat | Sun Photos: York Roman Festival 2004 What is Eboracum ? York's Roman bath-house Constantine the Great MORE FROM bbc.co.uk North Yorkshire webcams BBC History - Romans LINKS Yorkshire Museum York Minster The BBC is not responsible for the content of external websites The year is AD306 and the white-walled fortress of Eboracum (York) bustles with activity. For Eboracum is, and has been for over a year, the imperial capital and campaign base of the Emperor Constantius. Constantius has been successful, leading his troops to victory over the barbarians north of Hadrian's Wall, but he is old. Surrounded by his family Constantius dies and his son Constantine, in an act whose symbolism is obvious to all, dons his father's robe of imperial purple. The assembled troops, prompted perhaps by one of their officers, a Germanic king called Crocus, hail the emperor's son as Imperator and Augustus (emperor) and the reign of a man whose shadow stretches across seventeen centuries has begun. The makings of an emperor Constantine was born on 27 February AD272 or 273 in Naissus (Nis) on the Danube. His father, the future emperor Constantius, was at that time a junior army officer and it was claimed that Constantine's mother, Helena, was the daughter of an inn keeper. When the troops at York hailed Constantine as emperor, probably in the principia or headquarters building of the fortress which now lies beneath York Minster, he was already in his thirties with a distinguished military career behind him. Yet his blood, experience and army did not guarantee his succession. Roman column in York Scramble for a successor Constantine was a usurper and his actions at York plunged the Roman Empire into a deep and bloody civil war. A hard-drinking and violent man named Severus had already been chosen to succeed Constantius and was, in legal terms, the legitimate emperor. However, to complicate matters further the death of Constantius had spawned another usurper linked to the imperial family, but located in Rome and named Maxentius. Severus marched against Maxentius but his army deserted him and he was forced to surrender. Soon after Severus took his own life leaving the field open for Constantine to move against Maxentius, who was busy seducing the wives of leading senators. "by this sign conquer" In AD312 Constantine moved against Maxentius and their armies met just outside the gates of Rome at the Plain of Milvian. The story that has survived centuries describes how Constantine, worried by the size of his enemy's army, sought aid from the gods and was rewarded by the appearance in the sky of a flaming cross. Later that night God came to the pagan Constantine in a dream and told him to "by this sign conquer". The next day when Constantine went into battle with Maxentius his troops bore crosses on their shields and carried a Christian standard before them. They were victorious and Constantine, after another murderous bout of civil war, emerged in AD324 as the sole, and first Christian, ruler of the Roman World. The first Christian emperor Constantine, a usurper from York, was a man who went on to change the world. Constantinople, or Constantine's City (Istanbul) was his new and Christian Rome. His support for Christianity led to it becoming the religion of Western Europe. Yet Constantine is also an unlikeable man. A marble head of Constantine found in Stonegate (now in the Yorkshire Museum) contrasts sharply with the modern statue outside York Minster. Rather than an effete and relaxed fop as he is portrayed today, the Roman version shows him with alert staring eyes - the military leader and far seeing reformer, the man who would later have one of his own sons executed. The site of Constantine's elevation was long remembered and two centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, in AD627 King Edwin of Northumbria, newly converted to Christianity from paganism, built the first church dedicated to St. Peter on the ruins of the Roman principia. That seventh-century church was the first Minster, the forerunner of the great cathedral that dominates York today. Such a choice of site was surely no coincidence and later legends built on York's Constantinian connection. A long vanished church in York, dedicated to Constantine's mother St. Helen, stood in Aldwark and claimed, though this is no more than legend, to be the place of Constantine's burial. Seventeen centuries past these events may be, but their importance was not forgotten and nor should their impact on the modern world. About the author James Gerrard read Archaeology and Prehistory at the University of Sheffield before undertaking a Masters at the University of York. Currently he is writing a PhD on the end of Roman Britain and has worked extensively in Britain as a field archaeologist. James is also an extremely well informed tour guide for Yorkwalk, an organisation which provides guided historical tours of York. Top | I love Romans Index | Home More Romans... Roman Fest 2005 Guide Roman Fest 2004 pics Archaeologist interview Constantine the Great What's Eboracum? Roman photo tour Game: Mosaic Madness York's Roman bath-house Legio IX Hispana Lovin' it in North Yorks Fun-filled features about England's largest county Faith Faith communities across the county 360 ° panoramics York Minster, Fylingdales, Hutton-le-Hole, Castle Howard and many more... Contact us BBC North Yorkshire website (+44) 01904 540314 northyorkshire@bbc.co.uk BBC Radio York (+44) 01904 641351 Textlink: 01904 628542 northyorkshire.radio @bbc.co.uk 20 Bootham Row, York YO30 7BR Constantine the Great Constantine the Great Constantine the Great, York Minster In AD306, Constantine was hailed emperor in the Roman city of York, known as Eboracum. Historian James Gerrard charts the rise of this remarkable figure, from a usurper in York to the first Christian emperor. Constantine the Great, York Minster Constantine the Great, York Minster In AD306, Constantine was hailed emperor in the Roman city of York, known as Eboracum. Historian James Gerrard charts the rise of this remarkable figure, from a usurper in York to the first Christian emperor. In AD306, Constantine was hailed emperor in the Roman city of York, known as Eboracum. Historian James Gerrard charts the rise of this remarkable figure, from a usurper in York to the first Christian emperor. MORE FROM I ROMANS York Roman Festival 2005 Events: Fri | Sat | Sun Photos: York Roman Festival 2004 What is Eboracum ? York's Roman bath-house Constantine the Great MORE FROM bbc.co.uk North Yorkshire webcams BBC History - Romans LINKS Yorkshire Museum York Minster The BBC is not responsible for the content of external websites The year is AD306 and the white-walled fortress of Eboracum (York) bustles with activity. For Eboracum is, and has been for over a year, the imperial capital and campaign base of the Emperor Constantius. Constantius has been successful, leading his troops to victory over the barbarians north of Hadrian's Wall, but he is old. Surrounded by his family Constantius dies and his son Constantine, in an act whose symbolism is obvious to all, dons his father's robe of imperial purple. The assembled troops, prompted perhaps by one of their officers, a Germanic king called Crocus, hail the emperor's son as Imperator and Augustus (emperor) and the reign of a man whose shadow stretches across seventeen centuries has begun. The makings of an emperor Constantine was born on 27 February AD272 or 273 in Naissus (Nis) on the Danube. His father, the future emperor Constantius, was at that time a junior army officer and it was claimed that Constantine's mother, Helena, was the daughter of an inn keeper. When the troops at York hailed Constantine as emperor, probably in the principia or headquarters building of the fortress which now lies beneath York Minster, he was already in his thirties with a distinguished military career behind him. Yet his blood, experience and army did not guarantee his succession. Roman column in York Scramble for a successor Constantine was a usurper and his actions at York plunged the Roman Empire into a deep and bloody civil war. A hard-drinking and violent man named Severus had already been chosen to succeed Constantius and was, in legal terms, the legitimate emperor. However, to complicate matters further the death of Constantius had spawned another usurper linked to the imperial family, but located in Rome and named Maxentius. Severus marched against Maxentius but his army deserted him and he was forced to surrender. Soon after Severus took his own life leaving the field open for Constantine to move against Maxentius, who was busy seducing the wives of leading senators. "by this sign conquer" In AD312 Constantine moved against Maxentius and their armies met just outside the gates of Rome at the Plain of Milvian. The story that has survived centuries describes how Constantine, worried by the size of his enemy's army, sought aid from the gods and was rewarded by the appearance in the sky of a flaming cross. Later that night God came to the pagan Constantine in a dream and told him to "by this sign conquer". The next day when Constantine went into battle with Maxentius his troops bore crosses on their shields and carried a Christian standard before them. They were victorious and Constantine, after another murderous bout of civil war, emerged in AD324 as the sole, and first Christian, ruler of the Roman World. The first Christian emperor Constantine, a usurper from York, was a man who went on to change the world. Constantinople, or Constantine's City (Istanbul) was his new and Christian Rome. His support for Christianity led to it becoming the religion of Western Europe. Yet Constantine is also an unlikeable man. A marble head of Constantine found in Stonegate (now in the Yorkshire Museum) contrasts sharply with the modern statue outside York Minster. Rather than an effete and relaxed fop as he is portrayed today, the Roman version shows him with alert staring eyes - the military leader and far seeing reformer, the man who would later have one of his own sons executed. The site of Constantine's elevation was long remembered and two centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, in AD627 King Edwin of Northumbria, newly converted to Christianity from paganism, built the first church dedicated to St. Peter on the ruins of the Roman principia. That seventh-century church was the first Minster, the forerunner of the great cathedral that dominates York today. Such a choice of site was surely no coincidence and later legends built on York's Constantinian connection. A long vanished church in York, dedicated to Constantine's mother St. Helen, stood in Aldwark and claimed, though this is no more than legend, to be the place of Constantine's burial. Seventeen centuries past these events may be, but their importance was not forgotten and nor should their impact on the modern world. About the author James Gerrard read Archaeology and Prehistory at the University of Sheffield before undertaking a Masters at the University of York. Currently he is writing a PhD on the end of Roman Britain and has worked extensively in Britain as a field archaeologist. James is also an extremely well informed tour guide for Yorkwalk, an organisation which provides guided historical tours of York. Top | I love Romans Index | Home MORE FROM I ROMANS York Roman Festival 2005 Events: Fri | Sat | Sun Photos: York Roman Festival 2004 What is Eboracum ? York's Roman bath-house Constantine the Great MORE FROM bbc.co.uk North Yorkshire webcams BBC History - Romans LINKS Yorkshire Museum York Minster The BBC is not responsible for the content of external websites The year is AD306 and the white-walled fortress of Eboracum (York) bustles with activity. For Eboracum is, and has been for over a year, the imperial capital and campaign base of the Emperor Constantius. Constantius has been successful, leading his troops to victory over the barbarians north of Hadrian's Wall, but he is old. Surrounded by his family Constantius dies and his son Constantine, in an act whose symbolism is obvious to all, dons his father's robe of imperial purple. The assembled troops, prompted perhaps by one of their officers, a Germanic king called Crocus, hail the emperor's son as Imperator and Augustus (emperor) and the reign of a man whose shadow stretches across seventeen centuries has begun. The makings of an emperor Constantine was born on 27 February AD272 or 273 in Naissus (Nis) on the Danube. His father, the future emperor Constantius, was at that time a junior army officer and it was claimed that Constantine's mother, Helena, was the daughter of an inn keeper. When the troops at York hailed Constantine as emperor, probably in the principia or headquarters building of the fortress which now lies beneath York Minster, he was already in his thirties with a distinguished military career behind him. Yet his blood, experience and army did not guarantee his succession. Roman column in York Scramble for a successor Constantine was a usurper and his actions at York plunged the Roman Empire into a deep and bloody civil war. A hard-drinking and violent man named Severus had already been chosen to succeed Constantius and was, in legal terms, the legitimate emperor. However, to complicate matters further the death of Constantius had spawned another usurper linked to the imperial family, but located in Rome and named Maxentius. Severus marched against Maxentius but his army deserted him and he was forced to surrender. Soon after Severus took his own life leaving the field open for Constantine to move against Maxentius, who was busy seducing the wives of leading senators. "by this sign conquer" In AD312 Constantine moved against Maxentius and their armies met just outside the gates of Rome at the Plain of Milvian. The story that has survived centuries describes how Constantine, worried by the size of his enemy's army, sought aid from the gods and was rewarded by the appearance in the sky of a flaming cross. Later that night God came to the pagan Constantine in a dream and told him to "by this sign conquer". The next day when Constantine went into battle with Maxentius his troops bore crosses on their shields and carried a Christian standard before them. They were victorious and Constantine, after another murderous bout of civil war, emerged in AD324 as the sole, and first Christian, ruler of the Roman World. The first Christian emperor Constantine, a usurper from York, was a man who went on to change the world. Constantinople, or Constantine's City (Istanbul) was his new and Christian Rome. His support for Christianity led to it becoming the religion of Western Europe. Yet Constantine is also an unlikeable man. A marble head of Constantine found in Stonegate (now in the Yorkshire Museum) contrasts sharply with the modern statue outside York Minster. Rather than an effete and relaxed fop as he is portrayed today, the Roman version shows him with alert staring eyes - the military leader and far seeing reformer, the man who would later have one of his own sons executed. The site of Constantine's elevation was long remembered and two centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, in AD627 King Edwin of Northumbria, newly converted to Christianity from paganism, built the first church dedicated to St. Peter on the ruins of the Roman principia. That seventh-century church was the first Minster, the forerunner of the great cathedral that dominates York today. Such a choice of site was surely no coincidence and later legends built on York's Constantinian connection. A long vanished church in York, dedicated to Constantine's mother St. Helen, stood in Aldwark and claimed, though this is no more than legend, to be the place of Constantine's burial. Seventeen centuries past these events may be, but their importance was not forgotten and nor should their impact on the modern world. About the author James Gerrard read Archaeology and Prehistory at the University of Sheffield before undertaking a Masters at the University of York. Currently he is writing a PhD on the end of Roman Britain and has worked extensively in Britain as a field archaeologist. James is also an extremely well informed tour guide for Yorkwalk, an organisation which provides guided historical tours of York. MORE FROM I ROMANS York Roman Festival 2005 Events: Fri | Sat | Sun Photos: York Roman Festival 2004 What is Eboracum ? York's Roman bath-house Constantine the Great MORE FROM bbc.co.uk North Yorkshire webcams BBC History - Romans LINKS Yorkshire Museum York Minster The BBC is not responsible for the content of external websites MORE FROM I ROMANS York Roman Festival 2005 Events: Fri | Sat | Sun Photos: York Roman Festival 2004 What is Eboracum ? York's Roman bath-house Constantine the Great York Roman Festival 2005 Events: Fri | Sat | Sun Photos: York Roman Festival 2004 What is Eboracum ? York's Roman bath-house York's Roman bath-house Constantine the Great MORE FROM bbc.co.uk North Yorkshire webcams BBC History - Romans BBC History - Romans LINKS Yorkshire Museum York Minster The BBC is not responsible for the content of external websites Surrounded by his family Constantius dies and his son Constantine, in an act whose symbolism is obvious to all, dons his father's robe of imperial purple. The assembled troops, prompted perhaps by one of their officers, a Germanic king called Crocus, hail the emperor's son as Imperator and Augustus (emperor) and the reign of a man whose shadow stretches across seventeen centuries has begun. The makings of an emperor Constantine was born on 27 February AD272 or 273 in Naissus (Nis) on the Danube. His father, the future emperor Constantius, was at that time a junior army officer and it was claimed that Constantine's mother, Helena, was the daughter of an inn keeper. When the troops at York hailed Constantine as emperor, probably in the principia or headquarters building of the fortress which now lies beneath York Minster, he was already in his thirties with a distinguished military career behind him. Yet his blood, experience and army did not guarantee his succession. Roman column in York Scramble for a successor Constantine was a usurper and his actions at York plunged the Roman Empire into a deep and bloody civil war. A hard-drinking and violent man named Severus had already been chosen to succeed Constantius and was, in legal terms, the legitimate emperor. However, to complicate matters further the death of Constantius had spawned another usurper linked to the imperial family, but located in Rome and named Maxentius. Severus marched against Maxentius but his army deserted him and he was forced to surrender. Soon after Severus took his own life leaving the field open for Constantine to move against Maxentius, who was busy seducing the wives of leading senators. "by this sign conquer" In AD312 Constantine moved against Maxentius and their armies met just outside the gates of Rome at the Plain of Milvian. The story that has survived centuries describes how Constantine, worried by the size of his enemy's army, sought aid from the gods and was rewarded by the appearance in the sky of a flaming cross. Later that night God came to the pagan Constantine in a dream and told him to "by this sign conquer". The next day when Constantine went into battle with Maxentius his troops bore crosses on their shields and carried a Christian standard before them. They were victorious and Constantine, after another murderous bout of civil war, emerged in AD324 as the sole, and first Christian, ruler of the Roman World. The first Christian emperor Constantine, a usurper from York, was a man who went on to change the world. Constantinople, or Constantine's City (Istanbul) was his new and Christian Rome. His support for Christianity led to it becoming the religion of Western Europe. Yet Constantine is also an unlikeable man. A marble head of Constantine found in Stonegate (now in the Yorkshire Museum) contrasts sharply with the modern statue outside York Minster. Rather than an effete and relaxed fop as he is portrayed today, the Roman version shows him with alert staring eyes - the military leader and far seeing reformer, the man who would later have one of his own sons executed. The site of Constantine's elevation was long remembered and two centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire, in AD627 King Edwin of Northumbria, newly converted to Christianity from paganism, built the first church dedicated to St. Peter on the ruins of the Roman principia. That seventh-century church was the first Minster, the forerunner of the great cathedral that dominates York today. Such a choice of site was surely no coincidence and later legends built on York's Constantinian connection. A long vanished church in York, dedicated to Constantine's mother St. Helen, stood in Aldwark and claimed, though this is no more than legend, to be the place of Constantine's burial. Seventeen centuries past these events may be, but their importance was not forgotten and nor should their impact on the modern world. About the author James Gerrard read Archaeology and Prehistory at the University of Sheffield before undertaking a Masters at the University of York. Currently he is writing a PhD on the end of Roman Britain and has worked extensively in Britain as a field archaeologist. James is also an extremely well informed tour guide for Yorkwalk, an organisation which provides guided historical tours of York. Top | I love Romans Index | Home Top | I love Romans Index | Home More Romans... Roman Fest 2005 Guide Roman Fest 2004 pics Archaeologist interview Constantine the Great What's Eboracum? Roman photo tour Game: Mosaic Madness York's Roman bath-house Legio IX Hispana Lovin' it in North Yorks Fun-filled features about England's largest county Faith Faith communities across the county 360 ° panoramics York Minster, Fylingdales, Hutton-le-Hole, Castle Howard and many more... Contact us BBC North Yorkshire website (+44) 01904 540314 northyorkshire@bbc.co.uk BBC Radio York (+44) 01904 641351 Textlink: 01904 628542 northyorkshire.radio @bbc.co.uk 20 Bootham Row, York YO30 7BR Lovin' it in North Yorks Fun-filled features about England's largest county Fun-filled features about England's largest county Faith Faith communities across the county Faith communities across the county 360 ° panoramics York Minster, Fylingdales, Hutton-le-Hole, Castle Howard and many more... York Minster, Fylingdales, Hutton-le-Hole, Castle Howard and many more... Contact us BBC North Yorkshire website (+44) 01904 540314 northyorkshire@bbc.co.uk BBC Radio York (+44) 01904 641351 Textlink: 01904 628542 northyorkshire.radio @bbc.co.uk 20 Bootham Row, York YO30 7BR BBC Radio York (+44) 01904 641351 Textlink: 01904 628542 northyorkshire.radio @bbc.co.uk 20 Bootham Row, York YO30 7BR About the BBC | Help | Terms of Use | Privacy & Cookies Policy
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.trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} From top: Ouagadougou skyline, statue of Joanny Thévenoud in front of Ouagadougou Cathedral , Grand Mosque, National Assembly of Burkina Faso , Hall of Martyrs (formerly the Memorial to National Heroes) .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Coat of arms Nickname: Ouaga .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Ouagadougou Location within Burkina Faso Show map of Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Ouagadougou (Africa) Show map of Africa Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°22′17″N 1°31′10″W / 12.37139°N 1.51944°W / 12.37139; -1.51944 Country Burkina Faso Regions Centre Region Province Kadiogo Founded 1050 [ 1 ] Area • Capital city 520 km 2 (200 sq mi) • Metro 2,805 km 2 (1,083 sq mi) Elevation 305 m (1,001 ft) Population (2019) [ 2 ] • Capital city 2,415,266 • Density 4,600/km 2 (12,000/sq mi) • Urban 3,063,271 • Metro 3,358,934 • Metro density 1,197/km 2 (3,101/sq mi) Time zone UTC+00:00 ( GMT ) Area code +226 Climate Aw Website www .mairie-ouaga .bf Ouagadougou or Wagadugu [ 3 ] ( / ˌ w ɑː ɡ ə ˈ d uː ɡ uː / ⓘ ; Mossi : Waogdgo , .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} pronounced [ˈwɔɣədəɣʊ] ; Dyula : Wagadugu ; French : Ouagadougou , pronounced [waɡaduɡu] ) is the capital and largest city of Burkina Faso , [ 4 ] and the administrative, communications, cultural and economic centre of the nation. It has a population of 2,415,266 in 2019. [ 2 ] The city's name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougou's primary industries are food processing and textiles . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and, for freight only, to Kaya . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] There are several highways linking the city to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana, and southwest to Ivory Coast. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Ouagadougou has one of West Africa's largest markets, which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso, the Moro-Naba Palace (site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ), the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets. [ 19 ] History Foundation and regional importance Ouagadougou was founded possibly as early as 1050 by the Soninke Wangara diaspora from the Ghana Empire , also known as Wagadu. The name Wagadugu means 'home of the Wagu', the Soninke subgroup that ruled Ghana. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of this name. The Mossi people , moving north in the 14th century, conquered Wagadugu around the same time they raided Walata , contributing to the decline of the Mali Empire . [ 22 ] According to legend, the city was taken by Oubri, a grandson of Ouedraogo . [ 23 ] The eponymous Wagadugu Kingdom was founded in the 15th century, [ 24 ] which became the main center of the Mossi States around 1495. [ 25 ] The 10th Moro Naba, Nyadfo, was the first Moro-Naba to live at Ouagadougou, in the middle of the 17th century. It became the permanent capital under the 21st Moro Naba, Zombre, a century later. [ 26 ] The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court. The 24th Moro Naba, Doulougou, built the first mosque in Ouagadougou early in the nineteenth century. [ 26 ] Colonialism On 5 September 1896 French forces entered Ouagadougou and burned the city to the ground. [ 27 ] In 1919 the colonial administration made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory, extensively rebuilding the town. In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city, spurring massive population growth. [ 26 ] Independence On 15 January 2016, gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel. 28 people were killed, [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and at least 56 wounded; after a government counterattack, a total of 176 hostages were released [ 30 ] the morning after the initial attack. Three of the perpetrators were also killed. The jihadist insurgency continued with major attacks in 2017 and 2018 . Climate Ouagadougou's climate is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , and closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ). The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area, with annual rainfall of about 800 mm (31 in). The rainy season stretches from May to September, with an average temperature of 28 °C (82.4 °F). The cool season runs from October to February, with a minimum average temperature of 16 °C (60.8 °F). The maximum temperature during the hot season, which runs from March to April, can reach 43 °C (109.4 °F). The harmattan (a dry wind) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougou's climate. Being further north, Ouagadougou's warmest months are slightly hotter and drier than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the country's second most populous city. Climate data for Ouagadougou (1991–2020, extremes 1902–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 39.8 (103.6) 42.3 (108.1) 44.5 (112.1) 46.1 (115.0) 44.5 (112.1) 41.3 (106.3) 38.8 (101.8) 36.6 (97.9) 38.6 (101.5) 41.0 (105.8) 40.5 (104.9) 40.1 (104.2) 46.1 (115.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.5 (92.3) 36.5 (97.7) 39.3 (102.7) 40.0 (104.0) 38.4 (101.1) 35.6 (96.1) 32.9 (91.2) 31.6 (88.9) 33.1 (91.6) 36.0 (96.8) 36.7 (98.1) 34.4 (93.9) 35.7 (96.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 25.0 (77.0) 28.1 (82.6) 31.7 (89.1) 33.5 (92.3) 32.5 (90.5) 30.1 (86.2) 27.8 (82.0) 26.8 (80.2) 27.7 (81.9) 29.6 (85.3) 28.3 (82.9) 25.7 (78.3) 28.9 (84.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.1 (62.8) 20.0 (68.0) 24.3 (75.7) 27.4 (81.3) 27.1 (80.8) 25.1 (77.2) 23.4 (74.1) 22.9 (73.2) 23.1 (73.6) 23.9 (75.0) 20.4 (68.7) 17.5 (63.5) 22.7 (72.9) Record low °C (°F) 8.5 (47.3) 10.4 (50.7) 14.8 (58.6) 16.2 (61.2) 17.0 (62.6) 17.0 (62.6) 15.0 (59.0) 17.9 (64.2) 17.6 (63.7) 17.6 (63.7) 13.0 (55.4) 9.5 (49.1) 8.5 (47.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.1 (0.00) 0.4 (0.02) 4.7 (0.19) 43.8 (1.72) 69.8 (2.75) 83.4 (3.28) 202.4 (7.97) 232.1 (9.14) 142.5 (5.61) 32.0 (1.26) 6.6 (0.26) 0.0 (0.0) 812.8 (32.00) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.2 5.2 7.0 12.3 14.4 10.4 3.6 0.1 0.0 55.7 Average relative humidity (%) 24 21 22 36 50 64 72 80 77 60 38 29 48 Mean monthly sunshine hours 271.1 245.9 245.4 232.2 250.0 235.9 221.8 194.8 218.1 264.9 277.4 283.4 2,940.9 Source 1: World Meteorological Organization , [ 31 ] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) [ 32 ] Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1961–1967) [ 33 ] Government Ouagadougou's first municipal elections were held in 1956. [ 3 ] The city is divided into five arrondissements , consisting of 30 sectors, which are subdivided into districts. [ citation needed ] Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin, Kamsaoghin, Koulouba, Moemmin, Niogsin, Paspanga, Peuloghin, Bilbalogho, and Tiendpalogo. Ouagadougou's communes have invested in huge city-management projects. This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a 'cultural centre' by merit of holding the SIAO (International Arts and Crafts fair) and the FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou). Moreover, the villages' growing affluence allows for such investment, and the population's rapid growth necessitates it. [ 34 ] Arrondissement Population (Census 2006) [ 35 ] Baskuy 180,512 Bogodogo 374,473 Boulmiougou 366,182 Nongremassom 188,329 Sig-Noghin 163,859 Education Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high, there are three universities in the city. The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou , which was founded in 1974. In 2010 it had around 40,000 students (83% of the national population of university students). [ 36 ] The city's official language is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools (French plus one of the local languages) was established in 1994. [ 34 ] International schools include: Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou (French school) International School of Ouagadougou Sport This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Ouagadougou's inhabitants play a wide array of sports, including association football, basketball, and volleyball. There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities. The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou , the city's main football team. Health Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals. The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo (CHNYO) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle (CHNP-CDG). Despite that, the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the "pharmacopée". [ 34 ] Transport Air transport Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou (code OUA) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe . Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building (French: Immeuble Air Burkina ) in Ouagadougou. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Rail Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014, Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan. [ 39 ] There are freight services to Kaya in north Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016. [ 40 ] Economy The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce. Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou, which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso. The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories. The industry of Ouagadougou is the sector that fuels urban growth, as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry. [ 41 ] The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label "Atelier Augusti." [ 42 ] Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre. It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas. With a large consumer base, large amounts of energy sources, raw materials for buildings, agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city. [ 41 ] The economy is dominated by the informal sector , which is characterized by petty commodity production, and workers not necessarily having salaries. Traditional, informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads, as well as in outlets in neighborhoods. While the formal economy consists of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified, stable labor forces, or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses. [ 41 ] Informal trade The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy. This comprises communications, banking, transport, bars, restaurants, hotels, as well as administrative jobs. [ 41 ] Twin towns – sister cities Ouagadougou is twinned with: Bordeaux , France [ 43 ] Briton Ferry , Wales, United Kingdom [ 44 ] Grenoble , France [ 45 ] Kumasi , Ghana [ citation needed ] Kuwait City , Kuwait [ citation needed ] Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium [ 46 ] Lyon , France [ 47 ] Taipei , Taiwan [ 48 ] Zhengzhou , China [ 49 ] Parks This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The Bangr-Weoogo urban park (area: 2.63 km 2 (1 sq mi)), before colonialism, belonged to the Mosse chiefs. Considering it a sacred forest, many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge. The French colonists, disregarding its local significance and history, established it as a park in the 1930s. In 1985, renovations were done in the park. In January 2001, the park was renamed "Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo", meaning "the urban park of the forest of knowledge". Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the "L'Unité Pédagogique", which shelters animals in a semi-free state. This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over 8 ha (20 acres) and also serves as a museum for the country's history. "Jardin de l'amitié Ouaga-Loudun" (Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship), with a green space that was renovated in 1996, is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France. It is situated in the centre of the city, near the "Nation Unies' crossroads". Culture There are a number of cultural and art venues, such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets, in addition to performances of many genres of music, including traditional folk music, modern music, and rap . [ 34 ] National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso. Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso, Mossi rifles and other cultural items. Located 55 km (34 mi) northwest of the city. "Naba Koom": a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water. The 6-metre-high (20 ft) statue faces the railway station, welcoming travellers into Ouaga. The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Faso's history. "Laongo": 30 km (19 mi) east of the city, features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors. The exhibit displays works of art from five continents. [ 34 ] "La Place du Grand Lyon": a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Faso's capital and Lyon in France. It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion. A zoo called "Parc Animalier de Ziniaré": located 30 km (19 mi) east of the city in the hometown of the former president Blaise Compaoré. Art and crafts Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality, such as FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou), which is Africa's largest festival of this type, SIAO (International Art and Craft Fair), FESPAM (Pan-African Music Festival), FITMO (International Theatre and Marionnette Festival) and FESTIVO. [ 34 ] [ 50 ] Places of worship The most common places of worship are Muslim mosques. [ 51 ] There are also numerous Christian churches: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou ( Catholic Church ), Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Assemblies of God , Deeper Life Bible Church , and the International Evangelism Center . Notable people Dango Ouattara – footballer Malika Ouattara – slam poet and activist Serge Oulon – journalist Edmond Tapsoba – footballer Ezé Wendtoin – musician Hugues Fabrice Zango – triple jumper See also List of cities in Burkina Faso Notes References ^ Ade Ajayi 1965 . ^ a b Citypopulation.de Population of the major cities in Burkina Faso ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ouagadougou | Facts & History" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ "Bienvenue sur le site Officiel du Premier Ministère du Burkina Faso" . gouvernement.gov.bf . Archived from the original on 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ "Burkina Faso: Ayka Textile to build an integrated cotton processing plant in Ouagadougou" . Ecofin Agency . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "IRO-TEXBURKINA textile complex in Sourgou: A factory to rehabilitate the industrial fabric in the Center-West" . Faso Observateur . 18 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Textile – Incubateur pour la transformation du coton et textile burkinabè" . Burkina Textile (in French) . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Ouagadougou City Profile" . citiesabc . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Faso" . ISS African Futures . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Ouagadougou Airport (OUA) - Thomas Sankara International Airport" . IATA . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Abidjan-Ouagadougou Railway" . African Development Bank . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ Ibrahima Diallo (14 November 2023). "Abidjan-Ouagadougou rail corridor: passenger transport will resume on November 17, 2023" . Africa Supply Chain . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Faso: Rehabilitation des routes et facilitation des transports Corridor Lomé-Ouagadougou IPR - July 2022" . African Development Bank (in French). July 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Multinational: Burkina Faso Rehabilitation des routes et facilitation des transports Corridor Lomé-Ouagadougou EER - Juillet 2021" . African Development Bank (in French). July 2021 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Route from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso to Niamey, Niger" . RouteToDrive . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Burkina Faso: Ouagadougou's Market Reopens After 2003 Fire" . Africa News . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Ouagadougou's Grand Market Rebuilt with Enhanced Safety" . BBC News . 12 February 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Ouagadougou's Grand Market: Fire, Reconstruction, and Safety Improvements" . African Development Bank . 15 October 2023 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Key Attractions in Ouagadougou: Museums, Palaces, and Markets" . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul . Paris: Karthala. p. 57-60. ISBN 978-2-84586-521-1 . Retrieved 18 March 2024 . ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 176. ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 176-7. ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 177. ^ Britannica, Ouagadougou , Encyclopædia Britannica , US. Retrieved 29 October 2024 ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 131. ^ a b c McFarland, Daniel Miles; Rupley, Lawrence (1998). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso . London: Scarecrow Press. p. 97. ^ Johnson 2010 . ^ "Ouagadougou blasts: Burkina Faso capital hit by gunfire" . BBC News . 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ "Gunmen attack hotel, take hostages in Burkina Faso capital" . 15 January 2015. ^ "Burkina Faso: Security forces raid besieged hotel, free hostages" . CNN. 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ouagadougou" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 4 January 2024 . ^ "Station Ouagadougou" (in French). Meteo Climat . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . ^ "Klimatafel von Ouagadougou / Burkina Faso (Obervolta)" (PDF) . Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . ^ a b c d e f "Index of /" . www.mairie-ouaga.bf . Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ "RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITATION DE 2006" (PDF) . www.insd.bf . Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2019 . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ Government of France, MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGERES ET EUROPEENNES, AMBASSADE DE FRANCE AU BURKINA FASO, FICHE BURKINA FASO (French) ^ " Contact-us Archived 5 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine ". Air Burkina . Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ " Contactez-nous Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine ." Air Burkina . Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ European Rail Timetable, Summer 2014 Edition, (journey time is 43 to 48 hours) ^ Pan African Minerals receives permission from Burkina Faso for Tambao manganese project Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine , 19 May 2014 ^ a b c d Ouedraogo, R Ulysse Emmanuel. "Chapitre 1 : Ouagadougou, une agglomération dynamique" (in French). University of Ouagadougou. ^ Smith, Alex Duval (1 July 2014). "Burkina Faso's French knicker-makers" . BBC News – Africa . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ "Les villes partenaires" . bordeaux.fr (in French). Bordeaux . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Twin Towns of Wales: Hay-on-Wye and Timbuktu, Briton Ferry and Ouagadougou, here are the sister cities of Welsh towns" . walesonline.co.uk . Wales Online. 2 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelages et coopérations" . grenoble.fr (in French). Grenoble. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelage Leuze-Ouagadougou" . leuze-en-hainaut.be (in French). Leuze-en-Hainaut . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelage" . economie.grandlyon.com (in French). Grand Lyon économie . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "International Sister Cities" . tcc.gov.tw . Taipei City Council . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Lutte contre le COVID-19: la Chine multiplie les dons pour le Burkina Faso" . chinafrique.com (in French). Chinafrique. 13 May 2020 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Ouaga ça Bouge : Votre Blog pour vos Voyages et Vacances" . Ouaga-ça-bouge.net (in French) . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices , ABC-CLIO, US, 2010, p. 455 Bibliography Sources David P. Johnson, Jr. (2010). "Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso". In Kwame Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (eds.). Encyclopedia of Africa . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195337709 . Page, Willie; Davis, R. Hunt, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of African History and Culture Volume II: African Kingdoms (500 to 1500) (E-book ed.). New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-4381-2917-4 . Ade Ajayi, J F. (1965). A Thousand Years of West African History . Ibadan University Press. p. 49 . Retrieved 19 April 2025 . External links Official website of the government of Ouagadougou (in French) The plan of Ouagdougou Falling Rain Genomics: World Index, and other pages Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST WorldCat VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Israel United States France BnF data Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area MusicBrainz area Other IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Capitals of African countries v t e Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory v t e Ouagadougou v t e Buildings Economy Government History Timeline People Sport Buildings Economy Government History Timeline Timeline People Sport Education Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Transport Ouagadougou Airport Ouagadougou Airport Landmarks Cathedral National Museum of Music Cathedral National Museum of Music Category Commons Category Commons Ouagadougou Capitals in Africa French West Africa Populated places in the Centre Region (Burkina Faso) Populated places established in the 11th century Wangara trade towns Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension CS1 French-language sources (fr) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2020 Use British English from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Mossi-language text Articles containing Dyula-language text Articles containing French-language text Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata Pages including recorded pronunciations Pages with Mossi IPA Pages with French IPA Articles containing German-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022 Articles needing additional references from December 2022 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020 Articles needing additional references from January 2024 Articles with French-language sources (fr) This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 17:10 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Pre–Columbus 2 15th century 3 16th century 4 17th century 5 18th century 6 References Timeline of the European colonization of North America Español Tagalog 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This is a chronology and timeline of the European colonization of the Americas , with founding dates of selected European settlements. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Pre–Columbus 986: Norsemen settle Greenland and Bjarni Herjólfsson sights coast of North America, but doesn't land (see also Norse colonization of the Americas ). c. 1000 : Norse settle briefly in L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. [ 4 ] c. 1450 : Norse colony in Greenland dies out. 15th century 1492: Columbus sets sail aboard the Niña , Pinta , and Santa Maria . 1492: Columbus reaches the Bahamas , [ 5 ] Cuba and Hispaniola . 1492: La Navidad is established on the island of Hispaniola; it was destroyed by the following year. 1493: The colony of La Isabela is established on the island of Hispaniola. [ 6 ] 1493: Columbus arrives in Puerto Rico 1494: Columbus arrives in Jamaica . 1496: Santo Domingo , the first European permanent settlement, is built. [ 7 ] 1497: John Cabot reaches Newfoundland . [ 8 ] 1498: In his third voyage, Columbus reaches Trinidad and Tobago . 1498: La Isabela is abandoned by the Spanish. 1499: João Fernandes Lavrador maps Labrador and Newfoundland 16th century 1501: Corte-Real brothers explore the coast of what is today the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador 1502: Columbus sails along the mainland coast south of Yucatán, and reaches present-day Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica and Panama 1503: Las Tortugas noted by Columbus in passage through the Western Caribbean present-day Cayman Islands 1508: Ponce de León founds Caparra on San Juan Bautista (now Puerto Rico) 1511: Conquest of Cuba begins 1513: Ponce de León in Florida 1513: Núñez de Balboa claims the Pacific Ocean and its shores for Spain 1515: Conquest of Cuba completed 1517: Francisco Hernández de Córdoba lands on the Yucatán Peninsula 1519: Founding of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz ( Veracruz ) 1519: Álvarez de Pineda explores the Gulf Coast of the United States 1519: Founding of Panama City by Pedro Arias Dávila 1521: Hernán Cortés completes the conquest of the Aztec Empire. 1521: Juan Ponce de León tries and fails to settle in Florida. 1524: Pedro de Alvarado conquers present-day Guatemala and El Salvador . 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano sails along most of the east coast. 1525: Estêvão Gomes enters Upper New York Bay and reaches Nova Scotia [ 9 ] [ 10 ] 1526: Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón briefly establishes the failed settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape in South Carolina, the first site of enslavement of Africans in North America and of the first slave rebellion . 1527: Fishermen are using the harbor at St. John's, Newfoundland and other places on the coast. 1531: Spanish found Puebla de Zaragoza and Santiago de Querétaro . 1535: Jacques Cartier reaches Quebec. 1536: Cabeza de Vaca reaches Mexico City after wandering through North America. 1538: Failed Huguenot settlement on St. Kitts in the Caribbean (destroyed by the Spanish). 1539: Hernando de Soto explores the interior from Florida to Arkansas. 1539: Francisco de Ulloa explores the Baja California peninsula . 1540: Coronado travels from Mexico to eastern Kansas. 1541: Spanish found Nueva Ciudad de Mechuacán (Morelia) 1540: López de Cárdenas reaches the Grand Canyon (the area is ignored for the next 200 years). 1541: Failed French settlement at Charlesbourg-Royal ( Quebec City ) by Cartier and Roberval. 1542: Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo reaches the California coast. 1559: Failed Spanish settlement at Pensacola, Florida . 1562: Failed Huguenot settlement in South Carolina ( Charlesfort-Santa Elena site ). 1564: French Huguenots at Jacksonville, Florida ( Fort Caroline ). 1565: Spanish slaughter French 'heretics' at Fort Caroline. 1565: Spanish found Saint Augustine, Florida . ( Mission Nombre de Dios ) 1566–1587: Spanish in South Carolina ( Charlesfort-Santa Elena site ). 1568: Dutch revolt against Spain begins. The economic model developed in the Netherlands would define colonial policies in the next two centuries. 1570: Failed Spanish settlement on Chesapeake Bay ( Ajacán Mission ). 1576: Spanish found León de los Aldama . 1576: Martin Frobisher reaches the coast of Labrador and Baffin Island. 1579: Sir Francis Drake claims New Albion . 1583: England formally claims Newfoundland ( Humphrey Gilbert ). 1585: Roanoke Colony founded by English on Roanoke Island, North Carolina, failed in 1587 1598: Failed French settlement on Sable Island off Nova Scotia. 1598: Spanish settlement in Northern New Mexico . 1600: By 1600 Spain and Portugal were still the only significant colonial powers. North of Mexico the only settlements were Saint Augustine and the isolated outpost in northern New Mexico. Exploration of the interior was largely abandoned after the 1540s. Around Newfoundland 500 or more boats annually were fishing for cod and some fishermen were trading for furs, especially at Tadoussac on the Saint Lawrence. 17th century 1604: St. Croix Island – French 1605: Port Royal ( Annapolis Royal ) – French 1607: Jamestown – English, first permanent English settlement 1607: Popham Colony – English 1608: Quebec – French 1609: New York Harbor – Dutch 1610: Cuper's Cove – English 1610: Kecoughtan, Virginia – English 1610: Santa Fe – Spanish 1611: Henricus – English 1612: Bermuda – English 1615: Fort Nassau – Dutch 1615: Renews, Newfoundland – English 1618: Bristol's Hope – English 1620: St. John's, Newfoundland – English 1620: Plymouth Colony – English 1621: Nova Scotia – Scottish 1622: Province of Maine – English 1623: Portsmouth – English 1623: Stage Point – English 1623: Dover – English 1623: Pannaway – English 1623: New Castle – English 1623: Fort Nassau – Dutch 1624: St. Kitts – English 1624: Governors Island – Dutch 1624: New Amsterdam – Dutch 1625: Cape Breton – Scottish 1626: Salem – English 1630: Massachusetts Bay Colony – English 1630: Pavonia – Dutch 1631: Saint John, New Brunswick – English 1632: Williamsburgh – English 1633: Fort Hoop – Dutch 1633: Windsor, Connecticut – English 1634: Maryland Colony – English 1634: Wethersfield – English 1634: La Baye (Green Bay) - French 1635: Territory of Sagadahock – English 1635: Saybrook Colony – English 1636: Providence Plantations – English 1636: Connecticut Colony – English 1638: New Haven Colony – English 1638: Fort Christina – Swedish 1638: Exeter – English 1638: Hampton, New Hampshire – English [ 11 ] 1639: Bridgeport, Connecticut – English 1639: Newport – English 1639: San Marcos – Spanish 1640: New Stockholm – Swedish 1640: Swedesboro – Swedish 1642: Montreal – French 1651: Fort Casimir – Dutch 1652: York, Maine 1653: Biddeford, Maine 1658: Scarborough, Maine 1660: Bergen – Dutch 1665: Elizabethtown – English 1666: Newark – English 1668: Sault Ste. Marie (Michigan) – French 1669: English Neighborhood – Dutch, English, 1670: Charleston – English 1671: St. Ignace - French 1673: Prairie du Chien - French 1678: New Paltz, New York – French 1679: Acquackanonk – Dutch [ 12 ] [ 13 ] 1680: Fort Crevecoeur (Peoria, Illinois) – French 1680: El Paso – Spanish 1682: Pennsylvania – English 1683: Fort Saint Louis (Illinois) – French 1683: East New Jersey – Scottish 1684: Stuarts Town, Carolina – Scottish 1685: Fort Saint Louis (Texas) – French 1686: Arkansas Post – French 1691: Fort Pimiteoui – French 1696: Dorchester, South Carolina - English from Massachusetts 1698: Pensacola, Florida – Spanish 1699: Louisiana – French 18th century 1701: Detroit – French 1702: Mobile – French 1706: Albuquerque – Spanish 1711: Beaufort, South Carolina - English 1714: Natchitoches – French 1714: Germanna , Virginia – Germans from Hessen-Nassau 1716: Natchez – French 1717: Germanna , Virginia – Germans from Baden-Württemberg 1718: New Orleans – French 1718: San Antonio – Spanish 1721: Germanna , Virginia – Germans 1721: Greenland – Danish 1729: George Town, South Carolina - English and French Huguenots 1729: Baltimore – British 1733: Province of Georgia – British 1734: Culpeper, Virginia – Germans 1738: Culpeper, Virginia; some to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania – Germans 1741: Guanajuato – Spanish 1763: St. Louis (Missouri) – French 1769: San Diego – Spanish 1770: Monterey – Spanish 1775: Tucson – Spanish 1776: San Francisco – Spanish 1777: San Jose – Spanish 1781: Los Angeles – Spanish 1784: Kodiak Island – Russian 1791: Santa Cruz – Spanish References ^ Samuel Eliot Morison , The European Discovery of America (1971). ^ William Langer, ed.. An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed. 1973) ^ Melvin E. Page, ed. Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia (3 vol. 2003); vol. 2 pages 648–831 has a detailed chronology ^ Birgitta Wallace, "The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland." Newfoundland and Labrador Studies 19.1 (2005). online ^ Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the ocean sea." A live of Christopher Columbus (1942). ^ Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, Historia general de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas y tierr firme del Mar Oceano (General History of the Deeds of the Castilians on the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea), Madrid, 1601–1615 ^ First Arrivals, ^ Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America (1971). ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "GOMES, ESTEVÃO - Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online" . Retrieved March 18, 2012 . ^ Douglas Hunter (August 31, 2010). Half Moon: Henry Hudson and the Voyage That Redrew the Map of the New World . Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-60819-098-0 . Retrieved March 18, 2012 . ^ Joseph Dow (1894). History of the Town of Hampton, New Hampshire: From Its Settlement in 1638, to the Autumn of 1892 . Salem Press Publishing and Printing Company. ^ "Dundee Island Park" . Archived from the original on May 29, 2006. ^ Scott, William Winfield (1922). "History of Passaic and Its Environs ...: Historical-biographical" . European colonization of North America Timelines of North American history CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from April 2012 This page was last edited on 1 December 2025, at 04:21 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. 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Main page Community portal Recent changes Random page Help Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents Kĩambĩrĩria 1 Gĩikaro gĩkĩ gĩtigĩtio nĩ ũndũ wa gũthondeka " Wikipedia " thĩiniĩ wa Gĩkũyũ language. 2 Icunje cia ndereti na ibango 3 Thiomi ingi cia Africa Wikipedias Main Page Main Page Discussion Thoma View source View history Thoma View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata item Welcome to Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit . On 10 / 01 / 2026 , there are 1,994 articles in Gĩkũyũ language. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–9 of 9 results for author: Weinhuber, C Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10651 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LO Multi-Property Synthesis Authors: Christoph Weinhuber , Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boo… ▽ More We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boolean goal variables and exploits monotonicity to represent exponentially many goal combinations compactly. Our approach substantially outperforms enumeration-based baselines, with speedups of up to two orders of magnitude. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10651 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multi-Property Synthesis Authors: Christoph Weinhuber , Yannik Schnitzer , Alessandro Abate , David Parker , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Moshe Y. Vardi Abstract : We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boo… ▽ More We study LTLf synthesis with multiple properties, where satisfying all properties may be impossible. Instead of enumerating subsets of properties, we compute in one fixed-point computation the relation between product-game states and the goal sets that are realizable from them, and we synthesize strategies achieving maximal realizable sets. We develop a fully symbolic algorithm that introduces Boolean goal variables and exploits monotonicity to represent exponentially many goal combinations compactly. Our approach substantially outperforms enumeration-based baselines, with speedups of up to two orders of magnitude. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2511.09073 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.FL cs.AI cs.GT Good-for-MDP State Reduction for Stochastic LTL Planning Authors: Christoph Weinhuber , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Yong Li , Sven Schewe , Qiyi Tang Abstract : We study stochastic planning problems in Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) with goals specified in Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). The state-of-the-art approach transforms LTL formulas into good-for-MDP (GFM) automata, which feature a restricted form of nondeterminism. These automata are then composed with the MDP, allowing the agent to resolve the nondeterminism during policy synthesis. A major facto… ▽ More We study stochastic planning problems in Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) with goals specified in Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). The state-of-the-art approach transforms LTL formulas into good-for-MDP (GFM) automata, which feature a restricted form of nondeterminism. These automata are then composed with the MDP, allowing the agent to resolve the nondeterminism during policy synthesis. A major factor affecting the scalability of this approach is the size of the generated automata. In this paper, we propose a novel GFM state-space reduction technique that significantly reduces the number of automata states. Our method employs a sophisticated chain of transformations, leveraging recent advances in good-for-games minimisation developed for adversarial settings. In addition to our theoretical contributions, we present empirical results demonstrating the practical effectiveness of our state-reduction technique. Furthermore, we introduce a direct construction method for formulas of the form $\mathsf{G}\mathsf{F}\varphi$, where $\varphi$ is a co-safety formula. This construction is provably single-exponential in the worst case, in contrast to the general doubly-exponential complexity. Our experiments confirm the scalability advantages of this specialised construction. △ Less Submitted 14 November, 2025; v1 submitted 12 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 16 pages including appendices, accepted to AAAI 2026; fixed some typoes ACM Class: F.4.3; I.2.4; I.2.8 arXiv:2511.09073 [ pdf , ps , other ] Good-for-MDP State Reduction for Stochastic LTL Planning Authors: Christoph Weinhuber , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Yong Li , Sven Schewe , Qiyi Tang Abstract : We study stochastic planning problems in Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) with goals specified in Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). The state-of-the-art approach transforms LTL formulas into good-for-MDP (GFM) automata, which feature a restricted form of nondeterminism. These automata are then composed with the MDP, allowing the agent to resolve the nondeterminism during policy synthesis. A major facto… ▽ More We study stochastic planning problems in Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) with goals specified in Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). The state-of-the-art approach transforms LTL formulas into good-for-MDP (GFM) automata, which feature a restricted form of nondeterminism. These automata are then composed with the MDP, allowing the agent to resolve the nondeterminism during policy synthesis. A major factor affecting the scalability of this approach is the size of the generated automata. In this paper, we propose a novel GFM state-space reduction technique that significantly reduces the number of automata states. Our method employs a sophisticated chain of transformations, leveraging recent advances in good-for-games minimisation developed for adversarial settings. In addition to our theoretical contributions, we present empirical results demonstrating the practical effectiveness of our state-reduction technique. Furthermore, we introduce a direct construction method for formulas of the form $\mathsf{G}\mathsf{F}\varphi$, where $\varphi$ is a co-safety formula. This construction is provably single-exponential in the worst case, in contrast to the general doubly-exponential complexity. Our experiments confirm the scalability advantages of this specialised construction. △ Less Submitted 14 November, 2025; v1 submitted 12 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 16 pages including appendices, accepted to AAAI 2026; fixed some typoes ACM Class: F.4.3; I.2.4; I.2.8 arXiv:2508.14725 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LO cs.AI cs.FL Emerson-Lei and Manna-Pnueli Games for LTLf+ and PPLTL+ Synthesis Authors: Daniel Hausmann , Shufang Zhu , Gianmarco Parretti , Christoph Weinhuber , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Nir Piterman Abstract : Recently, the Manna-Pnueli Hierarchy has been used to define the temporal logics LTLfp and PPLTLp, which allow to use finite-trace LTLf/PPLTL techniques in infinite-trace settings while achieving the expressiveness of full LTL. In this paper, we present the first actual solvers for reactive synthesis in these logics. These are based on games on graphs that leverage DFA-based techniques from LTLf/P… ▽ More Recently, the Manna-Pnueli Hierarchy has been used to define the temporal logics LTLfp and PPLTLp, which allow to use finite-trace LTLf/PPLTL techniques in infinite-trace settings while achieving the expressiveness of full LTL. In this paper, we present the first actual solvers for reactive synthesis in these logics. These are based on games on graphs that leverage DFA-based techniques from LTLf/PPLTL to construct the game arena. We start with a symbolic solver based on Emerson-Lei games, which reduces lower-class properties (guarantee, safety) to higher ones (recurrence, persistence) before solving the game. We then introduce Manna-Pnueli games, which natively embed Manna-Pnueli objectives into the arena. These games are solved by composing solutions to a DAG of simpler Emerson-Lei games, resulting in a provably more efficient approach. We implemented the solvers and practically evaluated their performance on a range of representative formulas. The results show that Manna-Pnueli games often offer significant advantages, though not universally, indicating that combining both approaches could further enhance practical performance. △ Less Submitted 20 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.14725 [ pdf , ps , other ] Emerson-Lei and Manna-Pnueli Games for LTLf+ and PPLTL+ Synthesis Authors: Daniel Hausmann , Shufang Zhu , Gianmarco Parretti , Christoph Weinhuber , Giuseppe De Giacomo , Nir Piterman Abstract : Recently, the Manna-Pnueli Hierarchy has been used to define the temporal logics LTLfp and PPLTLp, which allow to use finite-trace LTLf/PPLTL techniques in infinite-trace settings while achieving the expressiveness of full LTL. In this paper, we present the first actual solvers for reactive synthesis in these logics. These are based on games on graphs that leverage DFA-based techniques from LTLf/P… ▽ More Recently, the Manna-Pnueli Hierarchy has been used to define the temporal logics LTLfp and PPLTLp, which allow to use finite-trace LTLf/PPLTL techniques in infinite-trace settings while achieving the expressiveness of full LTL. In this paper, we present the first actual solvers for reactive synthesis in these logics. These are based on games on graphs that leverage DFA-based techniques from LTLf/PPLTL to construct the game arena. We start with a symbolic solver based on Emerson-Lei games, which reduces lower-class properties (guarantee, safety) to higher ones (recurrence, persistence) before solving the game. We then introduce Manna-Pnueli games, which natively embed Manna-Pnueli objectives into the arena. These games are solved by composing solutions to a DAG of simpler Emerson-Lei games, resulting in a provably more efficient approach. We implemented the solvers and practically evaluated their performance on a range of representative formulas. The results show that Manna-Pnueli games often offer significant advantages, though not universally, indicating that combining both approaches could further enhance practical performance. △ Less Submitted 20 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2505.17264 [ pdf , other ] cs.FL cs.LO Solving MDPs with LTLf+ and PPLTL+ Temporal Objectives Authors: Giuseppe De Giacomo , Yong Li , Sven Schewe , Christoph Weinhuber , Pian Yu Abstract : The temporal logics LTLf+ and PPLTL+ have recently been proposed to express objectives over infinite traces. These logics are appealing because they match the expressive power of LTL on infinite traces while enabling efficient DFA-based techniques, which have been crucial to the scalability of reactive synthesis and adversarial planning in LTLf and PPLTL over finite traces. In this paper, we demon… ▽ More The temporal logics LTLf+ and PPLTL+ have recently been proposed to express objectives over infinite traces. These logics are appealing because they match the expressive power of LTL on infinite traces while enabling efficient DFA-based techniques, which have been crucial to the scalability of reactive synthesis and adversarial planning in LTLf and PPLTL over finite traces. In this paper, we demonstrate that these logics are also highly effective in the context of MDPs. Introducing a technique tailored for probabilistic systems, we leverage the benefits of efficient DFA-based methods and compositionality. This approach is simpler than its non-probabilistic counterparts in reactive synthesis and adversarial planning, as it accommodates a controlled form of nondeterminism (``good for MDPs") in the automata when transitioning from finite to infinite traces. Notably, by exploiting compositionality, our solution is both implementation-friendly and well-suited for straightforward symbolic implementations. △ Less Submitted 22 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted by IJCAI 2025, the 34th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence arXiv:2505.17264 [ pdf , other ] Solving MDPs with LTLf+ and PPLTL+ Temporal Objectives Authors: Giuseppe De Giacomo , Yong Li , Sven Schewe , Christoph Weinhuber , Pian Yu Abstract : The temporal logics LTLf+ and PPLTL+ have recently been proposed to express objectives over infinite traces. These logics are appealing because they match the expressive power of LTL on infinite traces while enabling efficient DFA-based techniques, which have been crucial to the scalability of reactive synthesis and adversarial planning in LTLf and PPLTL over finite traces. In this paper, we demon… ▽ More The temporal logics LTLf+ and PPLTL+ have recently been proposed to express objectives over infinite traces. These logics are appealing because they match the expressive power of LTL on infinite traces while enabling efficient DFA-based techniques, which have been crucial to the scalability of reactive synthesis and adversarial planning in LTLf and PPLTL over finite traces. In this paper, we demonstrate that these logics are also highly effective in the context of MDPs. Introducing a technique tailored for probabilistic systems, we leverage the benefits of efficient DFA-based methods and compositionality. This approach is simpler than its non-probabilistic counterparts in reactive synthesis and adversarial planning, as it accommodates a controlled form of nondeterminism (``good for MDPs") in the automata when transitioning from finite to infinite traces. Notably, by exploiting compositionality, our solution is both implementation-friendly and well-suited for straightforward symbolic implementations. △ Less Submitted 22 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted by IJCAI 2025, the 34th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence arXiv:2503.06420 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI eess.SY Explaining Control Policies through Predicate Decision Diagrams Authors: Debraj Chakraborty , Clemens Dubslaff , Sudeep Kanav , Jan Kretinsky , Christoph Weinhuber Abstract : Safety-critical controllers of complex systems are hard to construct manually. Automated approaches such as controller synthesis or learning provide a tempting alternative but usually lack explainability. To this end, learning decision trees (DTs) have been prevalently used towards an interpretable model of the generated controllers. However, DTs do not exploit shared decision-making, a key concep… ▽ More Safety-critical controllers of complex systems are hard to construct manually. Automated approaches such as controller synthesis or learning provide a tempting alternative but usually lack explainability. To this end, learning decision trees (DTs) have been prevalently used towards an interpretable model of the generated controllers. However, DTs do not exploit shared decision-making, a key concept exploited in binary decision diagrams (BDDs) to reduce their size and thus improve explainability. In this work, we introduce predicate decision diagrams (PDDs) that extend BDDs with predicates and thus unite the advantages of DTs and BDDs for controller representation. We establish a synthesis pipeline for efficient construction of PDDs from DTs representing controllers, exploiting reduction techniques for BDDs also for PDDs. △ Less Submitted 25 March, 2025; v1 submitted 8 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: Extended version of the HSCC 2025 paper arXiv:2503.06420 [ pdf , other ] Explaining Control Policies through Predicate Decision Diagrams Authors: Debraj Chakraborty , Clemens Dubslaff , Sudeep Kanav , Jan Kretinsky , Christoph Weinhuber Abstract : Safety-critical controllers of complex systems are hard to construct manually. Automated approaches such as controller synthesis or learning provide a tempting alternative but usually lack explainability. To this end, learning decision trees (DTs) have been prevalently used towards an interpretable model of the generated controllers. However, DTs do not exploit shared decision-making, a key concep… ▽ More Safety-critical controllers of complex systems are hard to construct manually. Automated approaches such as controller synthesis or learning provide a tempting alternative but usually lack explainability. To this end, learning decision trees (DTs) have been prevalently used towards an interpretable model of the generated controllers. However, DTs do not exploit shared decision-making, a key concept exploited in binary decision diagrams (BDDs) to reduce their size and thus improve explainability. In this work, we introduce predicate decision diagrams (PDDs) that extend BDDs with predicates and thus unite the advantages of DTs and BDDs for controller representation. We establish a synthesis pipeline for efficient construction of PDDs from DTs representing controllers, exploiting reduction techniques for BDDs also for PDDs. △ Less Submitted 25 March, 2025; v1 submitted 8 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: Extended version of the HSCC 2025 paper arXiv:2502.03568 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Code Simulation as a Proxy for High-order Tasks in Large Language Models Authors: Emanuele La Malfa , Christoph Weinhuber , Orazio Torre , Fangru Lin , X. Angelo Huang , Samuele Marro , Anthony Cohn , Nigel Shadbolt , Michael Wooldridge Abstract : Many reasoning, planning, and problem-solving tasks share an intrinsic algorithmic nature: correctly simulating each step is a sufficient condition to solve them correctly. We collect pairs of naturalistic and synthetic reasoning tasks to assess the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLM). While naturalistic tasks often require careful human handcrafting, we show that synthetic data is, in man… ▽ More Many reasoning, planning, and problem-solving tasks share an intrinsic algorithmic nature: correctly simulating each step is a sufficient condition to solve them correctly. We collect pairs of naturalistic and synthetic reasoning tasks to assess the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLM). While naturalistic tasks often require careful human handcrafting, we show that synthetic data is, in many cases, a good proxy that is much easier to collect at scale. We leverage common constructs in programming as the counterpart of the building blocks of naturalistic reasoning tasks, such as straight-line programs, code that contains critical paths, and approximate and redundant instructions. We further assess the capabilities of LLMs on sorting problems and repeated operations via sorting algorithms and nested loops. Our synthetic datasets further reveal that while the most powerful LLMs exhibit relatively strong execution capabilities, the process is fragile: it is negatively affected by memorisation and seems to rely heavily on pattern recognition. Our contribution builds upon synthetically testing the reasoning capabilities of LLMs as a scalable complement to handcrafted human-annotated problems. △ Less Submitted 4 July, 2025; v1 submitted 5 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2401.09074 Authors note: this article is a substantial revision of arXiv:2401.09074 (same team) 04/07/2025: We added the Acknowledgments arXiv:2502.03568 [ pdf , ps , other ] Code Simulation as a Proxy for High-order Tasks in Large Language Models Authors: Emanuele La Malfa , Christoph Weinhuber , Orazio Torre , Fangru Lin , X. Angelo Huang , Samuele Marro , Anthony Cohn , Nigel Shadbolt , Michael Wooldridge Abstract : Many reasoning, planning, and problem-solving tasks share an intrinsic algorithmic nature: correctly simulating each step is a sufficient condition to solve them correctly. We collect pairs of naturalistic and synthetic reasoning tasks to assess the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLM). While naturalistic tasks often require careful human handcrafting, we show that synthetic data is, in man… ▽ More Many reasoning, planning, and problem-solving tasks share an intrinsic algorithmic nature: correctly simulating each step is a sufficient condition to solve them correctly. We collect pairs of naturalistic and synthetic reasoning tasks to assess the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLM). While naturalistic tasks often require careful human handcrafting, we show that synthetic data is, in many cases, a good proxy that is much easier to collect at scale. We leverage common constructs in programming as the counterpart of the building blocks of naturalistic reasoning tasks, such as straight-line programs, code that contains critical paths, and approximate and redundant instructions. We further assess the capabilities of LLMs on sorting problems and repeated operations via sorting algorithms and nested loops. Our synthetic datasets further reveal that while the most powerful LLMs exhibit relatively strong execution capabilities, the process is fragile: it is negatively affected by memorisation and seems to rely heavily on pattern recognition. Our contribution builds upon synthetically testing the reasoning capabilities of LLMs as a scalable complement to handcrafted human-annotated problems. △ Less Submitted 4 July, 2025; v1 submitted 5 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2401.09074 Authors note: this article is a substantial revision of arXiv:2401.09074 (same team) 04/07/2025: We added the Acknowledgments arXiv:2401.09074 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CL cs.PL Code Simulation Challenges for Large Language Models Authors: Emanuele La Malfa , Christoph Weinhuber , Orazio Torre , Fangru Lin , Samuele Marro , Anthony Cohn , Nigel Shadbolt , Michael Wooldridge Abstract : Many reasoning, planning, and problem-solving tasks share an intrinsic algorithmic nature: correctly simulating each step is a sufficient condition to solve them correctly. This work studies to what extent Large Language Models (LLMs) can simulate coding and algorithmic tasks to provide insights into general capabilities in such algorithmic reasoning tasks. We introduce benchmarks for straight-lin… ▽ More Many reasoning, planning, and problem-solving tasks share an intrinsic algorithmic nature: correctly simulating each step is a sufficient condition to solve them correctly. This work studies to what extent Large Language Models (LLMs) can simulate coding and algorithmic tasks to provide insights into general capabilities in such algorithmic reasoning tasks. We introduce benchmarks for straight-line programs, code that contains critical paths, and approximate and redundant instructions. We further assess the simulation capabilities of LLMs with sorting algorithms and nested loops and show that a routine's computational complexity directly affects an LLM's ability to simulate its execution. While the most powerful LLMs exhibit relatively strong simulation capabilities, the process is fragile, seems to rely heavily on pattern recognition, and is affected by memorisation. We propose a novel off-the-shelf prompting method, Chain of Simulation (CoSm), which instructs LLMs to simulate code execution line by line/follow the computation pattern of compilers. CoSm efficiently helps LLMs reduce memorisation and shallow pattern recognition while improving simulation performance. We consider the success of CoSm in code simulation to be inspirational for other general routine simulation reasoning tasks. △ Less Submitted 12 June, 2024; v1 submitted 17 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Comments: Code: arXiv:2401.09074 [ pdf , other ] Code Simulation Challenges for Large Language Models Authors: Emanuele La Malfa , Christoph Weinhuber , Orazio Torre , Fangru Lin , Samuele Marro , Anthony Cohn , Nigel Shadbolt , Michael Wooldridge Abstract : Many reasoning, planning, and problem-solving tasks share an intrinsic algorithmic nature: correctly simulating each step is a sufficient condition to solve them correctly. This work studies to what extent Large Language Models (LLMs) can simulate coding and algorithmic tasks to provide insights into general capabilities in such algorithmic reasoning tasks. We introduce benchmarks for straight-lin… ▽ More Many reasoning, planning, and problem-solving tasks share an intrinsic algorithmic nature: correctly simulating each step is a sufficient condition to solve them correctly. This work studies to what extent Large Language Models (LLMs) can simulate coding and algorithmic tasks to provide insights into general capabilities in such algorithmic reasoning tasks. We introduce benchmarks for straight-line programs, code that contains critical paths, and approximate and redundant instructions. We further assess the simulation capabilities of LLMs with sorting algorithms and nested loops and show that a routine's computational complexity directly affects an LLM's ability to simulate its execution. While the most powerful LLMs exhibit relatively strong simulation capabilities, the process is fragile, seems to rely heavily on pattern recognition, and is affected by memorisation. We propose a novel off-the-shelf prompting method, Chain of Simulation (CoSm), which instructs LLMs to simulate code execution line by line/follow the computation pattern of compilers. CoSm efficiently helps LLMs reduce memorisation and shallow pattern recognition while improving simulation performance. We consider the success of CoSm in code simulation to be inspirational for other general routine simulation reasoning tasks. △ Less Submitted 12 June, 2024; v1 submitted 17 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Comments: Code: arXiv:2309.16573 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.CY Language Models as a Service: Overview of a New Paradigm and its Challenges Authors: Emanuele La Malfa , Aleksandar Petrov , Simon Frieder , Christoph Weinhuber , Ryan Burnell , Raza Nazar , Anthony G. Cohn , Nigel Shadbolt , Michael Wooldridge Abstract : Some of the most powerful language models currently are proprietary systems, accessible only via (typically restrictive) web or software programming interfaces. This is the Language-Models-as-a-Service (LMaaS) paradigm. In contrast with scenarios where full model access is available, as in the case of open-source models, such closed-off language models present specific challenges for evaluating, b… ▽ More Some of the most powerful language models currently are proprietary systems, accessible only via (typically restrictive) web or software programming interfaces. This is the Language-Models-as-a-Service (LMaaS) paradigm. In contrast with scenarios where full model access is available, as in the case of open-source models, such closed-off language models present specific challenges for evaluating, benchmarking, and testing them. This paper has two goals: on the one hand, we delineate how the aforementioned challenges act as impediments to the accessibility, replicability, reliability, and trustworthiness of LMaaS. We systematically examine the issues that arise from a lack of information about language models for each of these four aspects. We conduct a detailed analysis of existing solutions and put forth a number of considered recommendations, and highlight the directions for future advancements. On the other hand, it serves as a comprehensive resource for existing knowledge on current, major LMaaS, offering a synthesized overview of the licences and capabilities their interfaces offer. △ Less Submitted 30 November, 2023; v1 submitted 28 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023. arXiv:2309.16573 [ pdf , other ] Language Models as a Service: Overview of a New Paradigm and its Challenges Authors: Emanuele La Malfa , Aleksandar Petrov , Simon Frieder , Christoph Weinhuber , Ryan Burnell , Raza Nazar , Anthony G. Cohn , Nigel Shadbolt , Michael Wooldridge Abstract : Some of the most powerful language models currently are proprietary systems, accessible only via (typically restrictive) web or software programming interfaces. This is the Language-Models-as-a-Service (LMaaS) paradigm. In contrast with scenarios where full model access is available, as in the case of open-source models, such closed-off language models present specific challenges for evaluating, b… ▽ More Some of the most powerful language models currently are proprietary systems, accessible only via (typically restrictive) web or software programming interfaces. This is the Language-Models-as-a-Service (LMaaS) paradigm. In contrast with scenarios where full model access is available, as in the case of open-source models, such closed-off language models present specific challenges for evaluating, benchmarking, and testing them. This paper has two goals: on the one hand, we delineate how the aforementioned challenges act as impediments to the accessibility, replicability, reliability, and trustworthiness of LMaaS. We systematically examine the issues that arise from a lack of information about language models for each of these four aspects. We conduct a detailed analysis of existing solutions and put forth a number of considered recommendations, and highlight the directions for future advancements. On the other hand, it serves as a comprehensive resource for existing knowledge on current, major LMaaS, offering a synthesized overview of the licences and capabilities their interfaces offer. △ Less Submitted 30 November, 2023; v1 submitted 28 September, 2023; originally announced September 2023. arXiv:2101.07202 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.FL cs.LG cs.LO eess.SY doi 10.1007/978-3-030-72013-1_17 dtControl 2.0: Explainable Strategy Representation via Decision Tree Learning Steered by Experts Authors: Pranav Ashok , Mathias Jackermeier , Jan Křetínský , Christoph Weinhuber , Maximilian Weininger , Mayank Yadav Abstract : Recent advances have shown how decision trees are apt data structures for concisely representing strategies (or controllers) satisfying various objectives. Moreover, they also make the strategy more explainable. The recent tool dtControl had provided pipelines with tools supporting strategy synthesis for hybrid systems, such as SCOTS and Uppaal Stratego. We present dtControl 2.0, a new version wit… ▽ More Recent advances have shown how decision trees are apt data structures for concisely representing strategies (or controllers) satisfying various objectives. Moreover, they also make the strategy more explainable. The recent tool dtControl had provided pipelines with tools supporting strategy synthesis for hybrid systems, such as SCOTS and Uppaal Stratego. We present dtControl 2.0, a new version with several fundamentally novel features. Most importantly, the user can now provide domain knowledge to be exploited in the decision tree learning process and can also interactively steer the process based on the dynamically provided information. To this end, we also provide a graphical user interface. It allows for inspection and re-computation of parts of the result, suggesting as well as receiving advice on predicates, and visual simulation of the decision-making process. Besides, we interface model checkers of probabilistic systems, namely Storm and PRISM and provide dedicated support for categorical enumeration-type state variables. Consequently, the controllers are more explainable and smaller. △ Less Submitted 4 May, 2021; v1 submitted 15 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021. Journal ref: TACAS (2) (pp. 326-345). Springer. 2021 arXiv:2101.07202 [ pdf , other ] dtControl 2.0: Explainable Strategy Representation via Decision Tree Learning Steered by Experts Authors: Pranav Ashok , Mathias Jackermeier , Jan Křetínský , Christoph Weinhuber , Maximilian Weininger , Mayank Yadav Abstract : Recent advances have shown how decision trees are apt data structures for concisely representing strategies (or controllers) satisfying various objectives. Moreover, they also make the strategy more explainable. The recent tool dtControl had provided pipelines with tools supporting strategy synthesis for hybrid systems, such as SCOTS and Uppaal Stratego. We present dtControl 2.0, a new version wit… ▽ More Recent advances have shown how decision trees are apt data structures for concisely representing strategies (or controllers) satisfying various objectives. Moreover, they also make the strategy more explainable. The recent tool dtControl had provided pipelines with tools supporting strategy synthesis for hybrid systems, such as SCOTS and Uppaal Stratego. We present dtControl 2.0, a new version with several fundamentally novel features. Most importantly, the user can now provide domain knowledge to be exploited in the decision tree learning process and can also interactively steer the process based on the dynamically provided information. To this end, we also provide a graphical user interface. It allows for inspection and re-computation of parts of the result, suggesting as well as receiving advice on predicates, and visual simulation of the decision-making process. Besides, we interface model checkers of probabilistic systems, namely Storm and PRISM and provide dedicated support for categorical enumeration-type state variables. Consequently, the controllers are more explainable and smaller. △ Less Submitted 4 May, 2021; v1 submitted 15 January, 2021; originally announced January 2021. Journal ref: TACAS (2) (pp. 326-345). Springer. 2021 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–16 of 16 results for author: Rangnekar, A Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10154 [ pdf ] cs.AI cs.CV cs.ET cs.LG cs.SE MHub.ai: A Simple, Standardized, and Reproducible Platform for AI Models in Medical Imaging Authors: Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Suraj Pai , Curtis Lisle , Steve Pieper , Ron Kikinis , Sil van de Leemput , Rahul Soni , Gowtham Murugesan , Cosmin Ciausu , Miriam Groeneveld , Felix J. Dorfner , Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan , Joeran S. Bosma , Keno Bressem , Raymond Mak , Andrey Fedorov , Hugo JWL Aerts Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access t… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access to AI models with minimal configuration, promoting accessibility and reproducibility in medical imaging. MHub.ai packages models from peer-reviewed publications into standardized containers that support direct processing of DICOM and other formats, provide a unified application interface, and embed structured metadata. Each model is accompanied by publicly available reference data that can be used to confirm model operation. MHub.ai includes an initial set of state-of-the-art segmentation, prediction, and feature extraction models for different modalities. The modular framework enables adaptation of any model and supports community contributions. We demonstrate the utility of the platform in a clinical use case through comparative evaluation of lung segmentation models. To further strengthen transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the generated segmentations and evaluation metrics and provide interactive dashboards that allow readers to inspect individual cases and reproduce or extend our analysis. By simplifying model use, MHub.ai enables side-by-side benchmarking with identical execution commands and standardized outputs, and lowers the barrier to clinical translation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.10154 [ pdf ] MHub.ai: A Simple, Standardized, and Reproducible Platform for AI Models in Medical Imaging Authors: Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Suraj Pai , Curtis Lisle , Steve Pieper , Ron Kikinis , Sil van de Leemput , Rahul Soni , Gowtham Murugesan , Cosmin Ciausu , Miriam Groeneveld , Felix J. Dorfner , Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan , Joeran S. Bosma , Keno Bressem , Raymond Mak , Andrey Fedorov , Hugo JWL Aerts Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access t… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access to AI models with minimal configuration, promoting accessibility and reproducibility in medical imaging. MHub.ai packages models from peer-reviewed publications into standardized containers that support direct processing of DICOM and other formats, provide a unified application interface, and embed structured metadata. Each model is accompanied by publicly available reference data that can be used to confirm model operation. MHub.ai includes an initial set of state-of-the-art segmentation, prediction, and feature extraction models for different modalities. The modular framework enables adaptation of any model and supports community contributions. We demonstrate the utility of the platform in a clinical use case through comparative evaluation of lung segmentation models. To further strengthen transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the generated segmentations and evaluation metrics and provide interactive dashboards that allow readers to inspect individual cases and reproduce or extend our analysis. By simplifying model use, MHub.ai enables side-by-side benchmarking with identical execution commands and standardized outputs, and lowers the barrier to clinical translation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2512.18679 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CL brat: Aligned Multi-View Embeddings for Brain MRI Analysis Authors: Maxime Kayser , Maksim Gridnev , Wanting Wang , Max Bain , Aneesh Rangnekar , Avijit Chatterjee , Aleksandr Petrov , Harini Veeraraghavan , Nathaniel C. Swinburne Abstract : We present brat (brain report alignment transformer), a multi-view representation learning framework for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) trained on MRIs paired with clinical reports. Brain MRIs present unique challenges due to the presence of numerous, highly varied, and often subtle abnormalities that are localized to a few slices within a 3D volume. To address these challenges, we introdu… ▽ More We present brat (brain report alignment transformer), a multi-view representation learning framework for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) trained on MRIs paired with clinical reports. Brain MRIs present unique challenges due to the presence of numerous, highly varied, and often subtle abnormalities that are localized to a few slices within a 3D volume. To address these challenges, we introduce a brain MRI dataset $10\times$ larger than existing ones, containing approximately 80,000 3D scans with corresponding radiology reports, and propose a multi-view pre-training approach inspired by advances in document retrieval. We develop an implicit query-feature matching mechanism and adopt concepts from quality-diversity to obtain multi-view embeddings of MRIs that are aligned with the clinical features given by report sentences. We evaluate our approach across multiple vision-language and vision tasks, demonstrating substantial performance improvements. The brat foundation models are publicly released. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: First round accept at WACV 2026 arXiv:2512.18679 [ pdf , ps , other ] brat: Aligned Multi-View Embeddings for Brain MRI Analysis Authors: Maxime Kayser , Maksim Gridnev , Wanting Wang , Max Bain , Aneesh Rangnekar , Avijit Chatterjee , Aleksandr Petrov , Harini Veeraraghavan , Nathaniel C. Swinburne Abstract : We present brat (brain report alignment transformer), a multi-view representation learning framework for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) trained on MRIs paired with clinical reports. Brain MRIs present unique challenges due to the presence of numerous, highly varied, and often subtle abnormalities that are localized to a few slices within a 3D volume. To address these challenges, we introdu… ▽ More We present brat (brain report alignment transformer), a multi-view representation learning framework for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) trained on MRIs paired with clinical reports. Brain MRIs present unique challenges due to the presence of numerous, highly varied, and often subtle abnormalities that are localized to a few slices within a 3D volume. To address these challenges, we introduce a brain MRI dataset $10\times$ larger than existing ones, containing approximately 80,000 3D scans with corresponding radiology reports, and propose a multi-view pre-training approach inspired by advances in document retrieval. We develop an implicit query-feature matching mechanism and adopt concepts from quality-diversity to obtain multi-view embeddings of MRIs that are aligned with the clinical features given by report sentences. We evaluate our approach across multiple vision-language and vision tasks, demonstrating substantial performance improvements. The brat foundation models are publicly released. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: First round accept at WACV 2026 arXiv:2512.08216 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.IV cs.CV cs.LG Tumor-anchored deep feature random forests for out-of-distribution detection in lung cancer segmentation Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Accurate segmentation of cancerous lesions from 3D computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and response assessment. However, even state-of-the-art models combining self-supervised learning (SSL) pretrained transformers with convolutional decoders are susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, generating confidently incorrect tumor segmentations, posing ri… ▽ More Accurate segmentation of cancerous lesions from 3D computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and response assessment. However, even state-of-the-art models combining self-supervised learning (SSL) pretrained transformers with convolutional decoders are susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, generating confidently incorrect tumor segmentations, posing risks for safe clinical deployment. Existing logit-based methods suffer from task-specific model biases, while architectural enhancements to explicitly detect OOD increase parameters and computational costs. Hence, we introduce a plug-and-play and lightweight post-hoc random forests-based OOD detection framework called RF-Deep that leverages deep features with limited outlier exposure. RF-Deep enhances generalization to imaging variations by repurposing the hierarchical features from the pretrained-then-finetuned backbone encoder, providing task-relevant OOD detection by extracting the features from multiple regions of interest anchored to the predicted tumor segmentations. Hence, it scales to images of varying fields-of-view. We compared RF-Deep against existing OOD detection methods using 1,916 CT scans across near-OOD (pulmonary embolism, negative COVID-19) and far-OOD (kidney cancer, healthy pancreas) datasets. RF-Deep achieved AUROC > 93.50 for the challenging near-OOD datasets and near-perfect detection (AUROC > 99.00) for the far-OOD datasets, substantially outperforming logit-based and radiomics approaches. RF-Deep maintained similar performance consistency across networks of different depths and pretraining strategies, demonstrating its effectiveness as a lightweight, architecture-agnostic approach to enhance the reliability of tumor segmentation from CT volumes. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.08216 [ pdf , ps , other ] Tumor-anchored deep feature random forests for out-of-distribution detection in lung cancer segmentation Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Accurate segmentation of cancerous lesions from 3D computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and response assessment. However, even state-of-the-art models combining self-supervised learning (SSL) pretrained transformers with convolutional decoders are susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, generating confidently incorrect tumor segmentations, posing ri… ▽ More Accurate segmentation of cancerous lesions from 3D computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and response assessment. However, even state-of-the-art models combining self-supervised learning (SSL) pretrained transformers with convolutional decoders are susceptible to out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, generating confidently incorrect tumor segmentations, posing risks for safe clinical deployment. Existing logit-based methods suffer from task-specific model biases, while architectural enhancements to explicitly detect OOD increase parameters and computational costs. Hence, we introduce a plug-and-play and lightweight post-hoc random forests-based OOD detection framework called RF-Deep that leverages deep features with limited outlier exposure. RF-Deep enhances generalization to imaging variations by repurposing the hierarchical features from the pretrained-then-finetuned backbone encoder, providing task-relevant OOD detection by extracting the features from multiple regions of interest anchored to the predicted tumor segmentations. Hence, it scales to images of varying fields-of-view. We compared RF-Deep against existing OOD detection methods using 1,916 CT scans across near-OOD (pulmonary embolism, negative COVID-19) and far-OOD (kidney cancer, healthy pancreas) datasets. RF-Deep achieved AUROC > 93.50 for the challenging near-OOD datasets and near-perfect detection (AUROC > 99.00) for the far-OOD datasets, substantially outperforming logit-based and radiomics approaches. RF-Deep maintained similar performance consistency across networks of different depths and pretraining strategies, demonstrating its effectiveness as a lightweight, architecture-agnostic approach to enhance the reliability of tumor segmentation from CT volumes. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.03883 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Dual Cross-Attention Siamese Transformer for Rectal Tumor Regrowth Assessment in Watch-and-Wait Endoscopy Authors: Jorge Tapias Gomez , Despoina Kanata , Aneesh Rangnekar , Christina Lee , Julio Garcia-Aguilar , Joshua Jesse Smith , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Increasing evidence supports watch-and-wait (WW) surveillance for patients with rectal cancer who show clinical complete response (cCR) at restaging following total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT). However, objectively accurate methods to early detect local regrowth (LR) from follow-up endoscopy images during WW are essential to manage care and prevent distant metastases. Hence, we developed a Siamese… ▽ More Increasing evidence supports watch-and-wait (WW) surveillance for patients with rectal cancer who show clinical complete response (cCR) at restaging following total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT). However, objectively accurate methods to early detect local regrowth (LR) from follow-up endoscopy images during WW are essential to manage care and prevent distant metastases. Hence, we developed a Siamese Swin Transformer with Dual Cross-Attention (SSDCA) to combine longitudinal endoscopic images at restaging and follow-up and distinguish cCR from LR. SSDCA leverages pretrained Swin transformers to extract domain agnostic features and enhance robustness to imaging variations. Dual cross attention is implemented to emphasize features from the two scans without requiring any spatial alignment of images to predict response. SSDCA as well as Swin-based baselines were trained using image pairs from 135 patients and evaluated on a held-out set of image pairs from 62 patients. SSDCA produced the best balanced accuracy (81.76\% $\pm$ 0.04), sensitivity (90.07\% $\pm$ 0.08), and specificity (72.86\% $\pm$ 0.05). Robustness analysis showed stable performance irrespective of artifacts including blood, stool, telangiectasia, and poor image quality. UMAP clustering of extracted features showed maximal inter-cluster separation (1.45 $\pm$ 0.18) and minimal intra-cluster dispersion (1.07 $\pm$ 0.19) with SSDCA, confirming discriminative representation learning. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, submitted to ISBI conference arXiv:2512.03883 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dual Cross-Attention Siamese Transformer for Rectal Tumor Regrowth Assessment in Watch-and-Wait Endoscopy Authors: Jorge Tapias Gomez , Despoina Kanata , Aneesh Rangnekar , Christina Lee , Julio Garcia-Aguilar , Joshua Jesse Smith , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Increasing evidence supports watch-and-wait (WW) surveillance for patients with rectal cancer who show clinical complete response (cCR) at restaging following total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT). However, objectively accurate methods to early detect local regrowth (LR) from follow-up endoscopy images during WW are essential to manage care and prevent distant metastases. Hence, we developed a Siamese… ▽ More Increasing evidence supports watch-and-wait (WW) surveillance for patients with rectal cancer who show clinical complete response (cCR) at restaging following total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT). However, objectively accurate methods to early detect local regrowth (LR) from follow-up endoscopy images during WW are essential to manage care and prevent distant metastases. Hence, we developed a Siamese Swin Transformer with Dual Cross-Attention (SSDCA) to combine longitudinal endoscopic images at restaging and follow-up and distinguish cCR from LR. SSDCA leverages pretrained Swin transformers to extract domain agnostic features and enhance robustness to imaging variations. Dual cross attention is implemented to emphasize features from the two scans without requiring any spatial alignment of images to predict response. SSDCA as well as Swin-based baselines were trained using image pairs from 135 patients and evaluated on a held-out set of image pairs from 62 patients. SSDCA produced the best balanced accuracy (81.76\% $\pm$ 0.04), sensitivity (90.07\% $\pm$ 0.08), and specificity (72.86\% $\pm$ 0.05). Robustness analysis showed stable performance irrespective of artifacts including blood, stool, telangiectasia, and poor image quality. UMAP clustering of extracted features showed maximal inter-cluster separation (1.45 $\pm$ 0.18) and minimal intra-cluster dispersion (1.07 $\pm$ 0.19) with SSDCA, confirming discriminative representation learning. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, submitted to ISBI conference arXiv:2508.19112 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.IV cs.CV cs.LG Random forest-based out-of-distribution detection for robust lung cancer segmentation Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Accurate detection and segmentation of cancerous lesions from computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and cancer treatment response assessment. Transformer-based models with self-supervised pretraining can produce reliably accurate segmentation from in-distribution (ID) data but degrade when applied to out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. We address this challen… ▽ More Accurate detection and segmentation of cancerous lesions from computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and cancer treatment response assessment. Transformer-based models with self-supervised pretraining can produce reliably accurate segmentation from in-distribution (ID) data but degrade when applied to out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. We address this challenge with RF-Deep, a random forest classifier that utilizes deep features from a pretrained transformer encoder of the segmentation model to detect OOD scans and enhance segmentation reliability. The segmentation model comprises a Swin Transformer encoder, pretrained with masked image modeling (SimMIM) on 10,432 unlabeled 3D CT scans covering cancerous and non-cancerous conditions, with a convolution decoder, trained to segment lung cancers in 317 3D scans. Independent testing was performed on 603 3D CT public datasets that included one ID dataset and four OOD datasets comprising chest CTs with pulmonary embolism (PE) and COVID-19, and abdominal CTs with kidney cancers and healthy volunteers. RF-Deep detected OOD cases with a FPR95 of 18.26%, 27.66%, and less than 0.1% on PE, COVID-19, and abdominal CTs, consistently outperforming established OOD approaches. The RF-Deep classifier provides a simple and effective approach to enhance reliability of cancer segmentation in ID and OOD scenarios. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; v1 submitted 26 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2026 arXiv:2508.19112 [ pdf , ps , other ] Random forest-based out-of-distribution detection for robust lung cancer segmentation Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Accurate detection and segmentation of cancerous lesions from computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and cancer treatment response assessment. Transformer-based models with self-supervised pretraining can produce reliably accurate segmentation from in-distribution (ID) data but degrade when applied to out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. We address this challen… ▽ More Accurate detection and segmentation of cancerous lesions from computed tomography (CT) scans is essential for automated treatment planning and cancer treatment response assessment. Transformer-based models with self-supervised pretraining can produce reliably accurate segmentation from in-distribution (ID) data but degrade when applied to out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. We address this challenge with RF-Deep, a random forest classifier that utilizes deep features from a pretrained transformer encoder of the segmentation model to detect OOD scans and enhance segmentation reliability. The segmentation model comprises a Swin Transformer encoder, pretrained with masked image modeling (SimMIM) on 10,432 unlabeled 3D CT scans covering cancerous and non-cancerous conditions, with a convolution decoder, trained to segment lung cancers in 317 3D scans. Independent testing was performed on 603 3D CT public datasets that included one ID dataset and four OOD datasets comprising chest CTs with pulmonary embolism (PE) and COVID-19, and abdominal CTs with kidney cancers and healthy volunteers. RF-Deep detected OOD cases with a FPR95 of 18.26%, 27.66%, and less than 0.1% on PE, COVID-19, and abdominal CTs, consistently outperforming established OOD approaches. The RF-Deep classifier provides a simple and effective approach to enhance reliability of cancer segmentation in ID and OOD scenarios. △ Less Submitted 8 December, 2025; v1 submitted 26 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2026 arXiv:2505.10855 [ pdf ] eess.IV cs.CV Generalizable cardiac substructures segmentation from contrast and non-contrast CTs using pretrained transformers Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nikhil Mankuzhy , Jonas Willmann , Chloe Choi , Abraham Wu , Maria Thor , Andreas Rimner , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Automated AI segmentations for radiation treatment planning deteriorate when applied to cases with different characteristics than the training dataset. We developed a hybrid transformer convolutional network to segment cardiac substructures in lung and breast cancer patients with varying imaging contrasts and scan positions. Cohort I (56 contrast-enhanced CT [CECT], 124 non-contrast CT [NCCT] scan… ▽ More Automated AI segmentations for radiation treatment planning deteriorate when applied to cases with different characteristics than the training dataset. We developed a hybrid transformer convolutional network to segment cardiac substructures in lung and breast cancer patients with varying imaging contrasts and scan positions. Cohort I (56 contrast-enhanced CT [CECT], 124 non-contrast CT [NCCT] scans from lung cancer patients, supine position) was used to train an oracle model (180 cases), contrast-only model (56 CECTs), and balanced model (32 CECT, 32 NCCT). All models were evaluated on 60 held-out cohort I patients and 66 cohort II breast cancer patients (45 supine, 21 prone). Accuracy was measured using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), 95th percentile Hausdorff distance (HD95), and dosimetric metrics, with TotalSegmentator as benchmark. Oracle and balanced models achieved similar accuracy (DSC: Oracle vs Balanced: Cohort I: 0.84 $\pm$ 0.10 vs 0.82 $\pm$ 0.10; Cohort II: 0.81 $\pm$ 0.12 vs 0.80 $\pm$ 0.13), both outperforming TotalSegmentator and the contrast-only models. The balanced model, using 64% fewer training cases, produced dosimetrically equivalent contours to manual delineations. It was robust to contrast variations (6 out of 8 substructures) and positioning variations (5 out of 8 substructures), with low correlation to patient age or body mass index. Our balanced model demonstrated robust geometric and dosimetric accuracy across varying imaging protocols and patient characteristics, which is essential for clinical deployment. Combining pretraining with balanced NCCT/CECT distribution enabled reliable segmentation with substantially fewer labeled cases than conventional approaches. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 16 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.10855 [ pdf ] Generalizable cardiac substructures segmentation from contrast and non-contrast CTs using pretrained transformers Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nikhil Mankuzhy , Jonas Willmann , Chloe Choi , Abraham Wu , Maria Thor , Andreas Rimner , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Automated AI segmentations for radiation treatment planning deteriorate when applied to cases with different characteristics than the training dataset. We developed a hybrid transformer convolutional network to segment cardiac substructures in lung and breast cancer patients with varying imaging contrasts and scan positions. Cohort I (56 contrast-enhanced CT [CECT], 124 non-contrast CT [NCCT] scan… ▽ More Automated AI segmentations for radiation treatment planning deteriorate when applied to cases with different characteristics than the training dataset. We developed a hybrid transformer convolutional network to segment cardiac substructures in lung and breast cancer patients with varying imaging contrasts and scan positions. Cohort I (56 contrast-enhanced CT [CECT], 124 non-contrast CT [NCCT] scans from lung cancer patients, supine position) was used to train an oracle model (180 cases), contrast-only model (56 CECTs), and balanced model (32 CECT, 32 NCCT). All models were evaluated on 60 held-out cohort I patients and 66 cohort II breast cancer patients (45 supine, 21 prone). Accuracy was measured using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), 95th percentile Hausdorff distance (HD95), and dosimetric metrics, with TotalSegmentator as benchmark. Oracle and balanced models achieved similar accuracy (DSC: Oracle vs Balanced: Cohort I: 0.84 $\pm$ 0.10 vs 0.82 $\pm$ 0.10; Cohort II: 0.81 $\pm$ 0.12 vs 0.80 $\pm$ 0.13), both outperforming TotalSegmentator and the contrast-only models. The balanced model, using 64% fewer training cases, produced dosimetrically equivalent contours to manual delineations. It was robust to contrast variations (6 out of 8 substructures) and positioning variations (5 out of 8 substructures), with low correlation to patient age or body mass index. Our balanced model demonstrated robust geometric and dosimetric accuracy across varying imaging protocols and patient characteristics, which is essential for clinical deployment. Combining pretraining with balanced NCCT/CECT distribution enabled reliable segmentation with substantially fewer labeled cases than conventional approaches. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; v1 submitted 16 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2405.08657 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Self-supervised learning improves robustness of deep learning lung tumor segmentation to CT imaging differences Authors: Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an approach to extract useful feature representations from unlabeled data, and enable fine-tuning on downstream tasks with limited labeled examples. Self-pretraining is a SSL approach that uses the curated task dataset for both pretraining the networks and fine-tuning them. Availability of large, diverse, and uncurated public medical image sets provides the opport… ▽ More Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an approach to extract useful feature representations from unlabeled data, and enable fine-tuning on downstream tasks with limited labeled examples. Self-pretraining is a SSL approach that uses the curated task dataset for both pretraining the networks and fine-tuning them. Availability of large, diverse, and uncurated public medical image sets provides the opportunity to apply SSL in the "wild" and potentially extract features robust to imaging variations. However, the benefit of wild- vs self-pretraining has not been studied for medical image analysis. In this paper, we compare robustness of wild versus self-pretrained transformer (vision transformer [ViT] and hierarchical shifted window [Swin]) models to computed tomography (CT) imaging differences for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) segmentation. Wild-pretrained Swin models outperformed self-pretrained Swin for the various imaging acquisitions. ViT resulted in similar accuracy for both wild- and self-pretrained models. Masked image prediction pretext task that forces networks to learn the local structure resulted in higher accuracy compared to contrastive task that models global image information. Wild-pretrained models resulted in higher feature reuse at the lower level layers and feature differentiation close to output layer after fine-tuning. Hence, we conclude: Wild-pretrained networks were more robust to analyzed CT imaging differences for lung tumor segmentation than self-pretrained methods. Swin architecture benefited from such pretraining more than ViT. △ Less Submitted 14 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2405.08657 [ pdf , other ] Self-supervised learning improves robustness of deep learning lung tumor segmentation to CT imaging differences Authors: Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an approach to extract useful feature representations from unlabeled data, and enable fine-tuning on downstream tasks with limited labeled examples. Self-pretraining is a SSL approach that uses the curated task dataset for both pretraining the networks and fine-tuning them. Availability of large, diverse, and uncurated public medical image sets provides the opport… ▽ More Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an approach to extract useful feature representations from unlabeled data, and enable fine-tuning on downstream tasks with limited labeled examples. Self-pretraining is a SSL approach that uses the curated task dataset for both pretraining the networks and fine-tuning them. Availability of large, diverse, and uncurated public medical image sets provides the opportunity to apply SSL in the "wild" and potentially extract features robust to imaging variations. However, the benefit of wild- vs self-pretraining has not been studied for medical image analysis. In this paper, we compare robustness of wild versus self-pretrained transformer (vision transformer [ViT] and hierarchical shifted window [Swin]) models to computed tomography (CT) imaging differences for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) segmentation. Wild-pretrained Swin models outperformed self-pretrained Swin for the various imaging acquisitions. ViT resulted in similar accuracy for both wild- and self-pretrained models. Masked image prediction pretext task that forces networks to learn the local structure resulted in higher accuracy compared to contrastive task that models global image information. Wild-pretrained models resulted in higher feature reuse at the lower level layers and feature differentiation close to output layer after fine-tuning. Hence, we conclude: Wild-pretrained networks were more robust to analyzed CT imaging differences for lung tumor segmentation than self-pretrained methods. Swin architecture benefited from such pretraining more than ViT. △ Less Submitted 14 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2405.03762 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Swin transformers are robust to distribution and concept drift in endoscopy-based longitudinal rectal cancer assessment Authors: Jorge Tapias Gomez , Aneesh Rangnekar , Hannah Williams , Hannah Thompson , Julio Garcia-Aguilar , Joshua Jesse Smith , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Endoscopic images are used at various stages of rectal cancer treatment starting from cancer screening, diagnosis, during treatment to assess response and toxicity from treatments such as colitis, and at follow up to detect new tumor or local regrowth (LR). However, subjective assessment is highly variable and can underestimate the degree of response in some patients, subjecting them to unnecessar… ▽ More Endoscopic images are used at various stages of rectal cancer treatment starting from cancer screening, diagnosis, during treatment to assess response and toxicity from treatments such as colitis, and at follow up to detect new tumor or local regrowth (LR). However, subjective assessment is highly variable and can underestimate the degree of response in some patients, subjecting them to unnecessary surgery, or overestimate response that places patients at risk of disease spread. Advances in deep learning has shown the ability to produce consistent and objective response assessment for endoscopic images. However, methods for detecting cancers, regrowth, and monitoring response during the entire course of patient treatment and follow-up are lacking. This is because, automated diagnosis and rectal cancer response assessment requires methods that are robust to inherent imaging illumination variations and confounding conditions (blood, scope, blurring) present in endoscopy images as well as changes to the normal lumen and tumor during treatment. Hence, a hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer was trained to distinguish rectal cancer from normal lumen using endoscopy images. Swin as well as two convolutional (ResNet-50, WideResNet-50), and vision transformer (ViT) models were trained and evaluated on follow-up longitudinal images to detect LR on private dataset as well as on out-of-distribution (OOD) public colonoscopy datasets to detect pre/non-cancerous polyps. Color shifts were applied using optimal transport to simulate distribution shifts. Swin and ResNet models were similarly accurate in the in-distribution dataset. Swin was more accurate than other methods (follow-up: 0.84, OOD: 0.83) even when subject to color shifts (follow-up: 0.83, OOD: 0.87), indicating capability to provide robust performance for longitudinal cancer assessment. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; v1 submitted 6 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2025 arXiv:2405.03762 [ pdf , other ] Swin transformers are robust to distribution and concept drift in endoscopy-based longitudinal rectal cancer assessment Authors: Jorge Tapias Gomez , Aneesh Rangnekar , Hannah Williams , Hannah Thompson , Julio Garcia-Aguilar , Joshua Jesse Smith , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Endoscopic images are used at various stages of rectal cancer treatment starting from cancer screening, diagnosis, during treatment to assess response and toxicity from treatments such as colitis, and at follow up to detect new tumor or local regrowth (LR). However, subjective assessment is highly variable and can underestimate the degree of response in some patients, subjecting them to unnecessar… ▽ More Endoscopic images are used at various stages of rectal cancer treatment starting from cancer screening, diagnosis, during treatment to assess response and toxicity from treatments such as colitis, and at follow up to detect new tumor or local regrowth (LR). However, subjective assessment is highly variable and can underestimate the degree of response in some patients, subjecting them to unnecessary surgery, or overestimate response that places patients at risk of disease spread. Advances in deep learning has shown the ability to produce consistent and objective response assessment for endoscopic images. However, methods for detecting cancers, regrowth, and monitoring response during the entire course of patient treatment and follow-up are lacking. This is because, automated diagnosis and rectal cancer response assessment requires methods that are robust to inherent imaging illumination variations and confounding conditions (blood, scope, blurring) present in endoscopy images as well as changes to the normal lumen and tumor during treatment. Hence, a hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer was trained to distinguish rectal cancer from normal lumen using endoscopy images. Swin as well as two convolutional (ResNet-50, WideResNet-50), and vision transformer (ViT) models were trained and evaluated on follow-up longitudinal images to detect LR on private dataset as well as on out-of-distribution (OOD) public colonoscopy datasets to detect pre/non-cancerous polyps. Color shifts were applied using optimal transport to simulate distribution shifts. Swin and ResNet models were similarly accurate in the in-distribution dataset. Swin was more accurate than other methods (follow-up: 0.84, OOD: 0.83) even when subject to color shifts (follow-up: 0.83, OOD: 0.87), indicating capability to provide robust performance for longitudinal cancer assessment. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; v1 submitted 6 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2025 arXiv:2403.13113 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Quantifying uncertainty in lung cancer segmentation with foundation models applied to mixed-domain datasets Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nishant Nadkarni , Jue Jiang , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Medical image foundation models have shown the ability to segment organs and tumors with minimal fine-tuning. These models are typically evaluated on task-specific in-distribution (ID) datasets. However, reliable performance on ID datasets does not guarantee robust generalization on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. Importantly, once deployed for clinical use, it is impractical to have `ground t… ▽ More Medical image foundation models have shown the ability to segment organs and tumors with minimal fine-tuning. These models are typically evaluated on task-specific in-distribution (ID) datasets. However, reliable performance on ID datasets does not guarantee robust generalization on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. Importantly, once deployed for clinical use, it is impractical to have `ground truth' delineations to assess ongoing performance drifts, especially when images fall into the OOD category due to different imaging protocols. Hence, we introduced a comprehensive set of computationally fast metrics to evaluate the performance of multiple foundation models (Swin UNETR, SimMIM, iBOT, SMIT) trained with self-supervised learning (SSL). All models were fine-tuned on identical datasets for lung tumor segmentation from computed tomography (CT) scans. The evaluation was performed on two public lung cancer datasets (LRAD: n = 140, 5Rater: n = 21) with different image acquisitions and tumor stages compared to training data (n = 317 public resource with stage III-IV lung cancers) and a public non-cancer dataset containing volumetric CT scans of patients with pulmonary embolism (n = 120). All models produced similarly accurate tumor segmentation on the lung cancer testing datasets. SMIT produced the highest F1-score (LRAD: 0.60, 5Rater: 0.64) and lowest entropy (LRAD: 0.06, 5Rater: 0.12), indicating higher tumor detection rate and confident segmentations. In the OOD dataset, SMIT misdetected the least number of tumors, marked by a median volume occupancy of 5.67 cc compared to the best method SimMIM of 9.97 cc. Our analysis shows that additional metrics such as entropy and volume occupancy may help better understand model performance on mixed domain datasets. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; v1 submitted 19 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2025 arXiv:2403.13113 [ pdf , other ] Quantifying uncertainty in lung cancer segmentation with foundation models applied to mixed-domain datasets Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nishant Nadkarni , Jue Jiang , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Medical image foundation models have shown the ability to segment organs and tumors with minimal fine-tuning. These models are typically evaluated on task-specific in-distribution (ID) datasets. However, reliable performance on ID datasets does not guarantee robust generalization on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. Importantly, once deployed for clinical use, it is impractical to have `ground t… ▽ More Medical image foundation models have shown the ability to segment organs and tumors with minimal fine-tuning. These models are typically evaluated on task-specific in-distribution (ID) datasets. However, reliable performance on ID datasets does not guarantee robust generalization on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. Importantly, once deployed for clinical use, it is impractical to have `ground truth' delineations to assess ongoing performance drifts, especially when images fall into the OOD category due to different imaging protocols. Hence, we introduced a comprehensive set of computationally fast metrics to evaluate the performance of multiple foundation models (Swin UNETR, SimMIM, iBOT, SMIT) trained with self-supervised learning (SSL). All models were fine-tuned on identical datasets for lung tumor segmentation from computed tomography (CT) scans. The evaluation was performed on two public lung cancer datasets (LRAD: n = 140, 5Rater: n = 21) with different image acquisitions and tumor stages compared to training data (n = 317 public resource with stage III-IV lung cancers) and a public non-cancer dataset containing volumetric CT scans of patients with pulmonary embolism (n = 120). All models produced similarly accurate tumor segmentation on the lung cancer testing datasets. SMIT produced the highest F1-score (LRAD: 0.60, 5Rater: 0.64) and lowest entropy (LRAD: 0.06, 5Rater: 0.12), indicating higher tumor detection rate and confident segmentations. In the OOD dataset, SMIT misdetected the least number of tumors, marked by a median volume occupancy of 5.67 cc compared to the best method SimMIM of 9.97 cc. Our analysis shows that additional metrics such as entropy and volume occupancy may help better understand model performance on mixed domain datasets. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; v1 submitted 19 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: Accepted at SPIE Medical Imaging 2025 arXiv:2310.01209 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV Self-distilled Masked Attention guided masked image modeling with noise Regularized Teacher (SMART) for medical image analysis Authors: Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Chloe Min Seo Choi , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Pretraining vision transformers (ViT) with attention guided masked image modeling (MIM) has shown to increase downstream accuracy for natural image analysis. Hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer, often used in medical image analysis cannot use attention guided masking as it lacks an explicit [CLS] token, needed for computing attention maps for selective masking. We thus enhanced Swin wit… ▽ More Pretraining vision transformers (ViT) with attention guided masked image modeling (MIM) has shown to increase downstream accuracy for natural image analysis. Hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer, often used in medical image analysis cannot use attention guided masking as it lacks an explicit [CLS] token, needed for computing attention maps for selective masking. We thus enhanced Swin with semantic class attention. We developed a co-distilled Swin transformer that combines a noisy momentum updated teacher to guide selective masking for MIM. Our approach called \textsc{s}e\textsc{m}antic \textsc{a}ttention guided co-distillation with noisy teacher \textsc{r}egularized Swin \textsc{T}rans\textsc{F}ormer (SMARTFormer) was applied for analyzing 3D computed tomography datasets with lung nodules and malignant lung cancers (LC). We also analyzed the impact of semantic attention and noisy teacher on pretraining and downstream accuracy. SMARTFormer classified lesions (malignant from benign) with a high accuracy of 0.895 of 1000 nodules, predicted LC treatment response with accuracy of 0.74, and achieved high accuracies even in limited data regimes. Pretraining with semantic attention and noisy teacher improved ability to distinguish semantically meaningful structures such as organs in a unsupervised clustering task and localize abnormal structures like tumors. Code, models will be made available through GitHub upon paper acceptance. △ Less Submitted 3 July, 2024; v1 submitted 2 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023. Comments: Paper is under review at TMI arXiv:2310.01209 [ pdf , other ] Self-distilled Masked Attention guided masked image modeling with noise Regularized Teacher (SMART) for medical image analysis Authors: Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Chloe Min Seo Choi , Harini Veeraraghavan Abstract : Pretraining vision transformers (ViT) with attention guided masked image modeling (MIM) has shown to increase downstream accuracy for natural image analysis. Hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer, often used in medical image analysis cannot use attention guided masking as it lacks an explicit [CLS] token, needed for computing attention maps for selective masking. We thus enhanced Swin wit… ▽ More Pretraining vision transformers (ViT) with attention guided masked image modeling (MIM) has shown to increase downstream accuracy for natural image analysis. Hierarchical shifted window (Swin) transformer, often used in medical image analysis cannot use attention guided masking as it lacks an explicit [CLS] token, needed for computing attention maps for selective masking. We thus enhanced Swin with semantic class attention. We developed a co-distilled Swin transformer that combines a noisy momentum updated teacher to guide selective masking for MIM. Our approach called \textsc{s}e\textsc{m}antic \textsc{a}ttention guided co-distillation with noisy teacher \textsc{r}egularized Swin \textsc{T}rans\textsc{F}ormer (SMARTFormer) was applied for analyzing 3D computed tomography datasets with lung nodules and malignant lung cancers (LC). We also analyzed the impact of semantic attention and noisy teacher on pretraining and downstream accuracy. SMARTFormer classified lesions (malignant from benign) with a high accuracy of 0.895 of 1000 nodules, predicted LC treatment response with accuracy of 0.74, and achieved high accuracies even in limited data regimes. Pretraining with semantic attention and noisy teacher improved ability to distinguish semantically meaningful structures such as organs in a unsupervised clustering task and localize abnormal structures like tumors. Code, models will be made available through GitHub upon paper acceptance. △ Less Submitted 3 July, 2024; v1 submitted 2 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023. Comments: Paper is under review at TMI arXiv:2210.08403 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Semantic Segmentation with Active Semi-Supervised Representation Learning Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Christopher Kanan , Matthew Hoffman Abstract : Obtaining human per-pixel labels for semantic segmentation is incredibly laborious, often making labeled dataset construction prohibitively expensive. Here, we endeavor to overcome this problem with a novel algorithm that combines semi-supervised and active learning, resulting in the ability to train an effective semantic segmentation algorithm with significantly lesser labeled data. To do this, w… ▽ More Obtaining human per-pixel labels for semantic segmentation is incredibly laborious, often making labeled dataset construction prohibitively expensive. Here, we endeavor to overcome this problem with a novel algorithm that combines semi-supervised and active learning, resulting in the ability to train an effective semantic segmentation algorithm with significantly lesser labeled data. To do this, we extend the prior state-of-the-art S4AL algorithm by replacing its mean teacher approach for semi-supervised learning with a self-training approach that improves learning with noisy labels. We further boost the neural network's ability to query useful data by adding a contrastive learning head, which leads to better understanding of the objects in the scene, and hence, better queries for active learning. We evaluate our method on CamVid and CityScapes datasets, the de-facto standards for active learning for semantic segmentation. We achieve more than 95% of the network's performance on CamVid and CityScapes datasets, utilizing only 12.1% and 15.1% of the labeled data, respectively. We also benchmark our method across existing stand-alone semi-supervised learning methods on the CityScapes dataset and achieve superior performance without any bells or whistles. △ Less Submitted 15 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. Comments: To appear in the British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC-2022) arXiv:2210.08403 [ pdf , other ] Semantic Segmentation with Active Semi-Supervised Representation Learning Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Christopher Kanan , Matthew Hoffman Abstract : Obtaining human per-pixel labels for semantic segmentation is incredibly laborious, often making labeled dataset construction prohibitively expensive. Here, we endeavor to overcome this problem with a novel algorithm that combines semi-supervised and active learning, resulting in the ability to train an effective semantic segmentation algorithm with significantly lesser labeled data. To do this, w… ▽ More Obtaining human per-pixel labels for semantic segmentation is incredibly laborious, often making labeled dataset construction prohibitively expensive. Here, we endeavor to overcome this problem with a novel algorithm that combines semi-supervised and active learning, resulting in the ability to train an effective semantic segmentation algorithm with significantly lesser labeled data. To do this, we extend the prior state-of-the-art S4AL algorithm by replacing its mean teacher approach for semi-supervised learning with a self-training approach that improves learning with noisy labels. We further boost the neural network's ability to query useful data by adding a contrastive learning head, which leads to better understanding of the objects in the scene, and hence, better queries for active learning. We evaluate our method on CamVid and CityScapes datasets, the de-facto standards for active learning for semantic segmentation. We achieve more than 95% of the network's performance on CamVid and CityScapes datasets, utilizing only 12.1% and 15.1% of the labeled data, respectively. We also benchmark our method across existing stand-alone semi-supervised learning methods on the CityScapes dataset and achieve superior performance without any bells or whistles. △ Less Submitted 15 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. Comments: To appear in the British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC-2022) arXiv:2203.10730 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Semantic Segmentation with Active Semi-Supervised Learning Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Christopher Kanan , Matthew Hoffman Abstract : Using deep learning, we now have the ability to create exceptionally good semantic segmentation systems; however, collecting the prerequisite pixel-wise annotations for training images remains expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, it would be ideal to minimize the number of human annotations needed when creating a new dataset. Here, we address this problem by proposing a novel algorithm that co… ▽ More Using deep learning, we now have the ability to create exceptionally good semantic segmentation systems; however, collecting the prerequisite pixel-wise annotations for training images remains expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, it would be ideal to minimize the number of human annotations needed when creating a new dataset. Here, we address this problem by proposing a novel algorithm that combines active learning and semi-supervised learning. Active learning is an approach for identifying the best unlabeled samples to annotate. While there has been work on active learning for segmentation, most methods require annotating all pixel objects in each image, rather than only the most informative regions. We argue that this is inefficient. Instead, our active learning approach aims to minimize the number of annotations per-image. Our method is enriched with semi-supervised learning, where we use pseudo labels generated with a teacher-student framework to identify image regions that help disambiguate confused classes. We also integrate mechanisms that enable better performance on imbalanced label distributions, which have not been studied previously for active learning in semantic segmentation. In experiments on the CamVid and CityScapes datasets, our method obtains over 95% of the network's performance on the full-training set using less than 17% of the training data, whereas the previous state of the art required 40% of the training data. △ Less Submitted 15 October, 2022; v1 submitted 21 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022. Comments: To appear in the Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV-2023) arXiv:2203.10730 [ pdf , other ] Semantic Segmentation with Active Semi-Supervised Learning Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Christopher Kanan , Matthew Hoffman Abstract : Using deep learning, we now have the ability to create exceptionally good semantic segmentation systems; however, collecting the prerequisite pixel-wise annotations for training images remains expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, it would be ideal to minimize the number of human annotations needed when creating a new dataset. Here, we address this problem by proposing a novel algorithm that co… ▽ More Using deep learning, we now have the ability to create exceptionally good semantic segmentation systems; however, collecting the prerequisite pixel-wise annotations for training images remains expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, it would be ideal to minimize the number of human annotations needed when creating a new dataset. Here, we address this problem by proposing a novel algorithm that combines active learning and semi-supervised learning. Active learning is an approach for identifying the best unlabeled samples to annotate. While there has been work on active learning for segmentation, most methods require annotating all pixel objects in each image, rather than only the most informative regions. We argue that this is inefficient. Instead, our active learning approach aims to minimize the number of annotations per-image. Our method is enriched with semi-supervised learning, where we use pseudo labels generated with a teacher-student framework to identify image regions that help disambiguate confused classes. We also integrate mechanisms that enable better performance on imbalanced label distributions, which have not been studied previously for active learning in semantic segmentation. In experiments on the CamVid and CityScapes datasets, our method obtains over 95% of the network's performance on the full-training set using less than 17% of the training data, whereas the previous state of the art required 40% of the training data. △ Less Submitted 15 October, 2022; v1 submitted 21 March, 2022; originally announced March 2022. Comments: To appear in the Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV-2023) arXiv:1912.08178 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV doi 10.1109/TGRS.2020.2987199 AeroRIT: A New Scene for Hyperspectral Image Analysis Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nilay Mokashi , Emmett Ientilucci , Christopher Kanan , Matthew J. Hoffman Abstract : We investigate applying convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to facilitate aerial hyperspectral scene understanding and present a new hyperspectral dataset-AeroRIT-that is large enough for CNN training. To date the majority of hyperspectral airborne have been confined to various sub-categories of vegetation and roads and this scene introduces two new categories: buildings and cars. To t… ▽ More We investigate applying convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to facilitate aerial hyperspectral scene understanding and present a new hyperspectral dataset-AeroRIT-that is large enough for CNN training. To date the majority of hyperspectral airborne have been confined to various sub-categories of vegetation and roads and this scene introduces two new categories: buildings and cars. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive large-scale hyperspectral scene with nearly seven million pixel annotations for identifying cars, roads, and buildings. We compare the performance of three popular architectures - SegNet, U-Net, and Res-U-Net, for scene understanding and object identification via the task of dense semantic segmentation to establish a benchmark for the scene. To further strengthen the network, we add squeeze and excitation blocks for better channel interactions and use self-supervised learning for better encoder initialization. Aerial hyperspectral image analysis has been restricted to small datasets with limited train/test splits capabilities and we believe that AeroRIT will help advance the research in the field with a more complex object distribution to perform well on. The full dataset, with flight lines in radiance and reflectance domain, is available for download at This dataset is the first step towards developing robust algorithms for hyperspectral airborne sensing that can robustly perform advanced tasks like vehicle tracking and occlusion handling. △ Less Submitted 7 April, 2020; v1 submitted 17 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019. Comments: To appear in IEEE TGRS arXiv:1912.08178 [ pdf , other ] AeroRIT: A New Scene for Hyperspectral Image Analysis Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nilay Mokashi , Emmett Ientilucci , Christopher Kanan , Matthew J. Hoffman Abstract : We investigate applying convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to facilitate aerial hyperspectral scene understanding and present a new hyperspectral dataset-AeroRIT-that is large enough for CNN training. To date the majority of hyperspectral airborne have been confined to various sub-categories of vegetation and roads and this scene introduces two new categories: buildings and cars. To t… ▽ More We investigate applying convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to facilitate aerial hyperspectral scene understanding and present a new hyperspectral dataset-AeroRIT-that is large enough for CNN training. To date the majority of hyperspectral airborne have been confined to various sub-categories of vegetation and roads and this scene introduces two new categories: buildings and cars. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive large-scale hyperspectral scene with nearly seven million pixel annotations for identifying cars, roads, and buildings. We compare the performance of three popular architectures - SegNet, U-Net, and Res-U-Net, for scene understanding and object identification via the task of dense semantic segmentation to establish a benchmark for the scene. To further strengthen the network, we add squeeze and excitation blocks for better channel interactions and use self-supervised learning for better encoder initialization. Aerial hyperspectral image analysis has been restricted to small datasets with limited train/test splits capabilities and we believe that AeroRIT will help advance the research in the field with a more complex object distribution to perform well on. The full dataset, with flight lines in radiance and reflectance domain, is available for download at This dataset is the first step towards developing robust algorithms for hyperspectral airborne sensing that can robustly perform advanced tasks like vehicle tracking and occlusion handling. △ Less Submitted 7 April, 2020; v1 submitted 17 December, 2019; originally announced December 2019. Comments: To appear in IEEE TGRS arXiv:1712.08690 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV Aerial Spectral Super-Resolution using Conditional Adversarial Networks Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nilay Mokashi , Emmett Ientilucci , Christopher Kanan , Matthew Hoffman Abstract : Inferring spectral signatures from ground based natural images has acquired a lot of interest in applied deep learning. In contrast to the spectra of ground based images, aerial spectral images have low spatial resolution and suffer from higher noise interference. In this paper, we train a conditional adversarial network to learn an inverse mapping from a trichromatic space to 31 spectral bands wi… ▽ More Inferring spectral signatures from ground based natural images has acquired a lot of interest in applied deep learning. In contrast to the spectra of ground based images, aerial spectral images have low spatial resolution and suffer from higher noise interference. In this paper, we train a conditional adversarial network to learn an inverse mapping from a trichromatic space to 31 spectral bands within 400 to 700 nm. The network is trained on AeroCampus, a first of its kind aerial hyperspectral dataset. AeroCampus consists of high spatial resolution color images and low spatial resolution hyperspectral images (HSI). Color images synthesized from 31 spectral bands are used to train our network. With a baseline root mean square error of 2.48 on the synthesized RGB test data, we show that it is possible to generate spectral signatures in aerial imagery. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2017; originally announced December 2017. arXiv:1712.08690 [ pdf , other ] Aerial Spectral Super-Resolution using Conditional Adversarial Networks Authors: Aneesh Rangnekar , Nilay Mokashi , Emmett Ientilucci , Christopher Kanan , Matthew Hoffman Abstract : Inferring spectral signatures from ground based natural images has acquired a lot of interest in applied deep learning. In contrast to the spectra of ground based images, aerial spectral images have low spatial resolution and suffer from higher noise interference. In this paper, we train a conditional adversarial network to learn an inverse mapping from a trichromatic space to 31 spectral bands wi… ▽ More Inferring spectral signatures from ground based natural images has acquired a lot of interest in applied deep learning. In contrast to the spectra of ground based images, aerial spectral images have low spatial resolution and suffer from higher noise interference. In this paper, we train a conditional adversarial network to learn an inverse mapping from a trichromatic space to 31 spectral bands within 400 to 700 nm. The network is trained on AeroCampus, a first of its kind aerial hyperspectral dataset. AeroCampus consists of high spatial resolution color images and low spatial resolution hyperspectral images (HSI). Color images synthesized from 31 spectral bands are used to train our network. With a baseline root mean square error of 2.48 on the synthesized RGB test data, we show that it is possible to generate spectral signatures in aerial imagery. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2017; originally announced December 2017. arXiv:1711.07235 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV Tracking in Aerial Hyperspectral Videos using Deep Kernelized Correlation Filters Authors: Burak Uzkent , Aneesh Rangnekar , Matthew J. Hoffman Abstract : Hyperspectral imaging holds enormous potential to improve the state-of-the-art in aerial vehicle tracking with low spatial and temporal resolutions. Recently, adaptive multi-modal hyperspectral sensors have attracted growing interest due to their ability to record extended data quickly from aerial platforms. In this study, we apply popular concepts from traditional object tracking, namely (1) Kern… ▽ More Hyperspectral imaging holds enormous potential to improve the state-of-the-art in aerial vehicle tracking with low spatial and temporal resolutions. Recently, adaptive multi-modal hyperspectral sensors have attracted growing interest due to their ability to record extended data quickly from aerial platforms. In this study, we apply popular concepts from traditional object tracking, namely (1) Kernelized Correlation Filters (KCF) and (2) Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) features to aerial tracking in hyperspectral domain. We propose the Deep Hyperspectral Kernelized Correlation Filter based tracker (DeepHKCF) to efficiently track aerial vehicles using an adaptive multi-modal hyperspectral sensor. We address low temporal resolution by designing a single KCF-in-multiple Regions-of-Interest (ROIs) approach to cover a reasonably large area. To increase the speed of deep convolutional features extraction from multiple ROIs, we design an effective ROI mapping strategy. The proposed tracker also provides flexibility to couple with the more advanced correlation filter trackers. The DeepHKCF tracker performs exceptionally well with deep features set up in a synthetic hyperspectral video generated by the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) software. Additionally, we generate a large, synthetic, single-channel dataset using DIRSIG to perform vehicle classification in the Wide Area Motion Imagery (WAMI) platform. This way, the high-fidelity of the DIRSIG software is proved and a large scale aerial vehicle classification dataset is released to support studies on vehicle detection and tracking in the WAMI platform. △ Less Submitted 6 May, 2018; v1 submitted 20 November, 2017; originally announced November 2017. arXiv:1711.07235 [ pdf , other ] Tracking in Aerial Hyperspectral Videos using Deep Kernelized Correlation Filters Authors: Burak Uzkent , Aneesh Rangnekar , Matthew J. Hoffman Abstract : Hyperspectral imaging holds enormous potential to improve the state-of-the-art in aerial vehicle tracking with low spatial and temporal resolutions. Recently, adaptive multi-modal hyperspectral sensors have attracted growing interest due to their ability to record extended data quickly from aerial platforms. In this study, we apply popular concepts from traditional object tracking, namely (1) Kern… ▽ More Hyperspectral imaging holds enormous potential to improve the state-of-the-art in aerial vehicle tracking with low spatial and temporal resolutions. Recently, adaptive multi-modal hyperspectral sensors have attracted growing interest due to their ability to record extended data quickly from aerial platforms. In this study, we apply popular concepts from traditional object tracking, namely (1) Kernelized Correlation Filters (KCF) and (2) Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) features to aerial tracking in hyperspectral domain. We propose the Deep Hyperspectral Kernelized Correlation Filter based tracker (DeepHKCF) to efficiently track aerial vehicles using an adaptive multi-modal hyperspectral sensor. We address low temporal resolution by designing a single KCF-in-multiple Regions-of-Interest (ROIs) approach to cover a reasonably large area. To increase the speed of deep convolutional features extraction from multiple ROIs, we design an effective ROI mapping strategy. The proposed tracker also provides flexibility to couple with the more advanced correlation filter trackers. The DeepHKCF tracker performs exceptionally well with deep features set up in a synthetic hyperspectral video generated by the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) software. Additionally, we generate a large, synthetic, single-channel dataset using DIRSIG to perform vehicle classification in the Wide Area Motion Imagery (WAMI) platform. This way, the high-fidelity of the DIRSIG software is proved and a large scale aerial vehicle classification dataset is released to support studies on vehicle detection and tracking in the WAMI platform. △ Less Submitted 6 May, 2018; v1 submitted 20 November, 2017; originally announced November 2017. arXiv:1707.03553 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV Aerial Vehicle Tracking by Adaptive Fusion of Hyperspectral Likelihood Maps Authors: Burak Uzkent , Aneesh Rangnekar , M. J. Hoffman Abstract : Hyperspectral cameras can provide unique spectral signatures for consistently distinguishing materials that can be used to solve surveillance tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel real-time hyperspectral likelihood maps-aided tracking method (HLT) inspired by an adaptive hyperspectral sensor. A moving object tracking system generally consists of registration, object detection, and tracking modu… ▽ More Hyperspectral cameras can provide unique spectral signatures for consistently distinguishing materials that can be used to solve surveillance tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel real-time hyperspectral likelihood maps-aided tracking method (HLT) inspired by an adaptive hyperspectral sensor. A moving object tracking system generally consists of registration, object detection, and tracking modules. We focus on the target detection part and remove the necessity to build any offline classifiers and tune a large amount of hyperparameters, instead learning a generative target model in an online manner for hyperspectral channels ranging from visible to infrared wavelengths. The key idea is that, our adaptive fusion method can combine likelihood maps from multiple bands of hyperspectral imagery into one single more distinctive representation increasing the margin between mean value of foreground and background pixels in the fused map. Experimental results show that the HLT not only outperforms all established fusion methods but is on par with the current state-of-the-art hyperspectral target tracking frameworks. △ Less Submitted 12 July, 2017; originally announced July 2017. Comments: Accepted at the International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2017 arXiv:1707.03553 [ pdf , other ] Aerial Vehicle Tracking by Adaptive Fusion of Hyperspectral Likelihood Maps Authors: Burak Uzkent , Aneesh Rangnekar , M. J. Hoffman Abstract : Hyperspectral cameras can provide unique spectral signatures for consistently distinguishing materials that can be used to solve surveillance tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel real-time hyperspectral likelihood maps-aided tracking method (HLT) inspired by an adaptive hyperspectral sensor. A moving object tracking system generally consists of registration, object detection, and tracking modu… ▽ More Hyperspectral cameras can provide unique spectral signatures for consistently distinguishing materials that can be used to solve surveillance tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel real-time hyperspectral likelihood maps-aided tracking method (HLT) inspired by an adaptive hyperspectral sensor. A moving object tracking system generally consists of registration, object detection, and tracking modules. We focus on the target detection part and remove the necessity to build any offline classifiers and tune a large amount of hyperparameters, instead learning a generative target model in an online manner for hyperspectral channels ranging from visible to infrared wavelengths. The key idea is that, our adaptive fusion method can combine likelihood maps from multiple bands of hyperspectral imagery into one single more distinctive representation increasing the margin between mean value of foreground and background pixels in the fused map. Experimental results show that the HLT not only outperforms all established fusion methods but is on par with the current state-of-the-art hyperspectral target tracking frameworks. △ Less Submitted 12 July, 2017; originally announced July 2017. Comments: Accepted at the International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2017 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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